medieval europe: heir to the greco-roman world...renaissance and humanistic thought broke the hold...
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Medieval Europe:
Heir to the Greco-Roman
World
Out of the Ashes of Ancient Rome
emerged Medieval Europe
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Rome
Most impressive ancient empire
Large empire, covering the entire
Mediterranean region
Effective political order
Integration of colonized peoples
Impressive infrastructure
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Fall of Rome:
Fell in 476 CE, but the process was a long
one
Many internal weaknesses:
-Hypertrophy: Empire grew too large
-Poor political leadership
-Burden of taxation
-Invasion by northern barbarians
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Emergence of Medieval Europe
Politically and economically a highly
fragmented society
Universal Church the primary power
Feudalism a response to a hostile world
-Developed by the 10th century
-Invasions by Vikings, Saracens, and
Magyars
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Europe in 1250
Political System: Feudalism
Religion: Universal (Roman Catholic)
Church
Culture dominated by clergy
Wealth defined by land ownership
Rural civilization
Latin was the common language
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The Big Shift: 1000 to 1500
Agricultural Revolution:
1. New lands under cultivation
2. Horse collar developed
3. Iron plow
4. Field rotation
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The Big Shift cont.
Declining power of papacy
Economic Stimulation: Crusades
Renaissance in Italy
Black Death
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Europe in 1600
Political System: Nation states, centralized power
Religion: Many creeds following the Protestant Reformation
Culture now in hands of laymen
Wealth determined by money
Urban civilization
Many languages
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The Renaissance
The changes of the late Middle Ages gives
rise to the Renaissance.
Economic Foundations:
Crusades open trade with the Middle East
Northern Italian cities perfectly poised to
take advantage: Genoa, Venice, etc. New
wealth was invested in trade, banking,
manufacturing. Wealth now determines
status more than birth
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Renaissance Humanism
The term is coined in the 19th century, but it
referred to the ability to read, understand,
and appreciate the writings of the ancient
world (Greece and Rome)
Later in the Renaissance, it referred to the
natural gifts of human reason and that
humans could achieve anything
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Humanism compared
“Numberless are the world’s wonders, but
none more wonderful than man.”
-Sophocles, 496-406 BCE
“ Imagine! The great generosity of God!
The happiness of man! To man it is allowed
to be whatever he chooses to be!”
-Pico Della Mirandola, 1463-1494 CE
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Humanism
Humanists insist that man would be morally
superior for having immersed himself in
humanistic studies
A key in the Italian Renaissance will be the
patronizing of the arts and humanistic
endeavors with the new wealth
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Renaissance Art
Key figures like Michelangelo and Da Vinci
Clear break with Medieval art:
In Medieval art, nature was used as a prop,
to make the religious point; in Renaissance
art reproducing nature became the standard
of artistic truth
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An Early Medieval Portrayal of
the Last Supper
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Later Middle Ages from Notre
Dame Cathedral
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Leonardo Da Vinci’s The Last
Supper (1498)
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Botticelli’s The Birth of Venus (1485);
Revival of classical themes
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Da Vinci’s Mona Lisa
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Niccolo Machiavelli, The Prince
Political expression of
the Renaissance
Real Politik; how to
gain and maintain
power
Cynical about religion;
a leader should use it
if it helps
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The Protestant Reformation
Emergence of Protestantism which
emphasized the role of the believer in
salvation over the intercession of the church
Divided Europe into a Protestant North and
a Catholic South
Led to a resurgent, militant, and reformed
Catholicism
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Problems with the Church
Church corruption; the church was
powerful, and became an avenue for men
seeking power
People resented the Papacy’s secular power
Tithes
Indulgences: could bypass confession of
sins for purchase of a document, or
religious artifacts
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Crisis in the Church
Babylonian Captivity of the Papacy- 1305-
1377 (Papal see in Avignon)
Great Schism (1378-1415)—Two Popes
Borgia Popes—such as Alexander VI
(1492-1503)—were worldly and corrupt.
