meshack waweru nderitu - conflict transformation in tana delta

ROLE OF FAITH BASED ORGANIZATIONS IN CONLICT

TRANSFORMATION: CASE STUDY OF CICC AND THE 2012 - 2013 TANA

DELTA CONFLICT

BY

MESHACK WAWERU NDERITU

LMR/MDS/1614/15

A RESEARCH PROPOSAL SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF

THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF MASTER OF ARTS DEGREE

IN DEVELOPMENTAL STUDIES AT ST PAUL’S UNIVERSITY, KENYA

AUGUST 2016

DECLARATION

I declare that this is my original work and has not been presented for award of degree in any

other University.

Signature _____________________ Date __________________

Meshack Waweru Nderitu

LMR/MDS/1614/15

This proposal has been submitted for examination with approval of the following university

supervisors

Signature _____________________ Date __________________

Dr. Emily Okuto

Signature _____________________ Date __________________

Dr. Teresia Wamuyu

ii

DEDICATION

I dedicate this piece of work to my beloved wife, son and daughter who have been the

greatest motivation and memory in this process.

iii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I wish to thank my advisors, Dr.Emily Okuto and Dr. Teresiah Wamuyu for their countless

hours of reflective reading, encouraging, keen interest and most of all patience throughout the

process. Special thanks to the presiding Bishop of Methodist Church in Kenya, Rev. Joseph

Ntumbura for his constant encouraging and for the role he played in my enrolment for

postgraduate studies. Special thanks also go to all my lecturers in the Department of

Developmental studies and to my class mate’s thank you so much for the great insights in the

course of this process.

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TABLE OF CONTENTSDECLARATION......................................................................................................................ii

DEDICATION........................................................................................................................iii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS...................................................................................................iv

LIST OF TABLES................................................................................................................viii

LIST OF FIGURES................................................................................................................ix

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS..................................................................................................x

ABSTRACT.............................................................................................................................xi

CHAPTER ONE.......................................................................................................................1

INTRODUCTION....................................................................................................................1

1.1 Background to the Study..................................................................................................1

1.1.1 Global Perspective.....................................................................................................1

1.1.2 Conflict Transformation in Africa.............................................................................2

1.1.3 Tana Delta..................................................................................................................2

1.1.4 Coast Inter-Faith Council of Clerics (CICC).............................................................3

1.2 Statement of the Problem.................................................................................................3

1.3 Objective of the study.......................................................................................................4

1.3.1 Specific Objectives....................................................................................................4

1.3.2 Research Questions....................................................................................................4

1.4 Justification of the Study..................................................................................................5

1.5 Limitations of the study....................................................................................................6

1.6 Delimitation of Study.......................................................................................................6

1.7 Definition of Terms..........................................................................................................6

CHAPTER TWO.....................................................................................................................9

LITERATURE REVIEW........................................................................................................9

2.1 Introduction......................................................................................................................9

2.2 Empirical Review.............................................................................................................9

2.2.1 Negotiation.................................................................................................................9

2.2.2 Mediation.................................................................................................................10

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2.2.3 Conciliation..............................................................................................................12

2.2.4 Arbitration................................................................................................................12

2.3 Theoretical Framework..................................................................................................13

2.3.1 Negotiation Theory..................................................................................................13

2.3.2 The Conflict Transformation Theory.......................................................................14

2.4 Conceptual Framework..................................................................................................16

2.5 Research Gap..................................................................................................................17

CHAPTER THREE...............................................................................................................19

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY.........................................................................................19

3.1 Introduction....................................................................................................................19

3.2 Research Design.............................................................................................................19

3.3 Target Population...........................................................................................................19

3.4 Sampling Techniques and Procedures............................................................................20

3.5 Data Collection Techniques...........................................................................................21

3.7 Data Collection Tools.....................................................................................................22

3.8 Pilot Study......................................................................................................................22

3.8.1 Reliability.................................................................................................................22

3.8.2 Validity....................................................................................................................23

3.9 Data Analysis and Interpretation....................................................................................23

3.10 Ethical Considerations..................................................................................................25

REFERENCES.......................................................................................................................26

APPENDICES........................................................................................................................30

Appendix I: Introduction Letter to Respondents..................................................................30

Appendix II: Structured Questionnaire................................................................................31

Appendix III: The Budget....................................................................................................35

Amount.................................................................................................................................35

Appendix IV: Work Plan......................................................................................................36

Appendix V: Map of Tana Delta..........................................................................................37

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LIST OF TABLES

Table 3. 1: Target Population..................................................................................................23

Table 3. 2: Sample Size...........................................................................................................24

viii

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 2. 1: Building Peace Sustainable Reconciliation in Divided Societies (Lederach,

1997)........................................................................................................................................18

Figure 2. 2: Conceptual framework.........................................................................................20

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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

AACC: All Africa Conference of Churches

ADR : Alternative Dispute Resolution

ANOVA Analysis of Variance

APB : Alliance of Peace building

CICC : Coast Inter-Faith Council of Clerics

CRS : Catholic Relief Services

DPC : District Peace Committee

FBO : Faith Based Organizations

FG : Focus Group

IRCK : Inter Religious Council of Kenya

KNBS : Kenya National Bureau of Statistics

NCCK: National Council of Churches of Kenya

NGO : Non-governmental organization

NPC : National Peace Committee

PSW : Problem Solving Workshops

SPSS Statistical Package for Social Sciences

SPSS : Statistical Packages for Social Science

SUPKEM Supreme Council of Kenyan Muslims

TRC : Truth and Reconciliation Commission

UN : United Nations

WCC : World Council of Churches

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ABSTRACT

Tana River County has been hit by inter-communal conflicts whereby many young men and women have died while the masses have lost their property. This has brought about negative impacts on Tana River County’s economy. With these fiery ingredients of competition over natural resources and a history of violence between different communities, and little prospect of a better future, the Tana Delta is prone to future conflicts. This study seeks to establish the role played by the Coast Inter-Faith Council of Clerics in conflict transformation among the Pokomo and the Orma in Tana Delta during the 2012-2013 clashes. Specifically, the study seeks: to examine the influence of negotiation as an approach by CICC in conflict transformation among the Pokomo and the Orma in Tana Delta; to examine the effect of mediation as an approach by CICC in conflict transformation among the Pokomo and the Orma in Tana Delta; to ascertain the influence of conciliation as an approach by CICC in conflict transformation among the Pokomo and the Orma in Tana Delta; to assess the effect of arbitration as an approach by CICC in conflict transformation among the Pokomo and the Orma in Tana Delta; and to establish the intervening effect of cultural beliefs on the relationship between the role played by the Coast Inter-Faith Council of Clerics in conflict transformation among the Pokomo and the Orma in Tana Delta. The study will adopt an explanatory research design and the target population will be 210 government officials, religious leaders, law enforcers, Pokomo and Orma communities. The study will adopt stratified random sampling technique to determine the sample size. Based on stratification, 63 respondents will form the sample size. A semi-structured questionnaire will be used to collect data from the respondents. The questionnaire will be pilot tested where reliability will be tested using Cronbach’s alpha while validity of the questionnaire will be checked by experts. The study will use multiple linear regression as data analysis technique. The findings of this study will make significant contribution in the advancement of developmental studies in that the results will form a basis for further empirical investigation. The study will also be of significance to policy makers and faith-based organizations.

