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    An experience of inscribed collectivity

    1

    An experience of inscribed collectivity:the trace of a gendered journey (mid-point

    17:10:2006 Bristol UK)

    Abstract

    This paper is an attempt, through text and other

    visual techniques, to convey my own experience of

    taking part in a short collective biography workshop.

    Through the experience of the workshop,

    subsequent reflection and diaries, and through the

    use of writing as a methodology I have created a

    paper that reflects my belief that inscribed within

    my body is my own local knowledge of gender and,

    more importantly, intimate connection to other

    humans I continue to consider how open these

    inscriptions are to adaptation, development,

    conflation or abandonment.

    This is a Rites of Passage story. After setting the

    context, I give a short history of this Collective

    Biography, before exploring aspects of my personal

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    An experience of inscribed collectivity

    2

    experience. I conclude by briefly considering the

    pain of inscription.

    Stuff and Non/sense

    I am troubled and confused. Where to begin?

    Hesitate. Deep breath. My God, this paper has

    been a challenge. My body feels tense right now

    why was it that yesterday, when I knew that I must

    finally put all my notes together and create a text fit

    for my peers (and the academy), I inexplicably

    pulled a muscle in my shoulder that makes it more

    painful to type? Why do I know that the typing

    would in any case be painful? Why is my breathing

    shallow breathing in this moment of introspection, of

    dialogue with my selves?

    Many questions; many answers:

    1. A text fit my peers, I say in passing, and perhaps

    that is one crucial aspect of this present writing: how

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    An experience of inscribed collectivity

    3

    to do justice to the shared experience of others? Of

    course, this is no different to the prospect of

    communicating any form of research that involves

    human beings beyond myself. And yet that

    experience of Group C1 in conversation and

    collaboration demands more maybe because it

    became so essentially meaningful to me that I

    continue to hold it in aspic, to watch it like the

    desired dessert whose sweetness can only be

    savoured after the tedious main course. Im bloated

    by the vastness of the main course of my life. I want

    no space to consume my just desserts. And then

    there is a desperate fear that, while I look on, the

    experience may already be ossified, fit only for the

    mausoleum of many group experiences.

    2. I need to recognise that the subject matter of our

    collective conversation (early experiences of gender)

    resonates with my continuing personal experience of

    my daughters bullying at the hands of older boys.

    There is a mouldering tanginess of disgust in the

    passages of my head, and a pent up energy within

    these old bones. A paradox of mildewed compost-bin

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    An experience of inscribed collectivity

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    history and lime pickle all in one stumbling,

    continuous moment of life. I am part of this live

    political experience. I am the Action Researcher in

    my own world. I wish to make a difference.

    3. I am afraid that I may not be able to make a

    difference. I am afraid that this work today may not

    make a difference. I am afraid.

    As Mikhail Bakhtin suggests, I become myself

    only by revealing myself to another, through

    another and with anothers help. I cannot do

    without the other: I cannot become myself without

    the other: I must find myself in the other, finding the

    other in me (in mutual reflection and perception)

    (Todorov, 1984, p.96). And so it was, that in a

    significant manner I discovered more of myself, and

    others, in the clinical spaces of bleached academic

    Gender-related stories I recognise from my own growing up experience - 1

    it kind of irks me to see boys sit down unnecessarily.Stand tall and be proud. With a little practice they can help

    extinguish a campfire because believe me, until you haveexperienced that little gem you haven't really lived.

    Jacks Shack, 2006

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    An experience of inscribed collectivity

    5

    meeting rooms. The unbearable lightness of being

    in spaces that add little sense of a history at least,

    of a history that reaches as far into the past as the

    stories that we shared. This in itself impacted on

    the gelling of a collective who, though knowing each

    other, knew nothing much of each other. Sue,

    Sophie, Malcolm, Mike and Christine I salute us all!

    A short history of this Collective Biography

    A collective biography could simply be an

    expression describing the normal method of

    constructing meaning within societies: we tell each

    other stories of our personal experiences, and

    construct from this a shared understanding of the

    world we inhabit. However, how we tell these

    Gender-related stories I recognise from my own growing up experience 2

    there was shame attached to being a girl in a boysworld, or a boy in a girls world. We have not yet had

    time within the collective to tease out more about what itmeant to be a boy or a girl or multi-gendered.

