METABOLISM OF METABOLISM OF BACTERIABACTERIA

SURYANIE SARUDJI, MKes.,DVMSURYANIE SARUDJI, MKes.,DVM

For alive, cell/bacteria require energy.For alive, cell/bacteria require energy. The Function of energy are : The Function of energy are :1. work/exercise = there are many bacteria 1. work/exercise = there are many bacteria

are motile are motile2. heat2. heat3. Synthesize Molecules 3. Synthesize Molecules : :

- - thatthat compose cellcompose cell structurestructure

- biologic mol: enzyme- biologic mol: enzyme, ab, , ab, hormone hormone

- Transport molecules - Transport molecules : Hb, : Hb, Serum Serum

Energies are obtained from :Energies are obtained from :1. sun light = photosynthesize1. sun light = photosynthesize2. Oxidation-reduction Reaction from 2. Oxidation-reduction Reaction from organic/inorganic compoundorganic/inorganic compound

Based on necessity for carbon and energy, Based on necessity for carbon and energy, bacteria dividedbacteria divided 2, namely :2, namely :1. Autotrophic bacteria (Lithotrophic) 1. Autotrophic bacteria (Lithotrophic) need CO2 as a carbon source. Energy need CO2 as a carbon source. Energy derived derived either from light or oxidize either from light or oxidize inorganicinorganic material. material. This group divide to be :This group divide to be : a. photosynthetic autotrophs a. photosynthetic autotrophs (photolitthotrops) : (photolitthotrops) : energy are obtained from energy are obtained from synthetic activities synthetic activities which which energy from sun lightenergy from sun light is usedis used. This. This group are anaerobe bacteria group are anaerobe bacteria which contain which contain porpyrin pigment as alike a porpyrin pigment as alike a chlorophyll in the chlorophyll in the green plants green plants

b. Chemosynthetic autotrops b. Chemosynthetic autotrops (Chemoli- (Chemoli- thotrops): energy is thotrops): energy is obtained from obtained from ox-red reaction ox-red reaction by using electron do-by using electron do- nor from simple nor from simple inorganic compound as inorganic compound as like as H2, like as H2, H2S, S, NH3H2S, S, NH32. Heterotrophic bacteria (organotro- 2. Heterotrophic bacteria (organotro- phic) : not be able to use phic) : not be able to use CO2 as aCO2 as a source of carbon. Carbon is source of carbon. Carbon is taken taken from complex organic molecules from complex organic molecules like like glucose as a electron donorglucose as a electron donor

Chapter 5Chapter 5

Types of -trophsTypes of -trophsType Energy C source Example

Photoauto- Sun CO2 Purple & Green sulfur bacteria

Photohetero- Sun Organic Compounds

Purple & Green Non-sulfur bacteria

Chemoauto- Chemical bonds

CO2 H, S, Fe, N bacteria

Chemohetero- Chemical bonds

Organic Compounds

Most bacteria, fungi, protozoa, animals

Metabolism :Metabolism :Chemical reaction in cells which yield or Chemical reaction in cells which yield or utilize energy. That why metabolism are utilize energy. That why metabolism are grouped to :grouped to :1. Catabolism : 1. Catabolism : Nutrient dissimilation/ Nutrient dissimilation/nutrient nutrient breakdown . breakdown . This reaction release/yield This reaction release/yield energy energy 2. Anabolism :2. Anabolism :

unity/synthesize/assimilation unity/synthesize/assimilation molecules.molecules.

This reaction require energyThis reaction require energy

Amount of energies those are released Amount of energies those are released or necessary are named as Free Energy or necessary are named as Free Energy Change (∆G) which mentioned in Change (∆G) which mentioned in calories. Most of energies are calories. Most of energies are storedstored as as ATP. To make 1 ATP from ADP needed 7-ATP. To make 1 ATP from ADP needed 7-8 Kcal.8 Kcal. Therefore Therefore to make 1 ATP from to make 1 ATP from AMP required 14-16 Kcal.AMP required 14-16 Kcal.When ∆G having a negative value (-) = When ∆G having a negative value (-) = release energy = exergonic. When (+) release energy = exergonic. When (+) = require energy = endergonic = require energy = endergonic Oxidation reaction yield/release energyOxidation reaction yield/release energy

Oxidation : untied/loose of electron (ê) Oxidation : untied/loose of electron (ê) from a molecule from a molecule