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CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background to the Study

Humanity has been facing conflicts around the world for centuries. History has shown that

from a small misunderstanding millions of people end up losing their lives including the

destructions of years of hard work, such as the case in the two World Wars (Woodhouse,

Miall & Ramsbotham, 2005). Mwajiru (2007) underscored the importance of conflict

resolution when he asserted that one of the distinguishing features of Africa's political

landscape are its many dysfunctional and protracted social and political conflicts. This

problem is made worse by lack of effective mechanisms to manage these conflicts. Where

they exist they are weak and, thus, social and political relationships in the continent have

been disrupted (Bridgman, 2008). This has had negative consequences, such as interruption

of development and the diversion of scarce resources, in the management of these conflicts

(Wiesmann, Gichuki, Kiteme & Liniger, 2011).

1.1.1 Global Perspective

At a global level, religion is a powerful constituent of cultural norms and values, deeply

implicated in individual and social conceptions of peace (Robbers, 2012). Essentially,

religious institutions wield a lot of authority which can be used for conflict transformation or

for “inciting “rebellions against perceived injustices (Ando, 2010). Globally, the contribution

of religious institution towards the pursuit of peace and social justice is well documented

(Rutayisire, 2009).

In Europe, the rise of Protestantism heralded in a new era of great social-political

transformation and enlightenment in place of the oppressive feudal system since it rejected

the catholic ordained doctrine which implicitly supported feudal structures and their

exploitative dynamics (Leremore, 2008). In Poland, the church remained the dominant voice

against the highly authoritarian communist system since all other spaces for political

mobilization had been violently banned (Leremore, 2008). In Latin America, the dominant

Catholic Church played a pivotal role in fighting injustices whether from leftist or rightist

regimes and guerillas during the Cold War (Cyuma, 2012).

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1.1.2 Conflict Transformation in Africa

In Africa, the involvement of religious organizations in peacemaking has been prominent. In

various states, the religious groups are active peacemakers in disasters and conflict zones

(Slessarev-Jamir, 2011). Organizations such as the World Conference of Churches (WCC)

and All African Conference of Churches (AACC) initiated and mediated the 1972 Sudan

peace process leading to an agreement. Indeed they remained the only credible and legitimate

interveners in a highly polarized identity based conflict. During the Mozambican peace

process, a little known Catholic order, the Community of Saint’ Egidio played a central role

in facilitating the mediation process (Cyuma, 2012).

Involvement of faith-based actors in conflict transformation processes is not a new

phenomenon (Pearlman & Cunningham, 2011). In fact, faith-based actors, including clergy

(for example, the Pope, Priests, Imams, Rabbis), religiously inspired leaders (for example,

Gandhi, Martin Luther King Jr.) among many others, and religiously motivated movements

and organizations like World Council of Churches, All African Conference of Churches,

National Council of Churches in Kenya etc.) have always played a role in resolving conflicts

(Bercovitch & Kadayifci-Orellana, 2011).

1.1.3 Tana Delta

The Tana delta is located at the Kenyan Coast where the river Tana flows into the Indian

Ocean (Leremore, 2009). The Tana delta is a very fertile and relatively remote wetland area

surrounded by its arid hinterland and is used for agricultural production, permanent grazing

land for the herds of local pastoralists and a dry-spell pasture area for the cattle of many so

called foreign pastoralists (Duvail et al. 2012). Due to the fact that several various groups

(Pokomo, Orma and the Wardei) have an interest in the area or even claim ownership, and the

different customary laws as well as the statutory one are conflicting, the situation in the area

delta can be tense and from time to time conflicts arise or even escalate (Schade 2012).

The Orma and Pokomo have a history of violence way before they settled along the Tana

Delta (Andres, 2013). Due to persistent conflict between the two communities, the colonial

administration tried to resolve the conflict through a negotiated arrangement where during the

dry spell, the Pokomo would allow the Orma and Wardei access to pasture land and water

(KNCHR, 2012) but in the present context, the approach is no longer respected by the Orma

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and Wardei communities who perceive land as communal while the Pokomo believe they are

the original owners of the land.

1.1.4 Coast Inter-Faith Council of Clerics (CICC)

The CICC is a Faith Based Organization of local Kenyan religious leaders, preachers and

imams, who promote inter-community peace building among communities living along the

coastal strip (Lewis, 2011). The CICC’s vision is to restore a divinely, peaceful, just and

harmonious Kenyan Society. They promote peace, development and security in the republic

of Kenya (CICC website, 2016). CICC like many of faith based actors have been involved in

conflict transformation for a long time. As religious organization, the CICC has always been

involved in conflict transformation processes because the modern conflicts overrun the grasp

of traditional diplomacy (Johnston, 2005).

As a faith based actor, CICC was involved in major treaties that broke peace in different

counties along the costal stripe. A good example is the role they played in Lamu East; she

created interreligious dialogue which ended over 40 years of religious conflict in the county

In Bura, Tana CICC was the unifying factor ending a period of instability among the Orma

and Wardei in 2008 (Haynes, 2009). The CICC has also acted as early warning indicators of

the conflicts because most religious leaders are close to their followers. CICC has had a

strong and influential position in addressing the conflicts due to their legitimacy as civil

societies (Bercovitch and Orellana, 2009).

1.2 Statement of the Problem

Tana River County has been hit by inter-communal conflicts whereby many young men and

women have died while the masses have lost their property. Pokomo and Orma engaged in

recurrent conflicts over ownership and use of land, pasture and water resulting in major

negative impacts on Tana River County’s economy (KNCHR, 2012). Therefore, there is an

urgent need for this kind of conflict to be addressed by gaining a deeper understanding of the

dynamics involved in and the reactions to these conflicts in the delta. It is against this

backdrop that this research, therefore, intends to examine the role played by the Coast Inter-

Faith Council of Clerics in conflict transformation among the Pokomo and the Orma in Tana

Delta during the 2012-2013 clashes.

