• Mediterranean EmpireMediterranean Empire• Mountainous terrain, Coastal plainsMountainous terrain, Coastal plains

– Isolated and ProtectedIsolated and Protected• Mild climate with rainy wintersMild climate with rainy winters• Sea trade was the prevalent occupationSea trade was the prevalent occupation

Background InformationBackground Information

The Geography of Greece

The Geography of Greece

Bronze Age GreeceBronze Age Greece

Crete: Minoan Civilization

(Palace at Knossos)

Crete: Minoan Civilization

(Palace at Knossos)

• Located on CreteLocated on Crete• A.D. 1900: A.D. 1900: Sir Arthur EvansSir Arthur Evans unearthed unearthed

“Minoan” remains“Minoan” remains• King Minos’King Minos’ palace was discovered palace was discovered

– Hallways formed a Hallways formed a labyrinthlabyrinth (maze) (maze)

• Minoan information:Minoan information:– Minoan women had a higher status than othersMinoan women had a higher status than others– Minoans earned a living from the seaMinoans earned a living from the sea– By 2000 B.C. – controlled the Eastern Med. Sea By 2000 B.C. – controlled the Eastern Med. Sea – Civilization peaked @ 1600 B.C.Civilization peaked @ 1600 B.C.– Destroyed by tidal waves or the MycenaeansDestroyed by tidal waves or the Mycenaeans

Knossos: Minoan Civilization

Knossos: Minoan Civilization

Minoan CivilizationMinoan Civilization

The Mycenaean Civilization

The Mycenaean Civilization

• Originated in C. Asia – moved @ 2000 B.COriginated in C. Asia – moved @ 2000 B.C

• Intermarried with the Intermarried with the HellenesHellenes

• Built hilltop fortresses surrounded by wallsBuilt hilltop fortresses surrounded by walls– Served as administrative and business centersServed as administrative and business centers

• Minoans began to trade with the MycenaeansMinoans began to trade with the Mycenaeans– Resulted in Resulted in cultural diffusioncultural diffusion

• 1450s B.C. – conquered the Minoans1450s B.C. – conquered the Minoans

• 1100s B.C. – turmoil led to self-destruction1100s B.C. – turmoil led to self-destruction

• Invaded by the Invaded by the Dorian'sDorian's (the “ (the “Dark AgesDark Ages”)”)– Thousands fled to Ionia (the coast of Asia Minor)Thousands fled to Ionia (the coast of Asia Minor)

Homer: The “Heroic Age”

Homer: The “Heroic Age”

• 750 B.C. – Ionians reintroduced culture, 750 B.C. – Ionians reintroduced culture, crafts, and skills (crafts, and skills (Phoenician alphabetPhoenician alphabet))

• The new civilization flourished between The new civilization flourished between 750-300 B.C.750-300 B.C.

• BardsBards (story-tellers) kept culture alive (story-tellers) kept culture alive• The Greeks began to record epic poems The Greeks began to record epic poems

that had been passed down by bardsthat had been passed down by bards– The OdysseyThe Odyssey and and IliadIliad: taught in Greek : taught in Greek

schoolsschools– Be proud of Greek heritageBe proud of Greek heritage– A love of natureA love of nature– Importance of husband-wife relationshipImportance of husband-wife relationship– Meet fate with dignityMeet fate with dignity

A New Start for Hellenic GreeceA New Start for Hellenic Greece

The Mask of AgamemnonThe Mask of Agamemnon

• Descendants of the Descendants of the MycenaeansMycenaeans (Attica) (Attica)• Named in honor of AthenaNamed in honor of Athena• Forced to reform government in (600s B.C.)Forced to reform government in (600s B.C.)• MeticsMetics – non-enslaved foreigners in Athens – non-enslaved foreigners in Athens• Expanded citizenship to include more menExpanded citizenship to include more men

– 507 B.C – constitution stated that all free 507 B.C – constitution stated that all free Athenian-born men were citizensAthenian-born men were citizens

• Athenian Education:Athenian Education:– Citizens educated their sons (Citizens educated their sons (Odyssey/IliadOdyssey/Iliad))– Studied Math, Art, Music, GymnasticsStudied Math, Art, Music, Gymnastics– Served in the military for 2 years (age 18)Served in the military for 2 years (age 18)

AthensAthens

– DracoDraco: : • 612 B.C.: Issued a code of harsh laws 612 B.C.: Issued a code of harsh laws

((draconiandraconian))

– SolonSolon: : • Cancelled land debtsCancelled land debts• Extended citizenship to foreign artisansExtended citizenship to foreign artisans

– PeisistratusPeisistratus: : • Divided estates among landlessDivided estates among landless

