menarid: groundwater economics
TRANSCRIPT
Final Learning Workshop for GEF MENARID Project
June 16-18, 2014– Beirut, Lebanon
Groundwater economics
[email protected] [email protected]
Prof Lhoussaine Bouchaou, University Ibn Zohr of Agadir, MoroccoPresident of Mroccan Chapter of IAH
Third Learning Workshop for GEF MENARID Project Managers
“Groundwater economics”10- 12 December 2013 – Agadir, Morocco
Main points highlighted and discussed
During
Mrs Lucilla Minelli, UNESCO-IHP, [email protected] Prof Lhoussaine Bouchaou, University of Agadir, [email protected]
Problematic GW water resources Economics:
Scarcity and physical aspects
Level Depletion and quality deterioration (overexploitation under global changes and human pressure
Renewability for long term sustainability
Water resources management
Governance and politic aspects (managing people)
Lack of leadership for guardian
Sectors using gw, type of values and drivers
• Irrigated agriculture• Drinking water for livestock• Mining • Manufacturing and other industries• Water Supply• Households• …
Sectors of the economy that use groundwater:
Discussion The central questions to answer are:
• What is the contribution of groundwater to the economy of a country? What is the monetary value that groundwater produces in different sectors?
• How can you raise the importance of groundwater by assigning an economic value to the resource?
• How much drainable groundwater is available in the aquifers?
• How much is the economy depending on groundwater? If there was no more/less groundwater (especially in arid regions) –
• what would be the cost of alternative sources of water supply (desalination, waste water treatment and reuse, import of water?)
• How the groundwater resources will develop under the pressure of global change?
• Which management or economic options can be derived?
• How to convince the users?• Shifting to new irrigation techniques (supporting
costs…)• Participative approaches (Aquifer contract,
cooperative…successful….)• Valuing GW as product for livelihoods,
socioeconomic, • What’s strategy at the international, national and
local scale?
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020Année
m3/hab/an
PE
NU
RIE
ST
RE
SS
Maroc
Souss-Massa
Water ressources in the world
Note: Les ressources renouvelables correspond à la quantité maximale estimée d’eau disponible pour un pays dans une année moyenne (sur une période de référence longue) Source: Nations Unies (Rapport Mondial sur l’Eau, 2006), Aquastat, www.fao.org (Max: >1 Mm³ / yr)
Many countries in MENA region are less thanThreshold of water scarcity of 1000
m3/capita/yr
Available renewable water resources(m³/capita/yr)0 10.000 12.500 15.000 17.500 20.000 22.5002.500 25.000 27.500 30.000 32.5005.000 7.500
Maroc (730)
Tunisie
Mauritanie (fleuve Sénégal)
Turquie (2 967)
Algérie
EgypteLiban
Russie(30 299)
Jordanie
society
economic development
environment
water
scientific and Governmental authorities– biogeography and evolutionary interest- Provide important environment infos
Activities that imply the extraction of water: tourism, agriculture, mining….
INTEGRATED MANAGEMENT BY THE DIFFERENT SECTORS
Expected achievements: Agreements on the equitable use of water Avoid desertification and degradation of soils - Improvements of irrigation systems Avoid rural exodus – Prevision of new economic alternatives New technologies for a sustainable use of water
Valuing groundwater• Globally, water issues have always been economic issues. • Groundwater Economics explore the application of
economic evaluation and cost/benefit analysis for the use, protection, remediation and conservation of groundwater, considering the major economic uses of and demand for groundwater, ecosystem context, groundwater policy and decisions, and groundwater sustainability.
• It requires a multi-disciplinary approach that takes into
account the many interdependencies between groundwater and food, environment, energy, development,…
There are four key drivers of the value of groundwater:
•SCARCITY: The price for water generally reflects the physical costs to supply the water (such as piping infrastructure and treatment plants) and not the actual value of the water itself. When water is scarce, people will tend to value it more highly. •COST OF ALTERNATIVE WATER RESOURCES: The value of groundwater will be significantly influenced by the availability of alternative water sources and associated costs. •QUALITY: The value of groundwater will also depend on its quality, especially in terms of salinity levels and pollutant concentration. Different users will place different values on groundwater quality. •RELIABILITY: In comparison to surface water, which is generally dependent on short term rainfall, groundwater is less influenced by short term climatic variability than surface water systems and consequently provides a useful ‘buffer’ in times of reduced surface water allocations.
