mercury
DESCRIPTION
Mercury. Mercury. Mercury. Mercury is always close to the sun!. What is being shown here?. The sun looks bigger from Mercury than from Earth. Effective Temperature : An estimate of the surface temperature of a planet, based only on its distance from the sun. Assumptions: - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Mercury](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062422/568139c5550346895da17179/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Mercury
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Mercury
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Mercury
![Page 8: Mercury](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062422/568139c5550346895da17179/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Mercury is always close to the sun!
![Page 9: Mercury](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062422/568139c5550346895da17179/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
What is being shown here?
![Page 10: Mercury](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062422/568139c5550346895da17179/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
The sun looks bigger from Mercury than from Earth
![Page 11: Mercury](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062422/568139c5550346895da17179/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Effective Temperature : An estimate of the surface temperature of a
planet, based only on its distance from the sun
Assumptions:
Energy hitting surface of planet= Energy radiated by planet
Planet has no atmosphere
Planet absorbs all of the light that hits it
![Page 12: Mercury](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062422/568139c5550346895da17179/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Effective Temperature : An estimate of the surface temperature of a
planet, based only on its distance from the sun
Planet Eff. Temp. Actual Surf Temps
Mercury 350° F -333-746° F
Venus 134° F 800-900° F
Earth 44° F 26-80° F
Mars -45° F -190- -10° F
![Page 13: Mercury](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062422/568139c5550346895da17179/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
What’s going on? Why is Mercury not uniformly hot?
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Does Mercury have seasons like on Earth?
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Winter on Earth Summer on Earth Any time on Earth!
![Page 16: Mercury](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062422/568139c5550346895da17179/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
One of these is a circle. One is Earth’s (elliptical) orbit.
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Does Mercury have seasons like on Earth?
![Page 18: Mercury](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062422/568139c5550346895da17179/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Does Mercury have seasons like on Earth?
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Mercury’s orbital path around the sun
Mercury’s orbit has a higher eccentricity.Perihelion=closest approachAphelion=farthest distance
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What is being shown here?
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The Sun from Mercury at perihelion and aphelion
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Orbital period:?
Rotation period: ?
Mercury has a 2:3 resonance between its spin and orbital periods. So every time Mercury goes ~2/3 of the way around the sun, it has rotated once.
For Earth:
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Mercury has a 2:3 resonance between its spin and orbital periods. So every time Mercury goes ~2/3 of the way around the sun, it has rotated once.
Orbital period: 365 days
Rotation period: 1 day
For Earth:
![Page 24: Mercury](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062422/568139c5550346895da17179/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Orbital period: 88 Earth days
Rotation period: 59 Earth days
Mercury has a 2:3 resonance between its spin and orbital periods. So every time Mercury goes ~2/3 of the way around the sun, it has rotated once.
Orbital period: 365 days
Rotation period: 1 day
For Earth: For Mercury:
![Page 25: Mercury](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062422/568139c5550346895da17179/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Orbital period: 88 Earth days
Rotation period: 59 Earth days
Mercury has a 2:3 resonance between its spin and orbital periods. So every time Mercury goes ~2/3 of the way around the sun, it has rotated once.
Orbital period: 365 days
Rotation period: 1 day
For Earth: For Mercury:
Orbital period: 1 1/2 Mercury days
Rotation period: 1 Mercury day
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Class Action: Terrestrial planets: Length of Mercury night
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Messenger Animation: A day on Mercury
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Also, the poles on Mercury never see sunlight!
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Images of north polar region colored by amount of sunlight received
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Summary of Mercury’s orbital characteristics:
-Mercury is much closer to the sun than Earth
-Mercury’s tilt is very low, so it does not have seasons caused by the tilt
-Its rotation period is almost equal to its orbital period, so there are long days, long nights
-Mercury’s orbit is eccentric so the sun changes size throughout the year
-Both the long days/long nights and eccentricity cause extreme temperature swings
-The poles of Mercury never see sunlight and can be very cold, so different parts of the surface of Mercury can be different temperatures
![Page 31: Mercury](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062422/568139c5550346895da17179/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Now let’s talk about Mercury’s interior and its geology
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Density is a measure of compactness.
