michael j. griffin, p.e., m.asce august 27, 2008 · 2012-05-09 · • nonstructural damage ... •...

CCS Group, Inc.

Earthquake Risk to Nonstructural Components & Systems –

what you should know about the Design/Building

Code Processby:

Michael J. Griffin, P.E., M.ASCEAugust 27, 2008

CCS Group, Inc.

CCS Group, Inc.

Outline

• Earthquake Hazards

• Structural vs Nonstructural Components

• Historical Performance of Nonstructural Components

• Issues Affecting Nonstructural Earthquake Performance

• Importance of Mitigation

CCS Group, Inc.

Earthquake Hazards

CCS Group, Inc.

Clarendon-Lindon Seismic Zone

EasternTennesse

Seismic Zone

New Madrid Seismic Zone

Anna, Ohio Seismic Zone

Wabash Valley Seismic Zone

St. Lawrence Seismic Zone

Giles County Seismic Zone

Charleston Seismic Zone

Ottawa Seismic Zone

Charlevoix Seismic Zone

Central Virginia Seismic Zone

NY-NJ-PA Seismic Zone

New England Seismic Zone

EARTHQUAKES OF THE CENTRAL AND EASTERN UNITED STATES1627 - 1991

Catalog of the National Center for Earthquake Engineering Research

CCS Group, Inc.

Recent Earthquake Activity

M2.2

M2.1

CCS Group, Inc.

USGS Earthquake Hazard Map

CCS Group, Inc.

USGS Earthquake Hazard Map

IL

MO

AK

St. Louis, MO

IN

TN

KY

CCS Group, Inc.

Structural vs. Nonstructural Components

CCS Group, Inc.

Structural vs. Nonstructural Components

Structural Components –• Building structure (beams, columns, floors, foundations)• Designed, including seismic, by a Structural Engineer

Nonstructural Components –• Architectural, mechanical, electrical, plumbing, fire

protection, contents, furnishings, etc.; everything that is not part of the building structure

• Designed by respective Discipline Engineer

• Nonstructural components are typically NOT analyzed or designed seismically by a Structural Engineer

CCS Group, Inc.

Structural & Nonstructural Components

Structural Elements:• Roof

• Floors

• Beams

• Columns

• Foundation

• Braces

• Concrete or Masonry Walls

Non-Structural Elements (Support the Function of the Building):• Architectural Components

• Mechanical & Electrical Components

• Life-safety systems

• Building Contents- Furniture- Production Equipment- Everything else in the

building

CCS Group, Inc.

Architectural Components

• Building cladding systems (windows, exterior wall envelope, finishes, etc.)

• Chimney’s, stacks, parapets, etc.

• Penthouses

• Interior partition walls, ceiling systems, lights, & finishes

• Raised access floors

• Storage racks

• Elevator Systems

CCS Group, Inc.

Mechanical, Electrical, & Piping

• Mechanical Systems –(HVAC equipment, air handling units, cooling towers, water heaters, boilers, pumps, chillers, compressors, etc.)

• Electrical Power Systems-(transformers, panelboards, MCC’s, control panels, conduit & cable tray)

• Piping and plumbing

CCS Group, Inc.

Life-Safety Equipment

• Fire Protection Systems –Piping, pumps, tanks, valves, etc.

• Safety Systems -Alarm, smoke detection, emergency lighting

• Emergency Power Systems -Engine-generators, start batteries, fuel oil systems, fuel oil storage tanks, control equipment, disconnect switches, etc.

• Security/communication Systems -

CCS Group, Inc.

Building Contents & Furnishings

• Office Contents –Desks, files, cabinets, book cases, etc.

• Critical Records –File cabinets, high density files, etc.

• Computer Systems –Servers, desk-top CPUs,file storage, UPS systems,etc.

• Production Systems –Manufacturing equipment, systems, etc.

• Production Inventories -Racking systems, parts storage, etc.

CCS Group, Inc.

Summary

HANGER WIRESFOR CEILING

AIRDIFFUSER

LIGHT FIXTURE

STUDS

AIR CONDITIONING DUCT

FURNISHINGSAND EQUIPMENT

BEAMFIRE SPRINKLERSYSTEM

ELECTRICALCONDUIT FORWIRING

SUSPENDEDCEILINGACOUSTICALTILE EXTERIOR

CURTAIN WALL,WINDOWS,CLADDING

STEEL ORCONCRETECOLUMNS

STEEL COLUMN SHOWN ENCASED IN FIREPROOFING

CONCRETE SLAB ON METAL DECK OR CONCRETE SLAB

MASONRY ORCONCRETESTRUCTURALWALL

NON-LOAD BEARING PARTITION

CCS Group, Inc.

