420 A MER ICA N A N TI€ ROY0 LOG1 S T [N. s. 3 3 , 1931

the function of giving a newcomer in the field of anthropology a rapid survey of a variety of peoples. The status of women has been stressed. The topical and subject indices are valuable aids in the use of the work for purposes of reference. ’Theoretical suggestions must be taken with caution, and the evolutionary terminology in all justice to the author must be largely discounted.

CORA Du BOIS

Wellgeschiclcle der Sleirzzeit. 0. MENGIIIN. (Vienna: Anton Schroll & Co., 1931. 648 pages.) This is a big volume, one of the largest on the subject of prehistory. A careful

perusal will disclose something more than mere bigness in its favor. As the title in- dicates, a n attempt has been made to cover the whole world, but of course not every- where uniformly. This would be impossil,le in the present state of our knowledge.

In regard to terminology, the author believes that changes are desirable and sub- mits a list of these. He would scrap the term “I’alaeolithic” and in its place proposes “I’rotolithic” and “Miolithic.” The protolithic is made to cover the Eolithic and pre-Chellean (Early I’rotolithic), Chellean and Acheulian (Middle Protolithic), and Mousterian (Upper Protolithic). The lower Miolithic would take the place of Aurignacian, Solutrean, and Magdalenian; while upper Miolithic would replace the Mesolithic. No objection is raised to the Neolithic; it is subdivided into an early, or Protoneolithic, and a full, or Mixoneolithic, culture. For a late phase (transition) of each of these, the author would coin the terms: epiprotolithic, epimiolithic, epi- protoneolithic, and epimixoneolithic. For example, epiprotolithic would be a cul- ture of protolithic rank, which reappears (or persists) in the Miolithic Epoch; and epimixoneolithic, a full neolithic culture reappearing in the Age of Metals. Where a culture jumps a stage, then reappears, Menghin suggests the prefix “opsi”; so that one might speak of opsiprotolithic, opsimiolithic, opsiprotoneolithic, etc. There is apparently no end to what might be accomplished along these lines by an author gifted in the coining of terms, but unfortunately there is a limit to what the student is willing to absorb. These new terms are not only proposed, but are also made use of throughout the book. I t might be better to leave the matter of scrapping an old terminology for a new to a n international committee on prehistoric nomenclature.

The author is not convinced that a culture antedating the Pleistocene has as yet been found in Europe. On the other hand, he is inclined to accept as artifacts be- longing to the Pliocene or a t the latest very early Pleistocene the so-called imple- ments of bone reported from Nebraska by H. J. Cook. Thus does distance seem to lend enchantment to the view.

Each culture, beginning with the protolithic, is discussed as to its evolution and geographic distribution and with reference to the materials employed, such as stone, bone, horn, etc. Coming to the protoneolithic culture, it is thought that the animals domesticated had a prime influence on the nature of the culture. The author would divide the cultures based on animal husbandry into three classes: (1) those with swine as a basis; (2) those with horned animals; and ( 3 ) those with riding animals as bases, respectively.

BOOK REVIEWS 42 1

The book is devoted almost wholly to the cultural evolution. Very little space is given to the physical types of man associated with Stone Age culture and for these new names are coined: Eomorph, Protomorph, Archimorph, Metamorph, and Mixomorph. These seem simple enough until one attempts to correlate them with the terminology already in use.

Accompanying the text are seven maps and fifty plates. The index is divided and subdivided until it is difficult to know where to look for what one wants to find. For example, there are three divisions: Authors, Archaeological Cultures, and Cultural Elements. Under Cultural Elements one finds three subdivisions, each of which is still further subdivided. The three subdivisions are Husbandry (Wirt- schaft), Society (Gesellschaft), and Spiritual Culture (Geistige Kultur). Under Hus- bandry, the subheadings are: food, shelter, raw materials, technical processes and products, tools and weapons, vessels, and clothing and ornament. Then there is the added handicap that under such a subheading as food, for example, the ma- terial is not arranged alphabetically. But it is always easier to be critical than it is to produce something better.

GEORGE GRANT MACCURDY

NORTH AMERICA The Mouitd Builders. HENRY CLYDE SHETRONE. (New York: D. Appleton & CO.,

1930.)

This work, as told in the Preface, “is dedicated to the average man and woman” who is seeking “the important facts regarding the Mound-builders.” It contains much interesting information and should appeal to many readers. Although it treats of the entire country eastward from the Mississippi valley a large part of the book is devoted to a description of the mounds and other earthworks occurring in Ohio, and to a discussion of the several cultures recognized in that state. This allotment of space is to be attributed to Mr. Shetrone’s special interest in the ancient remains discovered in Ohio, where he has worked during the past years, as well as to the richness of the material recovered.

The first chapter traces the early theories of the origin of the mounds and in- closures, and under the heading “Early Literature” names some of the more im- portant books containing references to groups of earthworks discovered during the latter part of the eighteenth century. “With the opening of the Ohio country and the establishment of Fort Harmar and the town of Marietta, a t the mouth of the Muskingum, came numerous reports of the now famous Marietta earthworks.” Unfortunately Mr. Shetrone failed to mention the publication of one of the most important of these reports, namely that prepared by Captain Jonathan Heart, entitled Description and Plan of Some Remains of Ancient Works on the Muskin- gum, which appeared in vol. 1, no. 9, of The Columbian Magazine (Philadelphia), May, 1787. The Rufus Putnam map bearing date of 1788 may have been derived from the Heart survey. Jefferson’s Notes on the State of Virginia was first published in 1785-not 1801 as Mr. Shetrone has stated. I n this small volume Jefferson told