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CHAPTER –III

METHODS AND MATERIALS

In this Chapter the selection of subjects, selection of variables,

reliability of the data, Instrument reliability, tester’s competence, subjects

reliability, orientation of subjects, collection of data and the statistical

techniques employed for analyzing the data have been described.

3.1 SELECTION OF SUBJECTS

For the purpose of this study, altogether sixty Diabetic patients were

chosen on random basis from Vellour District in Tamilnadu. Their age group

ranges from thirty five to forty five.

3.2 EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN

The sixty diabetes would be divided into four groups of fifteen. The

experimental group I would undergo control group and the experimental group

II would undergo Walking. The third group would undergo Yoga; Yoga and

Walking would be for the fourth group. Pre-test and post-tests would be

conducted. Treatment would be given for twelve weeks. It would be found out-

finally the effects of Yoga and Walking on the diabetic patients in scientific

method.

3.3 PILOT STUDY

In order to find out the suitable intensity of Walking and Yoga training,

a pilot study was administered with five subjects prior to the conduct of the

test.

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3.4 CRITERION MEASURES

The selected tests were measured by the following units for testing the

hypotheses.

1. Resting pulse rate was measured in beats per minute (ppm).

2. Respiratory rate was measured in number of breath per minute.

3. Vital Capacity was measured the largest quantity of air (inspiration

and expiration).

4. Blood Sugar was measured the level of Sugar in the blood in milligram.

5. Insulin Level (C-peptide) was measured the level of C-Peptide in

the blood in milligram (mg).

6. Cholesterol was to measure the level of Cholesterol in the blood in mg.

7. Anxiety was measured the degree of Anxiety in points.

8. Stress was measured the level of Stress in Points.

9. Self Concept was measured in points.

3.5 SELECTION OF VARIABLES

The research scholar reviewed the available scientific literatures

pertaining to the study from the books, journals, periodicals, magazines and

research papers. Taking into consideration of the feasibility criteria, availability

of instruments and relevance of the variables to the present topic the following

physiological, bio-chemical and psychological variables were selected for the

investigation.

3.6 PHYSIOLOGICAL VARIABLES

1. Pulse rate

2. Respiratory rate

3. Vital capacity

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3.7 BIO- CHEMICAL VARIABLES

1. Blood Sugar

2. Insulin level (C-Peptide)

3. Cholesterol

3.8 PSYCHOLOGICAL VARIABLES

1. Anxiety

2. Stress

3. Self concept

3.9 RELIABILITY OF DATA

Establishing the instrument reliability, tester’s competency, and

reliability of the tests and subject reliability ensured the reliability of data.

3.10 INSTRUMENT RELIABILITY

1. A Swiss made stop watch calibrated to the one tenth of a second was used

2. Wet spiro-meter was used to find out vital capacity

3. A nose clip was used to find out breath holding time

The reliability of the above instruments was established by taking time

and distance, vital capacity, pressure etc. twice for the subjects. On both

occasions they showed the same timing and measurements. Hence the

instruments were considered reliable.

3.11 SUBJECT RELIABILITY

The above test retest, co- efficient of correlation also indicated subject

reliability as the same tester used the same subjects under similar conditions.

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3.12 TESTERS’ COMPETENCY

The testers’ competency was assessed together with the reliability of

the data. To determine the reliability of the test and testers’ competency the

performance of ten subjects selected at random on there chosen variables

were recorded twice under similar conditions by the investigator. This was

done, by test re-test method. The scores thus obtained were correlated by

using Pearson product moment correlation and is presented

TABLE – I

RELIABILITY CO-EFFICIENT OF TEST-RETEST SCORES

S. No Test Item Pearson’s Co-Efficient

of Correlation ‘�’

1 Pulse Rate .93

2 Respiratory rate .91

3 Vital capacity .97

4 Blood Sugar .96

5 Insulin level (c peptide) .97

6 Cholesterol .97

7 Anxiety .98

8 Stress .98

9. Self concept .97

3.13 ORIENTATION OF SUBJECTS

Orientation is a programme designed to introduce one into a new

situation. To bring forth the best effort form the subjects, it is highly essential

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to explain the subjects in detail about the study. Hence, before the collection

of data the investigator held a meeting with the subjects in order to orient

them about the purpose of the study. Effect of selected physiological,

psychological and biochemical variables.