Reduction : Mol obtain ê . Reduction : Mol obtain ê . Oxidation always followed by reduction.Oxidation always followed by reduction.Cells get energy from nutrient through a Cells get energy from nutrient through a set of reaction dissimilation that one of set of reaction dissimilation that one of them is oxidation. So oxidation can yield them is oxidation. So oxidation can yield energy = Which is formed combined of energy = Which is formed combined of chemistry which rich of energy like ATP.chemistry which rich of energy like ATP.Usually reaction of oxidation are Usually reaction of oxidation are dehydrogenation, that is H atom of mol dehydrogenation, that is H atom of mol pass away (untied)pass away (untied) from molecule from molecule . .

HH22 -- -- 2ê + H 2ê + H22++

An oxidant material will receive ê and An oxidant material will receive ê and be come a reduced material. On the be come a reduced material. On the contrary a reductant material become contrary a reductant material become oxidized material.oxidized material.

Based on producing of energy, bacteria Based on producing of energy, bacteria divided of 3 :divided of 3 :1. Producing energy by anaerobically1. Producing energy by anaerobically reactionreaction2. producing energy by aerobically2. producing energy by aerobically3. producing energy through 3. producing energy through photosynthesizephotosynthesize Energy Produced anaerobically have 4 Energy Produced anaerobically have 4 pathwayspathways1. Embden-Meyerhoff (glycolysis)1. Embden-Meyerhoff (glycolysis)2. fentose-fosfat trace2. fentose-fosfat trace3. Entner-Doudoroff3. Entner-Doudoroff4. Fermentation4. Fermentation

Energy production through aerobe process Energy production through aerobe process consisted of :consisted of :1. 1. ElectronElectron transport chaintransport chain/respiration /respiration chainchain2. Tricarbonate cyclic Acid/krebs cycles2. Tricarbonate cyclic Acid/krebs cycles

NOTE:NOTE: Glycolysis (Embden-Meyerhoff), Glycolysis (Embden-Meyerhoff), pentosa phosphate and Entner Dou-pentosa phosphate and Entner Dou-doroff are the pathways which change doroff are the pathways which change glucose to be glucose to be pyruvate acid. Pyruvat pyruvate acid. Pyruvat

acid is a middle point/navel of acid is a middle point/navel of carbohyd carbohyd rate fermentation.rate fermentation.

Produce energy through anaerobically Produce energy through anaerobically process.process.

GlycolysisGlycolysis : Glucose - : Glucose -pyruvate acid (+ 2 pyruvate acid (+ 2 ATP; ATP; - 4 ATP) - 4 ATP)Heterotrophic bacteria are able to use Heterotrophic bacteria are able to use organic compound as a source of energy organic compound as a source of energy (CH, organic acid, patty acid, amino acid), (CH, organic acid, patty acid, amino acid), but the most prominent is CH especially but the most prominent is CH especially Glucose. A breakdown of glucose through Glucose. A breakdown of glucose through glycolysis, pentosa phosphate and Entner glycolysis, pentosa phosphate and Entner Doudoroff. O2 isn’t as a requirement for Doudoroff. O2 isn’t as a requirement for processing of glykolysis to yield energy, processing of glykolysis to yield energy, either for anaerobe mo or aerobe mo. either for anaerobe mo or aerobe mo.

Glucose (C6)ATP

Glucose 6-phosphate

Fructose 6-phosphateATP

Fructose 1,6-diphosphate

Triose 3-phosphate (C3)

1,3-Diphosphoeycerate ATP

3-Phosphoglycerate

2-Phosphoglycerate

Phosphoenolpyruvate ATP

Pyruvate (C3)

Glycolysis orEmbden-Meyerhof Pathway

x2

NAD

NADH2

Reduced Compound

Fermentation

Entner–Doudoroff (ED) pathway

Pentose phosphate pathway: Pentose phosphate pathway:

This pathway This pathway is is to dissimilate CH include to dissimilate CH include the formed of phosphate sugar that has 6 the formed of phosphate sugar that has 6 C C atom atom (hexose mono phosphate) & (hexose mono phosphate) & phosphate sugar that has 5 C ( pentose phosphate sugar that has 5 C ( pentose phosphate). Glucose is oxidized through phosphate). Glucose is oxidized through pentose phosphate followed by releasing pentose phosphate followed by releasing a pair of electron. The electron enter into a pair of electron. The electron enter into electron transport chain.electron transport chain.

