meiosis where babies come from….. movie match same story but different versions copies of those...
TRANSCRIPT
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MeiosisWhere Babies come from….
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Movie Match
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Movie Match
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Same story but different versions
Copies of those versions that are identical to their original
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Code for the same genes but different versions
Copies of those versions that are identical to their original
Homologous Chromosomes
Sister Chromatids
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There are two types of chromosomes found in cells:- autosomes- sex chromosomes
Your body cells have 23 pairs ofchromosomes
- homologous pairs of chromosomes have the same structure- for each homologous pair, one chromosome comes from each parent
Chromosome pairs 1-22 are autosomes.
Sex chromosomes, X and Y, determinegender in mammals.
XX =XY =
femalemale
Bio NOTES: Chromosomes and Meiosis
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HOMOLOGOUS CHROMOSOMES
Image modified by Riedell • SAME SIZE• SAME SHAPE• CARRY GENES for the
SAME TRAITS• BUT ______________! (Don’t have to have
the SAME CHOICES)
http://sps.k12.ar.us/massengale/genetics%20tutorial.htm
NOT IDENTICAL
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Body Cells
- also called somatic cells- body cells are diploid
Diploid (2n) cells – have two copies of every chromosome
- half the chromosomes come from each parent
Gametes
- also known as sex cells (sperm and egg)- gametes have DNA that can be passed to offspring- gametes are haploid
Haploid (n) cells – have one copy of each chromosome
- gametes have 22 autosomes and 1 sex chromosome
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Key Terms • Diploid refers to complete
chromosome sets in a cell (or 2N)– N= the number of chromosomes in
a gamete (sex cell)– N chromosomes from the female
parent + N chromosomes from the male parent= 2N
– For humans, 2N = 46
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Key Terms • Haploid refers to single
chromosomes in a cell (or N)– One-half of the 2N set (the
maternal N or the paternal N)– Gametes (i.e. sperm, egg sex
cells) are haploid cells– For humans, N = 23
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Bottom Line
• diploid means there are the full number of chromosomes in cells
• haploid means that there are half the number of chromosomes in cells
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Mitosis and meiosis are types of nuclear division that make different types of cells.
Mitosis- occurs in somatic cells- makes 2 diploid cells- Produces somatic cells
that are genetically Identical
Meiosis- occurs in sex cells (gametes)- makes 4 haploid cells - produces gametes that are
genetically Unique
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MEIOSIS10-1
Making gametes…
http://waynesword.palomar.edu/lmexer2a.htm
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EGG + SPERM
If egg and sperm had same number of chromosomes as other body cells . . . baby would have too many chromosomes!
http://www.angelbabygifts.com/Image by Riedell Image by Riedell
http://www.acmecompany.com/stock_thumbnails/13217.forty-six_chromosomes.jpg
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MEIOSIS is the way…
to make cells with ½ the number of chromosomesfor sexual reproduction
http://waynesword.palomar.edu/lmexer2a.htm
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Cells go through two rounds of division in meiosis:
Meiosis reduces the chromosome number and creates genetic diversity.
homologous chromosomes
sisterchromatids
sisterchromatids
• Meiosis I and meiosis II each have four phases, similar to those in mitosis• During meiosis I – pairs of homologous chromosomes separate
- homologous chromosomes are similar, but not identical• During meiosis II – sister chromatids divide
- sister chromatids are copies of the same chromosome
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Meiosis I• Meiosis I occurs after DNA has been replicated in interphase• Meiosis I divides homologous chromosomes in four phases: prophase I metaphase I anaphase I telophase I• After cytokinesis, two cells are produced with one homologous chromosome each
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Meiosis II
• Meiosis II divides sister chromatids in four phases: prophase II metaphase II anaphase II telophase II
• DNA is not replicated between meiois I and meiosis II
• After cytokinesis, four new cells are produced, each with half the chromosome number (haploid)
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Stop here day 1
• Option 1• Work on Vocab List
• Option 2• Complete Web quest
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MITOSIS vs MEIOSISINTERPHASE INTERPHASE I
• DNA is spread out as chromatin• Nuclear membrane/
nucleolus visible• DNA is copied during S phase• Makes stuff new cell needs in G2
SAME AS MITOSIS
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/baby/divi_flash.html
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MITOSIS vs MEIOSIS PROPHASE PROPHASE I
• DNA scrunches into chromosomes
• Nuclear membrane/ nucleolus disappear
• Centrioles/spindle fibers appear
DNA scrunches into chromosomesNuclear membrane/ nucleolus disappear Centrioles/spindle fibers appear
Homologous pairs match upCROSSING OVER OCCURS!
