Mental Retardation Mental Retardation or General Learning or General Learning

DisabilityDisability

Psychology 001Psychology 001

Mental Retardation Mental Retardation

• disorder appearing before disorder appearing before adulthood, characterized by adulthood, characterized by significantly impaired cognitive significantly impaired cognitive functioning and deficits in two or functioning and deficits in two or more adaptive behaviormore adaptive behavior

• historically been defined as an historically been defined as an intelligence quotient score under 70 intelligence quotient score under 70

Adaptive BehaviorAdaptive Behavior

• Daily living skills Daily living skills • Communications / Mental abilityCommunications / Mental ability• Social skillsSocial skills

Adaptive BehaviorAdaptive Behavior

Unconstructive / Disruptive behaviorUnconstructive / Disruptive behavior

Constructive Behavior

Alfred BinetAlfred Binet

Standford-Binet Intelligence TestStandford-Binet Intelligence Test

Intelligence Test

Bell Curve Bell Curve

Scale of Human Scale of Human IntelligenceIntelligence

145Genius145Genius130 - 144Superior130 - 144Superior120 - 129Bright or Smart120 - 129Bright or Smart110 - 119High Average110 - 119High Average90-109Average or Normal90-109Average or Normal80 - 89Low Average80 - 89Low Average70 – 79Borderline Impaired (Delayed)70 – 79Borderline Impaired (Delayed)55 - 69Mildly Impaired55 - 69Mildly Impaired40 - 54Moderately Impaired 40 - 54Moderately Impaired Below 20 Severe Mental Retardation Below 20 Severe Mental Retardation

(Profound)(Profound)

Signs & SymptomsSigns & Symptoms

• Delays in oral language developmentDelays in oral language development• Deficits in memory skillsDeficits in memory skills• Difficulty learning social rulesDifficulty learning social rules• Difficulty with problem solving skillsDifficulty with problem solving skills• Delays in the development of Delays in the development of

adaptive behaviors such as self-help adaptive behaviors such as self-help or self-care skillsor self-care skills

• Lack of social inhibitors Lack of social inhibitors

Diagnostic Criteria for Diagnostic Criteria for Mental Retardation (DSM Mental Retardation (DSM

IV-TR)IV-TR)• Significantly subaverage intellectual Significantly subaverage intellectual

functioningfunctioning• an IQ of approximately 70 or below an IQ of approximately 70 or below

on an individually administered IQ on an individually administered IQ test. test.

Diagnostic Criteria for Diagnostic Criteria for Mental Retardation (DSM Mental Retardation (DSM

IV-TR)IV-TR)• Concurrent deficits or impairments in Concurrent deficits or impairments in

present adaptive functioningpresent adaptive functioning• Effectiveness in meeting the standards Effectiveness in meeting the standards

expected for his or her age by his or her expected for his or her age by his or her cultural groupcultural group

• Communication, self-care, home living, Communication, self-care, home living, social/interpersonal skills, use of social/interpersonal skills, use of community resources, self-direction, community resources, self-direction, functional academic skills, work, leisure, functional academic skills, work, leisure, health and safetyhealth and safety

Diagnostic Criteria for Diagnostic Criteria for Mental Retardation (DSM Mental Retardation (DSM

IV-TR)IV-TR)• Onset is before age 18 yearsOnset is before age 18 years

Degree of Intellectual Degree of Intellectual Impairment (DSM IV-TR)Impairment (DSM IV-TR)

• Mild mental Mild mental retardationretardation

• IQ level 50-55 to IQ level 50-55 to approximately 70approximately 70

• Moderate mental Moderate mental retardationretardation

• IQ level 35-40 to IQ level 35-40 to 50-5550-55

Degree of Intellectual Degree of Intellectual Impairment (DSM IV-TR)Impairment (DSM IV-TR)