Pentose phosphate pathway is used in Pentose phosphate pathway is used in DNA synthesize because synthesis of DNA synthesize because synthesis of DNA use pentose phosphate as DNA back DNA use pentose phosphate as DNA back bone.bone.Glucose 6 phosphate is oxidized to 6-Glucose 6 phosphate is oxidized to 6-phosphogluconate, and then undergo phosphogluconate, and then undergo decarboxylate and more re-oxidize to be decarboxylate and more re-oxidize to be D-ribulose 5-phosphate + CO2.D-ribulose 5-phosphate + CO2.Glucose 6 phosphate + 2 NADP+ H2O Glucose 6 phosphate + 2 NADP+ H2O D-ribulose 5 phosphate +CO2+ D-ribulose 5 phosphate +CO2+ 2NADPH2.2NADPH2.

Pentose phosphate (PP) pathway

FermentationFermentation

Anaerobic mo are also fermentally Anaerobic mo are also fermentally yielding energy which organic yielding energy which organic compound as acompound as ann electron donor and electron donor and acceptor. acceptor. glucose - glucose - lactate ac. lactate ac. Glycolysis reaction : glucose -Glycolysis reaction : glucose -pyruvate pyruvate ac ac Fermentation :pyruvate ac- Fermentation :pyruvate ac-lactate lactate acac2 pyruvate ac + 2NADH2 ----2 pyruvate ac + 2NADH2 ---- 2 lactate 2 lactate ac+ 2NAD. NADH2 are released at the ac+ 2NAD. NADH2 are released at the time of Glyceraldehydes 3 phosphate --time of Glyceraldehydes 3 phosphate --

2 mol 1.3 diphosphoglyceride ac 2 mol 1.3 diphosphoglyceride ac

Glycolysis changGlycolysis changeded Glucose to be Glucose to be pyruvate ac.pyruvate ac. Pyruvate is fermented to be many kind Pyruvate is fermented to be many kind of product. To produce many product as of product. To produce many product as show at next picture are not yielded by show at next picture are not yielded by one species of bacteria but by many one species of bacteria but by many species in the cluster of heterotrophs. species in the cluster of heterotrophs. Actually mo are grouped based on Actually mo are grouped based on fermentation product as like as bacteria fermentation product as like as bacteria of lactate ac, bacteria of propionate ac.of lactate ac, bacteria of propionate ac.

Anaerobe bacteria doesn’t have a Anaerobe bacteria doesn’t have a functional glycolysis system. This functional glycolysis system. This organism use Fermentation, Pentose organism use Fermentation, Pentose Phosphate Pathway and Entner-Phosphate Pathway and Entner-DoudoruffDoudoruff to yield energies to yield energies. . Fermentation process for non CH Fermentation process for non CH substrate, as like as amino ac involve substrate, as like as amino ac involve more specific pathwaymore specific pathway..

Produce energy through aerobically Produce energy through aerobically process process

Electron Transport ChainElectron Transport Chain

Also be mentioned as sitocrome system Also be mentioned as sitocrome system or respiration chain. The process is a or respiration chain. The process is a series of ox-red reaction to yield ATP. series of ox-red reaction to yield ATP. The function of the series of this The function of the series of this reaction is to receive electrons from reaction is to receive electrons from reduced compound and transfer them reduced compound and transfer them to O2 to form H2Oto O2 to form H2O

In many step of that reaction were In many step of that reaction were released enough energy to form ATP released enough energy to form ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate. from ADP and inorganic phosphate. Synthesize of this ATP was mentioned Synthesize of this ATP was mentioned as oxidative phosphorelation in case as oxidative phosphorelation in case some phosphate rich energy bounds some phosphate rich energy bounds were formed. were formed. ê (H2)--ê (H2)-- is catched by O2 - is catched by O2 - H2O2 + H2O2 + 2H2 + O2 + ADP + P --2H2 + O2 + ADP + P -- H2O + ATP H2O + ATP

Tricarbonate Cyclic Acid (Krebs cycle) Tricarbonate Cyclic Acid (Krebs cycle)

