metaphysics_thanh minh

8/6/2019 Metaphysics_Thanh Minh

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MT VI T TNG CA ARISTOTLE, HEIDEGGER V BERGSON

LIN QUAN N VN CHUYN NG

DI CI NHN HU TH LUN

Hc vin: Philipph Trn Thanh Minh

Nm: Trit sinh nm I

Mn hc: Hu th lun

Gio s: Lm. Phaol u Vn Hng

Hc vin thnh Giuse-Dng Tn Vit Nam

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Th c, ngy 29-10-2010

Mc lc

Dn nhp 1

1. Chuyn ng theo Aristotle 1

2. Heidegger v s bin i 3

3. Chuyn ng di ci nhn ca Henri Bergson 5

Kt lun 8

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Ti liu tham kho

1. BROGAN, Walter A,Heidegger and Aristotle-The twofoldness of Being, State University

of New York Press, New York, 2005.2. ARISTOTLE, The Works of Aristotle-Physica (Vol II), Sir David Ross (ed), The ClarendonPress, Oxford, 1953.

3. ARISTOTLE, The Works of Aristotle-Metaphysica (Vol VIII), (Sir David Ross edited), TheClarendon Press, Oxford, 1953.

4. BERGSON, Henri, Key wrtings, Keith Ansell Pearson & John Mullarkey (ed), MelissaMc Mahon (trans), Continuum, New York, 2002.

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Dn nhp

Tri nhn gic quan l mt trong nhng con ng tip nhn tri thc. y l cch th

ph bin c nhiu trit gia n nhn. Tuy nhin, khi ng trc vn chuyn ng, cc

trit gia nh Aristotle, Heidegger, Henri Bergson v mt s trit gia khc khng th no

a ra nhng l gii hay suy t v vn ny m khng thng qua ci nhn hu th lun hay

ci nhn ca trit hc nht, siu hnh hc. Aristotle, k tha t tng ca cc trc gia tin

Socrates nh Parmenide, Heraclite, phc ha ra mt bc tranh tng th v chuyn ng,

trong th gii t nhin v cui cng y ln n mt th gii hin tng khi dn n nguyn

nhn ti hu ca chuyn ng l ng c bt ng.

ng gp ca Aristotle v chuyn ng phi k n cp phm tr tim th v hin

th, l gii cho s chuyn ng v thay i ca hu th xt nh l hu. Heidegger l ngi

k tha xng ng ca Aristotle trong lnh vc siu hnh hc khi tp trung l gii v ci hu

xt nh l hu, ng thi khng nh tnh c ca hu th xt nh l ti th (Dasein),

trong siu hnh hc ni chung v trong phm vi chuyn ng ni ring. Henri Bergson li l

ngi tip cn chuyn ng bng phng php hon ton mi m, phng php ca nhn

thc trit hc. Bergson cho rng nm bt bn cht ch thc ca chuyn ng cn c mt

trc gic trit hc, l trc gic khng l thuc vo s thay i ca thi gian v khng gian.

Theo ng, iu chng ta khng nh v chuyn ng khi quan st bng mt thng ch mang

tnh ch quan v thi quen. Ci nhn ca nhn thc trit hc mi khm ph chuyn ng thc

s l g.

1. Chuyn ng theo Aristotle

Chuyn ng l mt trong nhng vn t then cht trong trit hc Aristotle, c bit

lin quan n hu th xt nh l hu th. hiu v siu hnh hc ca Aristotle, khng th

khng bn n cch hiu ca ng v chuyn ng. Chung quy, nhng gii thch ca Aristotle

v khi nim ny c trin khai ch yu trong tc phmPhysics v tc phm Metaphysics.

Chuyn ng l bn cht ca hu th, nh trong li m u ca cun III, Physica,

Aristotle vit: T nhin c nh ngha nh l mt nguyn l chuyn ng v thay i.