    Sue Dale (Collective Member), 2006

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    An experience of inscribed collectivity

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    stories is significant: they may be communicated

    through spoken and non-verbal language in a direct

    person-to-person experience, or they may be

    recorded (and subsequently decoded by

    reader/observer) through written text or other

    recorded visual forms (e.g. cave painting,

    photography etc.). What has now become known

    amongst qualitative researchers as Collective

    Biography uses both these forms of discourse in an

    attempt to uncover lived experience and throw light

    on unseen normative influences at work within

    societies2.

    The very simplicity of the idea, in the sense that it

    directly replicates a constructionist view of meaning

    making, is perhaps its strength. However, the

    concept has no definition as such, having developed

    from the Memory-Work of socialist-feminist

    researchers in Eastern Europe led by Frigga Haug

    (Haug et al., 1987; Haug, 1992; Onyx & Small,

    2001), who carried the concept to Australia and into

    the hands of Bronwyn Davies and others (e.g.

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    An experience of inscribed collectivity

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    Davies & Gannon, 2006). It was here that post-

    structuralism nurtured and re-shaped this process of

    collective auto-ethnographic research whilst

    retaining the centrality of gender as its primary

    subject matter.

    The term, collective biography is useful because it

    both describes the method of working with personal

    stories and the oxymoronic implication of the phraseforegrounds the tension between the individual and

    the collective that is both the crux of the method and

    the source of its dilemmas.

    Gannon, quoted in Onyx & Small, 2001

    So it was that Jane Speedy (2006), in her work as a

    narrative therapist and researcher, encountered the

    Collective Biography of Australian academia and

    brought home the concept to colleagues and

    students in the Graduate School of Education in

    Bristol. In this UK version of Collective Biography,

    Gender-related stories I recognise from my own growing up experience - 3

    You forgot to mention being able to write your name in thesnow ;-)

    Jacks Shack, 2006

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    An experience of inscribed collectivity

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    members of the research group (or collective) share

    personal stories of their own experiences around a

    theme (in this case Explorations of Gender and

    Power). These, or other, stories are then individually

    written before being constructively critiqued by

    other members of the collective in a protocol based

    around the techniques of Definitional Ceremony and

    Reflecting Teamwork (White, 1995). At least that

    was the theory3.

    In Australia the intensity of the Collective Biography

    process had been heightened by the practice of

    holding residential workshops in the holiday

    destination of Magnetic Island. These groups were

    always single gender, continuing the feminist

    tradition of Frigga Haug and her colleagues. The

    academically validated Collective Biography unit,

    from which this paper results, appears to be the first

    attempt at work with a mixed-gender collective. It

    also differed from previous Collective Biography

    workshops in the length of time that the collective

    (in my own case, Group C) was physically together.

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    An experience of inscribed collectivity

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    It was generally recognised by all participants that

    ten hours or less was unlikely to be sufficient time to

    produce research results: it was hoped that the

    experience would engender some understanding of

    the process, and offer the chance of follow-up work

    should the collective choose.

    Collective Biography is not only story telling.

    Writing as a methodology for research has long

    been recognised (e.g. Richardson, 1997, 2000;

    Richardson & St. Pierre, 2005) and is central to the

    Collective Biography process. However, although a

    protocol for the development of individually and

    collectively written work has crystallised out from

    past experiences of collectives, for many

    participants it seems that the simple presence of

    our bodies together in a particular place and timeis

    crucial to the process (Davies & Gannon, 2006,

    p.118; see also Park, 2005). Susanne Gannon goes

    on; our collective writing in cyberspace has

    been sustained by the deeply embodied experience

    of these bodies together in that place(ibid., p.118).

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    An experience of inscribed collectivity

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    This has been my personal experience of Collective

    Biography so far I find myself pondering as to how

    long such a trauma (for that is a reasonable

    description of my felt experience, despite its more

    normal negative connotations) remains embodied.

