methods of teaching

METHODS OF TEACHING

INFORMATIONTECHNOLOGY EDUCATION

OBJECTIVES:1. to uncover teaching strategies such as expository and exploratory strategies;2. to apply different teaching methodologies In teaching IT topics.

INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY EDUCATION

Mr. Jonathan M. Caballero

Two Types of Teaching Methods

Direct Approach

Experiential Approach

Expository Strategies

Deductive

Expository

Demonstrative

Exploratory Strategies

Inductive

Exploratory

Inquiry

Laboratory

Problem Solving

Metacognition

Reflective

Constructivism


When to use Expository and Exploratory Strategies

Direct InstructionExpository Strategies

•Content Oriented•Factual Information•Similar information directly available – no effort to look for it

Guided InstructionExploratory Strategies

•Experience oriented•Developmental / formulation of concept, principles, skills, attitudes, and values•Information not available – needs to be discovered yet


Characteristics of Expository and Exploratory Strategy

Expository Strategy

Less delivery time

Utilizes expositive strategies such as direct teaching, deductive process, teacher controlled method

Less student involvementPassive- Active



Direct Approach



Deductive

Expository

Demonstrative


Inductive

Discovery

Inquiry

Laboratory

Problem Solving

Metacognition

Reflective

Constructivism


Demonstration Method

Telling and showing method performed usually by a teacher or a trained student while the rest of the class become observers.

Direct Approach - Expository


Process is significant but apparatus needed is limited

School lacks facilities to every student

Equipment is too sophisticated, expensive, dangerous

Lesson requires skill in investigative procedure or technical know how


Used when:



How to use:

Step 1: Preparation, motivation, clarifying objective

Step2: Explaining concept, theory, processes, performance

Step3: Demonstration of correct process involved in a laboratory or performance

Step4: Discussion / Practice, feedback on elements of process

Step 5: Transfer to the real world




Example: Data Communication and Networking

In Data Communication and Networking, technology used or being discussed are sometimes expensive or not available in the laboratory, this can be discussed by showing illustrations of the said apparatus. Apparatus can be shown physically or by computer visualization. The teacher can discuss the parts of the Access Point as shown in the figure and other facts pertaining to the figure.




Expository or Didactic Method


A telling method where facts , concepts, principles, and generalizations are stated, presented, defined, interpreted by the teacher, and followed by the application or testing of these concepts, principles, and generalizations in new examples generated by students.




Example: Database Management System Using expository method, the

teacher can discuss the ER diagram shown. After discussing the diagram, the teacher can show another example of two entities without attributes then let the students supply them. The example below can be given:


STUDENT DEPARTMENT



When to use?

When there is an immediate use of relevant information to make the students understand a part of the lesson.

When information is not available and time can be saved by the teacher directly telling it.

When an idea or principle can best be learned only by explanation

When the source material is not accessible to the students.




How to use:

Steps Expository Teaching of Concepts Expository TeachingPrinciples and Generalization

Step1 Teacher presents concepts and definition

Teacher states rules, principles, generalizations

Step 2 Teacher presents links concept with related higher concepts

Teacher explains concepts within a principle or generalization

Step 3 Teacher presents positive and negative examples

Teacher explains the effect of positive and negative principles

Step 4 Students classify example either positive or negative

Students classify examples based on the principles as

positive or negative

Step 5 Students provide additional examples

Students provide additional examples




Example: DATA COMMUNICATION AND NETWORKING

Explaining Metropolitan –

Area Network (MANs) can be

done using this illustration. It

will be easier for them to

understand MAN through this

instead of letting them

imagine the setup. The

teacher can discuss how the

MAN works.




Process of teaching that starts with a rule or general statement that is applied to specific cases / examples.

Used when students are asked to test a rule or further develop it, to answer questions or solve problems by referring to laws, principles, and theories.

Deductive Teaching



How to present it:

I. Statement of the problem• State real life cases, situations, problems

II. Statement of a generalization• Recall two or more generalizations, rules, definitions, or principles• Select one which will be the solution to the problem

III. Apply the rule• Test the rule to specific cases or problems

IV. Further verification of the rule• Try the rule using other examples• Determine the validity of the inference by consulting accepted authorities.