V nu khng hiu v ngha ca chuyn ng, cng khng th no hiu c ngha ca

t nhin. (Physics, III, 1). Trong ngha siu hnh hc, khi nim v chuyn ng ca

Aristotle khng c hiu nh l s di chuyn ca mt s vt t ni ny sang ni khc trong

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khng gian. Chuyn ng theo Aristotle din ra trong chnh hu th, v mi ci hu u c

t vo trong yu t lm cho chuyn ng. Nguyn nhn gy chuyn ng c Aristotle

gi l bn chthay t nhin (phusis). Hiu ngc li, bn cht hay t nhin l yu t, cn gil nguyn nhn, ca chuyn ng. Nguyn nhn chuyn ng nh vy khng phi n t bn

ngoi hu th nhng c ngun gc t chnh hu th. Aristotlt pht biu v vn ny khi cho

rng Mt vi hu th (xt nh mt tng th) (chuyn ng) t trong bn cht (phusis), trong

khi nhng hu th khc (chuyn ng) do t nhng nguyn nhn khc. (Physis BI)

Aristotle khng bn v nhng nguyn nhn khc y nhng r vic ng cho rng s

chuyn ng c ngun gc v l bn cht ca hu th, d rng trong cc tc phm ca mnh,

Aristotle xt n ng c v chuyn ng chiu kch khng gian, hoc s tng, gim hoctrong s thay i.

Chuyn ng ca hu th c bn n y l mt chuyn ng c tnh hu th

lun (ontological movement) vi nguyn nhn chuyn ng l phusis. Phusis s mang ton

th hu th n hnh thc v mc ch ca hu th, v phusis cng l nguyn nhn lm cho

hu th trong t th l chnh hu th, mt t th c tnh bt bin v lin tc ca hu th.

Nh vy, chuyn ng c coi nh l cch th hin hu ca mi hu th. Mi mt chuyn

ng trong hu th u a hu th hng n hnh thc (eidos) v mc ch (telos) ca huth, hay c th din cch khc l t trng thi tim th sang hin th, l ch n vin mn

ca hu th. Tuy nhin, im n ny li khng phi l im kt thc hay im dng ca hu

th nhng l ni m ti , hu th tr thnh nh n l, trong tnh trng vin mn ca mnh.

(Physics I 99 a29f)

Yu t gy chuyn ng, nh ni, c t trong chnh mi hu th, l nguyn

nhn a hu th t tnh trng tim th sang hin th. Aristotle gi l ng lc ( dunamis).

Ci gi l chuyn ng, theo Aristotle, l s vin mn ca nhng ci tn ti cch tim tng,

xt nh l mt tn ti tim tng (Physica, III, 201,10). iu c ngha l trong chuyn

ng, lun c cc yu t, hoc l thay i, hoc tng, hoc gim, hoc qua i, tr nn, hoc di

chuyn. D nhin s di chuyn y khng phi l theo trng vt cht nhng l s di

chuyn hng n vin ch thnh ton ca hu th. S di chuyn ny trong chnh hu th

cng l mt dng ca chuyn ng, t ni ny qua ni khc. T ng ni chn trong

ngha ca Aristotle khng hm v khng gian vt cht cho bng l chnh khng gian ca

hu th.

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Ci nhn v chuyn ng ca Aristotle i vi hu th l ci nhn mang tnh hin

tng lun, thy hu th nh n t l ra. Ci thy v ci nhn ra trong phng php

ca Aristotle vt ra khi ci nhn vt l theo nh cch hiu thi nay. Aristotle nhn xt vs chuyn ng nh l bn cht ca hu th. S chuyn ng c hiu y khng phi l

kt qu ca phng php quan st t nhin nhng rt ra t phng php quy np, l phng

php c Aristotle cao trong vic nm bt tri thc ch thc. Phng php ny tip cn

hu th xt nh l mt tng th v thy c chnh s vt nh n l, ngha l thy chnh chn

l (aletheia) c t l trong hu th. Quan st hu th bng phng php quy np gip

Aristotle nm bt c bn cht ca hu th ngang qua s chuyn ng, ng thi dn ng

n vic a ra kt lun rng chuyn ng l cch thc hin hu ca nhng hu th t nhin.Chuyn ng, di ci nhn hin tng lun, m ra mt li no i vo tm hiu hu th

tnh ca t nhin. Thnh qu suy t trit hc v chuyn ng ca Aristotle khai m mt

hng nhn mi m cho cc nh trit hc sau ny, phn nh r nt trong nhng tc phm bnh

gii v Aristotle ca Heidegger, v chnh Heidegger c nhng t tng rt ring v

chuyn ng, lin quan n s bin i.