The investigator explained to the subjects about the procedure and

which would be conducted to assess different variables. Suitable instructions

were given to subjects about the procedures to be adopted by them. The

investigator explained testing procedures to them so that their was no

ambiguity in their minds regarding the efforts required by them. All the

subjects readily agreed to co-operate and to put in their best efforts in the

interest of scientific investigation which may be of great value in designing

suitable physiological, psychological and biochemical programme and the

subjects were very enthusiastic and co-operative throughout the project

period of data collection.

3.14 TRAINING PROGRAMME

The following schedule of training was given for the Walking, Yoga and

Walking & Yoga Groups.

3.14.1 YOGA TRAINING

1. Loosening the limbs

2. Asanas

• Padmasana

• Sarvangasana

• Halasana

• Shalabhasana

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• Bhujangasana

• Dhnurasana

• Matsyasana

• Paschomottansna

• Yoga mudrasana

3. Pranayama

• Nadi suddhi Pranayama

4. Relaxation

• Shavasana

3.14.2 WALKING TRAINING

1. Warming up

Slow Walk slowly for 200 meters for a period of five minutes. Rotate all

the joints and Stretch all the muscles.

2. Walking

Walk for 25 minutes or 35 minutes or 45 minutes.

3. Warming down

Stretch all the muscles.

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3.15 TRAINING SCHEDULED WEEKS : 1, 2, 3 and 4

Control Group Walking Group Yoga Group Walking & Yoga

Group Weeks Days

Morning Evening Morning

(Walking) Evening

(Walking) Morning (Yoga)

Evening (Yoga)

Morning (Yoga)

Evening (Walking)

1 No training

No training

25 mts. 25 mts. 25 mts. 25 mts. 25 mts. 25 mts.

2 No training

No training


3 No training

No training


4 No training

No training


5 No training

No training


6 No training

No training


1st Week

7 No training

No training

Rest Rest Rest Rest Rest Rest

1 No training

No training


2 No training

No training


3 No training

No training


4 No training

No training


5 No training

No training


6 No training

No training


2nd Week

7 No training

No training


1 No training

No training


2 No training

No training


3 No training

No training


4 No training

No training


5 No training

No training


6 No training

No training


3rd Week

7 No training

No training


1 No training

No training


2 No training

No training


3 No training

No training


4 No training

No training


5 No training

No training


6 No training

No training


4th Week

7 No training

No training


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WEEKS : 5, 6, 7 and 8


Group Weeks Days


(Walking) Evening


Evening (Yoga)

Morning (Yoga)

Evening (Walking)

1 No training

No training


2 No training

No training


3 No training

No training


4 No training

No training


5 No training

No training


6 No training

No training


5th

Week

7 No training

No training


1 No training

No training


2 No training

No training


3 No training

No training


4 No training

No training


5 No training

No training


6 No training

No training


6th Week

7 No training

No training


1 No training

No training


2 No training

No training


3 No training

No training


4 No training

No training


5 No training

No training


6 No training

No training


7th Week

7 No training

No training


1 No training

No training


2 No training

No training


3 No training

No training


4 No training

No training


5 No training

No training


6 No training

No training


8th Week

7 No training

No training


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WEEKS : 9, 10, 11 and 12


Group Weeks Days


(Walking) Evening


Evening (Yoga)

Morning (Yoga)

Evening (Walking)

1 No training

No training


2 No training

No training


3 No training

No training


4 No training

No training


5 No training

No training


6 No training

No training


9th Week

7 No training

No training


1 No training

No training


2 No training

No training


3 No training

No training


4 No training

No training


5 No training

No training


6 No training

No training


10th Week

7 No training

No training


1 No training

No training


2 No training

No training


3 No training

No training


4 No training

No training


5 No training

No training


6 No training

No training


11th Week

7 No training

No training


1 No training

No training


2 No training

No training


3 No training

No training


4 No training

No training


5 No training

No training


6 No training

No training


12th Week

7 No training

No training


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3.16 TEST ADMINISTRATION

PHYSIOLOGICAL VARIABLES

3.16.1 PULSE RATE

Purpose

To measure the number of pulse rates to the subjects in a minute.

