Michael Gehler, Zeitgeschiehte im dynamischenMehrebenensystem: Zwischen Regionalisierung, Nationalstaat,

Europaisierung, internationaler Arena und Globalisierung(Bochum: Winkler, 2001)

/ Robert Wegs

Michael Gehler has stepped outside the narrow confines of nationalhistory with this study that maintains contemporary history must addressa broader level (Ebene) of issues such as regional ization, national identity,international relations, Buropeanization, and globalization. It is an attemptto define contemporary history and fit Austrian local and national historyinto a larger international framework, a task that few Austrian historianshave tackled.

The future of historical investigation, Gehler maintains, lies in under-standing the many levels of local/regional, national, international, andglobal history of the modern (neueren) and recent (jungeren) times (p. 27).He understands that region has both a territorial and a mentality-functionaldimension that does not necessarily exclude the other. With carefulattention to the existing international literature, Gehler discusses regionsfrom an economic, political, and cultural point of view.

He points out that contemporary history in Austria, unlike that in Ger-many, is an equally recognized subject in the history curriculum charac-terized by a much greater emphasis on the "present and political explosi-veness of its research subject matter, the greater indefiniteness of the de-velopments under consideration and the presence of witnesses who throughtheir testimony can contribute new sources*' (p. 13).

In a stimulating discussion of Ernst Hanisch' s Der lange Schatten desStaates,' which Gehler applauds for its attempt to take a long view of thedevelopment of Austrian history over a three-century period, he criticizesit, nevertheless, for failing to deal with the center versus periphery issue,the dualism between regional and cross-border formations, resisting natio-nal entities, and finally, the internationalization and Europeanization ofpolitics (p. 44). Contemporary history, Gehler maintains, must deal notonly with local, regional, and national history, but also with the relations

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between states and with the multilateral connections such as the involve-ment of the state in international affairs (p. 45). This criticism is part of avery stimulating debate over Austria's past that has been going on inAustria and elsewhere since the mid-1980s.

Contemporary history studies began in the 1960s with the history ofthe worker's movement, the resistance, and the persecution of the victimsof National Socialism. Gehler contends that the second wave of contem-porary history in the 1980s was marked by the large involvement of womenhistorians, the role of Austrians in the National Socialist period, and theWehrmachtwith "intensive research" about fellow travelers and perpetra-tors. This "controversial, lively and conflict-rich" engagement with theshadowy side of Austrian contemporary history came primarily from outsi-de the universities and among non-established historians. In the 1990s, thethemes changed to the study of right-wing populism, right extremism, andneo-Nazism. With Austria* s entry into the European Union in 1995, histo-rians focused more exclusively on a regional and international view, thusushering in a third period of contemporary history with collective worksaddressing national, economic, social, and cultural history becoming anecessity. A "middle and younger generation" along with numerous institu-tes were the major engines of this change, but the generations' issue is notdealt with in any great detail and is left rather vague in Gehler's analysis.

In a section specifically devoted to Austrian contemporary history,Gehler notes the absence of monographic, collective works and sourceeditions for central epochs and whole-state themes. He writes that thenarrowly focused studies typical of the 1950s and early 1960s began to bereplaced only in 1994 with Hanisch* s book and his joint work with RolfSteininger Osterreich im 20. Jahrhundert.2 Gehler proceeds to list a numberof works written in the 1990s that reveal advances in Austrian historio-graphy that will be of much value to all who wish to pursue both Austrianhistory and its ties to international history. Here one learns about the mostrecent works in political, military, economic, social, judicial, cultural, andwomen/gender studies. He ends this section with an insightful analysis ofrecent work on Austria's involvement in the Third Reich, the EuropeanUnion, and a review of Austrian journals and the media. There is insuffi-cient space in this review to mention the many new works Gehler cites thathave brought Austrian historiography abreast of that in other Europeancountries in terms of breadth and methodology.