Drivers of value
GROUNDWATER GROUNDWATER
for life and livelihoodsfor life and livelihoods• enormous social benefits from
use in urban and rural water-supply
• many countries now have large groundwater-dependent economies
GROUNDWATER VITAL FOR FOOD PRODUCTION irrigated agriculture – the major user and consumeragriculture – the major user and consumer
• farmer control, drought reliability, sediment farmer control, drought reliability, sediment freefree• critical to improving rural livelihoods at critical to improving rural livelihoods at subsistence level subsistence level • in commercial agriculture its use generates in commercial agriculture its use generates more crops and jobs per drop than surface more crops and jobs per drop than surface water water (given market for high-value produce)(given market for high-value produce)
AQUIFER DEPLETION AQUIFER DEPLETION social and environmental costs of social and environmental costs of
accelerated and uncontrolled developmentaccelerated and uncontrolled development
phreatophytic vegetation stress aquifer compaction transmissivity reduction
pumping lifts/costs increase borehole yield reduction springflow/baseflow reduction
REVERSIBLEINTERFERENCE
saline water intrusion ingress of polluted water land subsidence and related impacts
IRREVERSIBLEDETERIORATION
GROUNDWATER AND THE ENVIRONMENT GROUNDWATER AND THE ENVIRONMENT
a vital role in creating/sustaining ecosystemsa vital role in creating/sustaining ecosystems
AQUIFER DEGRADATIONAQUIFER DEGRADATIONthe root causesthe root causes
• resource governance has not kept pace with resource development (government agencies have focused more on development than management )
• low public and political awareness :– many still regard groundwater as an
unlimited and uncoupled resource– lack of appreciation of critical linkages
with ‘surface environment’ and land-use practices
AA PRESSING NEED proactive groundwater management
INTEGRATED WATER MANAGEMENTthe general wisdom
• multi-disciplinary approach (managing people)– socio-economic, legal and institutional– (as well as) technical and environmental
• cross-sectorial vision (macro and micro level)– urban infrastructure design and operation– agriculture cropping policy and practice
GROUNDWATER RESOURCE GOVERNANCE GROUNDWATER RESOURCE GOVERNANCE & PRACTICAL MANAGEMENT& PRACTICAL MANAGEMENT
harmonising ‘bottom-up’ and ‘top-down’harmonising ‘bottom-up’ and ‘top-down’
EconomicInstruments
Strategic Level
Local Level
Demand/Suppl
y Interventions
- enabling legal/institutional framework for local action - complementary national policy for water, food, energy
- role of local government- stakeholder participation - groundwater use rights, etc
GROUNDWATER MANAGEMENT GROUNDWATER MANAGEMENT INTERVENTIONSINTERVENTIONS
supply-side versus demand-side
BENEFITS OF IMPROVED IRRIGATION METHODSon real water-saving and energy conservation
engineering, agronomic and operational measures
GROUNDWATER RESOURCE SAVINGSGROUNDWATER RESOURCE SAVINGSkey issues for agricultural sustainability
• improving irrigation efficiency alone does not necessarily mean real resource savings (and can result in the reverse)
• need to constrain irrigated area and reduce groundwater allocations
• crop changes can also be very effective for groundwater savings (and in some cases increasing water productivity)
GROUNDWATER MANAGEMENT GROUNDWATER MANAGEMENT some special cases
• Non-Renewable Groundwater Resources
• Conjunctive Use with Surface Water• Groundwater in the Urban
Environment
some special cases
Renewable / Non-renewable groundwater
GROUNDWATER MANAGEMENT GROUNDWATER MANAGEMENT some special cases
• Non-Renewable Groundwater Resources
• Conjunctive Use with Surface Water• Groundwater in the Urban
Environment
Understanding groundwater
NnnmmmmmmmnGroundwater and surface water are
inextricably related through the hydrologic (or water) cycle. Extracting groundwater can impact surface water resources and vice versa.