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1.3 Objective of the study

The main objective of the study will be to establish the role of faith based organizations in

conflict transformation: a case study of CICC and the 2012 - 2013 conflict in Tana Delta.

1.3.1 Specific Objectives

i. To examine the influence of negotiation as an approach by CICC in conflict

transformation among the Pokomo and the Orma in Tana Delta

ii. To examine the effect of mediation as an approach by CICC in conflict transformation

among the Pokomo and the Orma in Tana Delta

iii. To ascertain the influence of conciliation as an approach by CICC in conflict


iv. To assess the effect of arbitration as an approach by CICC in conflict transformation


v. To establish the intervening effect of cultural beliefs on the relationship between the

role played by the Coast Inter-Faith Council of Clerics in conflict transformation


1.3.2 Research Questions

i. What is the influence of negotiation as an approach by CICC in conflict

transformation among the Pokomo and the Orma in Tana Delta?

ii. How does mediation as an approach by CICC help in conflict transformation among

the Pokomo and the Orma in Tana Delta?

iii. Is there any influence of conciliation as an approach by CICC in conflict

transformation among the Pokomo and the Orma in Tana Delta?

iv. What is the effect of arbitration as an approach by CICC in conflict transformation

among the Pokomo and the Orma in Tana Delta?

v. What is the intervening effect of cultural beliefs on the relationship between the role

played by the Coast Inter-Faith Council of Clerics in conflict transformation among


1.4 Justification of the Study

This study will contribute to the empirical evidence on religion and conflict transformation,

by examining the extent to which faith-based organizations have contributed to conflict

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transformation efforts in one specific case – the CICC. To achieve the above objective, the

study will focus on the role of CICC, a key religious organization, in the management of

violent conflict related to the 2012 -2013 ethnic conflicts in Tana Delta. The beneficiaries of

this study will include the population of the Tana Delta and the government at large. It will

help them understand how the faith based organizations could be instrumental in conflicts

transformation. It will also offer an insight on how to go on with the process of conflict

transformation.

The study will serves as an information source for policy makers not only in the affected

communities but also to the government. The prevalence of peace in the Tana Delta is one of

the requirements for the economic development of the agricultural sector that is envisioned to

play a key role in the realization of Kenya's Vision 2030 by contributing to the country's

economic growth.

This study will make a significant contribution in the advancement of developmental studies

in that the results will form a basis for further empirical investigation. Further, the study will

shed light on the nature of the role played by the Coast Inter-Faith Council of Clerics in

conflict transformation among the Pokomo and the Orma in Tana Delta during the 2012-2013

clashes.

Faith Based Organizations are sacred institutions which have a major role in shaping

humanity for the best. Thus, the findings of this study are expected to help the CICC to take

up its role in society as an agent of change and conflict transformation in the region. The

study will also benefit the communities involved in understanding the liabilities of conflict

and the ways into which enduring peace could be restored in the region.

It is anticipated that the stakeholders will use the findings of this study to realize the much

elusive peace and cohesion in the Delta. This will enable the communities to focus on key

conflict transformation drivers in order to foster co-integration. This will be achieved as the

study is envisioned to equip community leaders with the knowledge on how to transform

conflicts in the area. Finally, the study will contribute to the growing body of knowledge by

elucidating conceptual linkages between religious bodies like the CICC and conflict

transformation.

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1.5 Limitations of the study

A lot of challenges may be encountered in the study. For instance, Language barrier since the

larger community communicates in vernacular such as Orma and Pokomo languages. The

researcher will therefore have to be in the company of competent translators when dealing

with different communities and people. There is also high insecurity since the area is in close

proximity to the Kenya Somali border. In order to stay secure, the researcher will have to

alert the security agents in the area of their research and if possible travel in company of

officers. The roads are inaccessible hence commuting from one point to another is made very

difficult. In most cases, movement from one point to another will have to be by foot or local

donkey carts that the region is so famous for.

1.6 Delimitation of Study

The study will be carried out in Tana Delta sub-county in the larger Tana River County. Tana

Delta is on among the three sub-counties that make up Tana River County. Tana Delta

District (Garsen) is one of the 3 sub county that constitute the Tana River County, the others

being Tana North (Bura), Tana River (Galole). It has an area of 16,013.4 square Kilometres.

It has three Divisions namely; Kipini, Garsen and Tarasaa. Despite there being numerous

Faith Based Organizations that are working in the peace building today in Tana Delta’ the

scope of this study will specifically cover CICC works in Tana Delta hence leaving out other

FBOs dealing with conflict transformation initiatives

1.7 Definition of Terms

Arbitration is a form of alternative dispute resolution (ADR), a technique for the resolution

of disputes outside the courts. The parties to a dispute refer it to arbitration by one or

more persons (the "arbitrators", "arbiters" or "arbitral tribunal"), and agree to be

bound by the arbitration decision (the "award"). In this study, arbitration is defined in

terms of flexibility, cost effectiveness and speedy conflict resolution.

Conciliation is an alternative dispute resolution (ADR) process whereby the parties to

a dispute use a conciliator, who meets with the parties both separately and together in

an attempt to resolve their differences. In this study, conciliation is measured in terms

of trust of the parties, in depth examination of all aspects and neutrality and

impartiality.

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Conflict transformation: The replace of violent with non-violent means of settling disputes

(Little & Appleby, 2004).

Cultural beliefs refer to the totality of socially transmitted behavior patterns, arts, beliefs,

institutions, and all other products of human work and thought which are learned and

shared within social groups and is transmitted by non-genetic means. In this study,

cultural beliefs are measured in terms of intended behaviours, espoused behaviours

and actual behaviours.

Inter religious dialogue Involves people of different religious faiths coming together in a

process of positive exchange alone and most importantly it Is not intended to be a

debate. Rather it aims at mutual understanding and includes an acknowledgment and

respect for differences and the values of other religions and cultures (Garfinkel,

2004).

Mediation is the intervention in a standard negotiation or conflict of an acceptable third party

who has limited or no authoritative decision-making power but who assists the

involved parties in voluntarily reaching a mutually acceptable settlement of issues in

dispute. In this study, mediation is measured in terms of assisted negotiations,

dialogue efforts, forged agreements and supportive external environment.