2. Heidegger v s bin i

Heidegger c li nhng tc phm ca Aristote v thin nhin hc v siu hnh hc

vi mt ci nhn mi m. Trong tc phm Khi u hu th v khi nim v thin nhin

(nm 1939), Heidegger mun gii quyt s mp m v t ng phusistrong nhng tc phm

ca Aristotle, hoc l hiu theo ngha hin hu, hoc hiu theo ngha nhng hu th. Tuy

vy, Heidegger dch t ny thnh bn cht ca t nhin. Nh vy, theo cch ny, Heidegger

t ra vn : t nhin hin hu nh th no? Mc d vy, c th hiu t t nhin trong

ngn ng hu th lun ca Heidegger l ti th, nht l khi lin quan n con ngi, xt nh

l Dasein

Trong tc phm Metaphysics, Aristotle cho rng nng lc tim th trong hu th l

sc mnh dn hu th n chuyn ng hng n hin th. Heidegger ng vi cch hiu

ny v cn nhn mnh n s chuyn ng t tim th sang hin th chnh l cch thc hin

hu ca hu th. Thm vo , Heidegger cao lp lun ca Aristotle v tnh hu ca hu

th, hu th khng t h khng m c nhng phi n t mt hin hu khc.

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Tuy nhin, Heidegger khng ng tnh vi Aristotle v vn phn loi phm tr hu

th ch cn c trn ng lc (dunamis). Trong Bn v bn cht v hin th ca ng lc

(On the Essence and Actuality of Force), Heidegger a yu t logos vo vic phn loi ny.ng cho rng ng lc ni con ngi c gii hn bi yu t logos v c th hiu logos nh

l mt ng lc, mt tim th. V chnh yu t logos dn n s kt hp gia chn l v nht

th. Vi ng, logos khng phi l mt thuc tnh nh con ngi sng ng nhng l mt

cch th hin hu. Bn cht t nhin ca chng ta hay hu th ca chng ta, c th ni, chnh

l logos. Hn na, c th suy ra rng hu th, mc d l tch bit, a dng v c nhn nhng

u c xc nh bi nht th nguyn y, v trong nht th ny, hu th by t chnh mnh

xt nh l hu th. ng khc, chnh nht th khng t ra nh l duy nht ng trn hayxa b s a dng, nhng nh logos, nht th quy t thnh mt nhng iu c t l.

i vi chuyn ng, Heidegger ly li ci nhn ca Aristotle v ng lc chuyn

ng (dunamis). ng lc y ch c th rt ra c t s quan st nhng kt qu, l hu

qu ca ng lc gy chuyn ng. Bng cch ny, chng ta c th hiu v chnh ni ngun

ci ca s vt. Trong s chuyn ng ca hu th, chc chn c mt nguyn nhn gy ra

chuyn ng, v s tc ng ny khng din ra mt cch c hc nh th c mt lc bn

ngoi tc ng vo hu th. Heidegger khng hiu chuyn ng theo cch th ny. ng coing lc l mt nguyn nhn gy ra chuyn ng, nhng trong ngha mt hu th c th l

mt hu th khc. C th ni, din bin ny ging nh mt s chuyn bin (transformation),

v cch th ny l cch th hin hu ca hu th.

i vi yu t ng lc, Heidegger sa li nh ngha ca Aristotle cho r ngha

hn. l t ng lc hiu nh l ngun gc nguyn thy ca thay i ni mt s vt

khc hoc trong chnh s vt trong t cch l mt s vt khc (Metaphysics I, 1046 a II)

thnh l khi nguyn ca thay i, khi nguyn c trong mt hu th khc vi chnh hu th

ang thay i, hoc trong trng hp khi m hu th khi nguyn v hu th ang thay i

l ng nht, th ring mi mt hu th l mt hu th khc bit..(x. Martin Heidegger,

GA 33, 80; 67) Nh vy, c th hiu y ng lc chnh l ngun gc hoc l khi u

ca chuyn ng v ca s thay i, c bit khi xt trong chnh hu th to ra s chuyn

ng hay bin i ni chnh hu th . ng lc, v th l ng lc ca chuyn ng v l

ng lc ca thay i.