Equipment

A stop watch.

Procedure

The pulse rate of all the subjects were recorded in sitting positron

Before taking the pulse rate the subjects were asked to sit in a chair and relax

for 20 to 30 minutes. To record the pulse rate the finger tips were pulled on

the left radial artery at the jurist in such a manner that plus atria was clear and

the number of pulsations were counted for one minute, Clayne R. Johnson

(1980).

3.16.2 RESPIRATORY RATE

Purpose

To measure the subjects number of breaths per minute.

Equipment

Respiration rate monitor or the Biomonitor was used to measure the

respiratory rate.

Procedure

The respiratory rate of the subject was monitored through the

respiration rate monitor or the Biomonitor. It monitored the respiratory rate

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using the method of temperature variation near nasal region with the help of

semi conductor thermal sensor.

The investigator inserted the thermal sensor into the nostril, slightly

inside the entrance of the nose. As the subject breathed, the variation in the

temperature of the inhaled external air and the exhaled air was sensed and

processed to indicator respiration rate. There the investigator pressed the

push button switch RESP. The RHYTHM indicator LED and electronic beeper

was flashed / beeped with every respiration cycle. The respiration rate was

indicated on the digital meter. The accuracy of equipment was + 3 of the

percentage of reading

3.12.3 VITAL CAPACITY

Purpose

To measure vital capacity

The object of test was to measure the largest quantity of air which a

person can expel form the lungs by a forcible expiration after the deepest

possible inspiration.

Equipment

A six liter wet spiro-meter was used for measuring the vital capacity.

Procedure

The wet spirometr was placed at a height that allowed the subject

to stand react at the beginning of the test. The subject forcefully inhaled

and exhaled twice before the test (hyperventilate). The

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subject was cautioned no to allow air to escape through her nose or around

the mouthpiece. The subject at completion should bend slightly for ward to

blow as much air as possible into the wet spirometer.

Scoring

The reading shown in the wet spirometer was recorded as the score.

3.17 BIO CHEMICAL VARIABLES

3.17.1 BLOOD SUGAR

Method

For estimation of blood sugar the procedure prescribed by Assatoor

and King was followed.

Purpose

The purpose of this test was to measure the level of sugar in the blood

in mg%

Equipment

A calorimeter, centrifuge, test tubes, cotton, 20 ml. dry – sterilized

syringe with needle, 5 ml. pipette, 0.1 ml. Pipette, Forlins tube and beaker

were used for this test.

Reagents

The reagents used for determining the level of sugar in the blood were

Isotonic sodium soleplate, copper soleplate solution, Sodium tungstate, 10%

alkaline tartatc solution, phosphomolybolic acid standard glucose solution.

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Procedure

10ml. of blood was added to 3.8 ml. of isotonic sodium sulphate and

100 ml. of sodium sulphate. The contents were mixed. One ml. of the

supernatant and one ml. alkaline tartrate solution were added and plunged

tightly with cotton wool. The cube was heated in boiling water bath for 10

minutes and then cooled 0.3. ml of distilled water mixed well and read after

five minutes. At the same time one ml. of working standard was put up in the

same way and blank using one ml. of isotonic sodium sulphate, copper

sulphate solution. Readings were taken in a photoelectron calorimeter and the

values were calculated using standard graph.

3.17.2 INSULIN LEVEL (C-PEPTIDE)

Method

For estimation of C-peptide the procedure prescribed by Morgon-

Lazarow (glucose oxidase) was followed

Purpose

The purpose of this test was to measure the level of C-peptide in the

blood in mg%.

Equipment

A calorimeter, centrifuge, test tubes, cotton, 20ml sterilized syringe with

needle, 5ml and 0.1ml pipette.

Reagents

The reagents used for determining the level of Glucose in blood were

Glucose solution.

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Procedure

Blood specimens during the tests were obtained from antecubital vein

at 0,30,60,90 and 120 min. Two kinds of intravenous glucose tolerance tests

were made as follows.