    Shared experience in Collective Biography4

    Journal Day 3Ive worked in many groups,therapeutic, training, definitionalceremony, supervisory, but thisgroup was different. Theexperience so profound is difficultto put into words. The difference

    between feeling a connectedindividual within a group of otherconnected individuals with varyinggroup dynamics, to what wentbeyond this description towardscollective experience. Thissomething held between uscreated a feeling deep within mybody as if these other storiesbecame embodied within myexperience. Hearing the storiesagain, becoming that giggling boy

    in the cupboard, the girl left behindcrying dont go with(out) me theboaters on elastic and the chest highelbows reminding me that I dont belonghere anymore that small boy who wastoo big and who should have been agirl that invisible child ashamed.

    There was for me a sense of becomingmulti-gendered.

    The brutal betrayal of ripping him/herapart, the bewilderment, the flatness.The movement towards individual (ness)within a group which hurts so much.

    Sharing these stories amongst a wideraudience needed for me to move backinto that same place of collective, butthis time shift the stories into an older

    Gender-related stories I recognise from my own growing up experience - 4

    When I was a child, I spake like a child,

    I understood as a child, I thought as a child:

    but when I became a man, I put away childish

    things.

    The Bible `1 Corinthians 11

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    An experience of inscribed collectivity

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    less vulnerable place. I hadbecome feeling invisible not

    belongingstill unfair in the cupboard alonein the rain.

    Oh, what a surge of excitementas I read this that my ownbody is not mistaken in itsfeelings (though how can abody be mistaken in what itfeels?). Ive worked in manygroups, early encounter groupsin the 1970s through tofacilitating therapeutic singlegender groups and personaldevelopment groups forprofessional training incounselling and psychotherapy.I too found the experience ofGroup C something beyondwords so Ive freed myselffrom words and let myselfcreate a picture to express this

    something that we speakabout deep in our bodies5. Fornow, as I write I can surely feelthat experience, and can touchsome part of you, Sue. Andnow Im feeling Malcolm andthe sun; now Christine, alwaysupright, always held in tension,so perfectly book-learntChinese - and little girl so, so

    valued; I feel water (where is thatintervening image seeping from

    right now as I become aware of thistingling sensation of real livingshooting through the physical bodyof mine?) and a duck pool6 in thecourtyard square; and Josiesbudding breasts and confusion; andmy own little self, peeing up theshed wall as high as I can, and then,yes, how could I ever be what wasdemanded of me?7 To be a girl inthe body of a boy to become multi-gendered.

    As I sit for a moment, contemplatingthe brutal betrayal I become awarethat my left hand is pulling my shirtand fleece clear away from mythroat. A constricted sense of beingsuffocated by this demand to

    belong? And this was anexperience of belonging and ofkeeping each other safe. Of walking

    away together to a place of lessconfusion, a place of growingautonomy, where the hauntingmemories of earlier childhood wereonce more invisible. And yet, we (inso many ways an experienced groupof adult educators) did not have theimmediate knowledge or experienceof which way to turn.

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    An experience of inscribed collectivity

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    How I feel when I experience Group C

    Figure 1. How do I feel when I experience Group C?

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    An experience of inscribed collectivity

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    A taste of ginger in Collective Biography8

    Ginger helps on the boat -

    A thin slice of fresh root held

    between teeth and cheek

    takes away a little of the rough passage

    Twelve hours of tossing and turningin my narrow cabin bunk -

    bereaved

    lost

    such a precious time

    together -

    a delicious time

    discovering each other and ourselves

    like lovers

    late adolescence tales

    of drug-induced gladness in Australia, York

    and ourselves

    taking away the pain of earlier-year stories

    told but yesterday

    Green Claw over tea and toast

    (1)Rebellion

    (2)Revolution and then (3)Revisionism and the banner swirls red-blood high

    for just a few more moments

    before the wind dies

    Sick with the swell

    and the rising and the yawling

    I crawl to my notepad

    the rhizome calling

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    An experience ofCollective Biography

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    After I read it out to you, you gave your first impressions - and I jotteddown some of the words and phrases that resonated with my ownexperience and added to it.

