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Metastable Systems under Pressure
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Series A: Chemistry and Biology
Published in cooperation with NATO Public Diplomacy Division
edited by
and
Pressure
Sylwester Rzoska
Aleksandra Drozd-Rzoska
Victor Mazur
Metastable Systems under
Department of Biophysics and Molecular PhysicsInstitute of Physics, University of SilesiaKatowice, Poland
Department of Biophysics and Molecular PhysicsInstitute of Physics, University of SilesiaKatowice, Poland
Department of Thermodynamics Odessa State Academy of Refrigeration (OSAR)Odessa, Ukraine
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Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Research Workshop on Metastable Systems under Pressure: Platform for New Technologies and Environmental ApplicationsOdessa, Ukraine 4–8 October 2008
ISBN 978-90-481-3406-9 (HB)
P.O. Box 17, 3300 AA Dordrecht, The Netherlands.
ISBN 978-90-481-3407-6 (PB)
ISBN 978-90-481-3408 -3 (e-book)
Library of Congress Control Number: 2009934350
in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming,
© Springer Science + Business Media B.V. 2010
v
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Preface: metastable systems under pressure – platform for novel fundamental, technological and environmental applications in the 21st century S. J. Rzoska, A. Drozd-Rzoska and V. Mazur..................................................... xi
Part I: Supercooled, glassy system
The nature of glass: somethings are clear K. L. Ngai, S. Capaccioli, D. Prevosto and M. Paluch ...................................... 3 The link between the pressure evolution of the glass temperature in colloidal and molecular glass formers S. J. Rzoska, A. Drozd-Rzoska and A. R. Imre ................................................. 31 Evidences of a common scaling under cooling and compression for slow and fast relaxations: relevance of local modes for the glass transition S. Capaccioli, K. Kessairi, D. Prevosto, Md. Shahin Thayyil, M. Lucchesi and P. A. Rolla.............................................................................. 39 Reorientational relaxation time at the onset of intermolecular cooperativity C. M. Roland and R. Casalini ........................................................................... 53 Neutron diffraction as a tool to explore the free energy landscape in orientationally disordered phases M. Rovira-Esteva, L. C. Pardo, J. Ll. Tamarit and F. J. Bermejo .................... 63 A procedure to quantify the short range order of disordered phase L. C. Pardo, M. Rovira-Esteva, J. L. Tamarit, N. Veglio, F. J. Bermejo and G. J. Cuello......................................................... 79 Consistency of the Vogel- Fulcher-Tammann (VFT) equations for the temperature-, pressure-, volume- and density- related evolutions of dynamic properties in supercooled and superpressed glass forming liquids systems A. Drozd-Rzoska and S. J. Rzoska..................................................................... 93
TABLE OF CONTENTS
vi
Part II: Liquid crystals Stability and metastability in nematic glasses: a computational study M. Ambrozic, T. J. Sluckin, M. Cvetko and S. Kralj........................................ 109 Phase ordering in mixtures of liquid crystals and nanoparticles B. Rožič, M. Jagodič, S. Gyergyek, G. Lahajnar, V. Popa-Nita, Z. Jagličić, M. Drofenik, Z. Kutnjak and S. Kralj ........................................... 125 Anomalous decoupling of the dc conductivity and the structural relaxation time in the isotropic phase of a rod-like liquid crystalline compound A. Drozd-Rzoska and S. J. Rzoska................................................................... 141
Part III: Near-critical mixtures An optical Brillouin study of a re-entrant binary liquid mixture F. J. Bermejo and L. Letamendia .................................................................... 153 New proposals for supercritical fluids applications S. J. Rzoska and A. Drozd-Rzoska................................................................... 167 2d and 3d quantum rotors in a crystal field: critical points, metastability, and reentrance Y. A. Freiman, B. Hetényi and S. M. Tretyak .................................................. 181
