Mexican Revolution

Mr. Turner

IB HOTA

WHY?

The seeds of the Mexican Revolution were planted in the soil of economic growth in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

The uneven distribution of wealth, uneven distribution of land, tied together into the formation of a society ruled by the elite, and paid for by the work of the peasant class.

Mexico Divided

Mexico is in political and economic chaos after independence

Race/Class Structure Remains Creoles Mestizos Indians Africans

Iturbede ousted in 1824 and Mexico becomes a republic

Santa Anna is the most dominant political leader.

1810-1821 WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE MEXICO OVERTHROWS SPAIN 1821-PLAN OF IGUALA PROMISES

EQUALITY FOR CITIZENS AND PROTECTS THE PRIVILEGES OF THE CATHOLIC CHURCH.

1824

CONSTITUTION THAT ESTABLISHES MEXICO AS A REPUBLIC WITH A FEDERAL SYSTEM.

1836- TEXAS REPUBLIC BECOMES INDEPENDENT.

1846-1848- MEXICAN WAR WITH U.S.- MEXICO LOSES HALF OF TERRITORY

Mexican-American War Americans proclaim

independence of Texas—March 2, 1836

French try to take Mexico in 1838.

Mexican-American War (1846-1848) Mexico defeated. Treaty of Guadeloupe Hidalgo

on February 2, 1848. California, Texas, Arizona

and New Mexico to US. US pays Mexico $15,000,000 Property owners assured can

keep property

LA REFORMA

Liberals gain seats in congress due to loss of territory to USA.

Enact sweeping reforms. Destroy Feudal Vestiges and implement Capitalism! People Panic!! Why?

Santa Anna briefly returns and implements a terror campaign against opponents.

Led to Liberal Revolt: Alvarez, Juarez, Tejada

1854-1861-WAR OF REFORM

BENITO JUÁREZ AND OTHER LIBERALS OVERTHROW SANTA ANNA (REVOLUTION OF AYUTLA)

1857- CONSTITUTION DRAFTED – FEDERAL SYSTEM-UNICAMERAL LEGISLATURE- DENOUNCED BY CONSERVATIVES. THIS LEADS TO CIVIL WAR.

Mexico continued

Benito Juarez is elected president in 1858.

He confiscated Church property.

Mexico suspends payment of foreign debt in 1861. France, Great Britain,

and Spain protest.

LIBERALS WIN THE WAR-1861

BENITO JUÁREZ – ZAPOTEC INDIAN FROM OAXACA- PRESIDENT.

CONSERVATIVES FLEE (MANY TO EUROPE)

MEXICO IN TERRIBLE DEBT. JUÁREZ DECLARES A 2 YEAR MORATORIUM ON FOREIGN DEBTS UNTIL COUNTRY COULD GET ON ITS FEET.

French occupy Mexico

The French occupy Mexico in 1861 and capture Mexico City in 1863.

Louis Napoleon makes Archduke Maximillian Emperor (April 10, 1864) Maximillian was Austrian and

never understood Mexico There were many revolts Maximillian is captured and

executed with the rest of his family.

Juarez is restored.

NAPOLEION III-FRENCH INTERVENTION WANTS TO ESTABLISH EMPIRE 30,000 FRENCH TROOPS ENTER MEXICO

CITY ARCHDUKE MAXIMILIAN SET UP AS

EMPEROR (HAPSBURG) MAXIMILLAN WAS MORE LIBERAL THAN

CONSERVATIVE

1866-RESTORED REPUBLIC

FRANCE WITHDRAWS TROOPS MAXIMILIAN EXECUTED JUAREZ REGAINS POWER INSTITUTION OF MANY REFORMS IN

FISCAL POLICIES AND EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM.

JUAREZ REELECTED IN 1872-THEN DIES.

LERDO DE TEJADA 1872-1876

TRIES TO IMPOSE HIMSELF FOR ANOTHER TERM

OVERTHROWN BY PORIFIRO DIAZ

In 1876…PORFIRIATO

PORFIRIO DIAZ CAME TO POWER IN MEXICO.