    This is what I wrote:

    Disappointment - feeling heavyfeeling sadchild in an adult world - not getting it

    'Rain not as gentle' phrase v.poignant & sad You were Too big - she was damaged - heavy/sad- cars punctuate events

    embodiment senseraining running down awindow like tears streaming

    Sense of responsibility down - lonelyfor nothing I had controlover - like the rain trapped like a feral

    animal

    Too big - too small - animal skin of leather smell

    This material should perhaps be the starting point

    for my contribution to the Group C collective should

    we decide to pursue the issue of gender and power

    through the method of Collective Biography.

    Gender-related stories I recognise from my own growing up experience - 5

    It grew less to be like fucking,and more like making love

    Al Stewart, Love Chronicles, 19699

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    I recall the joy of really writing something that hit

    home in the pit of my stomach; the pain of re-writing

    and the sense of validation as the collective, each

    voice alone, agreed: my work was better for the

    immediacy, the simplicity, the sheer uncluttered

    emotive phenomena of the first version (see

    Appendix 2).

    CB: THEY

    DID IT THEIR

    WAY!To quote Davies, et al:

    (2000 :19) this process is

    not the warm fuzzy pursuit

    of empathy and The

    questioning and challenging

    of each others stories cantake on a ruthless

    quality11

    This was the way that

    tutors broke the news to

    the participants on the

    Collective Biography

    workshop at Toffsville Uni

    last October no, there

    would be no tree frogs in

    Bristol because here in

    the UK we can take the

    strain and lap up the pain!

    Well, that wasnt to be the

    message the mad bolshies in

    one caucus would take heed

    of. They thought they knewbetter! Three women and two

    men (whoever heard of

    mixing gender in Collective

    Biography? therell

    always be questions there

    wont there?) played away

    and claim to have done the

    whole thing painlessly.

    One member of the tear-away

    gang, Mike Gallant, said

    its all about involvement

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    and intimacy, caring and

    contentment, its about the

    paradoxes of

    poststructuralist humanism

    and a constructionistworldview.

    Bollocks!, we say - if

    its going to be proper

    Collective Biography its

    gotta hurt know what we

    mean?

    Have your say log on at

    www.cb.getitright.co.uk totell the softy lefties that

    socialism just aint like

    that! Ask Frigga Haug!

    Themes in our Collective Biography

    Gender and Power

    Mortal, invisible

    Invincible [I think of this

    as Sues repeating theme]

    In life inaccessible

    hid from our eyes

    Explorative

    Shame

    Physical hurting, confusion and aloneness

    Group Process

    You tell yours and I want to tell mine (experience)

    Inexplicable connection

    Possessiveness

    Anger, defensiveness and xenophobia (other groups

    dont do it like us)

    http://www.cb.getitright.co.uk/http://www.cb.getitright.co.uk/
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    Gender-related stories I recognise from my own growing up experience - 6

    Yours is the Earth and everything that's in it,

    And - which is more - you'll be a Man my son!

    Rudyard Kipling, If12

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    Plagiarism in Collective Biography13

    >

    > Back to the

    collective. Plgiarism

    (can't even spell it!) is

    always a

    > problem to me in

    that as I listen to other

    peoples stories, they

    become

    > part

    > of my own story and

    it is very difficult to

    separate me from them

    - does

    > that make any

    sense? This unit is a

    minefield of shared

    experience and

    > I'm

    > not sure that it would

    be right to take out the

    collective stuff.

    >

    Sue Dale email

    27:11:06 8:34

    Yes, lets get back

    there! And the

    sooner the better

    I know that Im using

    your ideas and even

    your words and I

    know that I will sign a

    form saying that

    these are all my ownwords except the

    ones that arent

    though God only

    knows where my

    words come from if

    they dont come from

    you and you and

    you and youAnd yet, of course I

    know (connaissance

    or savvy?) what

    plagiarism is its not

    this.

    This is my story and

    this is your story

    this is the riparian

    zone14 that is such a

    nutrient-rich area

    close to the flowing

    waters of the river of

    my world.

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    Although the material products of Collective

    Biography can be genuinely the work of one author

    (for example, the writings of a member of the

    collective who is collating their own experience of

    the collective), an explanation of how the product

    came to its fruition (a requirement of an academic

    assignment such as this) necessarily benefits from

    extensive quoting of the written work (or other

    recorded communications verbal, non-verbal,

    electronically mediated or immediately experienced)

    of other members of the collective. In this collective

    method of writing it is the very process of savouring

    (savoir) the text of others that creates, through the

    distanciation, another hermeneutic cycle. This is not

    plagiarism.