Humanist critiques found fertile soil.
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Martin Luther (1483-1546)
Author of the 95 Theses
Cried to St. Anthony for
deliverance in a fierce
storm and switched from
law to theology.
Came to question core
Catholic doctrines because
he couldn’t find support
for them in the text.
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Events in Wittenberg, 1517
Pope Leo X had an indulgence drive to
rebuild St. Peter’s
Johan Tetzel spearheaded the drive
Luther posted 95 Thesis on the church door,
Oct. 31, 1517
Samples:
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95 Theses
43. Christians are to be taught that he who gives to
the poor or lends to the needy does a better work
than buying pardons;
45. Christians are to be taught that he who sees a
man in need, and passes him by, and gives
[his money] for pardons, purchases not the
indulgences of the pope, but the indignation of
God.
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Luther cont.
In short, the Pope does not have the keys to
heaven and he can’t absolve the sins of the
dead. The sale of indulgences takes away
the true meaning of contrition
Later, Luther emphasized three points:
Sola fide-Salvation by faith alone
Sola scriptura-Authority of God lies in
scriptures alone
“Priesthood of all believers”
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Impact
Fueled German nationalism, who resented
the Italian pope and the Austrian Holy
Roman Emporer
Diet of Worms, 1520-papal committee asks
Luther to recant. He refuses, asking priests
where in the Bible is he wrong
He is excommunicated
Reformation moves to other parts of
Europe, especially England
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The Reformation Spreads
King Henry VIII attacks Luther, but breaks
with the Catholic church 1n 1533
Other reformers like John Calvin continue
the theological attack on the papacy
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The Overseas Movement
Renaissance and humanistic thought broke the hold of medieval thinking on Europeans; created the intellectual climate for exploration
Opening of the European economy stimulated the need for trade
The Reformation broke the hold of the church on Europe and contributed to the rise of national monarchies
Primary explorers were Iberians (Spain and Portugal). Why?
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Four Factors Propelling Overseas
Expansion:
Emergence of Nation states
Emergence of capitalism
Dynamic Judeo Christian culture; linear sense of history
Technology, mostly borrowed from Muslims and far East
Nowhere else did all of these factors come together as they did in Europe, in particular in Portugal and Spain
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Portugal and Prince Henry the
Navigator
Portuguese Prince
Set up school for
explorers
Knowledge from this
school helped
Portuguese and
Spanish round Africa,
sail to Americas
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Portuguese Exploration
Explorations of
Bartolmeu Dias (1487-
88) and Vasco de
Gama (1497-99)
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The Spanish Overseas Movement
Spain is poised, more than any other
country, to explore and colonize
Spain had been unified with the marriage of
Ferdinand and Isabella in 1469
The Reconquista of the Iberian peninsular
(expulsion of the Moors) completed in 1492
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Christopher Columbus
Convinces Ferdinand
and Isabella to fund
his westward
expedition
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Columbus’ Four Voyages
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Reaction to Columbus
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The Spanish in the Southwest
What are our general impressions of the
Spanish in the Southwest?
Two key figures:
Ponce de Leon;
Coronado
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Spanish Southwest
Image of Spanish: Ponce de Leon and Coronado
are known primarily for their brutality or their
foolishness (or both)
Black Legend
-Product of European Rivalries
-Jealousy
-Used throughout history against Hispanic
peoples:
-Mexican-Am. War; Spanish-Am War
-Statehood for New Mexico and Arizona
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“White” Legend
Qualifications:
-Spain came over early with Medieval minds
-Spanish hit the high population areas
-Disease had not done much damage
-Spanish always planned inclusion
-Black Legend masks other depredations by the English and French
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Columbian Exchange
Key biological exchange
Europe to the Americas: Horses,
gunpowder, the wheel, cattle, Christianity,
mule, thistles; numerous diseases
Americas to Europe: Chocolate, tobacco,
potatoes, corn, gold, silver, gems; Syphilis