meljun cortes computer organization_lecture_chapter12_operating_system

Chapter 12Understanding Operating

System

MELJUN CORTESMELJUN CORTES

© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved

OverviewIn this chapter, you will learn to

Identify and explain the basic functions and features of an operating system

Install and upgrade Windows 2000 and Windows XP

Troubleshoot installation problems

Functions of the Operating System

Historical/Conceptual


Functions of an Operating SystemCommunicate with hardware

Provide a user interface

Provide a structure for access to applications

Enable users to manipulate programs and data


Operating System TraitsAn OS works only with a particular type of

processorAn OS begins running as soon as the PC

finishes its POSTApplication programs cannot run on a PC

without an OSPrograms use APIs (application programming

interfaces)

Flexible—allows use of new software and hardware


Operating System TraitsDifferent OSs require different applications

Operating System ApplicationMac OS X Microsoft Office 2004

Windows XP Microsoft Office 2006

Linux OpenOffice


Communicating with HardwareBIOS includes code that tells the computer

how to talk to basic hardwareThe OS works with BIOS to talk to these devices

When BIOS does not know how to talk to a piece of hardware, the OS talks directly to the deviceMost OSs use device drivers provided by the

manufacturer (Bring Your Own BIOS) to interpret the language necessary to talk to a new device

When there’s a problem, the OS should provide error handling or at least error notification


Creating a User InterfaceA user interface needs to

Show what applications are available

Provide an easy way to access applications

Provide a way to label and save the data

Disappear and allow the application to take over the screen

Pick a shoePick an application


Organizing Programs and DataThe OS needs to be able to organize and

manipulate programs and dataProvides name (or label) for each program and

each piece of data

Provides naming system for drives

Allows users to store data and programs in organized fashion

Allows users to manipulate data and programs

EssentialsCompTIA A+Essentials


Operating System InterfacesCommand-line interface

Character-based or text-basedCovered in Chapter 14

Graphical user interface (GUI)Uses icons and picturesUser interacts with OS by pointing and clicking with

mouse


Today’s Operating SystemsOverview

Microsoft Windows

Apple Macintosh

UNIX

Linux


Microsoft WindowsCorporate Users• Windows NT 3.1• Windows NT 4.0• Windows 2000• Windows XP Pro

• Home Users

• Windows 9x• Windows 95• Windows 98• Windows Me

• XP Home• XP Media

• Recently released—Windows Vista– Versions for corporate and home users


General Windows FeaturesFile systems

Corporate used NTFSHome used FAT and FAT32Today both supported, but NTFS used for

security

Plug and PlayAppeared with Windows 95Migrated to corporate side with Windows

2000


Windows NT 4.0, 2000 Pro, XP


Windows XPEnded the Windows 9x product line

Windows XP HomeBasic features for home users

Windows XP ProfessionalAdvanced features include security for corporate

users

Windows XP Media EditionAdvanced features for home users include ability to

watch TV and movies


Windows Server ProductsWindows NT 4.0 Server

Windows 2000 Server

Windows 2003 Server


Apple MacintoshUsed GUI long before WindowsProprietary computers Current OS is OS XMacs now run

on Intel CPUsUses BSD

variant of UNIX


UNIXOldest, most powerful OS

Many current OSs have concepts developed from UNIX

Open source—allows variants of OS


LinuxUNIX-like OS written by Linus Torvalds

Runs on Intel/AMD processors

Free OSSource code also freely availableUses the GNU general public license (GPL)Linux and applications bundled as Linux

distributions (distros)


LinuxDistributions

Fedora Core

Debian

Slackware

Ubuntu

SuSE

Installing and Upgrading Windows


Preparing for Installation or Upgrade1. Identify hardware requirements2. Verify hardware and software compatibility3. Decide: Clean install or upgrade? 4. Back up data5. Select an install method6. Identify partition and file systems to use7. Determine computer’s network role8. Decide on language and locale settings9. Plan for post-installation tasks


Identify Hardware RequirementsCore ResourcesCPURAMFree hard disk space

MiscellaneousVideo adapterDisplayStorage devices


Verify CompatibilityHardware and softwareUse Windows Marketplace (formally known

as Hardware Compatibility List)


Clean Install or UpgradeClean install

Usually done on empty hard diskAll applications must be installed

UpgradeNew OS installs on top of the old oneMany previous settings and capabilities retainedApplications don’t need to be reinstalled

MultibootDoing a clean install side by side with another OSEnables you to boot to more than one OS


Other Installation MethodsWhen deploying many computers,

automated methods used

Image—complete copy of OS and applicationsNorton GhostPowerQuest’s Drive ImageAcronis’s True Image

Remote Installation Services (RIS)