Negotiation refers to the bargaining, give and take, process between two or more parties

(each with its own aims, needs, and viewpoints) seeking to discover a common

ground and reach an agreement to settle a matter of mutual concern or resolve

a conflict (Fisher & Ury, 2008).

Peace building: The full range of activities carried out by individuals and institutions for the

purpose of resolving and transforming deadly conflict, with the goal of building social

relations and political and cultural institutions characterized by an ethos of tolerance

and non-violence.

Reconciliation entails addressing concerns about the past without entering into a cycle of

recrimination, requiring revelation, transparency and acknowledgement. It is also a

process of restoring friendly relations achieved through envisioning and restoring

future that enhances interdependence (Lederach 197 & MIal et al, 1999).

Religious peace building: The range of activities performed by religious actors and

institutions for the purpose of resolving and transforming deadly conflict, with the

7

goal of building social relations and political institution characterized by an ethos of

tolerance and non-violence (Coward & Smith 2004).

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CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Introduction

This chapter will give a summary of the existing literature on some aspects of the resources

and ethnic conflicts and their transformation in Kenya’s Tana Delta, which are relevant to the

study. The chapter will cover different approaches mostly used in conflict transformation the

conflict theories and conceptual framework

The main focus of this studies however, will be to investigate the role of faith-based

organizations in managing the conflicts in Tana Delta. The main organization, among them,

that has been working on enduring peace and liberty in the region is the Coast Inter-Faith

Council of Clerics (CICC) Trust, which has been charged with the responsibility of dialogue

towards the enhancement of understanding and communication in attempts of eliminating

potential or real conflicts in the region. The CICC promotes interfaith dialogue bringing a

deeper understanding and respect for others’ freedoms and faiths in the political, social,

economic or religious instigated conflicts (CICC website).

2.2 Empirical Review

2.2.1 Negotiation

Negotiation is a process that involves parties meeting to identify and discuss the issues at

hand so as to arrive at a mutually acceptable solution without the help of a third party. It is

the process of combining conflicting positions into a joint agreement and is the most common

(although not the only) way of preventing, managing, resolving, and transforming conflicts”

(Zartman, 2009). It is also described as a process involving two or more people of either

equal or unequal power meeting to discuss shared and/or opposed interests in relation to a

particular area of mutual concern. The parties themselves attempt to settle their differences

using a range of techniques from concession and compromise to coercion and confrontation.

Negotiation thus allows party autonomy in the process and over the outcome. It is non-

coercive thus allowing parties the room to come up with creative solutions. Relationships

apparently matter in negotiators' definitions of fair outcomes (Fisher & Ury, 2008).

9

As a conflict has essential elements, the process of negotiation also requires “parties to

communicate, to learn how to influence each other and to develop some level of collusion

and coordination” (Paerson d’Estrée, 2009). As the direct method of conflict resolution,

negotiation requires parties to meet face-toface to deal with the conflict (Bartos & Wehr,

2010). Negotiation is by far the most efficient conflict management mechanism in terms of

management of time, costs and preservation of relationships and has been seen as the

preferred route in most disputes. Negotiation can be interest-based, rights-based or power-

based and each can result in different outcomes.

Framing and reframing the issues and changing the parties’ perceptions are important parts of

the negotiation process (Ramsbotham, Woodhouse & Miall, 2005). Dialogue and recognition

are preconditions for the negotiation process to succeed, which is to say that parties to the

conflict must accept each other as legitimate (Ramsbotham, Woodhouse & Miall, 2011). The

right timing is also essential, and parties, must, therefore be ready to make compromises,

while leaders or party spokespeople are important elements of successful negotiation

(Guelke, 2003). Moreover, the negotiations must proceed under the auspices of a rule of

unanimity granting the parties, in the event that they do not agree with potential negotiated

outcomes, to walk away from negotiations or continue negotiating under different conditions

(Zartman, 2009).

2.2.2 Mediation

Mediation is the intervention in a standard negotiation or conflict of an acceptable third party

who has limited or no authoritative decision-making power but who assists the involved

parties in voluntarily reaching a mutually acceptable settlement of issues in dispute (Moore,

1996). Within this definition, mediators may play a number of different roles, and may enter

conflicts at different levels of development or intensity (ibid). Mediation is one of the most

effective methods of preventing, managing and resolving conflicts. To be effective, however,

a mediation process requires more than the appointment of a high-profile individual to act as

a third party. Antagonists often need to be persuaded of the merits of mediation, and peace

processes must be well-supported politically, technically and financially. Ad-hoc and poorly

coordinated mediation efforts – even when launched with the best of intentions – do not

advance the goal of achieving durable peace. While all disputes and conflicts are unique and

require specific approaches, there are good practices that should inform the approaches of all

mediators.

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Mediation is especially important when the parties to a conflict are unable to meet face-to-

face or have not reached the point of accepting to meet for formal negotiations (Ramsbotham,

Woodhouse & Miall, 2011). Among the causes that may make mediation essential to a

negotiation can be the absence of any official diplomatic relations. This may also arise in

cases in which the parties, for reasons stemming from domestic or international politics, do

not want their direct negotiations to be known publicly. There can be all different types of

mediators ranging from individuals and states or groups of states to international or non-

governmental organizations. Mitchell (2012) distinguishes between mediators that can be

states, governments of a particular state, or even groups of governments, and those mediators

who are strong international figures.

Mediators may be picked either by parties to the conflict or by an outside party. It is

important that the mediator is not biased and is impartial to any party of conflict as well as

the mediator’s behavior plays a significant role. This does not mean, however, that the

mediator has to be neutral. The fact that a mediator is close to one side can satisfy the other,

as it hopes this will bring more pressure on the particular side (Wallensteen, 2011). Also, the

experience of mediator plays a part in successful mediation.

Effective mediation responds to the specificity of the conflict. It takes into account the causes

and dynamics of the conflict, the positions, interests and coherence of the parties, the needs of

the broader society, as well as the regional environments (Bercovitch, 2008). Good mediation

promotes exchange through listening and dialogue, engenders a spirit of collaboration

through problem solving, ensures that negotiating parties have sufficient knowledge,

information and skills to negotiate with confidence (Long & Adams, 2010) and broadens the

process to include relevant stakeholders from different segments of a society. Mediators are

most successful in assisting negotiating parties to forge agreements when they are well

informed, patient, balanced in their approach and discreet. Effective mediation requires a

supportive external environment; most conflicts have a strong regional dimension

(Tidström, 2012).