– CleisthenesCleisthenes: : • Est. a democracy for AthensEst. a democracy for Athens• The Assembly increased its’ powerThe Assembly increased its’ power• OstracismOstracism was established was established

Early Athenian Lawgivers

Early Athenian Lawgivers

Persian Wars: 499 BCE – 480 BCE

Persian Wars: 499 BCE – 480 BCE

Persian Wars: Famous BattlesPersian Wars: Famous Battles$ Marathon (490 BCE)

26 miles from Athens

Surprise attack

6400 Persians died to 190 Greeks

$ Thermopylae (480 BCE) 300 Spartans at the Mountain

pass

led by Leonidas

$ Salamis (480 BCE) Athenian navy victorious

Golden “Age of Pericles”:

460 BCE – 429 BCE

Golden “Age of Pericles”:

460 BCE – 429 BCE

• 461-429 B.C: art/science achievements461-429 B.C: art/science achievements• Led by Led by PericlesPericles – rebuilt Athens – rebuilt Athens

– Built the Built the ParthenonParthenon as a temple to Athena as a temple to Athena

• Athenian Daily Life:Athenian Daily Life:– Public buildings were lavishPublic buildings were lavish– Men worked in the morning – afternoon Men worked in the morning – afternoon

activitiesactivities• Exercise, the Assembly, SymposiumsExercise, the Assembly, Symposiums

• Athenian WomenAthenian Women– Stayed close to the home – few privilegesStayed close to the home – few privileges– AspasiaAspasia, a , a meticmetic, gave advice to women, gave advice to women

• Was prosecuted for impiety (disloyalty to the gods)Was prosecuted for impiety (disloyalty to the gods)

The ParthenonThe Parthenon

Great Athenian Philosophers

Great Athenian Philosophers$ Socrates

Know thyself!

question everything (absolute truth)

only the pursuit of goodness brings happiness.

$ Plato The Academy

The Republic philosopher-king

Great Athenian Philosophers

Great Athenian Philosophers$ Aristotle

The Lyceum

“Golden Mean” [everything in moderation].

Logic.

Scientific method.

Athens: The Arts & Sciences

Athens: The Arts & Sciences$ DRAMA (tragedians):

Aeschylus - OresteiaOresteia

Sophocles – Oedipus RexOedipus Rex

Euripides – Trojan WomenTrojan Women

Aristophanes - Aristophanes - ComediesComedies

$ THE SCIENCES: Pythagoras a² + b² = c²

Democritus all matter made up of small atoms.

Hippocrates “Father of Medicine”

• HerodotusHerodotus: “: “The Father of HistoryThe Father of History””– Used the Used the Persian WarsPersian Wars as his subject as his subject– Recorded his discoveries in Recorded his discoveries in HistoriaHistoria

• Offered supernatural explanationsOffered supernatural explanations• Wrote about outstanding Wrote about outstanding

individuals/eventsindividuals/events

• ThucydidesThucydides: first scientific historian: first scientific historian– Wrote about the Wrote about the Peloponnesian WarPeloponnesian War– Was as accurate and impartial as possibleWas as accurate and impartial as possible

• Visited battle sites; firsthand accountsVisited battle sites; firsthand accounts– Believed future generations could learn Believed future generations could learn

from the pastfrom the past

Athens: Greek Historians

Athens: Greek Historians

SPARTASPARTA

• Descendents of the Dorians (Descendents of the Dorians (PeloponnesusPeloponnesus))

• Invaded neighboring city-statesInvaded neighboring city-states– HelotsHelots (slaves) were acquired through invasion(slaves) were acquired through invasion

• PerioecisPerioecis worked for the Spartans worked for the Spartans

• Combined the helots/perioecis outnumbered Combined the helots/perioecis outnumbered the Spartans 20:1the Spartans 20:1– 650 B.C. – helots revolted against their masters650 B.C. – helots revolted against their masters

• Military Society: Military Society: only way to maintain poweronly way to maintain power– Life revolved around the militaryLife revolved around the military– Newborns were examined by officialsNewborns were examined by officials– Began military training at the age of 7Began military training at the age of 7

• Spartan Women:Spartan Women:– Wanted women to be Wanted women to be healthy and stronghealthy and strong– Married laterMarried later than other Greek women than other Greek women– Had Had more freedomsmore freedoms than other women than other women

• Spartan GovernmentSpartan Government– Set up by Set up by LycurgusLycurgus in the 800s B.C. in the 800s B.C.– Two kingsTwo kings ruled jointly; an Assembly passed ruled jointly; an Assembly passed

lawslaws

• Results of Results of MilitarismMilitarism::– Maintained control for 250 yearsMaintained control for 250 years– Lagged behind other city-states in Lagged behind other city-states in

economicallyeconomically– Were exceptional Olympic athletesWere exceptional Olympic athletes– Played key roles in defending Greece against Played key roles in defending Greece against

invaders and prevented invaders and prevented helots helots from revoltfrom revolt

SPARTASPARTA

Helots Messenians enslaved by the Spartans.

