medicinal plants in mongolia

8/12/2019 Medicinal Plants in Mongolia

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MEDICINAL PLANTSIN MONGOLIA


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MEDICINAL PLANTS

IN MONGOLIA


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WHO Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data

Medicinal plants in Mongolia

1. Plants, Medicinal - Mongolia. I. World Health Organization Regional Office for the Western Pacific.

ISBN 987 92 9061 632 0 (NLM Classification: QV 770 JM6)

World Health Organization 2013

All rights reserved. Publications of the World Health Organization are available on the WHO web site (www.who.int) or can be purchase

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CONTENTS

Contents

Acknowledgements .......................................................................................................................................................................

Preface .............................................................................................................................................................................................

Achillea asiatica Serg. ..................................................................................................................................................................

Acorus calamus L. .........................................................................................................................................................................

Aquilegia sibirica Lam. ................................................................................................................................................................

Artemisia macrocephala Jacquem. ex Besser ......................................................................................................................

Asparagus dahuricus Link .........................................................................................................................................................

Astragalus mongholicus Bunge ..............................................................................................................................................

Berberis sibirica Pall. ....................................................................................................................................................................

Bergenia crassifolia (L.) Fritsch .................................................................................................................................................

Bupleurum scorzonerifolium Willd. ........................................................................................................................................ Bupleurum sibiricumVest Ex Roem. & Shult. ........................................................................................................................

Cacalia hastata L. ........................................................................................................................................................................

Carum carvi L. ...............................................................................................................................................................................

Chaerophyllum gracile Freyn. Sint. ..........................................................................................................................................

Chelidonium majus L. .................................................................................................................................................................

Chiazospermum erectum Bernh. .............................................................................................................................................

Cotoneaster melanocarpusLodd., G.Lodd. & W.Lodd. .......................................................................................................

Crataegus sanguinea Schrad. ...................................................................................................................................................

Dactylorhiza salina (Turcz. ex Lindl.) Soo .............................................................................................................................. 4

Dianthus superbus L. ..................................................................................................................................................................

Dianthus versicolor Fisch. ex Link. ........................................................................................................................................... 4

Dracocephalum foetidum Bunge ...........................................................................................................................................

Echinops latifolius Tausch ..........................................................................................................................................................

Ephedra monospermaJ.G.Gmel. ex C.A.Mey. ........... ............. ............ ............ ............. ............ ............. ............ ............ ........

Erysimum flavum (Georgi) Bobrov ..........................................................................................................................................

Euphorbia discolor Ledeb. ..........................................................................................................................................................

Gentiana algida Pall. ...................................................................................................................................................................

Gentiana barbata Froel. ..............................................................................................................................................................

Gentiana decumbens L.f. ...........................................................................................................................................................

Geranium pratense L. .................................................................................................................................................................

Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch. ex DC.............................................................................................................................................


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iv MEDICINAL PLANTS IN MONGOLIA

Haplophyllum dahuricum (L.) G. Don f. .................................................................................................................................. 78

Heteropappus altaicus (Willd.) Novopokr. ............................................................................................................................ 80

Hippophae rhamnoides L. ......................................................................................................................................................... 82

Hyoscyamus niger L. ................................................................................................................................................................... 86

Inula britannica L. ........................................................................................................................................................................ 89Iris potaninii Maxim. .................................................................................................................................................................... 92

Juniperus sabina L. ...................................................................................................................................................................... 95

Lagotis integrifolia (Willd.) Schischk. ...................................................................................................................................... 97

Ledum palustre L. ...................................................................................................................................................................... 100

Leontopodium lentopodioides (Willd.) Beauverd .......................................................................................................... 103

Leonurus deminutusV.I.Krecz. ........... ............ ............. ............ ............ ............. ............ ............. ............ ............. ............ ........ 105

Leonurus sibiricus L. ................................................................................................................................................................. 107

Lilium pumilum Delile ............................................................................................................................................................. 110

Lomatogonium carinthiacum(Wulfen) Rchb. ................................................................................................................. 112

Lomatogonium rotatum (L.) Fr. ex Fernald ............ ............ ............ ............. ............ ............. ............ ............ ............. .......... 115

Malva mohileviensis Downar. ................................................................................................................................................ 118

Mentha arvensis L. .................................................................................................................................................................... 120

Myricaria longifolia Ehrenb. ................................................................................................................................................... 122

Odontites ruber Gilib. ............................................................................................................................................................... 124

Oxytropis myriophylla DC. ..................................................................................................................................................... 127Oxytropis strobilacea Bunge ................................................................................................................................................. 130

Paeonia anomala L. ................................................................................................................................................................. 133

Panzeria lanata Bunge ............................................................................................................................................................ 136

Pentaphylloides fruticosa(L.) O. Schwarz. ......................................................................................................................... 138

Physochlaena physoloides G. Don ........................................................................................................................................ 140

Plantago majorL. ..................................................................................................................................................................... 143

Polygonatum odoratum(Mill.) Druce. ................................................................................................................................ 146

Polygonum aviculare L. ........................................................................................................................................................... 149

Polygonum hydropiperLour. ................................................................................................................................................. 151Polygonum viviparum L. ......................................................................................................................................................... 154

Potentilla anserina L. ............................................................................................................................................................... 156

Potentilla tanacetifolia Schur. ............................................................................................................................................... 158

Pyrola incarnataFisch. ex DC. ............................................................................................................................................... 160


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CONTENTS

Rheum undulatum Pall. .......................................................................................................................................................... 1

Rhodiola quadrifidaFisch. & Mey. ........................................................................................................................................ 1

Rhodiola rosea L. ....................................................................................................................................................................... 1

Rhododendron adamsiiRehdes ........................................................................................................................................... 1

Rosa acicularis Lindl. ................................................................................................................................................................ 1

Rumex acetosa L. ...................................................................................................................................................................... 1

Salsola laricifoliaLitv. ex Drobow ............. ............ ............ ............. ............ ............. ............ ............ ............. ............ ............. 1

Sambucus manshurica Kitag. ................................................................................................................................................ 1

Saussurea amara Less. ............................................................................................................................................................ 1

Saxifraga hirculus L. ................................................................................................................................................................. 1

Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi. .............................................................................................................................................. 1

Senecio vulgaris L. .................................................................................................................................................................... 1

Sophora alopecuroides L. ....................................................................................................................................................... 1

Stellaria dichotoma L. ............................................................................................................................................................. 1

Stellera chamaejasme L. ......................................................................................................................................................... 2

Tanacetum vulgare L. .............................................................................................................................................................. 2

Taraxacum officinale(L.) Weber. ............. ............ ............ ............. ............ ............. ............ ............ ............. ............ ............. .. 2

Thermopsis lanceolataR. Br. .................................................................................................................................................. 2

Thlaspi arvense L. ...................................................................................................................................................................... 2

Tribulus terrestris L. ................................................................................................................................................................... 2

Trollius asiaticus L. .................................................................................................................................................................... 2

Urtica cannabina L. .................................................................................................................................................................. 2

Vaccinium vitis-idaeaL. .......................................................................................................................................................... 2

Valeriana alternifolia Ledeb. ................................................................................................................................................. 2

Vincetoxicum sibiricum (L.) Decne. ....................................................................................................................................... 2

Zygophyllum potaniniMaxim. .............................................................................................................................................. 2

Index of English Plant Names ........... ............. ............ ............ ............. ............ ............. ............ ............ ............. ............ ........... 2


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vi MEDICINAL PLANTS IN MONGOLIA

Acknowledgements

Many dedicated scientists worked together tirelessly to create this volume.

