Indian Journal of Traditional KnowledgeVol. 7(2), April 2008, pp. 288-295

Medicinal plants used in traditional medicine in Lohit and Dibang valley districtsof Arunachal Pradesh

Rama Shankar'> & MS Rawat''Regiona! Research Institute (Ayurveda), Itanagar791111, Arunachal Pradesh; 2Herbal Research and Development Institute,

Gopeshwar, District Chamoli, UttarakhandE-mail: regionals06@yahoo.com

Received 9 January 2006; revised 22 August 2006

The paper deals with medicinal plants used in various traditional systems of medicine in Lohit, Dibang Valley andLower Dibang valley districts of Arunachal Pradesh. The three adjoining districts are located in the extremity of the statebounded by China in the Northeastern part, Changlang district of Arunachal Pradesh in the Southeastern part; state of Assamin the Southwest as well as East Siang and Upper Siang districts are in the western part. Lohit is inhabited by Mishmi,Khamti and Singpho tribes while the Lower Dibang valley and Dibang valley districts are inhabited by Mishmi tribe. Mishmiare divided into Idu Mishmi and Digaru Mishmi tribes. Brief account of the tribes, their mode of living and food habits alongwith detailed account of distribution of medicinal plants used in various systems of medicine have been described.

Key words: Ethnomedicine, Traditional medicine, Arunachal Pradesh, Folklore, Mishmi, Khamti, Singpho

IPC Int. CI.8: A61K36/00, A61PI/02, A61PlI08, A61PlI10, A61PlI16, A61PSIOO, A61PSISO, A61Pl1100, A61PlII06,A61P13/00, A61PlS100, A61PlS102, A61P17/00, A61P17/02, A61P19/00, A61P29/00, A61P33/06

Arunachal Pradesh located in the Northeast extremityof the country lies between the 27° 33' N - 29° 22' Nlatitude and 95° 15' E-97° 24' E longitude. ArunachalPradesh has rich flora, variation in topography andbotanical diversity'i'", However, the medicinal wealthof Dibang valley, Lower Dibang valley, and Lohitdistricts are yet to be recorded. The paper deals withthe occurrence and distribution of medicinal plantsused in various systems of medicine in Dibang valley,Lower Dibang valley and Lohit districts of ArunachalPradesh. These three districts have very richbiodiversity with the vegetation from tropical toalpine type, passing through sub-tropical andtemperate. Some of the traditional healers werefollowing indigenous system of treatment usinglocally available herbs. Comprehensive informationon locally available medicinal plants used by varioustribal races is available'<". The districts undertakenfor the study are bounded on the North and East byChina, South by Changlang and Assam, West by thedistricts of East Siang and Upper Siang of ArunachalPradesh.

Endemic people occupying the two districts areTaraon (Digaru) Mishmis in the Tezu and adjoiningareas, Kamen (Mijus) and Taraon (Digaru) Mishmis

* Corresponding author

in the area of Hayulinag and Walang, Khamti andpatially Singpho in the Namsai area in Lohit districts.The lower Dibang valley and Dibang valley areinhabited by Idu Mishmis and Digaru Mishmis.

MethodologyThe ethnobotanical surveys were carried out in

different forest areas at regular intervals. Informationon medicinal plants was collected from localknowledgeable individuals. The information gatheredwas confmned by different members of the village.Report on a number of folklore medicinal cure havebeen observed during various explorations carried outduring 1996-2004 as well as organising exhibitions onmedicinal plants at different places in the concerndistricts.

EnumerationThe native in the districts of Dibang valley, Lower

Dibang valley and Lohit use different forest produceeither raw or cooked. These people use rhizometubers, leaves and young tender shoots, inflorescence,buds or fruits/ berries as food and vegetable (Table 1).The detailed description of medicinal plants used bythe tribes including their botanical name, family,vernacular name, and uses are also given (Table 2).Modes of traditional cure by the local people for

SHANKAR & RA WAT: ETHNOMEDICINE OF TRIBES OF ARUNACHAL PRADESH 289

Rhizome and tubers Young shoots and leaf

Table i-Parts of edible plants used as food and vegetables

Rhizomes and tubers ofAlocasia indica, Alpiniaallughas, Amorphophalluscampanulats, Colocasiaesculenta, Dioscorea bulbifera,D. floribunda, D. pentaphyllaand Manihot esculenta, arecommon in use as vegetable.Rhizomes of Curcumapseudomontana, Basellaspinosa, Tacca aspera,Zingiber officinale, Z.zerumbet, etc. are also eaten asvegetable.