(1) Fifty % glucose solution (20 ml) was injected within 2min (log-IVGTT)

and blood samples were obtained at 0,3,5,10,15,20,30,40,50 and 60

min)

(2) Ten % glucose solution (300 ml) was intravenously infused at a

constant rate over 30 min (30g-1V GTT) and blood samples were

obtained at same time points as lof IV-GTT.

(3) The 50g GTT and log IV-GTT were performed in normal subjects and

diabetic patients. Any one of the intraven glucose tolerance test was

used for the evelustion of GTT.

(4) GTT was measured before and after the training normally Yoga,

Walking and Yoga and Walking, Takayoshi Toyato, M.D., (1977).

3.17.3 CHOLESTEROL

Method

For the estimation of cholesterol, the procedure prescribed by Zak’s

(1999) was followed.

Purpose

The purpose of this test was to measure the level of cholesterol in the

blood in mg%

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Equipment

Calorimeter, centrifuge, test tubes, cotton, 20ml. dry-sterilized syringe

with needle, 5ml. pipette, 0.1ml. pipette and beaker were used for this test.

Reagents

Acetic acid analar, 0.05% solution of FeCI3 6H2O in analar acetic acid,

H2 SO4 analar standard cholesterol. Stock 100 mg/100ml in glacial ACOH

working standard. Dilute the stock 1 to 25 with FeCI3 ACOH reagent.

Procedure

0.1 ml. of serum was added to 10ml. of ferric chloride acetic acid

reagent in a glass stopper tube, mixed well and allowed to stand for fifteen

minutes for proteins to flocculate. Centrifuged and 5ml. of clear supernatant

fluid was transferred into a glass stopper centrifuge tube.

1, 2, 3, 4, and 5ml of standard were taken and made upto 5ml with

ferric chloride acetic acid reagent. 5ml of concentrate H2 SO4 was added to all

the tubes and was allowed to stand in dark for thirty minutes and the color

was read. The values were calculated using the standard graph.

Soon after the initial data collection on the chosen variables were mad,

the following trainings namely yogic practice are walley were given for 12

weeks. After the treatment period final data collection on the chosen variables

were done.

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3.18 PSYCHOLOGICAL VARIABLES

3.18.1 PROCEDURE FOR SCORING ANXIETY QUESTIONNAIRE

Anxiety was measured through the sports competition anxiety Test

(SCAT). The SCAT questionnaire was designed to measure the degree of

anxiety experienced prior to the competition. Marten developed it SCAT

questionnaire was given to all the fifteen items were adopted on the SCAT for

this Investigation.

The completed questionnaire scored as follows

Hardly ever 1 Point

Some times 2 Points

Often 3 points

The same 6 and 11 were scored as

Hardly ever 3 Points

Some times 2 Points

Often 1 Point

Items 1, 4, 7, 10 adn13 were not scored. The minimum score that can

be obtained by a subject was 10 Points and the maximum was 30 Points.

There were no rights or wrong answers. The subject were not allowed to

spend to much time on any statement the subject were described best how

you usually tell when collecting in sports and games.

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3.18.2 PROCEDURE FOR SCORING STRESS QUESTIONNAIRE

Standardized questionnaire of surely and cirdanos was used to

measure the psychological stress of diabetic patients. There were fourteen

statements relating to various situations of life. There were four levels of

responses almost always true, usually true, seldom true, never true. The

subjects were made to mark (*) in the column whichever response the

person felt was true to his nature. The scale was revalidated by the scholar by

administering on sixty diabetic patient. Hence this inventory in the original

form was made use of. A copy of the questionnaire is given in Appendix.

Scoring

The inventory was scored with the help of a scoring key is given below.

The score obtained for each statement was added and treated as individual

scores. The range of score was 14 to 54. The lower the score the lower the

psychological stress.

Scoring key

S. NO. RESPONSE SCORES

1. Almost always true 4

2. Usually true 3

3. Seldom true 2

4. Never true 1

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3.18.3 PROCEDURE FOR SCORING SELF-CONCEPT QUESTIONNAIRE

Standardized questionnaire of cratty adaptation of piers Harri's self

concept scale was used to measure the self concept of diabetic patients.