Data collection and compilation of the phytochemical aspects containing information about chemical constituentand qualitative and quantitative assays was conducted and coordinated by: Professor Narantuya S., Health Science

University of Mongolia (HSUM); Associate Professor Purevsuren S., School of Pharmacy, HSUM; and Professor Tsetsegma

S., School of Pharmacy, HSUM.

Data collection and compilation of the traditional medicine aspects including Tibetan names of the plants wa

coordinated by: Professor Natsagdorj D., president of the Training Centre of Mongolian Traditional Medicine Manb

Datsan, Otoch Manramba Institute of Traditional Mongolian Medicine; Mongolian Honored Doctor, Professo

Oldoh S., Dean of the School of Traditional Medicine, HSUM; Ms Khurelchuluun B., lecturer in the School of Traditiona

Medicine, HSUM; and Professor Chimedragchaa Ts., director of the Corporation of Mongolian Traditional MedicineResearch and Technology.

Professor Ganbold E., head of the Department of Biology, Ulaanbaatar University and Professor Batkhuu B., lecture

at the Mongolian National University (MNU) coordinated the collection of information on the English name

synonyms, distribution, habitat and morphology of the plants. Professor Batkhuu B., Khurelchuluun B., Associat

Professor Purevsuren S., School of Pharmacy, HSUM; and Professor Suran D., head of the Department of Botany, MNU

photographed the plants.

Information on the plant parts used, the anatomical structure of the plants and their bioactivities was provided bAssociate Professor Bayasgalan B., School of Pharmacy, HSUM; and Professor Choijamts G., head of the Department o

Pharmacology, School of Medicine, HSUM.

The monographs were compiled by Associate Professor Purevsuren S. and editing was done by Dr.Tuya M., President o

the Society of Mongolian Pharmacists.

Special appreciation goes to Professor Emeritus Geoffrey A. Cordell, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois a

Chicago, for his fine technical editing.


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PREFACE

Preface

This volumeone in a series on medicinal plants in Member States of WHOs Western Pacific Regionintrod

Mongolian traditional medicine and details the nature and uses of medicinal plants found in the country.

Traditional medicine has always played a major role in Mongolia. Traditional medicine continues to be practiced w

playing a vital role in the health-care needs of a large portion of the population. Folk medicine, based on the experie

of nomadic people, has its own unique medical theory, techniques and medications in Mongolia. Some aspec

Mongolian folk medicinealong with elements from other Asian systems, such as Tibetan medicine, Ayurveda

traditional Chinese medicinehave been integrated into the Mongolian medical system.

Traditional medicine practices and knowledge, including the use of medicinal plants, have been passed

one generation to the next via oral traditions. Without systematic documentation of the role of indigenous p

in Mongolia, we risk losing information about herbal medicine in Mongolia. This volume serves to help recorddocument this important traditional medicine system.

Researchers and practitioners from various branches of scienceincluding otoch manramba or doctors of tradit

medicine, pharmacists, pharmacologists, medical doctors, botanists and chemiststeamed up to develop this b

The authors pored over hundreds of books and manuscripts to document the properties of medicinal plants in Mong

This publication presents the medicinal plants used most commonly in Mongolia. Each monograph con

colour pictures of the plant and a wide array of information, from the Tibetan and English names to the micros

characteristics of the plant.

This book should increase understanding of the value of medicinal plants in Mongolia and increase the evidence

for the safe and efficacious use of herbs in health care.

Shin Young-Soo, MD, Ph.D.WHO Regional Director for the Western Pacific


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ACHILLE A ASIATICA

Synonym:A. setacea auct

Waldst. et Kit. [1]

Description: Perennial

with rhizome. Stem 2050 cmwhitish because of long, sle

entangled hairs, erect, bran

only at the inflorescence.

leaves 1020 cm long, 12

wide, cauline leaves sm

sessile, lanceolate, two to

times pinnatisected, linear

acute segments not more th

mm in width, closely arranHeads, with 25 mm

peduncles, form a dense cor

like a brush. Ligulate flo

usually purple, sometimes w

ca. 3 mm long. Disk flowers ye

WHO

WHO

Mongolian name

Aziin tologch ovs

Tibetan name

Bambo

English name

Asiatic Yarrow

Achillea asiaticaSerg.

ASTERACEAE


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MEDICINAL PLANTS IN MONGOLIA

Distribution:Khovs., Khent., Khang., Mong-Dag., Khyang., Khovd, Mong. Alt., Ikh n.

Habitat:Sandy terraces on western and eastern slopes of mountains, forest fringes [25]

Parts used:Root and whole herb.

Traditional Uses:The taste is bitter and hot, and the potency is coarse and sharp. It is used for the following: treatin

persistent fever. It is an ingredient in the following traditional prescriptions: Agar-11, Ar ur-7, Gavar-9, Ganman-7

Gurgum-8, Dilmanmar, Tsarvan-15, Shinjyd-21, and Dorjjan [58].

Chemical constituents: sugars [9], organic acids,

0.20.5% essential oil: hamazulene, a-pinene,

b-pinene, sabinene, camphor, limonene, cineole,

n-cymol [10,11], coumarins: umbelliferone,

scopoletin [12], flavonoids [13]: kaempferol [12],vitexin, isovitexin, orientin, isoorientin [13], apigenin,

diosmetin, gentauredin, apigenin-7-O-glucoside [14],

sesquiterpene lactones: 8a-angeloyloxy-2a,4a,10b-

trihydroxy-6bH,7aH,11bH-1(5)-guaien-12,6a-olide,

8a-angeloxy-1b,2b,4b,5b-diepoxy-10b-hydroxy-6bH,7aH,11bH-guaien-2,6a-lide, 8a-angeloxy-4a,10b-dihydroxy-2

oxo-6bH,7aH,11bH-1(5)-guaien-12,6a-olide, 8-desacetyl-matricarin, 8a-tigloxy-artabsin, 8a-tigloxy-3-oxa-artabsin

8a-angeloxy-artabsin, 3-oxa-achillicin, 8-acetoxy-artabsin, and 8-angeloxy-3-oxa-artabsin [15].

Bioactivities:Anti-inflammatory, haemostatic, and bile-expelling [16].

O

OH

OH

OH

OH

O O

OH

OH

O

Apigenin-7-O-glucoside


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ACHILL EA ASIATICA

References:

. Olziikhutag, N. (Ed). (). Latin-Mongolian-Russian Dictionary of Vascular Plants of Mongolia (p. ). Ulaanbaatar: Pr

of Mongolian Academy of Sciences.

. Gubanov, I.. (). Conspectus on Mongolian Flora (vascular plants) (p. ). Moscow: Valang Press.

. Malishev, L.I., and Peshkova, G.A. (). Flora of Central Siberia (Vol. , p. ). Novosibirsk: Science Printing.

. Sanchir, Ch., Batkhuu, J., Boldsaikhan, B., and Komatsu, K. (). Illustrated Guide of Mongolian Useful Plants. (Vol.

). Ulaanbaatar: Admon Printing.

. Ligaa, U., Davaasuren, B., and Ninjil, N. (). Medicinal Plants of Mongolia Used in Western and Eastern Medicine.

). Ulaanbaatar: JCK Printing.

. Yuthok Yonten Gonpo., Four Medical Tantras, VIII-IXthcentury.

. Danzanpuntsag., Crystal rosary. XVIIIthcentury.

. Boldsaikhan, B. (). Encyclopedia of Mongolian Medicinal Plants (p. ). Ulaanbaatar: Mongolian University of Scien

and Technology.