• Severe mental Severe mental retardationretardation

• IQ level 20-25 to IQ level 20-25 to 35-4035-40

• Profound mental Profound mental retardationretardation

• IQ level below 20 IQ level below 20 or 25or 25

Common Genetic DisordersCommon Genetic Disorders

• Fragile X SyndromeFragile X Syndrome• Down SyndromeDown Syndrome• Klinefelter SyndromeKlinefelter Syndrome• Phenylketonuria SyndromePhenylketonuria Syndrome• William SyndromeWilliam Syndrome

Fragile X SyndromeFragile X Syndrome

• most widespread most widespread single-gene cause single-gene cause of autism and of autism and inherited cause of inherited cause of mental retardation mental retardation among boys among boys

Signs & SymptomsSigns & Symptoms

• elongated face, elongated face, • large or protruding large or protruding

ears, flat feet, ears, flat feet, • larger testes andlarger testes and• low muscle tonelow muscle tone

AutismAutism

• is a disorder of neural is a disorder of neural development development characterized by characterized by impaired social impaired social interaction and interaction and verbal and non-verbal verbal and non-verbal communication, and communication, and by restricted, by restricted, repetitive or repetitive or stereotyped behavior stereotyped behavior

Autism – Diagnostic Autism – Diagnostic CriteriaCriteria

• symptoms become symptoms become apparent before a apparent before a child is three years child is three years old old

Autism – BehaviorAutism – Behavior

• Stereotype – repetitive movement Stereotype – repetitive movement e.g. hand flapping, head rolling, or e.g. hand flapping, head rolling, or body rocking.body rocking.

• Compulsive behavior – intended and Compulsive behavior – intended and appears to follow rules e.g. appears to follow rules e.g. arranging objects in stacks or line.arranging objects in stacks or line.

Autism – BehaviorAutism – Behavior

• Sameness – resistance to changeSameness – resistance to change• Ritualistic behavior – unvarying Ritualistic behavior – unvarying

pattern of daily activities, e.g. menu pattern of daily activities, e.g. menu or dressing ritualor dressing ritual

• Restricted behavior – limited in focus, Restricted behavior – limited in focus, interest, or activity, e.g. interest, or activity, e.g. preoccupationpreoccupation

• Self-injury – movements that injure or Self-injury – movements that injure or can injure self. can injure self.

Klinefelter SyndromeKlinefelter Syndrome

• 47,XXY47,XXY or or XXY syndromeXXY syndrome • at least one extra X chromosome to a at least one extra X chromosome to a

standard human male karyotype, for standard human male karyotype, for a total of 47 chromosomes rather a total of 47 chromosomes rather than the 46 found in genetically than the 46 found in genetically normal humans. normal humans.

• individuals with the condition are individuals with the condition are usually referred to as "XXY males", or usually referred to as "XXY males", or "47,XXY males" "47,XXY males"

Klinefelter SyndromeKlinefelter Syndrome

• EffectsEffects• HypogonadismHypogonadism• diminished functional activity of the diminished functional activity of the

gonads – the testes and ovaries in gonads – the testes and ovaries in males and females males and females

• Reduced FertilityReduced Fertility

William SyndromeWilliam Syndrome

• Neurodevelopmental disorder is an Neurodevelopmental disorder is an impairment of the growth and impairment of the growth and development of the brain or central development of the brain or central nervous systemnervous system

CharacteristicsCharacteristics

• distinctive, "elfin" facial appearancedistinctive, "elfin" facial appearance• with a low nasal bridge with a low nasal bridge • an unusually cheerful demeanor an unusually cheerful demeanor • ease with strangers ease with strangers

PhenylketonuriaPhenylketonuria

• metabolic genetic disordermetabolic genetic disorder• Phe buildup hinders the Phe buildup hinders the

development of the brain, causing development of the brain, causing mental retardationmental retardation

PhenylketonuriaPhenylketonuria

Down SyndromeDown Syndrome

• most common most common chromosome chromosome abnormality # 21abnormality # 21

• delay in cognitive delay in cognitive abilityability

• delay in physical delay in physical growthgrowth

• particular set of particular set of facial facial characteristics characteristics

Down SyndromeDown Syndrome

• large proportion of large proportion of individuals with individuals with Down syndrome Down syndrome have a severe have a severe degree of degree of intellectual intellectual disability disability