Historically, groundwater and surface water have been treated as separate entities.However, in times of drought and water scarcity, understanding and managing theinterconnection between groundwater and surface water has become more important
Conceptual model
GROUNDWATER MANAGEMENT GROUNDWATER MANAGEMENT some special cases
• Non-Renewable Groundwater Resources
• Conjunctive Use with Surface Water• Groundwater in the Urban
Environment
GROUNDWATER AND THE CITY-an intimate but often unrecognised relationship
GENERIC LESSON 2
‘top-down’ and ‘bottom-up’ approaches must be reconciled to achieve effective groundwater management
unrealistic to provide a ‘simple blueprint’ for groundwater management because of wide hydrogeologic, socioeconomic and institutional diversity
GENERIC LESSON 1
GENERIC LESSON 3
a local government agency having the legal mandate and political backing to act as ‘groundwater guardian’ is critical to successful groundwater management
GENERIC LESSON 4
to mobilise effectively it is essential to have a systematic database of groundwater users, their use patterns and economic characteristics
GENERIC LESSON 5
establishment of groundwater abstraction rights is important for mobilising user participation in resource management and eventually for resource reallocation
GENERIC LESSON 6
abstraction charging is an important demand management tool but a transparent and acceptable basis for determining use is an essential basis for effective implementation
‘demand-side interventions’ will generally make a bigger contribution than ‘supply-side interventions’ to stabilising the groundwater resource balance
GENERIC LESSON 7
GENERIC LESSON 8
in demand management it is essential to focus on ‘real water-resource savings’ and not just on increased water-use efficiency
For example: inequity in For example: inequity in accessing irrigation water accessing irrigation water
Agricultural water usesAgricultural water uses
Management mode
Level of training of managers Low level of training of managers: 77% of managers have no technical training.
Technical supervision 44% of farms do not benefit from coaching
Choice of the crops 17% of farmers opting for a given culture because their expertise
Staff responsible for irrigation
80% of irrigation managers and other workers are ignoring the basics of rational irrigation management
Irrigation control Low adoption of irrigation management (23%)
Controlling irrigation is absent or weakly practiced for the crops using more water (alfalfa and banana) or occupying large areas other than citrus (cereals, maize, potato)
DIAGNOSTIC
Fist action plan
Creation of ABH
Current situation
Gestion de la demande et maîtrise de la recharge et de la ressource disponible
Possible strategies Possible strategies
World Bank, GW-Mate, 2010
time
Average yearly input
average yearly deficit
Past Current state
future Situation 2035
Objective of the new governance schemes : The necessity to reach a new balance Demand/supply
Equilibrium point
When ?
Controlling demand
Mobilizing new resources
tendency
Scenario tendency
time
Annual average demand of water By type : Drinking, irrigation, industry By source : GW, SW By region
Annual contribution by type : recharge, SW..
Déficit moyen annuel
past CurrentSituation
futur Situation 2035
By mean of different solutions…
Quand ?
Rotation crops
Surfaces
IrrigationSystems
lose
other 1
other n…
managementNew damsRecharge
WastewaterDesalinizationTransferts…
Economical Deficit
–Low correlations beteween irrigated areas of a crop and TO generated
–Vegetables generate 46% of turn over and use only 13% of irrigated area
% Area % Area
22 27
192
16
3
13
46
1043 3
17 15
Irrigated areas
Turn over
Citrus (5 Dh/m3)
Cereals (2,5 Dhs/m3)
Olives (2 Dhs/m3)
Vegetables (20dh/m3)
Forages (4 Dh/m3)
Bananas (3 Dh/m3)
Other
100 % = 5,9 Mds DH133'000 ha
Inefficient crops % Production % Production
Socio-economic impacts of the overexploitation of groundwater
Scénarios
Pumping overcost
(Mdhs)
Abandoned irrigated lands Equivalent employment
lossesNumber Hectares
"Business as usual" 340 1590 20790 7 930
Conversion to micro irrigation
273 1340 12520 6 680
Safeguard scenario 114 1050 10230 5 255
Revenues and employment
Displacement of agricultural activities
•Toward other area within Souss basin •Towards other basins
شكرا اهتمامكموتتبعكم على
بالموضوعMERCI
Thanks for your Attention
Who is the decision maker? What volumes?
Who are the users? What use and where?
Water Crisis = Gouvernance Crisis
How to move from conflict towards partnership status?
Groundwater economics and governance
Photo: Moncef Ibnoussina ucam