Leaves and young shoots ofAmaranthus caudatus, Bigoniapalmata, Centella asiatica,Chenopodium album,Clerodendrum colebrokianum,Diplazium esculentum, Bauhiniacordata, Mussaenda roxberghii,Piper sp.Plantago erosa, Pouzol:hirta, Solanum nigrum, Spilanthipaniculata, etc. are commonlyused.

Flower and buds Fruit and seeds

Young flowers of Bauhiniapurpurea, Oroxylum indicum,Spilanthus paniculata,Phlogocanthus thryiflorus areused.

Fruits and seeds of a number ofplants growing locally are incommon use by the natives.Fruits of Eleucine corocana,Solanum torvum, Harivaniaacerba, Spondias pinnata,Rubus elliptic us, R. moluccans,Schima wallichii are incommon use in these areas.

Plant name Family Local name

Table 2-Medicinal plants from Lohit, Dibang valley and Lower Dibang valley districts

Uses

Abroma augusta L. Sterculiaceae Pishach Karpasa,Ulatkambal

Root bark is used in leucorrhoea.

Plant is diuretic and astringent.

Rhizome is used in respiratory disorders.

Plant is used in cough.

Fruit is used in diarrhoea and dysentery.

Stem bark is used in malaria and inflammation.

Fruit is used in cough and stomachic disorders.

Plant is used as tonic in dysentery and spleendisorders.

Argyreia nervosa (Blume.) ConvolvulaceaeBoj.

Vastantri, Vradh daru Root in rheumatism and as tonic. Leaves forwounds.

Artemisia vulgaris L. Asteraceae Damanak

Achyranthes bidentata AmaranthaceaeBlume

Apamarga

Root: is used as tonic; plant is used asanthelmintic.

Stem bark is used in throat disorder, worminfestation.

Berberis aristata DC. Berberidaceae Daruharidra, Rasanjana Root bark is used in diabetes, jaundice andleucoderma.

Acorus calamus L. . Araceae Vacha

Adiantum capillus veneris AdiantaceaeLinn.

Hansaj

Root and stem bark are aphrodisiac, stimulant.

Root is abortifacient. Leaf is used in skindiseases.

Leaf juice is used in kidney stone and urinarydisorders.

Fruit is used in blood dysentery and skin diseases.

Contd.

Aegle marmelos Correa Rutaceae

Alstonia scholaris R.Br. Apocynaceae

Amomum subulatum ZingiberaceaeRoxb.

Bilva

Saptaparna

Sthula ela

Anthocephalus chinensis Rubiaceae(Lam.) A. Rich. Ex. Wall.

Kadamba

Bauhinia purpuea L. Caesalpiniaceae Kanchanar

Bombax ceiba L. Bombaxaceae Salmili

Buddeleia asiatica Lour Loganiacae Bana

Bryophyllum calycinum CrassulaceaeSalisb.

Asthibhaksha

Callicarpa macrophylla VerbenaceaeVahl

Priyangu

290 INDIAN J TRADITIONAL KNOWLEDGE, VOL 7, No.2, APRIL 2008

Table 2-Medicinal plants from Lohit, Dibang valley and Lower Dibang valley districts-Contd.

Plant name Family Local name Uses

Calotropis gigantea (L.) Asclepiadaceae Arka Flowers are used in cough; root as Rasayana.R.Br. ex Ait

Cannabis sativa L. Cannabinaceae Vijaya Plant leaf is used in digestion and dysentery.

Cassia alata L. Caesalpiniaceae Dadmardan Leaf is used in ring worm; leaf decoction is usedin bronchitis and asthma.

C. fistula Linn. Caesal piniaceae Aragvadha, Suvarnaka Leaves and seeds are laxative. Leaf juice is used inskin diseases.

C. occidentalis L. Caesalpiniacae Kasamarda Plant is digestive; used in skin diseases, fever andcough.

C. tora Linn. Caesalpiniaceae Chakramarda Leaf paste and oil is used in skin diseases.

Centella asiatica (L.) Apiaceae Mandookaparnil Brahmi Plant is used in arthritis, diabetes, blood disordersUrban and brain tonic.

Cinnamom camphora Lauraceae Karpura Leaf is useful in diarrhoea, and skin diseases.Nees Eberm.

C. tamala Nees Eberm. Lauraceae Tamala Leaf is used in cough, digestion and diabetes.

Cissampelos pareira L. Menispermaceae Ambastha, Patha Root is bitter, diuretic, useful in fever anddysentery.

Citrus limon L. Rutaceae Nimbu Fruit is digestive; useful in dysentery,(Linn.) Burm. dehydration and stomachic trouble.

Citrus maxima (Burm.) Rutaceae Madhu arkati Fruit is digestive and cardiotonic.Merrill.