Scoring

Score one point of each response excepted. Deduct one point for each

positive expected answer which were circled “No” and each Negative

expected answer which were circle “YES”. The score is the number of

expected responses given for the 20 items.

+1 11-

+2 12+

+3 13+

+4 14-

+5 15-

+6 16+

+7 17+

+8 18+

+9 19-

+0 20+

Scoring key

For questionnaires 1, 3, 4, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 15, 16, 17 and 20 correct

answer is “a” For the questions 2, 5, 6, 7, 8, 14, 18 and 19 the correct answer

is “b” and for the correct statement 2 marks and for incorrect responses “O”

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3.19 YOGIC PRACTICES

The following yogic practices were given to the experimental group-III,

The time taken for posture was one minute.

3.19.1 PADMASANA

Take the seat with legs fully stretched out, then bend the right leg in the

knee joint and fold it upon itself, set the same in the opposite hip joint, so as to

make the foot lie stretching at the root of the thigh with its sole upturned, the

other leg similarly folded and set in the opposite hip joint. Adjust both the feet

in such a way that they almost meet in front of the pubic bones and each of

them passes on the abdominal portion adjacent to it. Then the heels thus

brought together, the left hand is spread out with its back touching the heels

and its palm upturned. The right hand is placed upon the left in the same

manner. The eyes are directed to the nose tip and the chin lock is formed

after the manner with the anal contraction. The technique of lotus pose is

completed. It is needless to add that except for the neck, the spine is to be

maintained erect.

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3.19.2 SARVANGASANA

1 2 3 4

First lie supine on the seat with all muscles completely relaxed. Then

slowly raise the legs through the hip joint till they make an angle of 300 Again

they are kept steady never and again raised, so as to complete a right angle.

This is maintained for a few seconds again. Up to now the arms and elbows

are no brought into action which plays only a passive part. However, raise the

whole body with less thrown up and resting the weight on the arms, assume

the position. As this point, it is important to note that hitches presses against

the chin forming what has already been described as the chin lock. Further in

order to render the charlock perfect, bend the fore arms through the elbows;

and with the hands press the trunk against the chin till it is well set in the

jugular hatch. In this practice the posterior part of the neck lies close along the

ground the trunk and the legs are in a straight line and the mind is fixed on the

thyroid. Only in exceptional circumstances attention is directed to the toes.

Retain this for a time and then come down in the reverse order and relax.

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3.19.3 HALASANA - PLOUGH POSE

1 2 3 4

5

It is a very important asana, which has come through tradition. It is

known as Halasana because in its final position the body resembles the

shape of the Indian plough.

Lie flat on the back with the legs and feet together. Place the arms

beside the body with the palms facing down. Relax the whole body. Raise

both legs to the vertical position, keeping them straight and together, using

only the abdominal muscles. Press down on the arms and lift the buttocks,

rolling the back away from the floor. Lower the legs over the head. Try to

touch the toes to the floor behind the head. Do not force the toes to touch the

floor. Turn the palms up, bend the elbows and place the hands behind the

ribcage to support the back as in sarvangasana. Relax and hold the final pose

for as long as is comfortable. Return to the starting position by lowering the

arms with the palms facing down and then slowly lower the back and buttocks

to the floor. Raise the legs to the vertical position. Using the abdominal

muscles, lower the legs to the starting position, keeping the knees straight.

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3.19.4 SHALABHASANA - LOCUTS POSE

1 2

3 4

Lie flat on the stomach with the legs and feet together and the sole of

the feet uppermost. The arms may be placed either under the body or by the

sides, with the palms downward or the hands clenched. Stretch the chin

slightly forward and rest it on the floor throughout the practice. Slowly raise

the legs as high as possible, keeping them straight and together. The

elevation of the legs is produced by applying pressure with the arms against

the floor and contracting the lower back muscles. Hold the final position for as

is comfortable without strain. Slowly lower the legs to the floor.

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3.19.5 BHUJANGASANA - COBRA POSE

1 2

3

Bhujanga in Sanskrit means ‘a cobra’ When the full and correct pose of

this asana is adopted, it resembles a hooded cobra. This asana belongs to

the category of sacrum asana. This asana is more beneficial to women for

strengthens the ovaries and uterus. This asana has four variations the Sphinx

pose, the Sarpasana pose, the twisting cobra pose, the full cobra pose.