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ng lc ca thay i, nh ni, c ngun gc t mt hu th khng phi l mt

hu th ang tri qua thay i, hoc trong trng hp trong chnh hu th th hu th ban

u v hu th ang thay i l khc bit. ng lc thay i (force of change) gi y c thhiu nh ng lc trao i (force of exchange), v nh ngi th lm bnh thay i t ng

bt sang ci bnh vy. Mt cch no , trong chnh s vt ang thay i c mt ng lc

lm cho s vt c th thay i. Nh vy, ng lc lun c tnh thay i, chuyn bin.

Trong s vt, vic thay i y theo hng tch cc hay tiu cc khng quan trng cho

bng chnh trong s vt c kh nng thay i. V vic t s vt ny chuyn sang s vt khc

cng khng quan trng cho bng trong hu th, ng lc v s thay i hoc s trao i

chnh l cch th hin hu ca hu th. ng lc v th va lm cho hu th thay i, valm cho hu th tr nn l chnh n. Heidegger hiu ng lc thay i va c tnh ch quan,

va c tnh khch quan, nh mt lc c sc di ngc tr li chnh n.

ng lc, khng nhng l ngun gc ca thay i m cn l nguyn nhn dn n

thay i. N c hiu nh l lc tim nng khin cho tim th vn n hin th. T ng

nguyn nhn y khng phi hiu theo ngha quan h nguyn nhn-kt qu, v chnh trong

s thay i ca hu th, nguyn nhn-kt qu gn kt vi nhau c tnh tng h qua li ln

nhau. y l loi quan h c tnh tng quan (relationality) v l loi quan h nhn qu mangtnh tin nghim (prior causality). Chnh v vy, ng lc y mang tnh lng chiu, l

tnh cht va khin cho hu th gi li l chnh n, va lm cho hu th bin i v tr nn.

Nh vy, hu th mc ly kp tnh (twofold) ca n, va khng gi, va sinh h. S sinh h

ca hu th khng phi l to ra mt sn phm nhng l mt cch th ca hu th m ra vi

chn l. n y, Heidegger t ra cu hi: Tim th tr nn hin th thnh ton nh th

no?. l gii vn ny, Heidegger cho rng ch n (telos) ca hu th c t

trong hu th, v ng lc hiu nh l tim th khng c xu hng quay ngc tr li nhngc hai xu hng l va gi li hu th hin c, va mang hu th n thnh ton. iu ny

khng c ngha l c nhiu hu th hay mt hu th nhng vn l chnh hu th c tnh

m rng hay tng tin.

3. Chuyn ng di ci nhn ca Henri Bergson

Bergson cho rng bng phng php trc gic, con ngi c th t c hiu bit

tuyt i. Nu c s mu thun trong nhng khi nim hay quan im l do cc nh trit hc

nhn s vic theo thi quen hoc theo cch thng thng. Bi v cch gii quyt thng thng

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thng xut pht t nhu cu thc dng. t c mt hiu bit no v s vt, ngi ta

phn tch n ra, sau tng hp li km theo nhng kt lun. Cch gii quyt ny ch gip

hiu c mt vi kha cnh ca s vt m khng hiu v chnh s vt. Phng php trcgic Bergson a ra, theo ng, c th em li nhng li ch v mang tch phn tch. Trc gic

l mt loi kinh nghim. Bergson gi trc gic l s ng cm. Trc gic loi ny s mang li

s gii thch tha ng, v n vn l mt trc gic n gin v mang tnh trit hc, gip gii

thot mi hc thuyt khi s rng buc v khng gian v thi gian m dng nh cc hc

thuyt y l thuc vo. Cc trit gia gp kh khn trong vic gii quyt nhng vn trit hc

bi v h l thuc vo phng php v nhn quan ng thi v ca nhng ngi i trc.