. Kalinkina, G.I., Rakhimov, D.A., and Zorina, O.B. (). Polysaccharide investigation of Achillea asiatica. Khim. P

Soedin..

. Kalinkina, G.I., and Beresovskaya, T.P. (). Essential oil investigation ofAchillea asiatica. Khim. Prir. Soedin... Sokolov, P.D. et al. (). Plants Review of USSR: Family Asteraceae (p. ). Leningrad: Science Printing.

. Kalinkina, G.I., Slipchenko, N.M., Taran, D.D., and Khorujaya, T.G., (). Possibility of using Achillea asiatica. Ras

Resur. , .

. Valant-Vetschers, K.M. (). Leaf flavonoids of theAchillea millefoliumgroup: Infraspecific variability inA. setacea

and K. and related species. Sci. Pharm. , ; Chem. Abstr. , , .

. Narantuya, S. (). The Chemical Investigation of Phenylpropanoids of Some Mongolian Plants. A thesis submitt

for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Chemistry. Institute of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Ulaanbaatar,

. Gunbileg, D. (). Sesquiterpenes isolated from two MongolianAchillea species. A thesis submitted for the degree

Doctor of Philosophy in Chemistry, National University of Mongolia, Ulaanbaatar, .

. Myagmar, L. (). Pharmacological investigation ofAchillea asiaticagrowing in Mongolia. A thesis submitted for t

degree of Doctor of Science in Medicine. Medical University of Mongolia, Ulaanbaatar, .


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Synonym:A. asiaticusNakai [1]

Description: Perennial, wit

50100 cm tall and groove

triangle stems. Creeping rhizomewith abundant slender root

Leaves bright green, lanceolat

Inflorescence 7 cm long an

thick spadix. Flowers bisexua

actinomorphic, with six whit

narrow tepals.

Distribution: Khang., ng

Dag., Khyang., Dr. ng.

Habitat: Lake and lake shore

[24]

Parts used:Roots and rhizomeWHO

Mongolian name

Egel godil-ovs

Tibetan name

Shudag nagbo

English name

Sweet flag

Acorus calamusL.

ACORACEAE


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ACORUS CAL AMUSL.

Traditional Uses:The taste is hot and bitter, and the potency is sharp and coarse. It is used for the following: tre

diphtheria and malignant carbuncle, improving the power of the stomach and appetite, and heart function. Also

to halt diarrhea, enhance bone growth, destroy parasitic worms (nematocide), to treat fever from bacterial infec

desiccate suppuration, healing the lymph system, some skin diseases, and to treat tumuors.

It is an ingredient of the following traditional prescriptions: Shingun-8, Shudag-4, Senden-6, DinmaDonjugohaw, Menbo-9, Ulchu-18, Chun-5, Archun, Boichun, Gurchun, Sugchun, Shichun, Ludud 18, Shur-25

Yamala-3 [47].

Microscopic characteristics:

Rhizome:Stele is of a rounded parenchyma enclosing large spaces. Oleoresinous cells and abundant starch grain

found. Vascular bundle numerous, small, ovate and concentric type. Secreting cells are present in the parenchyma

Chemical constituents: sugars [9], organic acids and their derivatives, terpenoids: trans-2-ethoxy-2(10)-pi

4-ethoxy-1-n-menthene, endo-isocamphanone, carvenone, n-menthadien-1(7),2-ol-8, selinadienol [10], 1.4essential oil [9,11]:a-pinene, camphene, camphor, borneol, calamen,b-pinene,

calamin, calamol, azulene [9], sesquiterpenes: calamenone, isocalamendiol

[12], acoragermacrone, germacrone, pre-isocalamendiol [13], and others [14],

aromatic compounds: a-asarone [1517], g-asarone, cis-isoeugenol methyl

ether, trans-isoeugenol methyl ether and others [17], flavonoids, quinones

[18], 4.6% fat [9]. b-asarone [17,19,20], acorenone, (Z)-sesquilavandulol, and

dehydroxy-isocalamendiol [19] are the main components.

Bioactivities: Spasmolytic, anticonvulsant, antibacterial, antifungal, bile-expelling[9], sedative, anesthetic [21], immunosuppressive [22], and cytotoxic [23].

CH3

O

O

O

C

CH3

H3

C

b-asarone


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References:

. Olziikhutag, N. (Ed). (). Latin-Mongolian-Russian Dictionary of Vascular Plants of Mongolia (p. ). Ulaanbaatar: Press




. Ligaa, U., Davaasuren, B., and Ninjil, N. (). Medicinal Plants of Mongolia Used in Western and Eastern Medicine. (p.). Ulaanbaatar: JCK Printing.

. Yuthok Yonten Gonpo., Four Medical Tantras, VIII-IXth century.

. Danzanpuntsag., Crystal rosary. XVIIIth century.

. Khurelchuluun, B., and Batchimeg, U. (). Illustrated Guide of Medicinal Plant Raw Materials of Mongolia. (p. ).

Ulaanbaatar: Erkhes Printing.

. Enkhjargal, D., Bayasgalan, B., and Purevsuren, S. (). Pharmacognosy. (p. ). Ulaanbaatar: Erkhes Printing.

. Sokolov, P.D. et al. (). Plants Review of USSR: Family Butomaceae-Typhaceae. (p. ). Leningrad: Science Printing,

Leningrad.

. Mazza, G. (). Gas chromatographic and mass spectrometric studies of the constituents of the rhizome of calamus: II.

The volatile constituents of alcoholic extracts J. Chromatogr. ,.

. Gildmeister, E., and Hoffman, Fr. (). Die atherischen le. Berlin. , .

. Wu, L.J. et al., (). Studies on the constituents of the roots ofAcorus calamusL. Yakugaku Zasshi, .

. Iguchi, M., Niwa, M., Nishiyama, A., and Yamamura, Sh. (). Isolation and structure of acorermacrone. Tetrahedron

Lett. p. .

. Yamamura, S., Iguchi, M., Nishiyama, A., Niwa, A.M., and Koyama. H. (). Sesquiterpenes from Acorus calamus.

Tetahedron, .

. Keller, K., and Stahl, E. (). Calamus: Constituents and beta-asarone content of different origins. Dtsch. Apoth. Ztg.

, ; Chem. Abstr. (), , .

. Koul, O., Smire, M.J., and Isman, M.B. (). Asarones fromAcorus calamus.J. Chem. Ecol. , .. Mazza, G. (). Gas chromatographic and mass spectrometric studies of the constituents of the rhizome of calamus: I.

The volatile constituents of the essential oil. J. Chromatogr., .

. Patra, A., and Mitra A.K. (). Constituents ofAcorus calamus. Indian J. Chem. B. , .

. Marongiu, B., Piras, A., Porcedda, S., and Scorciapino, A. (). Chemical composition of the essential oil and supercritical

CO extract of Commiphora myrrha(Nees) Engl. and ofAcorus calamusL.J. Agric. Food Chem., .

. Widmer, V., Schibli, A., and Reich, E. (). Quantitative determination of beta-asarone in calamus by high-performance

thin-layer chromatography.J. AOAC Int., .

. Panchal, G.M., Venkatakrishna-Bhatt, H., Doctor, R.B., and Vajpayee, S. (). Pharmacology ofAcorus calamusL. Indian

J. Exptl. Biol., .

. Mehrotra, S., Mishra, K.P., Maurya, R., Srimal, R.C., Yadav, V.S., Pandey, R., and Singh, V.K. (). Anticellular and

immunosuppressive properties of an ethanolic extract of Acorus calamus rhizome. Int. Immunopharmacol. , .