People suffering from peptic ulcer, hernia and intestinal tuberculosis should

not do this asana.

Lie flat on the stomach with legs straight and the feet extended. Place

the palms down under the shoulders. Slowly raise the body above the navel

until the arms are straight but the stomach and the legs must touch the floor.

Bend the head back gazing diagonally upwards. Remain in this pose for a

couple of seconds. Breathe slowly and normally throughout.

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3.19.6 DHANURASANA - BOW POSE

1 2

3

Lie flat on the stomach with the legs and feet together and the arms

and hands besides the body. Bend the knees and bring the heels close to the

buttocks, clasp the hands around the ankles place the chin on the floor. Tense

the leg muscles and push the feet away from the body, arch the back, lifting

the thighs, chest and head together, keep the arms straight. In the final

position the head is tilted back and the abdomen supports the entire body on

the floor. The only muscular contraction is in the legs; the back arms remain

relaxed. Release the pose and relax in the prone position until the respiration

returns to normal.

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3.19.7 MATSYASANA - FISH POSE

1

2

The word Matsya implies ‘fish’ in Sanskrit. The origin to the

name given to this asana appears to be strange because it does not bear any

resemblance to fish. The Sanskrit text gives justification that this asana can

allow one to float in water like a fish. Matsyasana enables the center of gravity

more towards the middle of the body, allowing sufficient ventilation to the

lungs and increases the capacity of the man to float. It is a counter posture to

Sarvangasana and Halasana.

Sit in the padmasana posture. Lie back, keeping the locked legs down

on the floor. Support the body with the hands and elbows. Lift the head and

the shoulders and arch the back pressing the crown of the head on the floor

forming a bridge in which the shoulders and the back remain above the floor.

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3.19.8 PASCHIMOTTANASANA - BACK STRETCHING POSE

1 2

3 4

Sit on the floor with legs outstretched feet together and hands on the

knees. This is the starting position relax the whole body slowly bend forward

form the hips sliding the hands down the legs. Try to grasp the big toes with

the fingers and thumbs. If this is impossible hold the heels and ankles or any

part of the legs that can be reached comfortably. Move slowly without forcing

or jerking. Hold the position for a few seconds. Relax the back and leg

muscles allowing them to gently keeping the legs straight utilizing the arm

muscles, not the back muscles, begin to bend the elbows and gently bring the

trunk down towards the leg, marinating the firm grip on the toes feet, or legs.

Try to touch the knees with the forehead. Do not strain this is the final

position. Hold the position for as long as is comfortable and relax slowly return

to the starting position.

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3.19.9 YOGA MUDRASANA - PSYCHIC UNION POSE

1

2

Sit in padmasana posture relax the body for some time, breathing

normally hold one wrist behind the back the other hand, inhale deeply. While

exhaling, bend forward, keeping the spine straight bring the forehead to the

floor or as close as possible. Relax the whole body in the position, breathing

slowly ad deeply. Be aware of the pressure of the heels on the abdomen.

Stays in the final position for as long as is comfortable don’t strain the back,

ankles, knees or thighs by forcing the body into the posture.

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3.19.10 SHAVASANA - CORPSE POSE

Lie flat on the back with the arms about 15 cm away from the body,

palm facing upward. Make a distance of about one and half feet between legs.

The head and spine should be in a straight-line release the whole body and

stop all physical movements. This asana is supposed to be relaxation asana.

It is very useful in removing the fatigue created due to the practice of other

asanas.

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3.20 PRNAYAMA

3.20.1 NADI SUDDHI PRANAYAMA

Purpose:

Cleansing or purifying, control and extend the prana, the vitalized life

force energy.