Ni ng hn, h ch thc hin vic son li t tng v phng php ca ngi i trc.

i vi vn chuyn ng, cc trit gia ch nh gi v n ngang qua phng php

quan st bng mt thng, v d nh trong trng hp quan st mt m bi b gi cun ln

v gi l s chuyn ng. Nh vy, iu quan trng l t tng phi c tru xut khi

yu t vt cht. Hnh ng ny tng ng vi vic nhn thc, v d nh hiu bn cht ca

mu sc l g, bn cht ca s khng c l g; nu khng, chng ta s khng th no nm ly

nhng d liu kh th t vic tip xc vi nhng d liu . c c trc gic loi ny,

chng ta cn n hai yu t, l khi nim v hnh nh. i xa hn hnh nh, chng taphi nh khi nim.

Bergson ly v d v ngh thut v tranh. Chng ta c th tri nhn chng m khng

qua ci nhn, bi v ci nhn ca chng ta th mau qua v tan chy. Ngh thut cho thy vic

m rng nng lc nhn thc ca chng ta l c th. Cng bn tm v cuc sng bao nhiu,

chng ta cng t hng v chim nim by nhiu, do , chng ta b gii hn tm nhn.

Trong ngnh tm l hc, chng ta c thi quen i t ci tng phn n ci ton th ri gn

cho n l ton b i sng tinh thn ca chng ta. Nu vy th nhn thc ca chng ta s

khng m rng my m ch l tng hp ca nhng phn vt cht c th no v s lng v

chng ta s khng tm thy ci g khc ngoi ci t sn ra y. Tri thc ca chng ta

khng phi l s lin kt ca nhng yu t nhng l nh hng ca nhng phn tch tc thi

t ngt, t tri thc o sang tri thc thc tin lin quan n hnh ng ca chng ta hng v

cc s vt. Bergson trng dn lp trng ca Kant, cho rng ch c trc gic tr nng, iu

Bergson gi l nhn thc, mi gip con ngi nhn c pha sau ca s vt. Cng vy, gic

quan v thc ca chng ta b gii hn tm mc s dng vo trong thi gian thc, thi gian

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ca s thay i lin tc, v v th, d liu thng thng ca chng ta cng ch l tng i.

Do , chng ta phi c mt trc gic khc, gi l trc gic tin nghim.

Phi thay i ci nhn v chuyn ng cng nh v s thay i. Tht ra ci m Zeno

thnh Elea cng nh cc nh siu hnh hc thu u gi l chuyn ng v thay i ch c

xy dng trn l thuyt hoc c cu trc ch khng qua kinh nghim v qua i sng.

Bergson tip nhn quan im ca Kant, cho rng thi gian khng tri i, khng thay i cng

nh khng tri qua bt k iu g. iu m chng ta cn lm l g mnh ra khi thi gian v

gii phng chnh mnh ra khi s thay i. Mt khc, phi nm bt s thay i trong chnh

ngun gc di ng ca n. Chng ta lm c iu ny nh hi sinh li nng lc nhn thc,

tin n mt trc gic tip thu tri thc xt nh l mt tng th.

T lu nay, chng ta hiu s chuyn ng, s thay i nh l mt thc hu (being)

tuyt i khng th no phn chia ra c. Trc ht v s chuyn ng. V d bn tay di

chuyn t im A sang im B, to ra mt khong cch AB. Theo t nhin, chng ta gi

l s chuyn ng t A sang B, v ngay lp tc chng ta cm gic iu . Khi di chuyn t

A sang B, chng ta c th dng li mt im trung gian no , tuy nhin, iu ny khng

to ra cng mt chuyn ng nh chuyn ng trc tip t A sang B. Nh vy, khng cn l

mt chuyn ng n l t A sang B na, nhng nh gi thuyt, chng ta c hai chuyn

ng, vi cng mt khong cch. Chuyn ng t A sang B, xt trong chnh n l mt s

trn vn, v th n khng th phn chia. Tuy vy, s tht l khi di chuyn tay t A sang B,

nhn vo khong cch AB, chng ta c th ni rng khong cch AB c th c chia thnh

nhiu phn. Do , nu mun, chng ta cng c th ni s chuyn ng t A sang B c th

c chia thnh nhiu phn. Ti y, mt s cu hi ny sinh: lm sao mt vt di chuyn li

trng khp vi ci khng di chuyn? Khi no mt vt di chuyn ti mt im trong qu o

di chuyn ca n? Cu tr li l n s trong trng hp n dng li ti , v nu n

dng li , th chng ta khng th tip tc xt v cng mt loi chuyn ng. Nh vy,

lun c mt bin m mt s i qua c hon tt, v khng c s gy v gia ng.