. Ibragimova, V.S. (). Chinese Medicine: Diagnostic and Therapeutic Methods. Medicinal Compounds. Cheni-Tszu

Therapy. (p. ). Moscow: Antares.


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AQUILEG IA SIBI RICA LAM.

Synonym:A. bicolorEhrh. [

Description: Perennial

with rhizome. Stem 2570 cmglabrous, more or less bran

near the inflorescence. Leave

to two times ternate, leaflets

reniform, with long petio

divided not reaching the m

into three segments. Flowers

5 cm in diameter, sepals 2

long, 12 cm wide, petals

with yellowish or light mashorter than sepals. Spur cu

like a hook. Follicles five, 2 c

length.

Distribution: Khovs., Kh

Khang., Khovd, Dund. Khalkh

WH

O

WHO

Mongolian name

Sibiri Udval, Khokh u

val, Zusten tsetseg

Tibetan name

Udval ombo

English name

Siberian Columbine

Aquilegia sibiricaLam.

RANUNCULACEAE


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AQUILEGI A SIBI RICA LAM.

References:











. Boldsaikhan, B. (). Encyclopedia of Mongolian Medicinal Plants (p. ). Ulaanbaatar: Mongolian University

Science and Technology.

. Khurelchuluun, B., and Batchimeg, U. (). Illustrated Guide of Medicinal Plant Raw Materials of Mongolia. (p.


. Khurelchuluun, B., and Batchimeg, U. (). Illustrated Guide of Medicinal Plant Raw Materials of Mongolia. (p. Ulaanbaatar: Erkhes Printing.

. Khishgee, D., and Shiirevdamba, Ts. (). Herb ofAquilegia sibiricaLam. Mongolian National Standard .

. Willaman, J.J., and Li, H.-L. (). Alkaloid-bearing plants and their contained alkaloids. Lloydia, .


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Synonyms:A. griffithianaBoiss

A. sieversianavar.pygmaeaKry

A. akbaitalensis O.Fedtsch., A

krylovians Steinb., Pyrethrum

pamiricumO.Fedtsch. [1]

Description: Annual herb

which are grey because of whitis

slant hairs. Stems solitary o

several, 6-25cm tall, erect, o

branched from the base. Leave

except the cauline petiolat

with dissected auricles at th

base. Leaf blade oblong ovat

to broadly ovate, 1.54 cm long12 cm wide, densely hairy o

both surfaces, light grey, twic

pinnatisected, with two pairs o

primary segments, final segment

ternate, linear oblong or narrow

spatulate, 14 mm long, 515 mm

WH

O

WHO

Mongolian name

Eerem sharilj, Tsarvan

Tibetan name

Tsarvon

English name

Largehead Wormwood

Artemisia macrocephalaJacquem.

ex Besser

ASTERACEAE


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ARTEMIS IA MACRO CEPHA LAJACQUEM. EX BESSER

wide, rounded at the apex. Bracts sessile, ovate or linear lanceolate. Heads globular, 410 mm in diameter, with

peduncle, drooping, forming raceme or broad panicle. Achene oblong-ovate.

Distribution:Khovs. (Khovsgol lake), Khent., Khang., ng-Dag., Dund. Khalkh, Ikh n., Khovd, ng. lt., Alt.

(east), lash.

Habitat:Mostly on rocks in dry beds of large and small rivers [24].

Parts used:Herb and flowers

Traditional Uses:The taste is bitter and hot and coarse. It is used for the following: treating inflammation o

throat, lung diseases, and fever from tumors. It is an ingredient of the following traditional prescriptions: Juga

Tsarvon-5, Tsarvon-48, and Zembe-5 [47].

Chemical constituents: The aerial part contains 0.152% essential oil: azulene,

a-pinene, -pinene, camphene, limonene, n-cymol, 1,8-cineole, camphor, borneol,

hamazulene, thujone, n-cresol, sabinene, myrcene, a-terpinene, g-terpinene, isoborneol

and other terpenoids [8,9]. Flowers contain 0.420.61% essential oil, and 7.4310.5% of

the essential oil is hamazulene [8].

Bioactivities: Essential oil, especially hamazulene shows anti-inflammatory and

anesthetic activities [10].

References:

. Olziikhutag, N. (Ed). (). Latin-Mongolian-Russian Dictionary of Vascular Plants of Mongolia (p. ). Ulaanbaat

Press of Mongolian Academy of Sciences.






. Yuthok Yonten Gonpo., Four Medical Tantras, VIII-IXthcentury.

. Danzanpuntsag., Crystal rosary. XVIIIthcentury.

. Boldsaikhan, B. (). Encyclopedia of Mongolian Medicinal Plants (p. ). Ulaanbaatar: Mongolian UniversityScience and Technology.

. Beresovskaya, G.P., Dudko, B.B., Kalinkina, G.I., and Serikh, E.A. (). Artemisia macrocephala - a source of azule

among plants of the Siberian flora. Rastit. Resur. , .

. Shatar, S. (). Chemische charakterisierung therischer le aus mongolischen Arten der Gattung Artemisia

Pharmazie.

. Sokolov, P.D. et al. (). Plants Review of USSR: Family Asteraceae. (p. ). Leningrad: Science Printing.

Hamazulen


22/248


Synonym: A. gibbus Bunge, A

tuberculatusBunge ex Iljin [1].

Description: Perennial, 309

cm tall erect stems, with obliqueupward growing branche

Cladodes 1050 mm long

glabrous, green, borne in cluste

by 38. Stem apexes and cladode

glabrous or with small grist

alternate warts. Scale leaves o

the stem short, with an acute spu

Peduncles 47 mm long. Petals o

male flowers 46 mm long. Berrorbicular, red, turning almo

black at maturity.

Distribution: Khang., Khent

ng-Dg., Khyang., Dund. Khalkh

Dr. ng., Olon n., Dor. Gobi.

WH

O

WHO

Mongolian name

Daguur khereen nuden,

Ukhriin idee, Zeerenshil

Tibetan name

Neshin

English name

Dahurian Asparagus

Asparagus dahuricusLink

LILIACEAE


23/248

ASPARAGUS DA HURICU SLINK

Habitat:Meadows in mountain steppe and steppe zone [25].

Traditional Uses:The taste is sweet and astringent, and the potency is warm and light. It is used for the follow

Enhancing longevity, healing kidney diseases, fever of lung, inflammation of the throat and tonsilitis, lymph dise

xerostomia, chronic diseases of the lung, and diabetic diseases. Also used for treating wounds, phlegm and bile dise

and improving appetite. It is an ingredient of the following traditional prescriptions: Boljar-8, Brogni-6, BregVanlag-37, Dofel-13, Dovchin-13, Dosel-22, Sugmel-7, Dajid-13, Jats-14, Zava-9, and Sojid-11 [510].


Root: The transverse section is rounded. Periderm is many layered and compact. Inner side of root has dis

parenchymatous cells with thin-walled and vascular bundles [11].

Chemical constituents:Roots contain sugar [5] and saponins [11].

Qualitive and quantitative assay:Saponins in the plant are detected by reactions to produce a foam withacetate. Total saponin content is determined by gravimetric analysis [11].

Qualitive and quantitative standards:Loss on drying, 9%. Ash, not more than 8.5%. Organic matter, not more

0.5%, and mineral matter, not more than 1.0%. Water-soluble extractive, not less than 10.0%. Total saponin conten

less than 0.5% [11].