Citrus reticulatus Blanco Rutaceae Airavata Fruit juice is used in rheumatism, fever, blooddisorder and digestion.

Clerodendrum serratum Verbenaceae Bharangi Root is useful in malaria.(Linn.) Moon

Coptis teeta Wall. Ranunculaceae Mamiri RootlRhizome is used in fever, liver diseases,hypertension and diabetes.

Costus speciosus Zingberaceae Kebuk Rhizome is used as worm repellant and blood(Keon.) Sm. purifier.

Crotolariajuncea L. Fabaceae Sana Seeds, leaves are used in insanity, fever withCatarrhal.

Datura stramonium L. Solanaceae Dhattura Leaves are used as narcotic, sedative and diuretic.

Dillenia indica Linn. Dilleniaceae Bhavya Fruit is used to improve appetite, heart fever,cough and mouth disease.

Dioscorea bulbifera L. Di oscoreaceae Vidari kand; Kath ALu. Root is aphrodisiac and tonic.

D. pentaphylla L. Dioscoreaceae Vidari kand; Kham ALu. Root is aphrodisiac and tonic.

Drymaria diandra Blume Caryophy llaceae AvijoL (Assam) Plant juice is laxative and ant febrile.

Elaeocarpus floribundus Elaeocarpaceae Jalpai Bark and leaf infusion is used as mouth wash forBlume inflamed gums, Fruit is rich source of vitamin C,

digestive.

Embelia ribes Burm. f. Myrcinaceae Vai bidang Fruit and root used in worm infestation, liverdisorders and as tonic.

Contd.

SHANKAR & RA WAT: ETHNOMEDlClNE OF TRIBES OF ARUNACHAL PRADESH 291

Table 2-Medicinal plants from Lohit, Dibang valley and Lower Dibang valley districts-Contd.

Plant name Family

Entada scandens Benth. Mimosaceae

Euphorbia hirta L. Euphorbiaceae

£. royleana Boiss. Euphorbiaceae

£. thymifolia L. Euphorbiaceae

Ficus carica L. Moraceae

Ficus racemosa L Moraceae

Cmelina arborea Roxb. Verbenaceae

Hypodematium crenatum AspidiaceaeForsk. Kuhn

Lygodium Schizaeaceae

flexuosum (L.) Sw.

Marsilea minuta L. Marsiliaceae

Mimosa pudica L. Mimosaceae

Moringa pterigosperma MoringaceaeGaertn.

Morus alba L. Moraceae

Oroxylum indicum Vent Bignoniaceae

Oxalis corniculata L. Oxalidaceae

Paedariafoetida L. Rubiaceae

Pandanus terctorius PandanaceaeSoland. ex Park.

Phlogacanthus AcanthaceaethyrsijZorus Nees

Phyllanthus amaras EuphorbiaceaeSchum. & Th.

Piperlongum L. Piperaceae

P. mullesua D.Don. Piperaceae

P. nigrum L. Piperaceae

Plantago erosa Wall. Plantaginaceae

Rauvolfia serpentina ApocynaceaeBenth.

Local name Uses

Cilgachh

Pusitoa! Dugdhika bheda

Seeds are used as tonic and in worm infestation.

Plant is used in dysentery and colic; decoction isuseful in asthma and bronchial affection.

Snuhi, Sehun Milky juice is anthelmintic;

used in Kshar sutra for fistula.

Dugdhika Plant juice is used in ring worm, other skindiseases. Plant is diuretic, astringent, useful inbowel complaints.

Fruit is demulcent; fruit juice is acrid used forcough, and skin diseases.

Root is used in dysentery, diabetes; bark isastringent.

Root bark and leaves are used in gonorrhoea.

Rhizome is used in dysentery.

Falgu/ Bhadroudambara

Udambara tree

Cambhari.

Bhutkeshar

Rudrajata Plant is used in cough, arthritis and skin disease.

Sunisannka Plant is used in epilepsy and stomach disease.

Root and leaves are used in piles and fistula.

Seed is used in indigestion, worm repellant,antibacterial and jaundice.

Fruit is used as remedy for throat sour and fever.

Root bark is astringent, tonic; useful in dysentery.Stem bark is bitter, tonic, useful in chronicrheumatism.

Lajjalu

ShigruShwet

Talu/Tuda

Shyonaka

Chageri Plant for burning sensation, digestion andhyperacidity.

Plant used in tonic, arthritis, stomach pain anddiarrhoea.

Prasarini

Ketaki Leaves bitter and aromatic; used in leucodermaand fever; bark oil in rheumatism.