Tricarbonate cyclic acid = TCA is a Tricarbonate cyclic acid = TCA is a reaction to yield energy in form of ATP reaction to yield energy in form of ATP and molecules of reduced coenzyme and molecules of reduced coenzyme (NADH2 and FADH2). Many intermediate (NADH2 and FADH2). Many intermediate were yielded in this cyclic are precursors were yielded in this cyclic are precursors for biosynthesizing of amino acid, Purina, for biosynthesizing of amino acid, Purina, pirimidine. This cycle occur whether in pirimidine. This cycle occur whether in catabolic and anaboliccatabolic and anabolic

Energy are yielded from catabolism of Energy are yielded from catabolism of glucose are :glucose are :a. Glykolysis : 2 ATP + 2NADH2a. Glykolysis : 2 ATP + 2NADH2b. 2 mol Pyruvat b. 2 mol Pyruvat 2 Acetyl Co-A + 2 Acetyl Co-A + 2NADH22NADH2c. TCA yielded 8 mol reduced coenzymes c. TCA yielded 8 mol reduced coenzymes : :

2 FADH2; 2 FADH2; 6 NADH2 6 NADH2

d. Side chain of TCA : 2 ATPd. Side chain of TCA : 2 ATPIn the process of Electron Transport In the process of Electron Transport chain :chain :1 NADH2 = 3 ATP -1 NADH2 = 3 ATP - 10 NADH2 = 30 10 NADH2 = 30 ATPATP1 FADH2 = 2 ATP 1 FADH2 = 2 ATP 2 FADH2 = 4 2 FADH2 = 4 ATPATPAmount of all : 2 ATP + 2 ATP + 30 ATP Amount of all : 2 ATP + 2 ATP + 30 ATP + 4 ATP = 38 ATP+ 4 ATP = 38 ATP

Catabolisme of Lipid Catabolisme of Lipid Glucose is a main of energy source in Glucose is a main of energy source in cell. Lipid and protein are also as a cell. Lipid and protein are also as a sources of energy but must be processed sources of energy but must be processed to be intermediate for glycolysis and TCA to be intermediate for glycolysis and TCA pathwayspathwaysLipid demolition are begun by breakdown Lipid demolition are begun by breakdown of Triglyceride in case of adding of water, of Triglyceride in case of adding of water, to be glycerol + patty acid, which to be glycerol + patty acid, which waswas catalyzed by lipase. Glycerol is altered to catalyzed by lipase. Glycerol is altered to be intermediate for glykolysis = be intermediate for glykolysis = dehydroxyl acetone phosphate.dehydroxyl acetone phosphate.

GlycerolkinaseGlycerolkinase Glycerol + ATP-Glycerol + ATP- glycerol-3- phosphate glycerol-3- phosphate

Mg+2 +ADP Mg+2 +ADPglycerol dehydrogenate glycerol dehydrogenate ---------------- dehydroxy acetone phosphate dehydroxy acetone phosphate

+ NADH2 + NADH2

Dehydroxy acetone phosphate --Dehydroxy acetone phosphate -- enter enter into glycolysis, NADH2 enter into into glycolysis, NADH2 enter into Electron transport chainElectron transport chain

Patty acid is oxidized ----Patty acid is oxidized ---- Acetyl CoA Acetyl CoA -------------------- enter into cycle of TCA enter into cycle of TCAWhereas the atoms hydrogen + their Whereas the atoms hydrogen + their electron enter into electron transport electron enter into electron transport chain forward to oxidative chain forward to oxidative phosphorilationphosphorilation

Catabolism of proteinCatabolism of protein

Molecule of protein is large. Bacteria Molecule of protein is large. Bacteria secrete exoenzyme (Protease) to secrete exoenzyme (Protease) to breakdown protein to be peptide. breakdown protein to be peptide. Peptide is enzymaticPeptide is enzymaticcalycaly breakdown by breakdown by peptidase to be amino acid. peptidase to be amino acid. Following it,Following it, amino acid undergo catabolism and amino acid undergo catabolism and oxidized to a compound that enter into oxidized to a compound that enter into TCA pathway. The compound might be TCA pathway. The compound might be acetyl Co-A ,ketoglutarate, amino acid, acetyl Co-A ,ketoglutarate, amino acid, suksinat acid, fumarat acid, oxalic suksinat acid, fumarat acid, oxalic acetate acidacetate acid

Respiration anaerobically Respiration anaerobically

AerobAerobee bacteria are able to grow bacteria are able to grow anaerobically when nitrate available. anaerobically when nitrate available. Nitrate replace for O2 as an acceptor of Nitrate replace for O2 as an acceptor of electron in respiratory chain. This electron in respiratory chain. This process namely anaerobe respiration. process namely anaerobe respiration. But on obligate anaerobe, electron But on obligate anaerobe, electron acceptor are either CO2 or ion2 likes acceptor are either CO2 or ion2 likes phosphate.phosphate.