2.2.3 Conciliation

Conciliation is an intervention to resolve a dispute by a body without political authority that

has the trust of the parties involved and is responsible for examining all aspects of the

dispute and proposing a solution that is not binding for the parties (Vidal-Leon, 2014). It is

11

crucial that the conciliation body have the trust of the Parties. Without this trust, its

involvement will be in vain. In addition, because it is responsible for examining all

aspects of the dispute, it must identify the facts of the case.

For the conciliation body’s dispute resolution proposal to be successful, it’s underlying

reasoning—arrived at by an in-depth examination of all aspects of the case must be

sufficiently persuasive to convince the parties that it is a good solution to their dispute and

lead them to resolve their issues accordingly (Stein, 2010). The conciliation

body must also be neutral and impartial, failing which it would be impossible to earn the

Parties' trust.

This approach is similar to mediation except for the fact that the third party can propose a

solution. Its advantages are similar to those of negotiation. It has all the advantages and

disadvantages of negotiation except that the conciliator can propose solutions making parties

lose some control over the process. Conciliation is recognized by a number of international

legal instruments as a means to management of natural resource based conflict

(Techera, 2012). A conciliator who is more knowledgeable than the parties can help parties

achieve their interests by proposing solutions, based on his technical knowledge that the

parties may be lacking in. This may actually make the process cheaper by saving the cost of

calling any other experts to guide them (Carman, Johns & Mitchell, 2014).

2.2.4 Arbitration

Arbitration is a dispute settlement mechanism. Arbitration arises where a third party neutral

(known as an arbitrator) is appointed by the parties or an appointing authority to determine

the dispute and give a final and binding award (D'Silva, 2014). Arbitration has also been

described as a private consensual process where parties in dispute agree to present their

grievances to a third party for resolution. Its advantages are that parties can agree on an

arbitrator to determine the matter; the arbitrator has expertise in the area of dispute; any

person can represent a party in the dispute; flexibility; cost-effective; confidential; speedy and

the result is binding (Maniruzzaman, 2011). Proceedings in Court are open to the public,

whereas proceedings in commercial arbitration are private, accordingly the parties who wish

to preserve their commercial secrets may prefer commercial arbitration. In disputes involving

parties with equal bargaining power and with the need for faster settlement of disputes,

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especially business related, arbitration offers the best vehicle among the ADR mechanisms to

facilitate access to justice (SangChan Kim, & Lee, Choong-Eun, 2010).

2.3 Theoretical Framework

Theories are formulated to explain, predict, and understand phenomena and, in many cases,

to challenge and extend existing knowledge, within the limits of the critical bounding

assumptions. The theoretical framework is the structure that can hold or support a theory of a

research study. The theoretical framework introduces and describes the theory which explains

why the research problem under study exists. A theoretical framework consists of concepts,

together with their definitions, and existing theory/theories that are used for the particular

study (Torraco, 2005).

2.3.1 Negotiation Theory

Negotiation is a specialized and formal version of conflict resolution most frequently

employed when important issues must be agreed upon. Negotiation is necessary when one

party requires the other party's agreement to achieve its aim. The aim of negotiating is to

build a shared environment leading to long-term trust and often involves a third, neutral party

to extract the issues from the emotions and keep the individuals concerned focused. It is a

powerful method for resolving conflict and requires skill and experience. Zartman (2009)

defines negotiation as a process of combining conflicting positions into a common position

under a decision rule of unanimity, a phenomenon in which the outcome is determined by the

process.

Most theories of negotiations share the notion of negotiations as a process, but they differ in

their description of the process. Structural, strategic and procedural analysis build on rational

actors, who are able to prioritize clear goals, are able to make trade-offs between conflicting

values, are consistent in their behavioral pattern, and are able to take uncertainty into account.

Negotiations differ from mere coercion, in that negotiating parties have the theoretic

possibility to withdraw from negotiations. It is easier to study bi-lateral negotiations, as

opposed to multilateral negotiations.

2.3.2 The Conflict Transformation Theory

This theory focuses on the transformation of armed conflict which is violent in nature into a

peaceful one, based on different approaches of conflict transformation. There are irresolvable

conflict and therefore suggests an alternative phrase” conflict transformation to conflict

13

transformation” (Rupersigh, 1995). Conflict transformation theorists argue that contemporary

conflicts require more than the reframing of positions and the identification of win-win

outcomes. The very structure of parties and relationships may be embedded in a pattern of

conflictual relationships that extend beyond the particular site of conflict. Conflict

transformation is therefore a process of engaging with and transforming the relationships,

interests, discourses and, if necessary, the very constitution of society that supports the

continuation of violent conflict.

Constructive conflict is a vital agent or catalyst for change. People within the conflict parties,

within the society or region affected, and outsiders with relevant human and material

resources all have complementary roles to play in the long-term process of peace building.

This suggests a comprehensive and wide-ranging approach, emphasizing support for groups

within the society in conflict rather than for the mediation of outsiders. It also recognizes that

conflicts are transformed gradually, through a series of smaller or larger changes as well as

specific steps by means of which a variety of actors may play important roles.

Lederach (1997) looks on the needs to build both a short term conflict into a long term

relationship as well as coming up with resolution of the underlying causes of conflict. This

approach has a look on peace constituencies who are either individuals or groups within these

communities in conflict and allow them to build peace and support reconciliation. Top

leadership empowerment is assumed to influence conflict transformation to both middle track

and grassroot track (Lederach, 1997). Lederach (1997) came up with pyramid of actors,

which shows the actors in a conflict both the involved and affected by the conflict and which

approaches to peace buildings are most suitable for each set of actors involved.

14

Figure 2. 1: Building Peace Sustainable Reconciliation in Divided Societies (Lederach, 1997)

The top level elite leadership is the main representatives. They are the symbols of strength

and unity. The middle range are more in number than the top level leadership, they draw their

power and influence from their power with the leadership. They serve as important link

between the level and grass root levels (ibid).

The grass root level comprises of local community leaders at grass root. They experience

how the mass struggles day to have food, water, shelter and security in a conflict zone. Local

grass roots leaders have information at hand on the cause and growth of conflict among the

war torn communities. Given that each of the three levels acts uniquely role of the conflict

transformation.

15

Middle level leadersProfessionals like teacher, Lawyers, Local

Pastors, Media personalities.

Top Leadership

Military/Political Religious leader with

High visibility

0

Grass root level leaders of indigenous NGO community developer, refugee camp leaders

2.4 Conceptual Framework

The conceptual framework which guides the research is formed from a combination of

several models of conflict transformation and reconciliation and the theories advanced in the

area of religion and conflict transformation (Lederach, 1997). Conceptual framework is a

concise description of the phenomenon under study accompanied by a graphical or visual

depiction of the major variables of the study (Mugenda & Mugenda, 2008). According to

Young (2009), conceptual framework is a diagrammatical representation that shows the

relationship between dependent variable and independent variables.