References:

. Olziikhutag, N. (Ed). (). Latin-Mongolian-Russian Dictionary of Vascular Plants of Mongolia (p. ). Ulaanbaatar: Pre

of Mongolian Academy of Sciences.. Gubanov, I.. (). Conspectus on Mongolian Flora (vascular plants) (p. ). Moscow: Valang Press.









and Technology.



. Khurelchuluun, B., Suran, D., and Zina, C. (). Illustrated Guide of Raw Materials Used in Traditional Medicine. (p.


. Oyuun, Z., and Shiirevdamba, Ts. (). Root ofAsparagus dahuricusLink. Mongolian National Standard .


24/248


25/248

ASTRAGA LUS MONGHOL ICUSBUNGE

Traditional Uses:The taste is sweet and the potency is hot. It is used for the following: treating light swelling, w

swelling and phlegm, and improving physical energy and strength. It is also used to soothe a purulent inflammatio

wound-healing, to treat lung fever, oliguria and hemorrhoids. It is an ingredient of the following traditional prescrip

Jurur-6 [5,6]

Microscopic characteristics:Root:The transverse section is rounded. The cork consists of many rows of cells. Phelloderm, 35 rows of collenchym

cells. Endodermis developed under the cork. In the inner part of endodermis pericycle fibres are developed. Vas

bundles in the pith region. Parenchymatous cells contain starch granules [7].

Chemical constituents: Root contains flavonoids: formononetin, 3-hydroxy-formononetin, 2,3-dihydroxy

dimethoxyflavone, 7,3-dihydroxy-4-methoxyflavone 7-O-glucoside, 7,3-dihydroxy-4-dimethoxyflavone, sapo

astragaloside I-X, isoastragaloside I-IV, polysaccharides, Above-ground parts contain astragaloside quer

isorhamnetin, rhamnocetin, isorhamnetin 3-b-D-glucopyranoside, propingoside, coumarin, tannins, and saponins

Qualitative and quantitative assays:Flavonoids in the plant are identified by cyanidin reaction and reaction

lead tetraacetate. Total flavonoid content is determined by spectrophotometry at 430 nm and calculated as quercet

Qualitative and quantitative standards:Loss on drying, 8.0%. Organic matter, not more than 0.5% and mi

matter, not more than 1.0%. Total flavonoid content, not less than 3.0% [7].

References:


of Mongolian Academy of Sciences.. Gubanov, I.. (). Conspectus on Mongolian Flora (vascular plants) (p. ). Moscow: Valang Press.






. Danzanpuntsag., Crystal rosary. XVIIIth century, p. .

. Oyuun, Z., Purevsuren, G., Khishigjargal, L., Lkhagvabaasan, D., Dungerdorj, D., and Tserenkhand, L. (). Root

Astragalus mongholicusBunge. Mongolian National Standard .

. Dungerdorj, D. () Flavonoid investigation of some Astragalus species used in Mongolian traditional medicine

thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Pharmacy. Moscow: First Medical University.


26/248


Mongolian name

Sibiri toshlog, Sharmod

Tibetan name

Jirba

English name

Siberian Barberry

Synonym:B. altaicaPall. [1]

Description: Thorny shru

up to 1 meter tall, strong

branched stem, with 35 partitspines. Leaves entire, alternat

with marginal prickles, oblong

lanceolate, or oblanceolate, up t

20 mm long, 8 mm wide. Berr

red, oblong, many-seeded.

Distribution: Khovs., Khent

Khang., ng-Dag., Khovd, ng

lt., Gobi-lt. (Gurvan saikhaGurvan bogd)

Habitat: Rocks and screes i

forests and slopes in mountai

forest-steppe belt [25].Part used

ShootWHO

Berberis sibiricaPall.

BERBERIDACEAE


27/248

BERBERIS SIBIRICAPALL.

Traditional Uses:The taste is sour and bitter, and the potency is cool and coarse. It is used for the following:

poison antidote, treating diseases of the lymph and the eye, bile disorders, and overcoming diarrhea. It is an ingre

of the following traditional prescriptions: Arur-18, Bavru-8, Bongar-13, Bragshun-5, Braivu-17, Givan-11, Gurgum

Dashun-6, 23, Dumtal, Degd-6, 8, 15, 20, and Lish-16 [57].

Chemical constituents:Protoberberine alkaloids, particularly berberine (0.36%) [8].Leaves containflavonoidscontains organic acids and ascorbic acid [9].

Qualitative and quantitative assays:Alkaloids in the plant are determined by the precipitation reaction.

alkaloid content is determined bya gravimetric method[10].

Qualitative and quantitative standards:Loss on drying, not more than 13.0%. Ash, not more than 23.0%. Or

matter, not more than 2.0% and mineral matter, not more than 0.5%. Total alkaloid, not less than 0.4% [10].

References:. Olziikhutag, N. (Ed). (). Latin-Mongolian-Russian Dictionary of Vascular Plants of Mongolia (p. ). Ulaanbaatar: Pr











. Vasilieva, V.D., and Naidovich, L.P. (). Investigation on berberine content in Berberisspecies. Pharmacy, .

. Fedorov, A.A. et al. (). Plants review of USSR: Family Magnoliaceae-Limoniaceae. (p. ). Leningrad: Science Printi

. Khaidav, Ts., and Javkhlan, G. (). Berberis sibirica. Mongolian National Standard .


28/248


Mongolian name

Zuzaannavchit (Badgar)

Badaan

Tibetan name

Gadur

English name

Leather Bergenia

Synonym: B. bifolia Moench

Saxifraga crassifoliaL. [1]

Description: Rhizome 101mm in diameter, several mete

long, with abundant scars o

the surface. Outer side of th

rhizome dark brown, with man

small roots. Stem 3050 cm ta

perennial herbs. Leaves entir

glabrous, membranous, broa

elliptic or almost round, wit

rounded, cordate or cuneate basPentamerous purple flowers i

terminal panicle like corymb

Capsule with two wings at the tip

Seeds dark brown or black.

Distribution:Khent., Khang.

WH

O

Bergenia crassifolia(L.) Fritsch

SAXIFRAGACEAE

WHO


29/248

BERGENIA CRASSIFOLIAL. FRITSCH

Habitat:Cedar forests in alpine belt [24].

Parts used:Leaf and root/rhizome.

Traditional Uses:The taste is sweet and astringent, and the potency is hot and light. It is used for the follow

treating typhoid and lung fever, treating disorders of the stomach and intestine, treating diarrhea, and for inflammof the lung. It is an ingredient of the following traditional prescriptions: Valo-25, Gabed-6, Jisergundel, Loman j

Srolo-3, and Chisron dermon-9 [48].

Chemical constituents:Rhizome contains tannins, phenol carboxylic

acids and their derivatives, (+)-catechin and catechin gallate [9],

isocoumarin: bergenin [10]. Leaves contain 630% tannins [11], 12.18%

arbutin, hydroquinone [12], rododendrine [9], pectin: bergenan [13],

catechin: gallocatechin, catechin gallate [11], flavonoids: quercetin,

kaempferol, leucoanthocyanidin: leucocyanidin, leucdelifinidin [9,14],coumarin: ellagic acid, isocoumarin: bergenin [9,12].

Qualitative and quantitative assays:Tannins in the rhizomes and

leaves are identified by reaction with ammonium iron (III) sulphate and

titrated with potassium permanganate. Arbutin in the leaves gives a

dark brown precipitate with iron (II) sulphate. Arbutin is determined by titration using iodine as the titrant and s

as the indicator [15].