Leaves are used in cough and fever.Teeta vasa

Bhumyamlaki Plant is useful in jaundice.

Pippali Fruit is used in digestion, cough and joint painincluding arthritis.

Fruit: Used in cough, rheumatism, as appetizer.

Fruit used in cough, digestion and diabetes.

Seeds used as substitute to Aswagola.

Root is used in hypertension.

Pippali

Kali Maricha

Eranda

Sarpagandha

Contd.

292 INDIAN J TRADITIONAL KNOWLEDGE, VOL 7, No.2, APRIL 2008

Table 2-Medicinal plants from Lohit, Dibang valley and Lower Dibang valley districts-Contd.

Plant name Family Local name

Ricinus communis L. Euphorbiaceae Eranda

Rungia parviflora Nees Acanthaceae Parpata

Sida acuta Burm.f. Malvaceae Bala Bariar, Swet Barela

Smilax prolifera Liliaceae Chob chini

S. ovalifolia Roxb. Liliaceae Maitri

S. rhombifolia L. Malvaceae Bala, Bariar

Solanum khasianum C.B. Solanaceae Kantakari PratinidhiClark.

S. nigrum L. Solanaceae Kakamachi, Makoi

S.. torvum Sw. Solanaceae Brihati

Brihat Kantkari

Stephania hernandifolia Wa Menispermaceae Rajpatha

Tabernemontana Apocynaceae Chandanidivaricatum (L.) R. Br.

Thevetia peruviana L. Apocynaceae Karvera(Pers.) Merrill.

Toddalia asitica Rutaceae Kanchana(L.) Lam.

Urena lobata (L.) Mast. Malvaceae Nagbala

Valeriana hardwicki Wall. Valrianaceae Tagar

Vitex negundo L. Verbenaceae Nirgundi

Zanthoxylum a/alum Rutaceae TumburuRoxb.

Zizyphus Rhamnaceae .Badarinummularia (Burm.f.) Wight & Arn.

Uses

Seed oil is useful in constipation, rheumatism.

Plant is diuretic, bitter, cooling, used as bloodpurifier and leucoderma.

Root used in urinary disorder, aphrodisiac, livertonic.

Root used as tonic, arthritis, aphrodisiac andtonic.

Root used as tonic, arthritis, aphrodisiac andtonic.

Root used in urinary disorders, aphrodisiac, as livertonic.

Berries used in cough, asthma, fever.

Plant used in liver diseases, dyspepsia, fever anddiarrhoea.

Berries used in intermittent fever and cough.

Bark is worm repellant, seed antidote tosnakebite.

Bark is bitter, used in intermittent fever; seeds tokill lice.

Berries are eaten raw, root! bark as tonic,stimulant; used in malaria and dysentery.

Root is tonic, useful in liver dysfunction.

Root is used in hypertension and asthma.

Leaf is used in arthritis, sciatica and earache.

Seed and bark are used as tonic and in digestion.

Fruit is digesti ve, blood purifier. Root is used infever, wound and ulcer.

Table 3-Medicinal plants used in folklore

Plant name Family Local name

Abrus precatorius L. Fabaceae Gunja; Rotti

Acorus calamus L. Araceae Vacha, Boch

Alpinia galanga Willd. Zingiberaceae Kng pang

Andrographis paniculata Acanthaceae ShirotaNees Ebern

Uses

Seeds are used in food poisoning

Rhizome juice mixed with Phologacanthus thyrsifbileaves is used in bodyache and fever. Pills prepared frrpaste of rhizome, onion and kalajira are used for dysenter

Rhizome powder mixed with Hemidesmus indicusleaves is tied over the fractured part with strips ofbamboo internodes.

Plant juice is used in fever, stomach trouble and malarialfever.

Contd.

SHANKAR & RA WAT: ETHNOMEDICINE OF TRIBES OF ARUNACHAL PRADESH 293

Plant name

Argyrea nervosa Burm. F.Boj.

Bryophyllum calycinumSailisb.

Calotropis gigantea (L.)R.Br. ex. Ait.

Cissampelos pareira Linn.

Cordia myxa Roxb. NonLinn.

Centella asiatica (L.)Urban

Coptis teeta Wall.

Drymaria diandra Blume

Leucas lavendulaefoliaRees

Mesuaferrea L.

Nyctanthes arbortristis L.

Stephanis hernandifoliaWalp.

Tamarindus indicus L.

Vitex negundo L.

Zingiberofficinale Rose.

Table 3-Medicinal plants used in folklore-Contd.