    Gender-related stories I recognise from my own growing up experience - 7

    (Hanif) Kureishi made the interesting point that we

    are no-longer shocked: It used to be not that long ago

    that to shock was shocking, but that isnt the case anymore.

    Now to shock is to conform and there doesnt seem to be

    such a thing as normalcy if there was it would be shocking.

    According to Kureishi, we all desire to be shocked,

    and art finds that harder and harder to do now

    that is why he wanted to get finished early enough to

    get home in time to catch Big Brothers action of the day.

    Simon Smith and the Amazing Dancing Bear (2007)

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    Conclusion on this Collective Biography

    Feelings are embodied; texts are inscribed. On

    balance I believe that my experience of gender and

    power has been both embodied (through primary

    experience) and inscribed (through recontextualised

    media). Inscribing is the more painful of the two

    processes, though most of the time I cant feel it.

    George MacLeod described Iona as a "thin place" - only a tissue paper

    separating the material from the spiritual. To spend some time in such a

    historic and inspiring setting is to be open to challenge and the exploration

    of new horizons.15

    I have found another thin place it is a place I can

    carry with me into any space it is a place where I

    own my understandings a place where I thicken,

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    sprout, nurture and fertilize a thin place where I

    can touch you through the tissue paper.

    Notes

    1. Group C was one third of the student and tutor participants of

    the October 2006 Collective Biography Unit of the Bristol

    University EdD (Narrative Strand) course. Meeting over two

    and a half days, the taught course contained substantial

    input from tutors and students in addition to approximately

    ten hours spent in the small group Collective Biography

    workshop on Explorations in Gender and Power.

    2. An essential feature of Collective Biography as a research

    method is that, compared to other (qualitative and

    quantitative) techniques there is more substantial creation of

    knowledge (savvy?) though a tight (in terms of time and

    space) hermeneutical cycle. An interesting observation here,

    and one that aligns Collective Biography with Western

    Scientific Knowledge (WSK) rather than Traditional Knowledge

    (TK) (see, for example, Dods, 2004), is that in common with

    modernist western society, written text is relied on as thedominant producer of savoir (know how knowledge).

    Although the distanciation that this produces may allow for a

    hermeneutical cycle that thickens understanding within the

    Collective, this understanding may be mistaken for

    connaissance (know that, true/false knowledge) by the

    reader of the research product who necessarily experiences

    decontextualisation and recontextualisation within the

    context of its reading (see, for example, Ricoeur 1998). This

    is perhaps an unavoidable aspect of communicating anyresearch that uses the pathways and dissemination

    techniques of WSK! It is a strength of Collective Biography as

    part of the Grand Narrative of WSK.

    3. Our tutors, Jane Speedy, Tim Bond and Malcolm Reed, set the

    rules for our Collective Biography workshop before we began

    (see Appendix 1). In practice, Group C discovered such

    delight in the story-telling aspects of the process, and such a

    sense of immediacy in our first written work, that we ignored

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    rules and created an intimate group experience that perhaps

    led more towards personal growth than a Collective

    Biography. I was happy to take such a rare opportunity to

    share intimate life experience, and to enjoy the feelings

    engendered. For us, Collective Biography appeared to be

    about the outcomes suggested by Bronwyn Davies and

    colleagues (2004) though without the ruthless qualities of

    questioning and without the fuzzy empathy. Empathy was

    not what I, at least, felt connection and intimacy describe

    my feelings more accurately. The difference is certainly

    subtle!

    4. The left hand column is the work of Sue Dale - shared withthe collective (by email) November 2006. I have written a

    commentary of my reactions to her words in the right hand

    column.

    5. In 2002 I kept a Visual Diary (see, for example, Ganim &

    Fox, 1999) that involved a daily meditation on a particular

    aspect of my experience before translating the feeling of that

    experience into a visual piece of art. Since that time I have

    occasionally used the technique to clarify my experience

    without the use of language and/or text. I began the process

    on this occasion by writing the question How do I feel when I

    experience Group C?. I meditated on this for five to ten

    minutes and then created the image, first with an

    extravagant pencil doodle and then using this series of

    shapes as a base for pastel colour.