Procedure:

Each breathing has a corresponding stimulation activating functions in

the energy channels, nadis. Yogic science defines each person has (21,000)

twenty one thousand prana channels. These channels are controlled by the

major three nadis. Susumna the central, channel identified with the spinal

cord. Along with the spine many branches come out on both the sides of the

body. Surya nadi pingala starts from the ajna chakra, bhrumadya, to right

thumb finger in the right leg, connecting all the nerves of the right side of the

body. Chandra nadi – ida – starts from the ajna chakra, bhrumadya, to the

left thumb finger in the left leg, connecting controlling all the nerves of the left

side of the body. These nadis are identified with right and left side

sympathetic and para sympathetic trunk line of nerves that balances the

bodies many functions including managing the body temperature that is

known to ancient rishies and yogis.

Each breath when it enters in and out air prana activates the Ajna

chakra and flows in with corresponding sides with breathing. When both the

nostrils are open the prana enters and flows from Ajna chakra to central

nerve, the spinal card upto tip of the spine energizing and balancing all the

nerves, channels of both the sides. It happens only in “ Sandhi vezlai”

connecting in between periods – 6.00 am to 1.00 pm, 6.00 pm to 12.00 pm.

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Nature helps to balance the flow of energy during these periods. Yogis and

rishies, all the religions uses these timing for the spiritual upliftment through

their practices and rituals.

The breathings in the nostrils changes, the sides, the free flow for 1to 2

hrs, throughout the day. When breathing flows on the right side it activates

and energizes the surya nadi and reaches the organs, glands and limbs of

that side. So with the left, the chandra nadi.

3.21 WALKING

Purpose

Walking improves fitness and physical function and prevents physical

disability in persons.

Equipment

Shoes and comfortable dress or wear.

Procedure

The technique for brisk Walking, weather it's power or raceWalking is

the same. Below are some tips on technique.

Legwork

1. A common mistake for beginners when trying to walk fast is

lengthening the stride (overstiriding). Overstriding is biomechanically

inefficient and can slow you down. It will burn more calories because

it's inefficient (which might be a good thing), but you may burn fewer

calories overall because you don't walk as far due to fatigue.

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2. Instead of overstriding to walk faster, concentrate on a powerful push

off which the front foot lands closer to the body. This is what elite

walkers do.

Footwork

1. Walk heel to toe and not flatfooted to increase speed.

2. Contact the ground with your heel.

3. Roll the foot forward over the center of your foot.

4. Push off with your toes.

Hips

1. Rotate your hips forward and backward as you walk.

2. Your waist should twist. Racewalkers can look funny because of the

hip rotation but restricted hip movement decreases your speed.

Torso

1. Keep your torso upright. Leaning forward or back will slow you down.

Arm work

1. Keep your elbows at 90 degrees.

2. Keep your hands relaxed.

3. Swing your arms forward and back and keep them close to your body.

Your hands should not cross the midline of your body to maintain

efficiency.

4. Speed up your arm swing to increase your speed and your legs will

follow! This really works!

134

Head, neck and shoulders

1. Keep your shoulders and neck relaxed. Head should be upright, eyes

looking forward.

3.22 COLLECTION OF DATA

For the purpose of this study altogether 60 Diabetic patients were chosen

on random basis studies from Vellore District in Tamil Nadu. Their age group

ranges from thirty five to forty five. The 60 diabetes would be divided into four

groups each consists of 15. The experimental group I would undergo control

group and the experimental group II would undergo walking. The third group

would undergo yoga. Yoga and Walking would be the fourth group. Pre-test and

post-tests would be conducted treatment would be given for 12 weeks.

3.17 STATISTICAL TECHNIQUE

The following statistical procedure was followed to find out the effects

of selected Yoga and Walking on selected physiological, Bio-chemical and

psychological variables. Analysis of covariance was used for interpreting the

results as recommended by Anne. L. Rothstein, (1995).

When the ‘F’ ratio was significant to find out the significant difference

between the parried adjusted means, the post hoc test by Scheffe’s method

was used as recommended by Clarke and Clarke, (1992).

The general formula for this consumption is

(ms y-x) b F =

(ms y-x) w

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( m1 – m2)2 F =

MSW ( 1/n + 1/n)

SSW Where MSW =

Df

In order to be significant, F must be equal to or greater than (k-1) F-

0.05 or F- 0.0.5)

Finally the obtained statistical results were properly accounted for by

interpreting the logic behind the study.

methods and materials - shodhgangashodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/19484/8/08... ·...

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