Qualitative and quantitative standards:For rhizomes:Loss on drying, not more than 13.0%. Ash, not more than 10.0%. Organic matter, not more than

and mineral matter, not more than 1.0%. Tannins 1517% [16].

For leaves:Loss on drying, not more than 12.0%. Ash, not more than 4.0%. Organic matter, not more than 0.5%

mineral matter, not more than 0.5%. Tannins, not less than 15% and arbutin, not less than 5% [15].

Bioactivities:Anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, anti-ulcerous, antidiarrheal [9].

O

OH

H

HO

HO

CH3

CH2OH

O

O

Bergenin


30/248


References:





. Ligaa, U., Davaasuren, B., and Ninjil, N. (). Medicinal Plants of Mongolia Used in Western and Eastern Medicine. (p.




. Boldsaikhan, B. (). Encyclopedia of Mongolian Medicinal Plants (pp. , ). Ulaanbaatar: Mongolian University of




. Sokolov, P.D. et al. (). Plants Review of USSR: Family Hydrangeaceae-Haloragaceae. (p. ). Leningrad: Science Printing.

. Karrer, W. (). Konstitution und Vorkommen der organischen Pflanzenstoffe. (pp. ). Basel: Birkaser Verlag.

. Friedrich, H. (). Untersuchungen ber den Gerbstoff von Bergenia-Arten und seine Beziehungen zum Arbutin.Pharmazie, .

. Pozharitskaya, O.N., Ivanova, S.A., Shikov, A.N., Makarov, V.G., and Galambosi, B. (). Separation and evaluation of free

radical-scavenging activity of phenol components of green, brown, and black leaves of Bergenia crassifoliaby using

HPTLC-DPPH method.J. Sep. Sci. , .

. Golovchenko, V.V., Bushneva, O.A., Ovodova, R.G., Shashkov, A.S., Chizhov, A.S., and Ovodov, Yu.S. (). Structural study

of bergenan, a pectin from Bergenia crassifolia. Bioorg. Khim.(), .

. Thieme, H., Walewska, E. and Winkler, H.J. (). Isolierung von Rhododendron aus Bergenia-Arten. Pharmazie, .

. Shiirevdamba, Ts., Erdenetsetseg, G., Enkhjargal, D., and Bayartsetseg, A. (). Leaves ofBergenia crassifolia.Mongolian

National Standard .

. Khandsuren, S., and Erdenetsetseg, G. (). Root and rhizome of Bergenia crassifolia.Mongolian National Standard

.


31/248

BUPLEURUM SCORZONERIFOLIUMWILLD.

Synonyms:B. falcatumvar.

zonerifolium Ledeb., Eufalca

var. scorzonerifolium Wolff

falcatum subsp. scorzonerifo

K.-Pol., B. baldense Ledeb

kirillowii Turcz. ex K.-PolfalcatumTurcz. [1]

Description: Perennials

tap root. Stem curved, so

or several, 2050 cm tall. Ra

leaves lanceolate, 710 mm

with long stalks and 57 di

longitudinal ribs, cauline l

sessile, linear or linear-lancetapering to both ends.

flowered umbels form a pa

Bracts small, 14 mm

lanceolate, green, shorter

secondary umbels. Mericarps

blunt thick grooves.

Mongolian name

Khaviskhana navchit

Bersh

Tibetan name

LalapudEnglish name

Red Thorowax

WH

O

Bupleurum scorzonerifoliumWilld.

APIACEAE

WHO


32/248


Distribution:Khovs., Khang., Khent., ng-Dg., Khyang., Dund. Khalkh, Dr. ng.

Habitat:Slopes and forest fringes in mountain steppe and forest-steppe belts [25].

Parts used:Herb, fruits

Traditional Uses:The taste is bitter and the potency is severe and cool. It is used for the following: treating parasiti

worm diseases, stomach diseases, and cold diseases. It is an ingredient of the following traditional prescription

Agar-17 [57].

Chemical constituents: Essential oil: myrcene, a-pinene,

b-pinene, limonene, n-cymol, phellandrene [8], sabinene, camphene,

carvone, a-thujone, linalool, bornyl acetate, g-terpinene and others,

flavonoids: quercetin, isorhamnetin, rutin, narcissin, isoquercetin [9],

hyperin, coumarin: umbelliferone, scopoletin, esculetin [10], lignans:2,3-E-2,3-dihydro-2-(3-methoxy-4-O--D-glucopyranosyl-phenyl)-

3-hydroxymethyl-5-(3-hydroxypropenyl)-7-methoxy-1-benzo[b]

furan and 2,3-E-2,3-dihydro-2-(3-methoxy-4-hydroxy-phenyl)-3-

hydroxymethyl-5-(3-hydroxypropenyl)-7-O-b-D-glucopyranosyl-1-

benzo[b]furan [11], isochaihulactone, chaihunaphthone [12], saponins:

3-O-[b-D-glucopyranosyl-(1 2)-b-D-glucopyranosyl-(1 3)-b-D-

fucopyranosyl]-3b,16a,23,28-tetrahydroxy-olean-11,13(18)-dien-30-oic

acid-30-O-[pentito(1 1)-b-D-glucopyranosyl-(6 )] ester (saikosaponin U), and 3-O-[b-D-glucopyranosyl-(1 3)-b-D

fucopyranosyl]-3b,16a,23,28-tetrahydroxy-olean-11,13(18)-dien-30-oic acid-30-O-[pentito(1

1)-b-D-glucopyranosy(6 )] ester (saikosaponin V) [13], eugenin and saikochromone.

Qualitative and quantitative assays:Flavonoids in the plant are identified by cyanidin reaction and the reactio

with lead acetate. Total flavonoid content is determined by spectrophotometry at 420 nm and calculated as quercet

[14].

Qualitative and quantitative standards:Loss on drying, not more than 8.0%. Ash, not more than 2.0%. Organ

matter, not more than 2.0% and mineral matter, not more than 0.5%. Total flavonoid content, not less than 2.0% [14].

Bioactivities: Bile-expelling, stimulates secretion of gastric acid, and anti-ulcer activity [8]. Hyperin has a live

protective activity [10]. In biological testing, eugenin and saikochromone have an immunosuppressive activity [12].

O

OH

OH

O

OH

OH

O

O

OH

OH

OHOH

Hyperin


33/248

BUPLEURUM SCORZONERIFOLIUMWILLD.

References:











. Sokolov, P.D. et al. (). Plants Review of USSR: Family Rutaceae-Elaeagnaceae. (p. ). Leningraad: Science Printing

. Minaeva, V.G., Volkhonskaya, T.A., and Valutskaya, A.G. (). Comparative investigation of flavonoid consitiution

some Bupleurum species of Siberia. Rastit. Resur. , .

. Tserendulam, L. (). Chemical and chemical-technological investigation of Bupleurum species. (p. ). A the

submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Pharmacy. Ulaanbaatar: Medical University of Mongolia.. Tan, L., Zhang, Q.Y., Li, J.S., Wang, B., Tu, G.Z., and Zhao, Y.Y. (). Studies on lignan glycosides from the roots

Bupleurum scorzonerifolium. Yao Xue Xue Bao, .

. Chang, W.L., Chiu, L.W., Lai, J.H., and Lin, H.C. (). Immunosuppressive flavones and lignans from Bupleuru

scorzonerifolium. Phytochemistry, .

. Tan, L., Zhao, Y., Tu, G., Wang, B., Cai, S., and Zhang, R. (). Saikosaponins from roots of Bupleurum scorzonerifoliu

Phytochemistry, .