    6. I realised later that my embodied feeling of a pool in relation

    to reading Sues words (which in turn related to Christines

    story) might have been prompted by Christines own words(interestingly, I had altered pond to pool in the text as I

    came to the end of the phrase, as the word pond didnt feel

    right): Once we start telling, each story seems to lead to the

    next, one persons memories triggering anothers. There is

    some laughter, but also distress and powerlessness in our

    stories and we lean in towards each other as the telling and

    responding goes round. I talk of my sense of a gathering

    pool of stories in the middle which connect us. After about

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    an hour (by this time weve abandoned the bits of paper with

    tasks and timings) we have a tea break and, slightly less

    connected, get back together again to write a short piece

    each. I move my chair out of the tight circle and turn away to

    write others do the same. Christine Bell (Collective

    Member), 2006.

    7. Appendix 2 is the text of the story I wrote on the first day of

    the Collective Biography Unit at Bristol on 16 th October 2006.

    It concerns my early experience of being aware of my gender,

    and how I learnt that I was the wrong gender.

    8. This interlude celebrates what has been termed the

    rhizomatic qualities of a research methodology that includes

    writing on rather than writing up the available data (see,

    for example, Amorim & Ryan, 2005).

    9. The second album by Al Stewart received early notoriety for

    including the word "fucking" in its title track, and reprinting

    the word on its inner gatefold sleeve for all to see. Shocking.

    The controversy thus gained was probably useful in garnering

    sales of the record, but, truth to tell, it overshadowed the real

    reason why 'Love Chronicles' was as vital to the student

    population of 1969 as Heinz beans, matches and marijuana. It

    was, and is, for the most part, a very fine record. Accessed

    at http://www.headheritage.co.uk/unsung/review/599 on 3rd

    February 2007.

    10.After an introduction to the theory and practice of Collective

    Biography work the large group of the Collective Biography

    unit was split into three working collectives. I found myself in

    Group C. I was not aware of any particular choice in the

    division of the large group. There was an initial period ofextensive story telling and conversation around the theme of

    my earliest experience of gender, before we spent twenty to

    thirty minutes writing a story of an early experience of gender

    (Appendix 2). We then read these stories to each other, one

    at a time, giving limited feedback on our immediate cognitive

    and visceral reactions to each others material. That evening

    I re-wrote the contemporaneous notes I had made as the

    other members of the collective gave me their feedback on

    http://www.headheritage.co.uk/unsung/review/599http://www.headheritage.co.uk/unsung/review/599
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    my own story. It is that which is reproduced here as the

    starting point for this section.

    11.This quote is from the Guidelines for Collective Biographygiven out to participants as part of the pre-reading for the

    module (see Appendix 1).

    12. The final two lines of If by Rudyard Kipling accessed on

    January 20th 2007 at http://www.allspirit.co.uk/kipling.html

    13.The question of plagiarism was raised in email

    communications between members of the collective. There

    was concern about matching the needs of the assessment

    process of the University with the reality of the Collective

    Biography process.

    14.See Park, 2005.

    15. I visited the island of Iona whilst travelling with my partner at

    the age of seventeen and it made a lasting impression on me.

    The Iona community, based at the Abbey church on the island

    (though now comprising members worldwide) was founded in

    1938 by the Rev George MacLeod, is an ecumenical

    Christian community of men and women from different walks

    of life and different traditions in the Christian church that is

    committed to seeking new ways of living the gospel of Jesus

    Christ in today's world. Text is from

    http://www.iona.org.uk/abbey/main.htm accessed on January

    27th 2007.

    http://www.kipling.org.uk/poems_if.htmhttp://www.iona.org.uk/abbey/main.htmhttp://www.kipling.org.uk/poems_if.htmhttp://www.iona.org.uk/abbey/main.htm
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    References

    Amorim, Antonio Carlos & Ryan, Charly (2005) Deleuze, Action

    Research and Rhizomatic Growth in Educational ActionResearch, Vol.13, No.4, pp. 581-593.