• PolytheisticPolytheistic = more than one god = more than one god• Able to approach gods with dignityAble to approach gods with dignity• HumanizedHumanized the Gods the Gods

– Jealous of one anotherJealous of one another– Quarreled and played tricks on each otherQuarreled and played tricks on each other

• Gods lived on Gods lived on Mt. OlympusMt. Olympus• Festivals to honor gods (Festivals to honor gods (Olympic GamesOlympic Games))• Gods and Goddesses (Gods and Goddesses (over 50 total godsover 50 total gods))

– Mythography | Olympians - Greek Gods and Goddesses in Myth and Art

Greek ReligionGreek Religion

OlympiansOlympians  

AphroditeAphrodite (Venus) goddess of love and beauty  (Venus) goddess of love and beauty 

ApolloApollo (Apollo) god of the arts, archery, and divination  (Apollo) god of the arts, archery, and divination 

AresAres (Mars) god of war  (Mars) god of war 

ArtemisArtemis (Diana) goddess of the hunt and protector of children  (Diana) goddess of the hunt and protector of children 

AthenaAthena (Minerva) goddess of wisdom, war, and crafts; patron of Athens  (Minerva) goddess of wisdom, war, and crafts; patron of Athens 

DemeterDemeter (Ceres) goddess of agriculture and fertility  (Ceres) goddess of agriculture and fertility 

DionysosDionysos (Bacchus) god of wine, mysteries, and the theatre  (Bacchus) god of wine, mysteries, and the theatre 

HephaistosHephaistos (Vulcan) god of smiths and metal-workers  (Vulcan) god of smiths and metal-workers 

HeraHera (Juno) goddess of marriage; consort of Zeus  (Juno) goddess of marriage; consort of Zeus 

HermesHermes (Mercury) god of merchants; messenger of Zeus  (Mercury) god of merchants; messenger of Zeus 

PoseidonPoseidon (Neptune) god of the sea and earthquakes  (Neptune) god of the sea and earthquakes 

ZeusZeus (Jupiter) god of the sky; ruler of Olympus  (Jupiter) god of the sky; ruler of Olympus 

• City-state: basic political unit of Hellenic City-state: basic political unit of Hellenic societysociety

• Typical polis (city-state):Typical polis (city-state):– City and surrounding fieldsCity and surrounding fields– Acropolis (center of polis) at the top of a hill Acropolis (center of polis) at the top of a hill – Agora at the bottom of the hill (public square)Agora at the bottom of the hill (public square)– Citizens were native born, landholding, Citizens were native born, landholding,

freemanfreeman– Greek women had no political rightsGreek women had no political rights

Greek PolisGreek Polis

The Acropolis TodayThe Acropolis Today

The AgoraThe Agora

• Greek colonies and TradeGreek colonies and Trade– 700 B.C.E. – not enough crop production700 B.C.E. – not enough crop production

– Colonies were set up in coastal regions (support)Colonies were set up in coastal regions (support)

– Economic Growth: trade throughout the regionEconomic Growth: trade throughout the region• 600s B.C.E – 600s B.C.E – money system replaced barter systemmoney system replaced barter system

• Political and Social ChangePolitical and Social Change– 700s B.C.E – kings lost power to landholding nobles700s B.C.E – kings lost power to landholding nobles

– Aristocrats gave loans to farmersAristocrats gave loans to farmers

– TyrantsTyrants took control due to political unrest took control due to political unrest• Seized power; single-handedly ruledSeized power; single-handedly ruled

– After 500 B.C.E city-states became either:After 500 B.C.E city-states became either:• OligarchyOligarchy (Sparta): ruled by a few wealthy people (Sparta): ruled by a few wealthy people• DemocracyDemocracy (Athens): government by the people (Athens): government by the people

• Greek Art (emphasized the individual)Greek Art (emphasized the individual)– Murals were painted (nonexistent today)Murals were painted (nonexistent today)

– Pottery artifacts (red and black)Pottery artifacts (red and black)

– Scenes from everyday lifeScenes from everyday life

– Sculptors Sculptors • MyronMyron – idealized ( – idealized (Discus ThrowerDiscus Thrower))• PhidiasPhidias – in charge of the Parthenon’s – in charge of the Parthenon’s

sculpturessculptures• PraxitelesPraxiteles – after the “ – after the “Golden AgeGolden Age””