. Oyuungerel, Z., Tserendulam, L., and Shiirevdamba, Ts. (). Herb of Bupleurum scorzonerifolium, Mongolian Natio

Standard .


34/248


Mongolian name

Sibiri bersh

Tibetan name

Lalapud

English name

Siberian Thorowax

Synonym: B. multinerve va

angustius DC., B. multinerv

Ledeb., B. multinerve Wolff., B

falcatum Ledeb., B. flexuosum

Ledeb., B. dahuricum F. et M. eTurcz., B. latifoliumFreyn [1].

Description:Perennials with ta

root. Stem 3050 cm tall, solitar

or several, not branched or wit

several branches at the tip. Radic

leaves linear-lanceolate, tapere

to the base, acute at the apex

with 57 veins and long stalkcauline leaves smaller, sessil

ovate, with rounded-cuneate bas

and acuminate apex. Mid umb

bigger than others, with 51

almost equal peduncles. Bract

24, acute, oblong. Bracteoles five

WH

O

Bupleurum sibiricumVest ex Roem.

& Schult.

APIACEAE

WHO


35/248

BUPLEURUM SIBIRICUMVEST EX ROEM. & SCHULT.

obovate or ovate-lanceolate, longer than secondary umbels, acute. Mericaps oblong, with narrowly winged ribs

longitudinal furrows on commissure.

Distribution:Khent., ng-Dg.

Habitat:Larch and birch forests, their fringes in mountain forest-steppe belt [2,3].

Part used:Herb

Traditional Uses:The taste is bitter and the potency is light, severe, and sharp. It is used for the following: as an

parasitic agent. It is also said to be beneficial for stomach diseases, and for colds. It is an ingredient of the follo

traditional prescription: Zadi-15 [4,5].

Chemical constituents: Essential oil: myrcene, a-pinene, b-pinene, limonene, n-cymol, phellandrene, sabi

camphene, carvone, linalool, bornyl acetate, pinocamphene, perolidol and others [6], flavonoids: querisorhamnetin, rutin [7].

Bioactivity:Antitumor [8].

References:




. Malishev, L.I., and Peshkova, G.A. (). Flora of Central Siberia (Vol. , p. ). Novosibirsk: Science Printing.. Yuthok Yonten Gonpo., Four Medical Tantras, VIII-IXth century.


. Tserendulam, L. (). Chemical and chemical-technological investigation of Bupleurum species. (p. ). A the

submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Pharmacy. Ulaanbaatar: Medical University of Mongolia.

. Sokolov, P.D. et al., Plants Review of USSR: Family Rutaceae-Elaeagnaceae. (p. ). Leningrad: Science Printing.

. Cetlin, A.L., Niconov, G.K., Shvarev, I.F., and Pimenov, M.G. (). On the antitumor activity of natural coumarins. Ras

Resur. , .


36/248


Mongolian name

Ilden igyyshin

Tibetan name

Yeguushin

English name

Hastate Cacalia

Synonym: C. suaveolens auc

non L., C. glabra Ledeb., C

sagittifolia Mertens, C. hastat

var.pubescensLedeb., C. hastat

var. glabra Ledeb., C. hastatsubsp. hastata Hara, Ligulari

hastata Less., Senecio sagittatu

Sch. Bip., S. sagittatus va

pubescens Maxim., S. sagittatu

var. glaber Maxim., Hasteol

hastataPojark., Synosma hastat

Pojark., Koyamacalia hastata (L

H. Robinson et R.D. Brettell [1].

Description:Perennial herb wit

a rhizome, producing large fibrou

roots. Solitary stem 60200 cm

tall, erect, glabrous or covere

with short hairs. Leaves alternat

525 cm long, as wide as th

Cacalia hastataL.

ASTERACEAE

WHO


37/248

CACALIA HASTATAL.

length, protruding, dentate, glabrous, sometimes lower surface hairy, hastate, lateral lobes acute. Head 5 mm

1013 mm thick, cylindrical or narrow-bell shaped, united in raceme or panicle. Achene 57 mm long, digitate, sm

with pappus 1.52 times longer than the seed.

Distribution:Khovs., Khent., Khang., ng-Dg., Khyang., Dr. ng.

Habitat:Larch and birch in forest-steppe belt [25].

Parts used:Flowers, leaves

Traditional Uses:The taste is bitter and the potency is cool and sharp. It is used for the following: treating inflamm

and wounds, as an anti-bacterial agent, and for joint pain.

It is an ingredient of the following traditional prescriptions:Yanjina-18, Chivdag yuljal-21, Seru-15, Rodma

and Khonilon-6 [58].


Leaf:Leaf is dorsiventral. Palisade single-layered; spongy parenchyma four- to five-layered, oblong. Epidermal

little thick, wavy-walled. On both sides anomocytic stomata present. Vascular bundle is closed collateral [9].

Chemical constituents: The aerial parts contain tannins [10], and

pyrrolizidine alkaloids: platyphylline, hastacine [11].

Qualitative and quantitative assays:Tannins are identified by reactionwith dilute sulfuric acid titrated with potassium permanganate [9].

Qualitative and quantitative standards: Loss on drying, not more

than 12.0%. Ash, not more than 12.0%. Organic matter, not more than 2.0%

and mineral matter, not more than 2.0%. Tannins, not less than 3% [9].

Bioactivities:Antibacterial [10], anti-inflammatory [11].

OO

CH3

CH3

OH

C

O

N

H

Platyphylline


38/248


References:

. Olziikhutag, N. (Ed). (). Latin-Mongolian-Russian Dictionary of Vascular Plants of Mongolia (p. ). Ulaanbaatar:




. Sanchir, Ch., Batkhuu, J., Boldsaikhan, B., and Komatsu, K. (). Illustrated Guide of Mongolian Useful Plants. (Vol. , p.






. Boldsaikhan, B. (). Encyclopedia of Mongolian Medicinal Plants (p. ). Ulaanbaatar: Mongolian University of


. Khaidav, Ts., and Javkhlan, G. (). Cacalia hastata L.Mongolian National Standard .

. Sokolov, P.D. et al., (). Plants review of USSR: Family Asteraceae. (p. ). Leningrad, Science Printing.

. Altanchimeg, D. (). Phytochemical investigations of some Mongolian plants with respect to their content ofpyrrolizidine alkaloids. (p. ). A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Chemistry. Ulaanbaatar:

Institute of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Mongolian Academy of Sciences.


39/248

CARUM CARVIL.

Mongolian name

Egel gonid, Ziira, Zira

Tibetan name

Gonid

English name

Caraway

Synonyms: C. decussa

Gilib., C. aromaticum Sa

C. officinale S.F. Gray,

rosellum Woronow, Ap

carviCrantz, Seseli carum SSium carum [Weber], S.

Bernh., Ligusticum carvi

Aegopodium carum W

Bunium carvi Bieb., Foenic

carvi Link, Falcaria carv

C.A.Mey., Pimpinella

Jessen, Carvi careum Buban

Description: Up to 70 cmperennial herbs forming b

bush, branched from the

with tap root. Leaves ob

in outline, two to three t

pinnatisected, segments l

lanceolate or linear. Comp

Carum carviL.

APIACEAE

WHO


40/248


umbel with 816 unequal rays. 12 bracts, no bracteoles. Corolla pink or red-pink.Achene 4 mm long, with stron

smell.

Distribution:Khent., Khang., ng-Dag., ng. lt., Gbi-lt.

Habitat:Waterside meadows in forest-steppe and steppe zone [25].