    Bell, Christine (2006) Hoping for Tree Frogs. Draft Assignment forBristol University EdD Collective Biography module, sent by email on6th December 2006.

    Dale, Sue (2006) Deconstruction or destruction: Exploring theexperience of a collective biography workshop from a personalperspective. Draft Assignment for Bristol University EdD CollectiveBiography module, sent by email on 27th November 2006.

    Davies, Bronwyn, Browne, Jenny, Gannon, Susanne, Honan,Eileen, Laws, Cath, Mueller-Rockstroh, Babette and Petersen, EvaBendix (2004) The Ambivalent Practices of Reflexivity inQualitative Inquiry, Vol. 10, pp. 360-389.

    Davies, Bronwyn & Gannon, Susanne, Eds. (2006) DoingCollective Biography. Maidenhead: Open University Press.

    Dods, Roberta Robin (2004) Knowing ways / ways of knowing:reconciling science and tradition in World Archaeology, Vol.36,

    No.4, pp.547-5557.

    Ganim, Barbara, & Fox, Susan (1999) Visual Journaling: GoingDeeper than Words. Wheaton (Illinois): Quest Books.

    Haug, Frigga et al. (1987) Female sexualisation: a collective workof memory [trans. Erica Carter]. London: Verso.

    Haug, Frigga (1992) Beyond female masochism: memory-workand politics. London: Verso.

    Jacks Shack (2006) Teach Your Boy to Pee Like a Man[postedMarch 30 2006] from Jacks Shack blog accessed athttp://wwwjackbenimble.blogspot.com/2006/03/teach-your-boy-to-pee-like-

    man.html 19th January 2007.

    Onyx, Jenny & Small, Jennie (2001) Memory-Work: The Methodin Qualitative Inquiry, Vol.7, No.6, pp.773-786.

    Park, Jeff (2005) Writing at the edge: narrative and writingprocess theory. New York: Peter Lang Publishing.

    http://wwwjackbenimble.blogspot.com/2006/03/teach-your-boy-to-pee-like-man.htmlhttp://wwwjackbenimble.blogspot.com/2006/03/teach-your-boy-to-pee-like-man.htmlhttp://wwwjackbenimble.blogspot.com/2006/03/teach-your-boy-to-pee-like-man.htmlhttp://wwwjackbenimble.blogspot.com/2006/03/teach-your-boy-to-pee-like-man.html
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    Richardson, Laurel (1997) Fields of Play: Constructing anAcademic Life. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.

    Richardson, Laurel (2000) Writing: A Method of Inquiry inDenzin & Lincoln, Eds., Handbook of Qualitative Research (2nd

    Edition). Thousand Oaks: Sage.

    Richardson, Laurel & St. Pierre, Elizabeth (2005) Writing: AMethod of Inquiryin Denzin & Lincoln, Eds., The Sage Handbookof Qualitative Research (3rd Edition). Thousand Oaks: Sage.

    Ricoeur, Paul (1998) The Hermeneutical Function ofDistanciation in Dayton, Eric, Ed., Art and Interpretation: ananthology of readings in aesthetics and the philosophy of art.Orchard Park, NY: Broadview Press.

    Simon Smith and the Amazing Dancing Bear (2007) Are you inor out? [posted January 19th 2007] from Simon Smith and theAmazing Dancing Bears Blog accessed athttp://simonsmithandtheamazingdancingbear.blogspot.com/ 3rd February2007.

    Speedy, Jane (2006) Personal communication. Bristol 16th

    October 2006.

    Todorov, Tzvetan (1984) Mikhail Bakhtin: The Dialogical Principle[trans. Wlad Godzich]. Manchester: Manchester University Press.

    White, Michael (1995) Re-Authoring Lives: Interviews and Essays.Adelaide: Dulwich Centre Publications.

    http://simonsmithandtheamazingdancingbear.blogspot.com/http://simonsmithandtheamazingdancingbear.blogspot.com/
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    Appendix 1

    Collective biography: Guidelines for producing collective biography

    within a workshop context: (from Davies, et al, Qualitative Inquiry, June2004)

    A process of conjointly reading for meaning, underpinned by notions of

    the self as verb, perpetually in process, shaped and shaping, rather

    than the self as noun.