From this point on, Gehler takes a broader view that deals with inter-national issues such as the European Recovery Program, European integra-tion, integration's impact on the national state, the United Nations, theOrganization for European Economic Cooperation, and so forth. Similar tothe preceding sections, he deals with the most recent and growing literatureon these topics. Here he addresses such questions as the widening or dee-

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pening issue in the European Union, divisions among EU members, thesituation of small states in the European Union, the impact on Europe of thebreakup of the Soviet Union, and the widening of the European Union toinclude the former European members of the former Soviet sphere. Whilesome may find the discussion rather dense, Gehler's attention to significantquestions and literature will be of continuing importance for students,academics, and the wider population.

Taking up the issue of globalization, he writes of the conceptualconfusion concerning the term although it is on the lips of most people.Questions arise concerning its newness, and its Janus-faced nature thatleads some to fear it and others to laud it. In this regard, he cites works thatdiscuss the economic inequality brought about by globalization and theadvantages of regionalism. He agrees with those who believe that globa-lization is not a new phenomenon, but one that has gained a recentmomentum through technological innovation and accelerated communi-cations, deregulations, and privatization. History itself, according to Gehler,has experienced more competitiveness, higher productivity, numerousinnovations, and increased teamwork since the 1980s. But long and hardresearch is obsolete, and the Internet, the new mode, leads to questionsabout authenticity. He cites a number of works that criticize this rush to"the new" and praises works that deal with the "creativity" of slowness.Again, he brings much German-Austrian work to the fore that will shedfurther light on the nature of globalization.

In a discussion of new sources, one-sidedness, and missing "trouble-makers," Gehler discusses the role played by troublesome historians whochallenge existing views (such as AJ.P. Taylor and Norman Finkelstein,among others) and revelations provided by the opening of the archives ofthe post-communist states. On the first issue, he expresses the need forhistorians who are willing to take on controversial issues and reject existingtheories. Regarding the second, the oppression in these states between 1945and 1989 leads him to question the uniqueness of the Holocaust because itprevents any comparison and any repetition. Also, the new evidence sup-ports, in his mind, that the illegality, repressive apparatus, and persecutionand annihilation of the communist systems were more extensive, moreeliminationist and, therefore, more murderous than the instrumentation(Instrumentarium) of the National Socialists (p. 135). Furthermore, theposited singularity of the Holocaust does not take into consideration themassive nature of the communist elimination practices that took over 80million lives. With these views, Gehler has become a "troublemaker."

Viewing Austrian contemporary history from an international perspec-tive, Gehler castigates Austrian historians for not dealing fully and honestlywith their past until outsiders, primarily Americans such as Evan Bukeyand Bruce Pauley, began to do so. He attributes this to a lack of courage

280 Contemporary Austrian Studies

among Austrian historians and the taboo aspect of Austria's pastassociation with Nazi Germany. Austria, he contends, needs "troublema-kers" to bring up challenging and embarrassing questions that would forcedebate of controversial issues. Austrian history dealing with the post-1945period will have no legitimacy unless it deals with the National Socialistheritage and the role and functions of the Greater German question with its"southeast" mission. He questions the extent to which the present genera-tion will be reproached by a later generation for neglecting its own timesor viewing them in a one-sided manner.

In the penultimate chapter, Gehler discusses concrete examples of hisprevious theoretical deliberations. Here he provides details about newstudies of the Cold War, European integration, international economicrelations, Christian Democratic parties in an international context, Euro-pean regions in relation to home markets and globalization (Tyrol-SouthTyrol-Trentino), interregional cooperation, history of business and its inter-nationalization, international finance, comparative international and globalright-wing extremism and populism, and global protest against great powerlust, transnational concerns, and the multilateral agreement on investments.The range of subjects dealt with in this chapter should give readers of thisreview an idea of the complexity of Gehler's study,

In his concluding chapter, Gehler continues his criticism of Austriancontemporary history. He notes that it lacked a European and global dimen-sion into the 1990s. German contemporary history also failed in that it dealtoverwhelmingly with German subject matter. Other problems were itspassing of moral judgments and examination of attitudes that "while praiseworthy, does not belong to the profession" (p. 191). Contemporary historyshould also not be a reaction to the mood of the moment, nor let itself beused for cheap daily political advantage or misused for the "giddy-pacedand superficial business of party politics" (p. 192).