Deductive Teaching



Example SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN

Deductive Teaching

Roles of Business Analyst Identify how technology can improve

business process Design new business process Design the information system Ensure that the system conforms to

Information System Standards

Teacher should explain each items, an example per item will be a great help




Deductive Teaching




Examples of businesses that use technology can be shown or cited like the figure shown. Then Let the students name few examples that they already encountered.




Deductive Teaching




Existing business process can be set as an example, the n let the students thin k of other business process that can be improved in the school or in any other business transaction that they know.

http://www.google.com.ph/imgres?imgurl=http://www.commonvision.com.au/images/business-process-review-dia.gif&imgrefurl=http://www.commonvision.com.au/business-process-review.html&usg=__o8H_EoGhTYVwNdE-zSmSLa6Uo-Y=&h=347&w=600&sz=28&hl=tl&start=18&itbs=1&tbnid=JeUnRA5BV05arM:&tbnh=78&tbnw=135&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dbusiness%2Bprocess%26hl%3Dtl%26gbv%3D2%26tbs%3Disch:1




Deductive Teaching




Steps on how to design an information system can be shown so that students could have an idea how these systems are developed.




Deductive Teaching




IT standards can be discussed by citing books or evaluation standard samples can also be discussed to the students then cite examples so that students can relate to it.

http://www.addebook.com/it/uncategorized/the-it-regulatory-and-standards-compliance-handbook-how-to-survive-information-systems-audit-and-assessments_8863.html




Direct Approach



Deductive

Expository

Demonstrative


Inductive

Exploratory

Inquiry

Laboratory

Problem Solving

Metacognition

Reflective

Constructivism


Experiential Methodologies: Exploratory


- An exploratory method of logic where one arrives at a fact, principle, truth, or generalization

- Studying: Observing, comparing many instances or cases in several instances to discover the common element and form generalization

- Formulating: conclusion, a definition, a rule, a principle, or a formula based on knowledge of examples and details.

Inductive Teaching

Experiential Approach - Exploratory


Example

Let the students analyze the figure about the files exchange of the automated election that we had last May 10. It can be a group activity then let them write their observation then let the group with the best answer discuss the flow before the class if there is still time.

Inductive TeachingSYSTEMS QUALITY ASSURANCE



When to use Exploratory Method:

when the rule, concept, truth, principle, or generalization is important enough to justify the time devoted to the lesson.

when the student has the ability to form and state the rule, principle, truth, or generalization by themselves through comparison and abstraction of instances.

Exploratory Method



How to use Exploratory Method

Step 1: Preparation: Set specific cases, instances, and examples to the class

Step 2: Comparison and Abstraction: Discover and identify the common element among the specific cases and instances presented

Step 3: Generalization: State the common element deduced from the specific instances / examples as concept, a generalization, a rule, a definition, a principle, or a formula.

Step 4: Application: use the learned concept, generalization, rule, and principle in new situations

Exploratory Method

How to present it:



Example OPERATING SYSTEMS

If there is a new existing version of operating system, let the students do their own installation of the said operating system then let them document the process of installation and come up with an installation guide.

Exploratory Method



A method in which thoughts are synthesized to perceive something that the individual has not know before.

The learner gets directly involved in learning.Learning is a result of the learners own insight, reflection,

and experience.

Discovery Teaching



How to use Discovery Method

Step 1: Presenting specific examples, instances for observation, discussion

Step 2: Identifying attributes of the common elements

Step 3: Discussing the elements of other examples

Step 4: Noting the common elements among the given examples.

Step 5: Stating a main idea based on common elements

Step 6: Checking the main idea against new examples

Discovery Teaching



Example: INTRO TO COMPUTER PROGRAMMING

public class findoutputForLoop { public static void main(String[] args) { for(;;)System.out.println("Hello"); }}

Discovery Teaching

Provide around three program samples to the students, let them identify the output, of course its an infinite loop, but let them identify the program logic why it became infinite loop.

http://www.java-examples.com/infinite-loop-example

class ForDemo { public static void main(String[] args){ for(int i=1; i<11; i--){ System.out.println("Count is: " + i); } } }

class WhileDemo { public static void main(String[] args){ int count = 1; while (count < 11) { System.out.println("Count is: " + count); Count--; } } }



Problem solving is any purposeful activity that will remove a recognized difficulty or perplexity in a situation through the process of reasoning.