HE WOULD RULE UNTIL 1911. HE IS RESPONSIBLE FOR ECONOMIC

GROWTH, INDUSTRIALIZATION, MODERNIZATION…AND LITTLE REGARD FOR HUMAN RIGHTS.

ORDER FOLLOWED BY PROGRESS DIAZ, ALTHOUGH CLAIMING TO BELIEVE

IN THE “NO CONSECUTIVE TERM” RULE CONTAINED IN THE CONSTITUTION, ONLY RELINQUISHED HIS RULE ONE TIME, AFTER HIS FIRST YEARS IN OFFICE. FROM THEN ON HE MANIPULATED EVERY ELECTION---FOR THE GOOD OF MEXICO.

PORFORIO

MEXICO SAW GREAT GAINS IN INFRASTRUCTURE, AND INDUSTRY, AND FOREIGN INVESTMENT, PARTICULARLY BY THE U.S.

NO FREEDDOM OF THE PRESS LAND , WEALTH, AND ACCESS TO

EDUCATION WAS LIMITED TO A SMALL GROUP OF ELITE.

DIAZ

In 1908, Diaz gave an interview to James Creelman, in which ha stated that Mexico was ready for democracy. He said he would step down and allow others to compete for the presidency.

He changed his mind, however, when the possibility of a new leader seemed to cause disruption.

He ran again in 1910- and was sure he could control the results as in the past.

Causes of the Mexican Revolution

Reign of Porfirio Díaz Ruled as a dictator

“New Creoles” Modernized Mexico Masses suppressed

Working class wages declined

95% of rural population did not own any land

Mestizo population grew rapidly after 1850

Porfirio Díaz (1876-1910)

Start of the Revolution

Election of 1910 Francisco Madero ran

against Díaz Díaz had Madero

arrested on election day Madero called for Díaz to

be overthrown Movement supported by

peasants and the middle class

Díaz forced to resign in May 1911 Francisco Madero (1911-1913)

Mexican Revolutionaries (1910)

Francisco MaderoPancho Villa

FRANCISCO I. MADERO

EDUCATED IN EUROPE AND THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA

DECIDED TO RUN AGAINST MADERO. SIMILAR IN IDEOLOGY- BUT WANTED

MORE POWER FOR THE ELITE IN POLITICS.

BEGINNING OF REVOLUTION

MADERO RELEASED- WENT TO U.S. OCTOBER 5, 1910- ISSUES A LETTER

FROM JAIL PLAN DE SAN LUIS POTOSÍ- CALLING

FOR “FREE SUFFRAGE AND NO RE-ELECTION”

CALLED THE DIAZ REGIME ILLEGAL-CALLED FOR REVOLT- NOVEMBER 20

MADERO MADE VAGUE PROMISES OF AGRARIAN REFORM

HE RECEIVED SUPPORT OF PEASANT CLASS

HIS OWN ARMY- WITH SUPPORT OF THE INDIANS HAD SOME SUCCESS AGAINST THE DÍAZ ARMY.

OTHER REVOLUTIONARIES JOINED.

DIAZ AGAIN

WHEN DIAZ REALIZED THE GROWING POPULARITY OF MADERO, HE HAD MADERO JAILED ON CHARGES OF CONSPIRACY TO OVERTHROW THE GOVERNMENT

ELECTION DAY- MADERO WAS IN JAIL DIAZ WON…

The Revolution Spreads

Madero was unprepared Lack of land reforms led to

open rebellion Emiliano Zapata

“Land and Liberty” Pancho Villa

Madero was overthrown by General Victoriano Huerta in February 1913 Madero was eventually

assassinated

Pancho Villa Emiliano Zapata

Mural to Zapata in Cuba

Map of the Revolution

PANCHO VILLA in the North

Doroteo Arango Arámbula – BETTER KNOWN AS FRANCISCO “PANCHO” VILLA

As commander of the División del Norte (Division of the North), he was the veritable caudillo of the Northern Mexican state of Chihuahua, which, due to its size, mineral wealth and proximity to the United States of America gave him great popularity.