Globalization demands, according to Gehler. the abandonment of aEuro-centric viewpoint and the questioning of its underlying national stateviewpoint and, if need be, its rejection. Austrian-centered history will conti-nue to be possible, but only in an international and global perspective. Thisknowledge will facilitate the writing of regional and national history sinceknowledge of global phenomena will make both more understandable byproviding "wider perspectives, new insights and additional interpretations'*(p. 193). Austrian writing of the history of other nations will overcome theAustrian-centered introspection (Nabelschau) and the rejection of exagge-ration and one-sidedness inherent in Austrian historical studies. The nowmore dynamic historical realm includes the newer and broadened versionsof historical study including territorial states, trade and economic areas,military blocks, and traditional historical, geographic, and ethnic forms aswell as the new innovative mental, cultural, and virtual spaces. He does not

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want readers to misread him and turn away from the study of local,regional, and national history, but to consider them in the contexts of largerquestions, international developments, and their global effects.

After a brief description of the postmodern attack on traditional positi-vistic history, Gehler rums to the problems plaguing contemporary history.He charges that the universities have degenerated into provincial traininginstitutions because of the "firuitlessness and unproductiveness" of thescientific personnel and through their own scientific disinterest, a research-retarding official atmosphere, and incompetent university leadership (p.200). The university is not the place to pursue contemporary history; rather,non-university institutes, foundations, academies, and research positionsthat promote such study are. To gain credibility, Gehler recommends thatAustrian contemporary historians produce more monographs, write inEnglish since the Anglo-American scientific community tends to read onlyEnglish, and publish their works in prominent places in order to reach awider-reading public.

Although he recognizes that the widening of subject matter in contem-porary history has its good side, he realizes that it has a negative side in thatit threatens the loss of what is essential. Therefore, he advocates thatsynthesis is necessary because it makes comparison with other regional andnational histories possible. Further, it is an error of the postmodernists toassume that one need only investigate and sort discourse while, in theiropinion, comprehensive descriptions are no longer possible and even super-fluous. In regard to history in general, Gehler is himself pessimistic, "Theoverwhelming push to abstraction, the loss of the concrete and the absenceof the decision-making individuals (handelderi) means a danger for itsexistence" (p. 205). He follows with a view mat will anger many young hi-storians that "fwjhen the history of remembrance culture and historicalmemory becomes more important than history itself," then it becomesquestionable what history is and will become in the future (p. 205).

Gehler's final pages are filled with valuable questions and commentsconcerning regional, European, and world history; European integration/disintegration; comparative investigations; interdisciplinary research pro-grams; and internationalization and globalization that will provide muchfood for thought for other researchers. In addition, the excellent bibliogra-phy Gehler provides will serve as a major jumping-off point for anyonewishing to pursue contemporary history. While the broad analytic natureof the book does not allow him to provide sufficient evidence for his viewson a number of subjects, such as the Holocaust, his analysis will stimulatenot only Austrian but also foreign historians to look at history in a broadermanner.

282 Contemporary Austrian Studies

Notes\.EnislH^sch,DerUmgeSchattendesStaates:&sterreichischeGesellschqftsgeschichteim 20. Jahrhwdert (OsterreichischeGeschichte 1890-1990} (Wien: Ueberreuter, 1995).

2. Rolf Steininger and Michael Gehler, ed., fisterreich im 20. Jahrkundert, 2 vols., vol. 1:Von der Monarchic bis zum Zweiten Weltkrieg; vol.. 2: Vom Zweiten Weltkrieg bis zitrGegenwart (Wien: BOhlau Studienbiicher, Grundlagen des Stadiums, 1997).

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