A conceptual framework is a diagrammatic demonstration of ideas presenting the relationship

between variables (Young, 2009). It is the conceptualization of how the variables relate.

Conflict transformation which brings about sustainable peace is the dependent variable and

will include measures such as cohesion, economic stability, equity and inclusion of all

parties. CICC’s role constitutes the independent variables in this study, which include

mediation, negotiation, conciliation, and arbitration. These serve as the strategies leading to

conflict transformation – which is the dependent variable. Cultural beliefs, historical

injustices and political will be employed as the intervening variables in the relationship

between CICC’s dispute resolution and conflict transformation.

16

Independent Variables Intervening Variable Dependent Variable

Figure 2. 2: Conceptual framework

(Source: Researcher, 2016)

2.5 Research Gap

Tana River County has been hit by inter-communal conflicts whereby many men and women

have died while the masses have lost their property. This has resulted in major negative

impacts on Tana River County’s economy. A number of initiatives have been undertaken to

mitigate the conflict in the region such as the Bura, Hola and Tana Delta Rice Irrigation

Projects (TDRIP) but the collapse of these schemes forced the three communities, Orma,

Pokomo and Wardei, to revert to their old ways of life, competing for the available resources

(Schade 2012).

According to Bercovitch and Orellana (2009), research on the role of religion in peacemaking

has been significantly ignored because the rational and secular approaches of conflict

transformation and the epistemological and methodological perspectives view religion being

either instigators of the conflicts or dismiss them altogether. Abu-Nimer (2001) claimed that

17

Cultural Beliefs Intended behaviours, Espoused behaviours Actual behaviours

Conflict Transformation Inclusion Equity Cohesion Economic stability Truth & Justice

Mediation Assisted negotiations Dialogue efforts Forged agreements Supportive external environment

Negotiation Interest-based, Rights-based Power-based

Conciliation Trust of the Parties In depth examination of all aspects Neutral and impartial

Arbitration Flexibility Cost effective Speedy

since the end of the cold war, most conflicts have been based on religion, race and ethnicity

affiliations and that religion is therefore effective on the causes, dynamics and transformation

of the conflicts. Religious actors bring moral, social and spiritual resources that are all

important in the conflict transformation processes. A comprehensive and systematic

assessment of the interplay between religion, conflict and peace-building is yet to be fully

undertaken.

However despite much similarity found in the extant literature, most studies are based in

urban areas and none has been carried out in Tana Delta sub county, Tana River County,

Kenya leaving a gaping gap, a phenomenon that is not well understood in the study area. It is

against this backdrop that this research, therefore, intends to examine the role of Faith Based

Organizations in conflict transformation: a case study of CICC and the 2012 - 2013 conflict

in Tana Delta.

.

18

CHAPTER THREE

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.1 Introduction

This chapter presents the guidelines on getting solutions on the research questions and come

to conclusions on the research matter. The methodological aspects that will be discussed will

include the research design, the data sources, the data collection techniques, the issues of

reliability and validity, the sampling techniques, concepts and variables, the data analysis and

interpretation, the ethical considerations, the target population and the sampling size. As

Mugenda and Mugenda (2003) portrays it, a research methodology should be a guideline

system of problem solving which includes specific components such as tasks, phases,

techniques, methods and tools that can be used or applied within a certain research discipline.

3.2 Research Design

A research design is the plan and structure conceived to obtain answers to research questions.

It is the grand plan in framing the methods and procedures for collection and analysis of data

(Saunders, Lewis & Thornhill, 2012). The research will adopt an exploratory design in

attempt to establish the nature of social conflicts in the Tana Delta and how the CICC helped

to deal with such conflict. The design will also help in establishing whether FBOs for this

case CICC played her role in conflict transformation in the Tana Delta.

The study will also involve comprehensive reviews of documented information on past

studies which some have been briefly mentioned in the literature review section and will be

analyzed further to constitute findings of the field researches. There will also be the

collection and analysis of qualitative and quantitative data in the Tana Delta and the relevant

offices in the Sub County.

3.3 Target Population

Nachmias and Nachmias (2008) defined population as all elements under study. The target

population of the research will consist of sound adult members of the Orma and Pokomo

communities, the religious leaders either connected or not to the CICC, the local and national

government leaders. The research will also focus largely on the elderly people who have been

19

in the area for a long time and thus understand the genesis and history of the conflicts in the

Tana Delta. The characteristics of the target population will be based mainly on the

involvement of some kind in either the conflicts or the conflict transformation programs. The

main focus however will be the members of these communities, religious leaders,

government officials and law enforcers who in their witnessing of these conflicts or their

transformation have been in touch with the CICC. In the CICC the researcher will focus on

the religious leaders who have been involved in the resolutions of the Pokomo and the Orma

communities.

Table 3. 1: Target Population

CategoryTarget Population Percentage (%)

Government officials 20 9.52

Pokomo 60 28.57

Orma 60 28.57

Religious leaders 40 19.04

Law enforcers 30 14.29

Total 210 100.00

Source: (Researcher, 2016)

3.4 Sampling Techniques and Procedures

According to Kothari (2004), sampling is the process by which a relatively small number of

individual, object or event is selected and analyzed in order to find out something about the

entire population from which it was selected. The population will be regarded as

homogeneous and therefore the study will also adopt stratified random sampling technique.

Since excessive responses could be pricey but still yields more accurate results, the sample

size will have to be high enough to get the accurate results from the correspondents and low

enough to stay in the set budget. The most important sampling technique method in this case

will have to be the convenience sampling where the members of the society will have to be

selected from the population in purposive sampling depending on their knowledge about the

CICC.

20

Table 3. 2: Sample Size

CategoryTarget Population Sample

proportionPercentage (%)

Government officials 20 0.3 6

Pokomo 60 0.3 18

Orma 60 0.3 18

Religious leaders 40 0.3 12

Law enforcers 30 0.3 9

Total 210 0.3 63

3.5 Data Collection Techniques

In order to facilitate and understand clearly the nature of the conflicts between the Orma and

the Pokomo, and the roles and challenges of the FBOs in dealing with the conflicts, the study

will require both primary and secondary data sources. The secondary data which is basically

the published or data collected earlier or by other parties is especially important in order to

understand the genesis and history of the conflicts. This will include information from the

libraries, the internet, records, books, censuses, archives, qualitative or quantitative data and

the organizational records. The primary data on the other hand is basically the unvarnished

information about the research. This is basically eye witness testimonies from the victims,

actors or perpetrators of the conflicts. This information will be especially important in this

research for it has no bias and will therefore form the basis of an objective conclusion about

the matter.