Part IV: Water and liquid- liquid transitons Metastable water under pressure
Critical lines in binary mixtures of components with multiple critical point
About the shape of the melting line as a possible precursor of a liquid-liquid phase transition
Disorder parameter, asymmetry and quasibinodal of water at negative pressures
K. Stokely, M. G. Mazza, H. E. Stanley and G. Franzese............................... 197
S. Artemenko, T. Lozovsky and V. Mazur........................................................ 217
V. B. Rogankov ................................................................................................ 237
A. R. Imre and S. J. Rzoska ............................................................................. 233
TABLE OF CONTENTS
vii
Experimental investigations of superheated and supercooled water
Estimation of the explosive boiling limit of metastable liquids
Lifetime of superheated water in a micrometric synthetic fluid inclusion M. El Mekki, C. Ramboz, L. Perdereau,
Explosive properties of superheated aqueous solutions in volcanic and hydrothermal systems
Vapour nucleation in metastable water and solutions by synthetic fluid inclusion method
Method of controlled pulse heating: applications for complex fluids and polymers
Part V: Other metastable systems Collective self-diffusion in simple liquids under pressure
Thermal conductivity of metastable states of simple alcohols A. I. Krivchikov, O. A. Korolyuk I. V. Sharapova, O. O. Romantsova,
Transformation of the strongly hydrogen bonded system into van der Waals one reflected in molecular dynamics K. Kamiński, E. Kamińska, K. Grzybowska, P. Włodarczyk, S. Pawlus,
Effects of pressure on stability of biomolecules in solutions studied by neutron scattering
Generalized Gibbs’ thermodynamics and nucleation - growth phenomena
V. G. Baidakov ................................................................................................ 253
A. R. Imre, G. Házi and T. Kraska .................................................................. 271
K. Shmulovich and L. Mercury ....................................................................... 279
R. Thiéry, S. Loock and L. Mercury................................................................ 293
K. Shmulovic and L. Mercury ......................................................................... 311
N. P. Malomuzh, K. S. Shakun and V. Yu. Bardik ........................................... 339
F. J. Bermejo, C. Cabrillo, I. Bustinduy and M. A. González ......................... 349
M. Paluch, J. Zioło, S. J. Rzoska, J. Pilch, A. Kasprzycka and W. Szeja ........ 359
P. V. Skripov.................................................................................................... 323
M.-C. Bellissent-Funel, M.-S. Appavou and G. Gibrat .................................. 377
J. W. P. Schmelzer........................................................................................... 389
TABLE OF CONTENTS
viii
Self-assembling of the metastable globular defects in superheated fluorite-like crystals
Study of metastable states of the precipitates in reactor steels under neutron irradiation
Dynamics of systems for monitoring of environment W. Nawrocki .................................................................................................... 419
A. Gokhman and F. Bergner ............................................................................ 411
L. N. Yakub and E. S. Yakub ........................................................................... 403
ix
Participants of the ARW NATO “Metastable Systems under Pressure:Platform
for New Technological and Environmental Applications”, 4 – 8 Oct. 2008, Odessa, Ukraine
In the middle: ARW NATO directors (organizers): Sylwester J. Rzoska (Poland) and Victor Mazur (Ukraine).
Foto in the patio of Hotel Londonskaya, the ARW site.
BELOW- ARW NATO “Odessa 2008 - LIVE”: (i) lecture of Prof. J. Ll. Prof. Tamarit (Spain) on orientational glasses, (ii) rainy night in the
front of the ARW site, (iii) Dr El Mekki (France) is waiting for dinner (iv). S. J. Rzoska (Poland) and Prof. K. Shmulovich (Russia) on stairs of Opera (v) lecture of Prof. Nigmatulin (Russia) on negative pressures, cavitation and cold nuclear fusion, (vi) cultural programme: “Chopeniada”
in Odessa Opera&Ballet Theatre.