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/baby/divi_flash.html
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WHAT MAKES MEIOSIS DIFFERENT?
1. Exchange of DNA betweenhomologous pairs = _____________during PROPHASE I
CROSSING OVER
Allows shuffling of genetic material
http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/Crossover.gif
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Click the image to play the video segment. 11E
Video 5
Crossing Over
SEE CROSSING OVERANIMATION
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CROSSING
OVER
Image modified by Riedell
• Allows for_________________in different combinations
• After crossing over, chromatid arms are________________ anymore
http://sps.k12.ar.us/massengale/genetics%20tutorial.htm
rearranging of DNA
NOT IDENTICAL
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MITOSIS vs MEIOSIS METAPHASE METAPHASE I
• Chromosomes line up in middle
HOMOLOGOUS Chromosomes line up in middle
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/baby/divi_flash.html
.Independent assortment occurs
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METAPHASE I
• Spindle fibers attach to the centromeres
• Homologous Chromosomes Line up at the equator
• chromosome pairs line up randomly in cell
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MITOSIS vs MEIOSIS ANAPHASE ANAPHASE I
APART:Chromatids split
APART:
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/baby/divi_flash.html
Chromatids stay togetherHomologous pairs split
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MITOSIS vs MEIOSIS TELOPHASE TELOPHASE I
See TWO nucleiNuclear membrane/ nucleolus returnDNA spreads out as chromatinSpindle/centrioles disappear
SAME
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/baby/divi_flash.html
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MITOSIS vs MEIOSIS CYTOKINESIS CYTOKINESIS I
Cytoplasm splits
into 2 cells
SAME AS MITOSIS2 Genetically Different Haploid Cells Form
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/baby/divi_flash.html
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MITOSIS vs MEIOSIS INTERPHASE II
• DNA is spread out as chromatin
• Nuclear membrane/ nucleolus visible
• DNA is copied during S phase
SKIP INTERPHASE IIDNA NOT COPIED
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/baby/divi_flash.html
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MITOSIS vs MEIOSIS PROPHASE PROPHASE
II
• DNA scrunches into chromosomes
• Nuclear membrane/nucleolus disappear
• Centrioles/ spindle fibers appear
SAME AS MITOSIS
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/baby/divi_flash.html
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MITOSIS vs MEIOSIS METAPHASE METAPHASE II
• Chromosomes line up in middle
SAME AS MITOSIS
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/baby/divi_flash.html
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MITOSIS vs MEIOSIS ANAPHASE ANAPHASE
II
Sister Chromatids split and move apart
SAME AS MITOSIS
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/baby/divi_flash.html
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MITOSIS vs MEIOSIS TELOPHASE TELOPHASE II
Two nucleiNuclear membrane/
nucleolus returnsCentrioles/spindle fibers
disappearDNA spreads out as chromatin
Same as Mitosis
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/baby/divi_flash.html
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MITOSIS vs MEIOSIS CYTOKINESIS CYTOKINESIS II
Cytoplasm splits
2 diploid Genetically Identical cells
SAME AS MITOSIS4 haploid Genetically unique Cells
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/baby/divi_flash.html
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/baby/divi_flash.html
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Stop Here day 2
• Complete Vocab and SG sheet due by end of class.
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Ways Meiosis is different?• Homologous pairs match up & trade
DNA (&CROSSING OVER) in PROPHASE I• INDEPENDENT ASSORTMENT in metaphase I
creates genetic recombination
• Skipping INTERPHASE II- (Dividing TWICE but copying DNA once)
produces 1n cells
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Sources of Variations and DifferencesCrossing over
Random assortment of chromosomes
Fertilization
• occurs during prophase I• homologous chromosomes swap pieces• this chromosome swapping creates variations
• chromosome pairs line up randomly in cell• when the pairs separate, this creates cells with genetic variations
• which sperm gets to the egg first?? • it is random and can create variations in offspring