Problem Solving Method



When to use Problem Solving Method

to sharpen the power to think, reason, and

create new idea to improve judgment


Use this when the goal is:



Example : Fundamentals of Programming

class WhileDemo { public static void main(String[] args){ int count = 1; while (count < 11) { System.out.println("Count is: " +

count); count++; } }}


After discussing the FOR statement in Java, ask the students to review printing of numbers 1 to 2010 in using WHILE statement then let them use the FOR statement to generate numbers 1 to 10.

If there were several machine problems given in the WHILE statement, let the students convert it to FOR statement.



A significant unit of a problematic nature carried on by students in a lifelike manner in a natural setting. It may be a construction, an enjoyment, a problem, or a learning project.

Project Method



When to use Project Method

When problems in life situation exist

When learners initiate and impose the tasks on them

When time and materials are available

When there is a decided advantage over other methods in meeting the needs.

When training in cooperation, perseverance, open-minded, creativity is needed.

Project Method



Steps in Project Method

Purposing – Determining goals and activities cooperatively.

Planning: Deciding on the activities

Executing : Carrying out activities

Evaluating: Judging the finished products / results against the goals

Project Method



Example : SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN

• After discussing each phase of the Software Development Life Cycle. The students can accomplish tasks per phase and submit documentation of the activities and output that were done during the actual group visit

Project Method

http://www.lifecyclestep.com/open/407.2TheRoleofanAnalyst.htm



A set of first hand learning activities wherein the individual investigates a problem, conducts experiments, observes processes, or applies theories and principles in a simulated setting.

Laboratory Method



Why use Laboratory Method

1. To cultivate students’ skills in the basic science processes

2. To enhance higher order thinking skills3. To induct learners to scientific processes

Laboratory Method



Example: INTRODUCTION TO DATA STRUCTURES

public class ArrayAverage { public static void main(String[] args) { int[] numbers = new int[]{10,20,15,25,16,60,100}; int sum = 0; for(int i=0; i < numbers.length ; i++)sum = sum + numbers[i];double average = sum / numbers.length; System.out.println("Average value of array elements is : " + average);}}

Laboratory Method

After giving an array example to the students, let them work on a problem like the ones given below:

Work on the following problems:• An array program that could sort

5 integers in ascending order • An array program that could sort

5 integers in descending order• An array program that could

spell words backward• an array program that could

count the occurrence of each character.



Learners are confronted with a puzzling situation and are led to enter into investigative work to solve the problem

How?1. Presentation of a problem / puzzling situation2. Defining problem3. Gathering and appraising information4. Organizing information5. Drawing conclusions6. Evaluating

Inquiry Teaching



Example: DISCRETE MATH

Using the given Venn Diagram, ask the students to prove the Associative Law of Sets:

(AUB )UC = AU(BUC)This can be done by the following

steps:1. Identify the elements per set

using the given in the Venn Diagram

2. Apply the operation on sets required to prove the given property.

Inquiry Teaching

A B

• d

• h

• g

• f

• k

• e

• a

• l

C

• b• c

• f

• j



An on going process that enables individuals to continually learn from their own experiences by considering alternative interpretations of situations, generating and+ evaluating goals, and examining experiences in the light of alternative goals and hypothesis

Reflective Teaching



Example: SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND DESIGNIn the systems development life cycle, the

students can write their actual experience per phase. If you’ve come to notice, students normally copy the definition of the phases per phase but they could actually discuss this the way how they experience things during systems development.

Reflective Teaching



Stages of Reflective TeachingConcrete Experience

Observation and Analysis

Abstract Reconceptualization

Active Experimentation



A teaching approach where learners are trained to become aware of and exert over their own learning by using metacognitive processes.

Metacognitive Teaching Approaches



How to use Metacognitive Approach

Through the use of the following metacognitive processes1. Planning: deciding what my goals are and what

strategies to use to get there2. Deciding: what further knowledge or resources needed3. Monitoring progress along the way.4. Evaluating when I have arrived5. Terminating when the goal has been met.




Example: THESIS WRITING

The students enrolled in thesis class could write their personal plan on writing their thesis using the metacognitive teaching approach format

1. Planning: this could contain the selected focus on the thesis2. Deciding: this could include the algorithm or technology that will be

used for the systems development3. Monitoring : this should include how the monitoring should be to

ensure that the project will be performed as scheduled4. Evaluating: this should include means to evaluate the progress of

the systems development5. Terminating: this should include the factor to determine when to stop




Thank you very much!


methods of teaching

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