Historical Performance of Nonstructural Components

CCS Group, Inc.

Historical Performance of Nonstructural Components• Damage to Non-Structural Systems and Components

Typically:• Majority of earthquake financial losses• Losses typically exceed 50%

of the total value of a facility

• Nonstructural Damage Impacts:

• Life-safety• Property damage or loss• Recovery & restoration time• Loss of function• Business interruption

CCS Group, Inc.

Nonstructural Earthquake Losses16

.78

134.

25

3.3

154.

33

12.0

3

74.1

5

1.75

86.1

8

8.62

71.6

166.

40

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

Bui

ldin

gs

Equ

ipm

ent

Inve

ntor

y

Tota

l Dire

ctE

xpos

ure

and

Loss

Cle

anup

&R

ecov

ery

Bus

ines

sIn

terru

ptio

n

Tota

lE

xpec

ted

Loss

Cos

t (M

illio

ns $

)

Direct Property Financial Exposure

Expected Losses

Expected Earthquake Losses For MidWest Company Product Manufacturing Facility

CCS Group, Inc.

Architectural Damage - Parapets

CCS Group, Inc.

Architectural Damage – Partition Walls

CCS Group, Inc.

Architectural Damage - Ceilings

CCS Group, Inc.

Mechanical & Electrical Equipment

CCS Group, Inc.

Life-Safety System Damage – Fire Protection

CCS Group, Inc.

Contents and Furnishings Damage

CCS Group, Inc.

Consequential Damage

CCS Group, Inc.

Consequential Damage – Off Site Power Loss

CCS Group, Inc.

Issues Affecting Nonstructural Performance

CCS Group, Inc.

Nonstructural Component Performance Issues

• Building Code Design Philosophy

• Nonstructural Component Seismic Design

• Construction Process

• Quality Control & Enforcement

CCS Group, Inc.

Building Code Design Philosophy

Joe’s Bldg.

Loss0% 100%

ContinuedOperations

ImmediateOccupancy

Life Safety

CollapsePrevention

Building Code Design Level

CCS Group, Inc.

Building Code Design Philosophy

• Predominantly Life-safety Performance• Cladding and wall systems• MEP equipment & systems

carrying flammable, combustible or highly toxic contents

• HVAC ductwork transporting hazardous materials

• Emergency or standby power systems• Life-safety Systems

• Not intended to protect against property damage

• Minimum set of design requirements

CCS Group, Inc.

Nonstructural Component Seismic Design

• Structural/Seismic Design Requirements:

• International Building Code & ASCE 7-05 Chapter 13

• MEP Design Requirements:• International Mechanical Code

• International Electrical Code

• International Plumbing Code

• International Fire Code

⎥⎦⎤

⎢⎣⎡ +

⎥⎦⎤

⎢⎣⎡

=hz

IR

WSaF

p

p

pDSpp 214.0

yAxAp δδD −=

CCS Group, Inc.

Equipment

⎥⎦⎤

⎢⎣⎡ +

⎥⎦⎤

⎢⎣⎡

=hz

IR

WSaF

p

p

pDSpp 214.0

CCS Group, Inc.


Structural Engineer’s solution to nonstructural component seismic design:

CCS Group, Inc.


• Arch, MEP Performance Specifications/Typical Details for Contractor Implementation

• Architect

• Electrical engineer

• Mechanical engineer

• IT/Communications engineer

• Fire protection engineer

CCS Group, Inc.

Construction Process

SubcontractorsSteel Erector

Concrete WorkMechanicalElectrical

Fire ProtectionIT Systems

Etc.

Seismic Design?(Must Implement thru Performance Specs)

Constructs the Seismic Design (on design drawings)

Building Structure

Nonstructural Components

GENERAL CONTRACTOR

CCS Group, Inc.

Construction Process

• Contractor designed

• Construction sequencing

• Field routed/installedcomponents:

• Conduit

• Piping

• Cable Tray

• Ducting

CCS Group, Inc.

Quality Control & Enforcement

Why is Proper Construction Important? Assures:• Expected earthquake design performance objectives are met• Reduction in risk or damage to the component itself• Reduction in risk or damage to

adjacent or closely located items –falling, overturning, swinging and impacting, leaking, etc.

• Reduction in life-safety risk to building occupants

• For critical facilities the needed operability assurances necessary for Immediate Occupancy (e.g., hospitals, fire stations, police stations, other critical facilities, etc.)

Improper construction more prevalent than you think!