Bin ny c th l mt vi giy, vi ngy, vi thng hoc vi nm. Chc lt l mt bin

n l, v th n khng th phn chia ra thnh tng phn c. Khi c mt s vt i qua,

chng ta c mt qu o v khng gian v khng gian c th phn chia v v th chng ta c

th tng tng l chuyn ng cng c th phn chia. Trong s chuyn ng, khng phi s

thay i v tr li cun chng ta nhng chnh nhng v tr s chuyn ng li lm chng ta

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, gi s c s dng li cc v tr. hiu v s chuyn ng, chng ta phi tng tng

ra rng s chuyn ng trng khp vi nhng im c nh trn chng ng m s chuyn

ng di chuyn qua. Cng th, s khng hiu s bt ng nu khng c s chuyn ng. Schuyn ng chnh n l mt thc ti, qua c th suy ra s bt ng, cng ging nh hnh

nh hai con tu cng xut pht mt lc, ang di chuyn cng mt tc , v cng mt hng

trn hai con ng song song. i vi hnh khch i trn con tu ny, con tu kia khng phi

l s chuyn ng v khng th chuyn ng. Tuy nhin, hai hnh khch trn hai con tu

bt tay nhau v ni chuyn vi nhau qua ca s, chnh h phi l nhng tn ti bt ng.

Chng ta nhm mt trc nhng g sng ng nht trong thc ti. Chuyn ng c hnh

thnh t s bt di ng. Vi chng ta, chuyn ng l t mt v tr, n mt v tr khc v tiptc nh th, to thnh mt ng i trong s ngt qung b xa i.(x. Creative Mind, pp.

248-266.)

Ni tm li, quan nim v chuyn ng ca Bergson phi n t mt nhn thc trit

hc, c snh v nh l mt trc gic tin nghim. V nh th, theo Bergson, ni v chuyn

ng khng phi l ni v nhng iu m bng quan st thng thng chng ta c th thy,

nh s di chuyn ca mt vt t A sang B, nhng l bng chnh s tng hp ca nhn thc

xy ra trong t tng ca ngi quan st. i vi Bergson, t tng c kh nng nm btc chuyn ng hay ni cch khc, chnh nhn thc trit hc mi c th nm bt c u

l yu t chuyn ng.

Kt lun

Hu th t l nh th no th chng ta tip nhn nh th y. l chm ngn ca

phng php hin tng lun. Hu th lun, mt cch mc nhin, bng cch ny cch khc,

tn gi ny tn gi khc, tip nhn v s dng phng php ny nh mt li no i vothc ti v bn cht ca hu th. Ni nh vy v khi bn v chuyn ng v thay i, chng

ta s khng thc s hiu c bn cht ca vn ch qua phng php quan st trc quan.

Khi nim v chuyn ng, yu t gy chuyn ng v cch thc hiu bit, nm bt v

chuyn ng trong th gii siu hnh hc c Aristotle, Heidegger v Bergson trin khai

trong nhng tc phm ca mnh mt cch h thng, st sao. Tuy vy, hng no bin

nhng tri thc hu th lun v chuyn ng ny thnh vn qu cho cch th hin hu ca

mi ti th li ty thuc cch tip nhn ca mi mt ngi, xt nh l nhng hu th ti th.

Nu ly li t tng ca Aristotle v Heidegger khi cho rng, chuyn ng l cch th hin

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hu ca hu th ni chung, th chng ta c th pht biu rng chng ta l nhng ti th ang

hin hu trong dng thc ca chuyn ng v thay i. Vn l i vi mt s ngi, iu

c Heidegger gi l bin c sinh h, thc s l mt cuc m ra vi chn l ang t l, khith gii ca ti th c nng ln, nhc bng v rc sng hn bao gi ht trc ch n ca

hin hu mnh.

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