Family Local name

Convolvulaceae

Crassulaceae Yapong

Asclepiadaceae Kawenexait

Menispermaceae Tonbi

Boraginaceae Mowphaman

Apiaceae Mandukaparni,Manimuni

Apiaceae Mishmi teeta

Caryophyllaceae Kadokaro

Lamiaceae Dronapushpi, Droni

Clussiaceae Naharpatiya

Nyctagi naceae Sephalika, Mokya,HewaliMew

Menispermaceae Bhimraj

Fabaceae Tentul

Uses

Rope of plant is used as bandage with bamboo strips onjoints pain. Leaves are used as poultice on boil.

Leaf juice mixed with sugar is given thrice daily inurinary troubles. Leaf paste is also used on bum.

Leaves are used in sexual weakness (Swapna doshai.

Extract is taken twice in malarial fever.

Paste prepared from small pieces of leaves, ginger(Khingking) and few drops of mustard oil is used on ringworm.

Plant juice mixed with Stephania hernandifolia plantjuice is used in vomiting.

Root extract is taken twice daily in worm infestation,diabetes and hypertension.

Leaf paste is used on itching and other skin disorders.

Leaf extract is poured into nostrils to check sinusitis.

Leaves and stem bark paste is used on wounds.

Stem bark and root decoction is taken orally thrice a dayin jaundice.

Tuber extract is taken thrice daily in malarial fever.

Paste prepared from tender leaves with local salt (Kou)is used for conjunctivitis.

Paste prepared from stem bark and leaf is tied overfractured bone.

Extract of rhizome and black pepper (lmphitlom) istaken as remedy for ulcer.

Verbenaceae Nirgundi

Zingiberaceae Ardraka, Khing

Phyllanthus amarus, Piper mullesus, Todalia asiatica,Valeriana wallichii, Zanhoxylum alatum aredistributed in various altitudinal zones in thesedistricts (Figs 1-13). The land is suitable forcultivation and conservation of various medicinalplants. In the foothill regions, the land is best suitablefor the cultivation and conservation of Acoruscalamus, Aegle marmelos, Andrographis paniculata,Aquilaria agallocha, Asparagus racemosus, Centellaasiatica, Embelia ribes, Gmelina arborea, Mesuajerrea, Oroxylum indicum, Phyllanthus amarus, Piperlongum and Solanum nigrum. It is also suitable for thecollection and trade of raw drugs of Embelia ribes,Gmelina arborea and Salmalia malabarica, which areabundantly occurring in these areas. Temperate andalpine forest areas are best suitable for conservationand cultivation of Acorus calamus, Berberis aristata,

several ailments were identified (Table 3). Severalplants were identified, whose principles ofmethodology is similar to those which are alreadyadapted in Ayurveda, Siddha and Unani systems ofmedicine. Some of these plants are Abroma augusta,Acorus calamus, Alpinia galanga, Argyreia nervosa,Artemisia vulgaris, Campjeria galanga, Citrus limon,Emblica officinalis, Justicea adhatoda, Oroxylumindicum, Oxalis corniculata, Phyllanthus jraternus,Plumbago zeylanica, Sida acuta, S. cordifolia, S.rhombifolia, Terminalia chebula, Zanthoxylumalatum, Zizyphus nummularia, etc.

DiscussionSome of the high value medicinal plants like,

Acorus calamus, Berberis aristata, Coptis teeta,Embelia ribes, Entada scanens, Oroxylum indicum,

294 INDIAN J TRADITIONAL KNOWLEDGE, Vol 7, No.2, APRIL 2008

Fig.1 Clerodendrum serratum Fig. 2 Embelia ribes Fig. 3 Cinnamomum tamala Fig. 4 Mimosa pudica

Fig. 5 Mesua ferrea Fig. 6 Zanthoxylum alatum Fig. 7 Abrus precatorius

Fig. 8 Coptis teeta Fig. 9 Valeriana hardwickii Fig.10 Berberis aristata

Fig. 11 Phlogacanthus thyrsiflorus Fig.12 Sida acuta Fig.13 Piper longum

SHANKAR & RA WA T: ETH OMEDICI E OF TRIBES OF ARUNACHAL PRADESH

Coptis teeta, Embelia ribes, Entada scandens, Taxuswallichiana, Valeriana hardwickii, Zanthoxylumalarum, etc. Folklore claims are worth considering forvarious clinical trials as most of the plants are used invarious formulations of Ayurveda, Unani, Siddha andHomoeopathic medicines. Other plants used intraditional system in the study area need to beexamined scientifically.

AcknowledgementAuthors are grateful to Dr GS Lavekar, Director,

CCRAS, New Delhi, for encouragement. Thanks arealso due to the informants, who have provided theinformation. Financial assistance rendered byNational Medicinal Plants Board IS also beingthankful acknowledged.

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