– Favored life-like opposed to idealizedFavored life-like opposed to idealized– Emphasized grace rather than powerEmphasized grace rather than power

The Classical Greek “Ideal”

The Classical Greek “Ideal”

OlympiaOlympia

The Ancient Olympics:

Athletes & Trainers

The Ancient Olympics:

Athletes & Trainers

Peloponnesian WarsPeloponnesian Wars

• Delian LeagueDelian League formed to protect city-states formed to protect city-states– Started by Athens (treasury was at Delos)Started by Athens (treasury was at Delos)

– Athens dominated other city-statesAthens dominated other city-states

• The The Anti-Athens AllianceAnti-Athens Alliance – led by Sparta – led by Sparta

• Spartans Spartans deal with Persiansdeal with Persians– Return Ionia in exchange for a fleet of warshipsReturn Ionia in exchange for a fleet of warships

• 430 B.C.E – 430 B.C.E – plagueplague strikes Athens strikes Athens

• Athenian Athenian allies switch sidesallies switch sides

• 404 B.C.E – Athens surrendered to Sparta404 B.C.E – Athens surrendered to Sparta

• Effects of the WarEffects of the War– Decline in population & rise in unemploymentDecline in population & rise in unemployment– 371 B.C.E an alliance led by Thebes overthrew the 371 B.C.E an alliance led by Thebes overthrew the

SpartansSpartans– 350s B.C.E Greeks were defeated by the 350s B.C.E Greeks were defeated by the MacedoniansMacedonians

Macedonia Under Philip II

Macedonia Under Philip II

Alexander the Great

Alexander the Great

• Tutored by Tutored by AristotleAristotle• Imperial Goals:Imperial Goals:

– Punish PersiaPunish Persia for its invasion of Greece for its invasion of Greece– Unite AsiaUnite Asia and Europe and combine cultures and Europe and combine cultures

• 334 B.C.E – led 35,000 men into Persia334 B.C.E – led 35,000 men into Persia• Expanded his empire (Asia Minor & Egypt)Expanded his empire (Asia Minor & Egypt)

– Was declared a Was declared a pharaohpharaoh– Established Established AlexandriaAlexandria

• Defeated Defeated DariusDarius at at GaugamelaGaugamela– Declared himself ruler of the Persian EmpireDeclared himself ruler of the Persian Empire

• 327 B.C.E – reached the 327 B.C.E – reached the Indus RiverIndus River– Was forced by his men to turn backWas forced by his men to turn back

• 323 B.C.E – died of malaria323 B.C.E – died of malaria

Alexander the Great’s EmpireAlexander the Great’s Empire

The Hellenization of Asia

The Hellenization of Asia

Pergamum: A Hellenistic CityPergamum: A Hellenistic City

The Economy of the Hellenistic World

The Economy of the Hellenistic World

Hellenistic PhilosophersHellenistic

Philosophers$ Cynics§ ignore social conventions & avoid luxuries.

§ citizens of the world.

§ live a humble, simple life.

$ Epicurians§ avoid pain & seek pleasure.

§ all excess leads to pain!

§ politics should be avoided.

Hellenistic PhilosophersHellenistic

Philosophers$ Stoics§ nature is the expansion of divine will.

§ concept of natural law.

§ get involved in politics, not for personal gain, but to perform virtuous acts for the good of all.

§ true happiness is found in great achievements.

Hellenism: The Arts & Sciences

Hellenism: The Arts & Sciences$ Scientists /

Mathematicians:§ Euclid - geometry

§ Archimedes - pulley

$ Hellenistic Art:§ More realistic; less ideal than Hellenic art.

§ Showed individual emotions, wrinkles, and age!

• Empire divided between 3 GeneralsEmpire divided between 3 Generals– PtolemyPtolemy: ruled Egypt, Libya, and Syria: ruled Egypt, Libya, and Syria

• The most “prestigious” domain The most “prestigious” domain • Later ruled by CleopatraLater ruled by Cleopatra

– SeleucusSeleucus: ruled part of Syria, : ruled part of Syria, Mesopotamia, Iran, and Afghanistan Mesopotamia, Iran, and Afghanistan • Forced to withdraw to SyriaForced to withdraw to Syria

– AntigonousAntigonous: ruled Macedonia and Greece: ruled Macedonia and Greece• City-states declared independenceCity-states declared independence• Conquered by the Romans in the 100s B.C.EConquered by the Romans in the 100s B.C.E

Breakup of Alexander’s Empire

Breakup of Alexander’s Empire

The Breakup of Alexander’s Empire

The Breakup of Alexander’s Empire