CCS Group, Inc.


Improper Anchor Installation

CCS Group, Inc.


Improper Anchor Installations

CCS Group, Inc.


Communication Cable Support

CCS Group, Inc.


CCS Group, Inc.

Summary Recommendations for Improving Nonstructural Component Seismic Performance• Understand Building Code design philosophy is Life-

Safety• Question Design Professionals

regarding proper seismic design for nonstructural components

• Enforce project seismic design requirements during construction

• Inspect & verify compliance after construction prior to system turn-over

• Consider an annual reviewMissing anchor bolt

CCS Group, Inc.

Importance of Mitigation

CCS Group, Inc.

Mitigation Options

• Do nothing – ignore the risk

• Accept the risk

• Risk transfer through appropriate levels of earthquake insurance

• Modify emergency response & business recovery plans

• Adjust business operations

• Relocate critical functions to lower risk buildings

• Locate non-critical functions to higher risk buildings

• Sell the facility & move

• Perform facility strengthening

• Perform nonstructural component strengthening and anchorage improvements

• Combination of the above

CCS Group, Inc.

Importance of Mitigation

• Mitigation Benefits

Reduced:• Property damage

• Repair & restoration costs

• Business interruption

• Reduced CAT insurance premiums

• Loss of market share

• Supply chain impacts

CCS Group, Inc.

Mitigation First Steps

• Identify critical business operations or functions

• What’s important?

• Assess back-up, recovery, & redundancy capabilities

• Back-up procedures

• Emergency response & recovery

• Off-site storage integrity, is it earthquake safe?

• Quantify facility earthquake risk• How earthquake safe are your facilities?

CCS Group, Inc.

Facility Risk Assessment

• Existing facility risk must be known before any action can be taken• Initial Facility Risk Assessment:

• Desk-top survey $• Rapid visual survey of the facility $$• Comprehensive facility risk assessment of $$$

building and nonstructural components

• Rank & Prioritize the risks• Develop a Mitigation Plan from the assessment findings and

recommendations• Capitalize and begin to implement the Mitigation Plan• Use Risk Assessment results to procure appropriate levels of

earthquake insurance

Remember – reducing earthquake risk cannot be achieved overnight. Earthquake Mitigation is a long term process.

CCS Group, Inc.

Benefits of Mitigation

Earthquake Risk Exposure Before and After Strengthening vs. Strengthening Cost for Midwest Facility

16.7

8

134.

25

3.30

154.

33

12.0

3

74.1

5

1.75

87.9

3

8.90

71.6

0

168.

43

2.20

11.8

1

0.27

14.2

8

1.50 6.

00

21.7

8

4.21

0.8

0.05 5.

06

5.06

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

Build

ings

Equi

pmen

t

Inve

ntor

y

Tota

l Dire

ctEx

posu

re a

ndLo

ss

Cle

anup

&R

ecov

ery

Busi

ness

Inte

rrup

tion

Tota

l Exp

ecte

dLo

ss

Cos

t (M

illio

ns $

)

Direct Property Financial ExposurePrior to StrengtheningAfter StrengtheningStrengthening Costs

Benefits:-Protect Employees, Life- Safety-Reduced Direct Losses-Reduction in Clean-up & Recovery-Reduction in Business Interruption

CCS Group, Inc.

Benefits of Mitigation

20.9

1.2 0.5

5.0 5.5

36.9

2.0 2.2

119.1

97.0 97.4

50.0

39.2

10.3

0.1

10.8

35.1

20.1

9.710.3

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

Buildings Equipment Inventory Total DirectExposure and

Loss

Cleanup &Recovery

Demand Surge BusinessInterruption

Total ExpectedLoss

Cos

t (M

illio

ns$)

Direct Property Financial ExposureExpected Losses Prior to RetrofitExpected Losses Following Retrofit

CCS Group, Inc.

Nonstructural Mitigation

• Nonstructural strengthening results in highest benefit-to-cost ratios

• Business impacts avoided:• Direct component damage &

replacement• Clean-up & recovery• Business interruption

• Strengthening is straight forward:• Predominantly anchorage

improvements• Maintenance staff implementation

CCS Group, Inc.

Mitigation Implementation

• Develop Long-term Strategy:• New construction• Planned facility outages• Renovations and

remodels• New equipment

installations• Aging equipment replacement• During equipment maintenance activities

Earthquake mitigation does not happen overnight

Mitigation Opportunities

CCS Group, Inc.

Questions?

michael j. griffin, p.e., m.asce august 27, 2008 · 2012-05-09 · • nonstructural damage ... •...

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