Prior to primary data collection, the researcher will fully engage the relevant authorities at the

Coast including major libraries for a full account on the information available about the

Pokomo, the Orma and the FBOs and especially the CICC. Since most religious

organizations keep records of their actions in the communities, the CICC offices will be a

good starting point on the information about conflict transformation in the region. The

internet will also be a good source of information as a desk search technique regarding the

current phenomenon. The researcher will also have to conduct a transect walk in the villages

so as to get a better picture of the actual situation. Since the CICC occasionally holds conflict

transformation meetings in the region, the researcher will attend such meetings. This

observation will most likely give a clear picture on the importance of the FBOs and their

practices.

21

3.7 Data Collection Tools

A semi-structured questionnaire will be used to collect primary data. This is appropriate

because it allows a participant to provide feedback that is slightly more expansive than a

simple close-ended question, but that is much easier to quantify than a completely open-

ended response. Questionnaires will be preferred because according to Blumberg, Cooper,

and Schindler (2011), they are effective data collection instruments that allow respondents to

give much of their opinions in regard to the research problem (Bryman & Bell, 2003).

The questionnaire will be divided into sections that address the objectives and questions of

the study. Mugenda (2008) observes that administering questionnaires is a popular method

for data collection in most disciplines because of the relative ease and cost effectiveness with

which they are constructed and administered to large samples. Secondary data will be

collected from past published scholarly articles, journals, books and other relevant

authoritative material through desk search techniques.

3.8 Pilot Study

According to Gay, Mills and Airasian (2006), a pilot test is regarded as a trial in which a

small scale of the study is conducted before the actual full scale study with the fundamental

goals of achieving validity and reliability. Pilot testing assists researchers in determining if

there are flaws, limitations, or other weaknesses within the interview design. Also, pilot

testing allows a researcher to make necessary revisions prior to the implementation of the

study (Kvale, 2007). A pilot test is, thus, conducted to detect weaknesses in design and

instrumentation and to provide proxy data for selection of a probability sample (Cooper

&Schindler 2011). In cases where pilot testing reveals questionable levels of reliability and

validity, the instrument will be adjusted appropriately.

3.8.1 Reliability

Reliability is the consistency of measurement, or the degree to which an instrument measures

the same way each time it is used under the same condition with the same subjects. In short, it

is the probability of measurement (Cronbach, 1951). A measure is considered reliable if a

person’s score on the same test given twice is similar. It is important to remember that

reliability is not measured, it is estimated. Reliability does not, however, imply validity

because while a scale may be measuring something consistently, it may not necessarily be

what it is supposed to be measuring.

22

The researcher will use the most common internal consistency measure known as Cronbach’s

alpha (α). It indicates the extent to which a set of test items can be treated as measuring a

single latent variable (Cronbach, 1951). The recommended value of 0.7 will be used as a cut-

off of reliabilities.

3.8.2 Validity

According to Borg and Gall (1996), validity is the degree to which a test measures what it is

intended to measure. Mugenda and Mugenda (2003) define validity as the accuracy and

meaningfulness of inferences, which are based on the research results. There are three types

of validity, these are content-related, criterion-related and construct validity. To enhance

validity of the instrument, a pre-testing (pilot study) will be conducted on a population

similar to the target population. The reasons behind pre-testing is to assess the clarity of the

instrument items so that those items found to be inadequate in measuring the variables will be

either discarded or modified to improve the quality of the research instrument thus increasing

its validity.

Validity of the research will also rely on conducting a pre-test that will ensure the suitability,

clarity and accuracy of the research instruments in place. If some instruments prove not to be

valid, then adjustments, additions and corrections will have to be done to them before starting

the actual research. Since most of the research collection methods will have to be face to face,

the content validity will have to be judged through the correspondents’ behaviors and

answers.

3.9 Data Analysis and Interpretation

Before processing the response data, the completed questionnaires will be edited for

completeness and consistency and then coded. The organised data will be interpreted on

account of concurrence and standard deviation to objectives using the assistance of computer

packages especially the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) and Microsoft Excel

to communicate research findings. Inferential statistics such as ANOVA will be used to

analyze quantitative data with the aid of SPSS. The qualitative data collected will be analyzed

thematically through responses categorization into related themes through content analysis.

The findings will be presented in tables as percentages, means and other measures of central

tendencies.

23

The regression model to be used in the study takes the form below:

Y = β0 +β1X1 + β2X2 + β3X3 + β4X4 + ε

Where;

Y= the dependent variable (Conflict transformation)

β0 = Constant Term

β0, β1, β2, β3, β4 – Are constants regression (Beta) coefficients representing the condition of the

independent variables to the dependent variables.

X1 – Negotiation

X2 – Mediation

X3 – Conciliation

X4 – Arbitration

ε = Error term explaining the variability of conflict transformation as a result of other factors

not accounted for.

In testing the intervening effect of cultural beliefs, we consider a model that proposes that an

independent variable (X) is correlated with a dependent variable (Y) not because it exerts a

direct effect upon the dependent variable, but because it causes changes in an intervening

variable (M), and then the intervening variable - cultural beliefs, causes changes in the

dependent variable.

Using the causal steps approach, the criteria for establishing intervention, are:

X must be correlated with Y.

X must be correlated with M.

M (cultural beliefs) must be correlated with Y, holding constant any direct effect of X (The

four variables – negotiation, mediation, conciliation and arbitration on Y (conflict

transformation as the dependent variable). When the effect of M on Y is removed, X is no

longer correlated with Y (complete intervention) or the correlation between X and Y is

reduced (partial intervention). Each of these four criteria is tested separately in the causal

24

steps method: The first step is to demonstrate that the zero-order correlation between X and Y

(ignoring M) is significant. The second step is to demonstrate that the zero-order correlation

between X and M (ignoring Y) is significant. A multiple regression analysis can then be

conducted, predicting Y from X and M. The partial effect of M (controlling for X) must be

significant. Finally, we look at the direct effect of X on Y. This is the Beta weight for X in

the multiple regression just mentioned. For complete intervention, this Beta must be (not

significantly different from) 0. For partial intervention/mediation, this Beta must be less than

the zero-order correlation of X and Y.