PREFACE: METASTABLE SYSTEMS UNDER PRESSURE - PLATFORM FOR NOVEL FUNDAMENTAL, TECHNOLOGICAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL APPLICATIONS IN THE 21st CENTURY
1SYLWESTER J. RZOSKA, 1ALEKSANDRA DROZD-RZOSKA, 2VICTOR MAZUR 1Institute of Physics, University of Silesia, ul. Uniwersytecka 4, 40-007 Katowice, Poland, e-mail:[email protected] 2Dept. of Thermodynamics, Academy of Refrigeration, 1/3 Dvoryanskaya Str., 65082 Odessa, Ukraine, e-mail:[email protected]
Sometimes a matter can be metastable, i.e. heated, compressed obeyond the point at which it normally exhibits a phase change, but without triggering the transition. Recent decades have seen impressive advances in explaining puzzling properties of such metastable states. 1-8 The significance of these studies is supported by the myriad of possible society-relevant applications ranging from the modern material engineering through biochemistry and biotechnology, to the food and pharmaceutical industry and environment-relevant issues within bio-ecologic, atmospheric or deep Earth/planetary sciences.1-8
Inherently metastable supercooled systems transforming into the glass state are one of the most classical examples here. Surprisingly, despite enormous efforts there seems to be no ultimate models for the glass transition physics, so far.1,8,9 Hence, novel approaches are of vital importance. The last decade of investigations showed that comprehensive insight linking temperature (T) and pressure (P) measurements, including their extreme limits, can yield ultimate references for theoretical models in this field. This implies applications of high hydrostatic pressures as well as its negative pressures extension into the isotropically stretched states.8,9 The same P-T studies of complex systems can provoke discoveries of novel stable and metastable phases showing non-conformistic paths of their reaching and indicating how the often unusual properties can be recoverable to ambient conditions. This can yield a surprisingly intermediate intact with commercially relevant quantities and unusual physical properties appropriate for the aforementioned applications.3-7,10-18 In the case of the glass transition the use of the high hydrostatic pressures enabled the clarifications of fundamental theoretical expectations, for instance related to the secondary, relaxation or yielded a set of “dynamic equations of state”, so important in applications.8,9 Noteworthy are also
r stretched
xi
PREFACE xii
recently discovered advantages of amorphous forms of medicines/pharmaceutical products which focused a significant part of industry-related efforts on the GFA (Glass Forming Ability) and the glass temperature (Tg) versus pressure dependences.
-1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
100
200
300
400
( ) ( ) ( )
−−
+
−+==
cPP
P
PPTPDPFPT
og
b
g
ggg exp1
1
0
00
π
( ) ( ) ( )
−−
+
−+==
cPP
P
PPTPDPFPT
og
b
g
ggg exp1
1
0
00
π
-1.2 -0.9 -0.6 -0.3 0.0
-3
-2
-1
0
1
δ=0.044 Liquid
log10
Psc
aled
log10Tscaled
glass
δ=0.12
HS
mSG
glass
T g (K
)
Pg (GPa)
Tgmax~7 GPa
Pgmax~ 304 KLiquid
Figure 1. The pressure evolution of the glass temperature in glycerol.19 The solid curve shows the parameterization of experimental data via the novel, modified Simon-Glatzel type equation, given in the Figure. Contrary to equations applied so far it is governed by pressure invariant coefficient The solid straight line portraying data at extreme pressure can be
GPaKdPdTg 2.18≈ . The extrapolations beyond the experimental domain are shown by dashed curve and the dashed line. The dotted line in the negative pressures domain shows the estimated loci of the hypothetical stability limit. The inset recalls the square-well (SW) model and the MCT based analysis of
before, Data presented here in SW model units, namely for glycerol: GPaPPP gscaled 09.3* ==
and KTTT gscaled 826* == .20
and for colloid-polymer mixtures was obtained due to the pressure data based analysis. 20 19
For instance, studies of Tg (P) evolution up to 12 GPa lead to the possible link between molecular and colloidal glasses, before often considered as separate cases for the vitrification. This issue is discussed in the inset in Fig. 19 The main part of the plot presents one more unusual behaviour – the possible maximum of Tg(P) under extreme pressures. Consequently, the sequence liquid – glass – liquid - (hard sphere) glass on pressurization can be advised in some glass forming
1.