He was provisional Governor of Chihuahua in 1913 and 1914.

VILLISTAS

VILLA AND HIS SUPPORTERS USED PROPAGANDA/ INTIMIDATION (FIRING SQUADS)

SEIZED HACIENDA LAND AND DISTRIBUTED IT TO THE POOR/ SOLDIERS

ROBBED TRAINS/ PRINTED FAKE MONEY

THE CENTAURO OF THE NORTH VILLA’S GROUP MOVED FAST- USING

TRAINS/ AND AN ELITE CAVALRY UNIT LOS DORADOS (THE GOLDEN ONES)

AS A “COLORFUL” FIGURE, VILLA CAPTURED THE EYE OF THE MEDIA AND DEVELOPED AN ALMOST CULT FOLLOWING

VILLA AND OROZCO

WON CONTROL OF CUIDAD JUAREZ- BORDERING THE RIO GRANDE

MAY 21, 1911 TREATY OF CUIDAD JUÁREZ

EMILIO ZAPATA in the South

STATE OF MORELOS Born August 8, 1879, in Anenecuilco,

Morelos. Was a mediero (sharecropper) and horse trainer. Conscripted into the army for seven years attaining the rank of sergeant. As president of the village council, he campaigned for the restoration of village lands confiscated by hacendados. His slogan was "Tierra Y Libertad." Zapata sided with Madero. .

¡Tierra y Libertad!

Between 1910 and 1919, Zapata continued his fight for land and liberty, rebelling against anyone who interfered with his Plan of Ayala which called for the seizure of all foreign owned land, all land taken from villages, confiscation of one-third of all land held by "friendly" hacendados and full confiscation of land owned by persons opposed to the Plan of Ayala.

Timeline of the Revolution

The Revolution Continues

Huerta was opposed by a coalition led by Venustiano Carranza (top), Alvaro Obregón (bottom), Villa, Zapata, etc.

Huerta was overthrown in 1914 Carranza appealed to masses

Mexican Constitution of 1917 Villa and Zapata continued to rebel

until 1919 and 1920 Carranza was overthrown in 1920

Replaced by Obregon (1920-1924)

VENUSTIANO CARRANZA

AS PRESIDENT, HE ORGANIZED THE CONVENTION THAT WROTE THE CONSTITUTION OF 1917 THAT IS STILL IN PLACE TODAY.

EJIDO- AGRARIAN LAND COOPERATIVE REFORM- REDISTRIBUTION OF LAND – FROM WEALTHY TO THE PEASANTS

Constitution of 1917

Conferred strong powers to the president Laid basis for land reform

No major redistribution until 1934 Government ownership of mineral and water

resources New labor laws

No major labor laws until 1931 Placed restrictions on the church and clergy

Church went on strike in 1926

Women in the Revolution

Intellectuals Called for equal rights, women’s suffrage, and

other reforms Often endured threats, imprisonment, etc.

Soldaderas Served as nurses, cooks, foraged for food,

washed clothes and other services Served in the rebel army and the federal army

Women Soldiers

Women in the Revolution

Women in the Revolution

Aftermath of Revolution

Over one million people died Revolution lacked a plan, a philosophy,

intellectual leadership, or political parties Farming, ranching, and mining economies

were destroyed Oil industry improved during revolution

No major bank or newspaper survived

Aftermath Continued

Alvaro Obregón (1920-1924) Built schools and encouraged nationalism

Diego Rivera

Mexico becomes a single-party system Party of Revolutionary Institutions (PRI)

Dominated politics until 2000

Lázaro Cárdenas (1934-1940) Redistributed 45 million acres of land

253 million would be redistributed by 1984 Promoted economic nationalism

Nationalized railroads (1937) and oil (1938)

PRI PARTY –DOMINANT PARTY FOR 71 YEARS UNTIL VICENTE FOX OF THE PAN PARTY WAS ELECTED.