3.10 Ethical Considerations

Ethnic conflicts are very sensitive issues and many people will shy off from giving the real

information about the situations on the ground. This study will ensure that issues concerning

confidentiality, honesty among respondents/participants and data collections are observed

(Turner, 2010). To observe confidentiality, respondents will be protected through non-

disclosure of their identity and from those whose interests conflict with those of the

interviewee (DiCicco-Bloom & Crabtree, 2006).

Moreover, since the respondents may not want their identities disclosed, care will be taken to

guarantee anonymity of the research participants. Honesty among the research participants

will be necessary for the success of this study, hence the researcher will insist on honesty on

the part of all of the respondents. On the academic perspective, the researcher will present

the introduction letter from St Paul’s University to assure the respondents of the academic

nature of the study.

The researcher will also have to acquire all the legal requirements to engage in the research

and also make prior arrangements or appointments with the respondents beforehand

regarding the nature and objective of the study. Most of the respondents, like the IDPs, have

their lives affected greatly by the conflicts and will therefore need to be approached in a

professional manner.

25

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APPENDICES

Appendix I: Introduction Letter to Respondents


P.O Box 43,

Nyahururu, Kenya.

Dear Respondents,

RE: DATA COLLECTION BY MESHACK WAWERU NDERITU - LMR/MDS/1614/15

My name is Meshack Nderitu, a Masters student at St. Paul University. I am undertaking a

research project on “the role played by the Coast Inter-Faith Council of Clerics in

conflict transformation among the Pokomo and the Orma in Tana Delta during the

2012-2013 clashes.” This letter is to humbly request you to respond to the questions in the

attached questionnaire to enable me carry out this research. This is an academic exercise and

you are assured of anonymity and confidentiality. Thank you very much in advance for your

willingness to generously contribute to this research.

Yours truly,


LMR/MDS/1614/15

30

Appendix II: Structured QuestionnaireInstructions:

Please read each question carefully. Kindly answer all the questions by ticking or filling in the spaces provided. All responses given will be treated with utmost confidentiality.

Part A: Bio-Data

1) Kindly indicate your gender

Male [ ] Female [ ]

2) Kindly indicate your age

Below 20 years [ ] 21-25 years [ ] 26- 30yrs [ ]30-35 yrs [ ] 36- 40 years [ ] 40- 50 years [ ]Above 50 years [ ]

3) No of years worked in the enterprise

Below One Yr [ ] 1- 2 Yrs [ ] 2-4 Yrs [ ]4-6 Yrs [ ] 6- 10 Yrs [ ] 10 -15 Yrs [ ] Above 15 Yrs [ ]

4) What is the total number of employees in your department: Please tick one

Less than 50 [ ] 50 – 100 [ ] Above 100 [ ]

Part B: Study variables

Negotiation

5) Please indicate the extent to which negotiation influences conflict transformation by

ticking in the space provided.

[ ] Not at all [ ] Small extent, [ ] Moderate extent[ ] Large extent [ ] Very large extent

31

Please indicate in the spaces provided, the extent to which you agree with the following

statements relating to negotiation by the CICC as an approach by CICC in conflict


Statements

6) What is your negotiation based on?

Interest-basedRights based Power based

7) What is your level of experience as in conflict negotiation?

1 year 2 years 3 years 4 years5 years

8) How many conflicts have you negotiated before and succeeded?

0 1 2 3Over 3

Mediation

9) Please indicate the extent to which mediation as an approach by CICC influences conflict

transformation among the Pokomo and the Orma in Tana Delta.


Please indicate in the spaces provided, your agreement with the following negotiation

statements relating to their influence on conflict transformation among the Pokomo and the

Orma in Tana Delta.

Statements10) Are there assisted negotiations when

conducting conflict negotiation?No Yes

11) To what extent does the negotiation involve dialogue efforts

Not at all

Small extent

Moderate extent

Large extent

Very large extent

12) How often does the does the negotiation involve forged agreements

Never Once Hardly Often Very often

13) To what extent is the external Not at Small Moderate Large Very

32

environment supportive during negotiation?

all extent extent extentlarge extent

14) In your own opinion, how else does negotiation influence conflict transformation among


------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Conciliation

15) Please indicate the extent to which conciliation as an approach by CICC influences

conflict transformation among the Pokomo and the Orma in Tana Delta.


Please indicate in the spaces provided, your agreement with the following conciliation


Orma in Tana Delta.

Statements16) Does the CICC have the trust

of the negotiating Parties?No Yes

17) To what extent does conciliation by CICC examine all aspects of the conflict in depth?

Not at all

Small extent

Moderate extent

Large extent

Very large extent

18) To what extent is the conciliation neutral and impartial

Not at all

Small extent

Moderate extent

Large extent

Very large extent

19) In your own opinion, how else does conciliation influence conflict transformation among


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Arbitration

20) Please indicate the extent to which arbitration as an approach by CICC influences conflict

transformation among the Pokomo and the Orma in Tana Delta.


Please indicate in the spaces provided, your agreement with the following arbitration


Orma in Tana Delta.

Statements21) Does your arbitration between the

conflicting communities flexible enough?

No Yes

22) To what extent is arbitration cost effective in conflict transformation among the two communities?

Not at all

Small extent

Moderate extent

Large extent

Very large extent

23) To what extent is the arbitration speedy in conflict transformation?

Not at all

Small extent

Moderate extent

Large extent

Very large extent

24) In your own opinion, how else does arbitration influence conflict transformation among


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Appendix III: The BudgetItem AmountStationary

Plain papers 8000

Ballpoint pens 1500

Folders 2000

Stapler 300

Staple pins 500

Paper punch 300

SUBTOTAL 12600

Services and equipment

Computer desktop 45000

Literature search and review 30000

Typing& printing proposal 15000

Typing &printing report 5000

Photocopying questionnaires 5000

Photocopying report 2000

Binding research proposal 2000

Binding report 1000

Miscellaneous 5000

TOTAL 122, 600

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Appendix IV: Work Plan

Years PeriodDescription of Activity Week 1 Week

2Week 3

Week 4

Week 5 Week 6 Week

7Week 8

Week 9

Allocation of supervisor

Topic selection & concept paper

Statement of the problem

Literature review

Research Methodology

Corrections from supervisor

Proposal Defense Data Collection Data analysis and Report writing Thesis Defense

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Appendix V: Map of Tana Delta

(Source: Tana River District, 2015)

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Villages affected by violence

(Source: Tana River District Short Rains 2011/2013 Assessment Report)

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meshack waweru nderitu - conflict transformation in tana delta

Documents