described by the linear dependence with
the glass transition evolutions, known for their applicability only for colloidal glasses
Note that the same pattern for the molecular liquid, glycerol
PREFACE
systems. The proposal of a common description of systems characterized by dTg/dP>0 and dTg/dP<0 , described by pressure invariant coefficients, unavailable before, was also formulated.19,22,23 All these may illustrate that the application of pressure results in hardly expected phenomena which in turn may create “unifying” factors for properties already known under atmospheric pressure.
Solid curves show parameterizations via the modified, pressure invariant Simon Glatzel type
equation given in Fig. 1. Note the appearance of the maximum at 3.03.8max, ±= GPaP mg and
the strong changes of the GFA factor on compressing or isotropic stretching of the system.22
21 four decades ago, is a crucial parameter in material engineering applications. Basing on
g m2/3 as the hallmark of the “good” GFA, i.e. the temperature quench is only near Tm, next a slow cooling is possible down to Tg. The most recent analysis of high
gtheoretically, as well as hypothetical significance of negative pressure states.22,23 For the latter worth mentioning is the statement of Lev D. Landau formulated
Physics”…There is a basic difference between negative pressures and negative
nature. Negative pressure states can exist in nature, although as metastable ones…”.
x iii
Figure 2. The pressure evolution of the glass temperature and the melting temperature in selenium.
the empirical analysis of hundreds of materials Turnbull proposed the ratio T /T ≈
temperatures. The latter are in a natural way unstable hence cannot exist in
The mentioned GFA factor, since it’s introducing by Turnbull
m
already in the first edition of his famous monography “Statistical
pressure data revealed the significant pressure dependence of T /T , unexpected
-2 0 2 4 6 8 10
200
400
600
800
1000
P (GPa)
T m , T
g (K
)
Tg /Tm 1 (?)
Tg /Tm = 0.52
Glass
Supercooled liquid(s)
Liquid II Liquid I
Tg /Tm = 0.67
Selenium
PREFACE xiv
covering both the negative and the positive pressures domain.12,24
food conservation. It is shown in Fig. 3 that denaturation can be reached both o
for milk, appears. One can also imagine a new type of high pressures/negative pressures related long-term conservation of meat without freezing (!), for instance.25
launched, although they are still limited, also due to the still poor fundamental insight. It is noteworthy here that the dynamics of proteins is glass-like, what may create new and unexplored tools of monitoring the quality of products conserved in this way.
2
7
only due to the application of extreme pressures. We did not mention several other
component liquids: “ordinary” and mesomorpic (liquid crystalline).24-27
recent years investigations one may conclude that the appearance of metastable
T (0C)
P (MPa)
74
600 denatured
aggregated
Figure 3. The phase diagramme of an example protein – myoglobine in the “full” pressure space
the possibility of food conservation without the taste changes, so uncomfortable
or by much weaker isotropic stretching (negative pressures). The two latter paths
isotropically stretched proteins which may offer a qualitatively new way of the Very important for applications may appear the case of pressurized and
have a fundamental advantage that the coagulation can be almost avoided. Hence,
“clasically”, by pasteurization (heating up to ca. 80 C), or by strong compressing
In fact, first commercial applications of such technology have been already
the challenging state of amorphous, glassy “dense” water. This issue shows that
seems to explain many anomalous properties of such materials as water,
even in presumably “ordinary” single component liquid the liquid-liquid
above, where P-T studies revealed not only several forms of ice and water but also
T h e n ext important issue is the quest of water properties, i.e. “the simple but very complex” liquid. It is important for any practical application encountered
transition, at first sight beyond the Gibbs phase rule, may exist. This phenomenon
The issue which cannot be omitted are deep Earth structures which has a
germanium, silicone, phosphorus. However, this can be unambiguously revealed
phenomena. The latter can occur in multipomponent mixture but also in one
fundamental influence on human life, at least via earthquakes disasters. From
significant problems linking pressure and vitrification with critical and near critical
PREFACE xv
structures, presumably associated with the pressure induced change of the glass forming ability and the shift of the glass temperature, are important factor which understanding is still at very beginning.4,28 Also in this case the flow of the recent results obtained within the glass transition physics may be basically important.