Back Up DataIf data saved to central server, this step

can be skipped

If data exists on local drive, it needs to be backed up

Back up to network server, DVD, USB, hard drive, etc.Will need to restore data from this location

after upgrade or reinstall


Select an Installation MethodTwo basic choices

CD-ROM (A+ focus)

Boot from CD and startinstallation

Over the network (Network+ focus)


Determine Partition & File System

PartitionCreate when drive first created (or use third-

party tools to repartition)If multiboot, use one partition for each OS

File systemUse NTFS whenever possible—security

features are valuableIf older OSs need FAT or FAT32, use FAT or

FAT32 for their partition


MiscellaneousNetwork role

Standalone, workgroup, or domainEnvironment determines choice

Language and locale settingsLanguages and displays can be configured for

different countries

Post-installation tasksInstall service packs, hotfixes, etc.Install updated driversInstall applications


Install or UpgradeText mode

End user license agreement (EULA)Partition hard diskFiles copied to hard disk

Graphical modeEnter product keyRemaining installation completes

Upgrade disks are typically cheaper Require OS to be already installed or separate

disk used to verify upgrade disk can be used


Post-Installation TasksSimilar as required for clean install

Identify installation problems

Install patches, service packs, and updates

Upgrade drivers

Restore user data


Windows 2000 ProfessionalHardware Requirements

Component Minimum RecommendedCPU Pentium 133 MHZ Pentium II 350 MHZMemory 64 MB 128 MBHard Disk 2 GB with 650 MB

free6.4 GB with 2 GB free

Network None Modern NICDisplay VGA resolution SVGA resolution Optical Not required unless

installing from CDNot required unless installing from CD


Install Upgrade XP ProUpgrade pathsWindows 98

Windows XP Pro

Windows Me

Windows NT 4.0SP5 or later

Windows 2000 Pro(including SPs)

Windows XP Home


XP ProfessionalHardware Requirements

Component Minimum RecommendedCPU Intel or AMD 233

MHZIntel or AMD 300 MHZ

Memory 64 MB 256 MBHard Disk 1.5 GB available

hard drive space4 GB available hard drive space

Network None Modern NICDisplay DirectX version 8

800 X 600 resolutionDirectX version 8800 X 600 resolution

Optical Any CD or DVD drive

Any CD or DVD drive


XP Pro Compatibility Upgrade Advisor

First process that runs from setup.exe

Provides list of devices and software known to have issues with XP

Can be run by itself From Microsoft’s Web siteOr winnt32 /checkupgradeonly

On the installation CD or can be downloaded for free


XP InstallationBootable CD-ROM boots into setup

May need to set boot order in BIOS

Registration—optional

ActivationMandatory within 30 daysAnti-piracy mechanismSystem disabled after 30

days if not activatedVia Internet or phone


2000 and XP Upgrade IssuesCan upgrade to 2000 Pro from 95 and 98 but

not Me

Some 9x applications won’t run on 2000 and XP

Third-party disk compression applications not supported on 2000/XP

Third-party power management applications can cause problems with 2000/XP installation


Pre-Upgrade StepsCheck compatibilityBack up data and configuration filesPerform “spring cleaning”Perform disk scan and defragUncompress allPerform virus scan and disable or remove

virus-checking softwareDisable CMOS virus checkingBe prepared to do clean install


2000/XP Clean InstallSteps same for both Start by booting to CD-ROMText mode

Can partition drive in this modeChoose file system (usually NTFS)


2000/XP Clean InstallGraphical mode

Enter product keyGood idea to write this on the CD


2000/XP Clean InstallConfigure computer name and

administrator password

Network settings


Automating the InstallScripted installation

Setup Manager creates answer filesAvailable on CD or can be downloadedCreates answer files for multiple OSsFully automated or partially automated


Automating the InstallDisk cloning problem

Unique security identifier (SID) is not unique if cloned

Solution

GhostWalker or NewSID can be used to create new SID

Sysprep sanitizes many unique settings on a computer such as SID

Troubleshooting Installation Problems


Text Mode ErrorsNo boot device

Either startup disk is bad, or CMOS not set to boot off CD-ROM first

Windows Setup requires X amount of available drive spaceCheck formatting and/or space of C: drive

Not ready error on optical driveCheck the CD-ROM drive and disc

BSODProbably due to hardware incompatibilityCheck KB 165863


Graphical Mode ErrorsHardware detection errors

Could be hardware incompatibilityIf non-critical hardware, find and install

correct drivers

Can’t read CAB filesCheck the CD-ROM for scratchesTry copying i386 files onto hard driveReplace the CD-ROM


Lockups During InstallSmart recovery, repair install

Unplug system and restartWill automatically start where it left off

Optical drive, hard driveTry another disc or another CD-ROM drive

Log files—track progress of installSetuplog.txtSetupapi.log

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