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Density is a measure of compactness.
![Page 34: Mercury](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062422/568139c5550346895da17179/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
The density of rock is ~2.5 g/cm3. The density of iron is ~8 g/cm3. The density of terrestrial planets is ~5 g/cm3. Given this information, what are terrestrial planets most likely made of?
rock
Iron meteorite
(A) Rock
(B) Iron
(C) Both rock and iron
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Mercury is small, and composed largely of iron.
Mercury
Earth
1800 km2400 km
![Page 36: Mercury](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062422/568139c5550346895da17179/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
How did Mercury get this dense?
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How did Mercury get this dense?Two ideas:
Heat from the early sun vaporized many of the rocky materials when Mercury was forming.
A giant impact stripped off the original crust and mantle.
Really, no one knows.
How might you test these hypotheses?
![Page 38: Mercury](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062422/568139c5550346895da17179/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Does Mercury have an atmosphere?
Sort of. Hydrogen, Helium, Oxygen, Sodium, Potassium and Calcium have been detected.
But atmospheric pressures are very low
Why is this?
![Page 39: Mercury](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062422/568139c5550346895da17179/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
What is Mercury’s surface like?Mariner 10 (c. 1974) was the first and only spacecraft to visit Mercury before 2008.
Mariner 10 was a fly-by mission (it did not orbit the planet). Why do you think this is?
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• Heavily cratered terrain
• Intercrater plains• The Caloris Basin• Antipodal terrain• Scarps
Mercury’s main geological features:
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![Page 42: Mercury](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062422/568139c5550346895da17179/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Heavily cratered highlands and intercrater plains
What caused the intercrater plains?
![Page 43: Mercury](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062422/568139c5550346895da17179/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
The Caloris Basin
![Page 44: Mercury](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062422/568139c5550346895da17179/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Caloris Antipode
![Page 45: Mercury](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062422/568139c5550346895da17179/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Scarps and Ridges
These scarps are fault scarps.
What caused them?
![Page 46: Mercury](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062422/568139c5550346895da17179/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Here is a fault scarp on the Earth (in Idaho)
http://skywalker.cochise.edu/wellerr/pglnx/chapter17x.htm
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Ice on Mercury??
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Messenger mission to Mercury.Launched in 2004.
Now orbiting Mercury!• Why is Mercury so dense?• What is the geologic history of
Mercury?• What is the structure of
Mercury's core?• What is the nature of Mercury's
magnetic field?• What are the unusual materials
at Mercury's poles?• What volatiles are important
at Mercury?
![Page 49: Mercury](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062422/568139c5550346895da17179/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
The Caloris Basin
![Page 50: Mercury](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062422/568139c5550346895da17179/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
The Caloris Basin
(a false color image)
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The Caloris Antipode
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Strange “blue hollows” on Mercury represent never-before-seen minerals
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Images of north polar region shows very reflective materials in shadowed regions (like craters)
![Page 54: Mercury](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062422/568139c5550346895da17179/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
Images of north polar region shows very reflective materials in shadowed regions (like craters)
![Page 55: Mercury](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062422/568139c5550346895da17179/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
The highest-resolution radar image of Mercury's south polar region made from the Arecibo Observatory (Harmon et al., Icarus, 211, 37-50, 2011) is shown in white on MESSENGER orbital images colorized by the faction of time the surface is illuminated. (Text: Marc Boucher)
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Crater counting lecture tutorial
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Why did Mercury end up in this state?
Planets like to be in ‘synchronous’ rotation because of tides. The closer a planet is to the sun, the stronger the tides.
in synchronous rotationdir. of orbital motion
rotating faster than synchronous
rotating slower than synchronous
dir. of orbital motion
dir. of orbital motion
Forces
Forces
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Why did Mercury end up in this state?Mercury’s orbit is eccentric.
During which part of an orbit is the tidal force greatest? At this point of the orbit, does the planet move slower or faster than average?
To keep its bulges aligned while near this point, will it need to rotate faster or slower?
(For many years, scientists assumed Mercury was in synchronous rotation!)