domain.28
more complexed by the complex structure of molecules and addition of
combinations of stable and metastable phases to reach the desired qualities.
controlled selection of parameters.
first order transition, for instance: (i) the glass transition phenomenon, (ii)
particular attention towards the inherently metastable negative pressure domain (iii) metastability near a critical point, (iv) the quest for the liquid – liquid near-critical transition in one component liquid, (v) the issue of liquid crystals where
Figure 4. The P-T phase diagramme of water, including the inherently metastable negative pressure
One can imagine inherently metastable supercooled vitrifying liquids in the inherently metastable pressure induced states, for instance negative ones, influenced by metastable pretransitional fluctuations. All this can be even
nanoparticles, for instance. The smart material processing is often subjected to a variety of thermal and mechanical treatments designed to produce various
tence of the given phase well below the stability domain, bordered by the
For the mentioned multi-metastable systems one can imagine unimaginable
metastable systems studies linked to spinodals – absolute stability limits, with
implications for future smart, “intelligent materials”, with tuned and precisely
Generally, the metastability is a phenomenon associated with the persis-
PREFACE xvi
weakly discontinuous phase transitions may coexist with vitrification related phenomena and (vi) a myriad of further phenomena for which aforementioned systems can serve as a reference.
econophysics.29
New Techbological and Environmental Applications”, 4-8 Oct. 2008, Odessa,
Ukraine. The poor knowledge-flow between such groups is in our opinion one of the most important artifacts limiting the possible boost associated with metastable systems research & applications.
grant which made it possible to arrange this meeting. The editors are also very
The fundamental insight and the technological & environmental relevance of metastable systems recalled above have given a strong impetus from the last decade development of extreme pressures experimental techniques. Theultimate verification of theoretical models and reliable equations for portraying basic properties seems to be possible only when including both temper- ature and pressure paths into studies. However, the latter should contain also
of the physics of critical phenomena in
extreme limits, namely very high pressures (GPa) and negative pressures. The emerging possibility of the fast implementation of the fundamental research
the pressure related research of metastable systems. One may speculate that
communication/informatics analysis. This can be supported by the great success
“environmental” researchers could focus on metastability & pressure/negative
universal patterns discovered in studies on metastable condensed matter/soft
findings into technological and environment applications stress the importance of
economy, leading to setting up of
matter systems may also serve as a reference for social sciences, economics or
pressures issues during brainstorming discussions in the inspiring surrounding
In the interdisciplinary brainstorming discussion took part 37 researchers
Russia, Slovenia, Spain, UK, Ukraine and USA, specializing in following
Mazur (Ukraine), are very grateful to the NATO Science Programme for the
of milestone new results. This volume contains both review materials, to facilitate reding, as well as saset
from 11 countries, namely: France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Poland,
The ARW NATO directors, Sylwester J. Rzoska (Poland) and Victor
(iii) biophysics (iv) environmental protection engineering (v) polymer
The ARW NATO “Metastable Systems under Pressure: Platform for
Ukraine created a unique Forum at which “fundamental”, “technological” and
physics (vi) modern material engineering (vii) telecommunication engineering.
areas: (i) solid state and soft matter physics (ii) earth sci. & geophysics
of XIX century empirial style surrounding of Hotel Londonskaya in Odessa,
grateful to Mr. Will Bruins from Springer Verlag for his patience and help.
PREFACE xvii
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