    The idea is to make visible the discourses through which we make

    meanings and make selves, including the discourses informing the

    collective biography workshop itself, not just those informing

    individuals in their daily/previous lives

    1. generate stories on chosen themeeach one threading on to the

    last

    2. tell stories, others listening carefullyprobing where necessary for

    further images and details to support the imagined story in their

    own minds eye

    3. to take off, in new directions with new stories noting linkages and

    differences.

    4. repeat the process

    5. after about an hour of this process, participants go off and write on

    this theme by themselves for half an hour or so writing not only

    autobiographically, but also with the aim of writing into the space

    that makes discursive processes and practices transparent, ie:

    noticing the histories in which they have been caught up (eg: as

    Europeans, moral beings, music lovers, etcetc) and developingan explicit awareness of the constitutive process of writing

    Questions for listeners to ask of a first draft:

    1. Is it plausible/does it ring true?

    2. Does it work for me?

    3. Was it well remembered/clearly described?

    4. Was there sufficient detail for listeners to imagine it?

    5. Could listeners make sense/meaning of the story?

    6. Were there clichs generalisations, value-laden pieces where

    sharper clearer language might have been?

    7. Have other details, memories, particularities come to mind duringthis process that shed further/new/unexpected light on the story?

    By removing the general, the vague, the unclear (as far as the

    collective imagination goes) we are not trying to get closer to the real,

    but rather, exposing more of the discursive processes and imperatives

    that are at play

    To quote Davies, et al: (2000:19) this process is not the warm fuzzy

    pursuit of empathy and The questioning and challenging of each

    others stories can take on a ruthless quality

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    This perhaps seems a little stark but the purpose is not to tell the

    original storytellers story to their own personal satisfaction, it is to tell

    it in a way that can be vividly imagined by others (for which sharply

    accurate and specific reflections and questions from others arerequired)

    The writing thus becomes, itself, a self-conscious, reflexive, and

    innovative act that seeks to avoid the repetition of well-practiced ways

    of knowing and includes, instead, detailed, embodied memories

    (2004:372)

    Davies, B. (2000a). A body of writing 1989-1999. Walnut Creek, CA: Alta

    Mira Press.

    Bronwyn Davies, Jenny Browne, Susanne Gannon, Eileen Honan, Cath

    Laws, Babette Mueller-Rockstroh, and Eva Bendix Petersen (2004) The

    Ambivalent Practices of Reflexivity, in: Qualitative Inquiry, 10: 360 -389.

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    Appendix 2

    Ive lost control. Im not who I thought I was. I was I was me.

    I was a child if I was anything at all, and now Im not who I should

    be and theres even worse. But Ill come to that later firstthings first.

    It slipped out. My father speaking, you shouldve been a girl.

    One boy, one girl. Maybe I looked aghast. A dumb pause. Hes

    speaking again, after your brother, mum and I wanted one of

    each. He looks thoughtful for a moment, and now she cant.

    Blank silence. Im not understanding. I look up to his matter-of-

    fact face, curiosity written in my young childs frown. She gotso damaged having you, she cant have anymore children - you

    were too big.

    The shock, the momentary re-writing of a life so far. I am the

    guilty one, The one who has taken away everything that my

    father and my mother want. How can I put this right? I have to

    please them. They dont want me. I have to please them, the

    doctor said it would be fine you were a month overdue. But I

    wasnt listening now. I was wondering how to make amends.

    The car pulls up outside the school gates and I pull open the

    door. Its a boys school. A boys preparatory school. Can I be

    prepared anymore? How to please my parents, to be the girl

    they want but somehow cant have because of me?

    My God! If Im not going to be a boy, perhaps I cant be part of

    this. The noise of the slammed door.

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    The car pulls away, the engine gently moving things on. The

    exhaust still steaming in the autumnal dampness. The leaves,

    perfect symmetrical figures, intense orange and red, fallen onthe tarmac now marked with the tracks of tyres.

    I become aware that the rain is not so gentle as I thought. The

    heavy drops are tumbling on my life. I put my satchel over my

    head, the smell of comforting wet leather closer to my face. I

    check in both directions and cross the road.