Production of energy through Production of energy through photosyntheisphotosyntheis

Energy source from light, and CO2 as a Energy source from light, and CO2 as a source of carbon. To be used as a source of carbon. To be used as a source of Carbon, CO2 must be reduced source of Carbon, CO2 must be reduced to CH. In to CH. In tthat process light is necessary hat process light is necessary as a source of energy--as a source of energy-- photosynthesis photosynthesis

2H2O + CO2 -----2H2O + CO2 ----- (CH2O)x + O2 + (CH2O)x + O2 + H2O. H2O. (CH2O)x is a structure of CH(CH2O)x is a structure of CH

In this process In this process require require energy and energy and chemical reductan in the form of water chemical reductan in the form of water (H2O). Many bacteria of (H2O). Many bacteria of photoautotrophs aren't required water photoautotrophs aren't required water as a chemical reductan, and also not as a chemical reductan, and also not release O2.release O2.H2A are chemical reductan may be H2, H2A are chemical reductan may be H2, H2S or H2S2O3 or organic compound as H2S or H2S2O3 or organic compound as like as lactate/sucinatlike as lactate/sucinat

Photosynthetic cyclic and non cyclicPhotosynthetic cyclic and non cyclic

Photosynthetic bacteria have Chlorophyll Photosynthetic bacteria have Chlorophyll namely bacteriochlorophyll; namely bacteriochlorophyll; Compared with a plant, Compared with a plant, bacteriochlorophyll absorb light at area bacteriochlorophyll absorb light at area of infra red (660-870 nm). The of infra red (660-870 nm). The Chlorophyll is not contained in Chlorophyll is not contained in Chloroplast but in the membrane.Chloroplast but in the membrane.

When a molecule of chlorophyll bacteria When a molecule of chlorophyll bacteria absorb a quantum of light, energy from absorb a quantum of light, energy from the light cause that molecule be come the light cause that molecule be come excitation excitation In this case electron untied from In this case electron untied from bacteria, so bacteria has positive bacteria, so bacteria has positive potential, and then has a function of potential, and then has a function of catching of electron or as a strong catching of electron or as a strong oxidizedoxidized

The released electron contain energy The released electron contain energy that has been absorbed from light and that has been absorbed from light and recatched by positive potential of recatched by positive potential of bacteria. bacteria. Energy in the form of ATP is used for Energy in the form of ATP is used for further metabolism. Whereas the further metabolism. Whereas the electron go back to bacteria, the electron go back to bacteria, the process namely Cyclic phosphorilation. process namely Cyclic phosphorilation.

flash back about metabolismflash back about metabolism

Assimilation = anabolism = synthesisAssimilation = anabolism = synthesisDissimilation -> energy for : assimilationDissimilation -> energy for : assimilation

non non biosyntheticbiosyntheticAssimilation : Assimilation : 1. synthesis of substrate to grow up cell 1. synthesis of substrate to grow up cell

structure as like as cell wall, cell structure as like as cell wall, cell membrane granule membrane granule 2. Multiplication of cell, synthesis of 2. Multiplication of cell, synthesis of enzyme enzyme and any other substrate.and any other substrate.3. maintenance integrities of physic, 3. maintenance integrities of physic, chemist (recovery cell damage)chemist (recovery cell damage)

Non biosynthesis :Non biosynthesis :1. heat1. heat2. exercise2. exercise3. nutrient transport3. nutrient transport

Metabolism to yield energy : Metabolism to yield energy : 1. respiration1. respiration2. fermentation2. fermentation3. photosynthetic3. photosynthetic

respiration : O2 molecule is main respiration : O2 molecule is main acceptor of electron acceptor of electron

fermentation : molecule of the food is fermentation : molecule of the food is br brokenokendown to be 2down to be 2

fragments, one of both is fragments, one of both is oxidized by another so ox- oxidized by another so ox-

red occurred and red occurred and energy is energy is yielded. yielded.Phoptosynthesis : energy from light is Phoptosynthesis : energy from light is

altered to chemical altered to chemical energy in the form energy in the form

of of ATP ATP