Parts used:Fruit

Traditional Uses:The taste is bitter and hot, and the potency is warm andoily. It is used for the following: treatmen

of nervous diseases, tumors, eye diseases, bronchial phlegm, inflammation, stomach disorders, and improves peristals

and appetite. It is an ingredient of the following traditional prescriptions: Ava-7, 14, 15, Manmar, Agar-7, 10, 19, 20, 2

Banjan-25, Bongar-10, Bonnag-15, Brunag-29, Balo-25, Bragshun-9, Braibu-21, Gavur-7, 8, 9, 13, 14, 18, Givan-8, 10, 1

20, Gunbrum-7, Gurgum-7, Dudziseljor, Deva-5, 10, and Degd-4 [57].


Fruit: Epicarp polygonal tabular cells and with striated cuticle. Parenchymatous cells of mesocarp 6-layered. Fiv

vascular bundles surrounded by sclerides. Above each vascular bundle a secretory cell is present. Endosperm thic

walled, contains oil globules, aleurone grains and crystals of calcium oxalate [8].

Chemical constituents:Fruit contains 2.67.67% essential oil:

(S)-(+)-carvone (up to 65%) and (R)-(+)-limonene (up to 50%)

as the main components [9], a-pinene, b-pinene, sabinene,

limonene, dihydrocarvone, isodihydrocarvone, carvacrol,dihydrocarvacrol, carveol, g- terpinene, myrcene, a-thujone,

b-thujone and other terpenoids [917], steroids: stigmasterol

and its palmitate and stearate esters; flavonoids: quercetin,

kaempferol glycoside, isoquercitrin, 0.020.48%; coumarins:

umbelliferone, scopoletin, gerniarin [18], phenol-carboxylic acid

and its derivatives [19], fat 18.421.18%, which contains 0.2% sugar, 66% triglycerides, 5.1% free fatty acids [18,2022

Bioactivities:Spasmolytic, mucolitic, and antibacterial [23], laxative [24].

O

H H

(S)-(+)-carvone (R)-(+)-limonene


41/248

CARUM CARVIL.

References:









. Ganbayar, Ya. (). Guide to Drug Prescriptions of Mongolia. (p. ). Ulaanbaatar: Bit Service Printing.

. Khurelchuluun, B., Suran, D., and Zina, C. (). Illustrated Guide of Raw Materials Used in Traditional Medicine. (p.


. Max Wichtl. (). Herbal Drugs and Phytopharmaceuticals. (p. ). Stuttgart: Medpharm, Stuttgart.

. Sokolov, P.D. et al. (). Plants Review of USSR: Family Rutaceae-Elaeagnaceae. (p. ). Leningrad: Science Printing.

. Embong, M.B., Hadzigev D., and Molnar, S. (). Essential oils from species grown in Alberta: Caraway oil (Carum car

Can. J. Plant. Sci. , .

. Ikeda, R.M., Stanley, W.L., Vannier, S.H., and Spitler, E.H. (). The monoterpene hydrocarbon composition of so

essential oils.J. Food. Sci., .

. Karrer, W. (). Konstitution und Vorkommen der organischen Pflanzenstoffe. (pp. ). Basel: Birkaser Verlag.

. Plouvier, V. (). Sur la recherche du pinitol chez quelques Caryophyllacees, Magnoliacees et plantes de fami

voisines. Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. , .

. Rothbcher, H., and Suteu, F. (). ber Hydroxylverbindungen des Kmmells. Planta Med. , .

. Salveson, A., and Baerheim Svendsen, A. (). Oxygen-containing monoterpenes: Gas chromatographic separation a

identification of cumin oil constituents. Sci. Pharm. , ; Chem. Abstr. (). , .

. Schantz, M., and Ek, B.S. (). ber die Bildung von therischen l in Kmmel-Carum carvi. Sci. Pharm. , .. Schantz, M., and Huhtikengas, A. (). ber die Bildung von Limonen und Carvon in Kmmel-Carum car

Phytochemistry, .

. Kartnig, Th. (). ber einige Lipoid-Inhatsstoffe aus den Frchten von Pimpinella anisumL. und Carum carviL. Fet

Seifen, Anstrichmittel, , .

. Dirks, U., and Herman, K. (). -(b-D-Glucopyranosyloxy)-benzoic acid, a characteristic phenolic constituent of t

Apiaceae. Phytochemistry, .

. Hondelmann, W. (). Das Vorkommen einer ungewhnlicen Fettsure, der Petroselinsure, in der Familie d

Doldengewchse als Ausganspunkt fr die Entwicklung neuer lfruchte. Land-bauforsch. Vlkendrode, , .

. Kleiman, R., and Spencer, G.F. (). Search for new industrial oils: Umbelliferae seed oils rich in petroselinic acid.J. Am

Oil. Chem. Soc. , .

. Stepenanco, N.A., Gusakova, S.D., and Umarov, A.U. (). Lipids from seed of Carum carviand Foeniculum vulga

Khim. Prir. Soedin. .

. Volodya, Ts., Tserenbaljid, D., and Lamjav, Ts. (). Medicinal Plants of Mongolia. (p. ). Ulaanbaatar.

. Mashkovsi, M.D (). Medicinal Preparations. (p. ). Moscow: Medicine Printing.


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Mongolian name

Nariin Ukher-gonid

(Yamaakhai)

Tibetan name

Java

English name

Rough Chervil

Description: 50120 cm

biennials, with thick taproo

Leaves three to four times pinnat

White compound inflorescencCalyx dentate. Petals whit

oblong. Secretory vittae in fru

grooves 23.

Distribution: Khovs., Khent

Khang., ng-Dg., ng. lt

Dund. Khalkh, Ikh n., Olon n., Do

Gobi, Gobi-lt.

Habitat: Crops and abandone

fields, inhabited places, alon

roads, mountain and hill slope

ravines, rocky areas and scree

[13].

Chaerophyllum gracileFreyn. & Sint.

APIACEAE

WHO

WH

O


43/248

CHAEROPHYLLUM GRACILEFREYN. & SINT.

Part used:Root

Traditional Uses:The taste is bitter and the potency is warm. It is used for the following: enhances vigour and p

has a sedative effect and enhances breathing. It is an ingredient of the following traditional prescriptions: Sugm

Sojed, Braibu-17, and Banlag-37 [36].

Chemical constituents:Root contains 0.030.5% coumarins [7,8], sugars: glucose, galactose, arabinose, rham

[9], quinones: gracillisquinones A and B [10].

Qualitive and quantitative assays:Protein is determined by the titration method using 0.1 mol/l sulphuric

as the titrant, and sugar is titrated with potassium permanganate. Pectins are determined by gravimetric analysis

Qualitive and quantitative standards:Loss on drying, not more than 6.0%. Ash, not more than 4.9%. Matte

more than 4.0%, of which mineral matter, not more than 1.5%. Stem and leaves of this plant, not more than 0.5%

of other plants, not more than 1.5%. Protein, not more than 12.0%. Sugar, not more than 47.6%. Pectin, not more7.8% [11].

Bioactivities:Antitumour [12] and antibacterial [7].

References:




. Ligaa, U., Davaasuren, B., and Ninjil, N. (). Medicinal Plants of Mongolia Used in Western and Eastern Medicine. ). Ulaanbaatar: JCK Printing.




and Technology.

. Sokolov, P.D. et al. (). Plants Review of USSR: Family Rutaceae-Elaeagnaceae. (p. ). Leningrad: Science Printing.

. Valutskaya, A.G., Gusikova, I.N., and Turina, E.V. (). The coumarin content in some plants of Umbelliflorae growing

Siberia. Rastit. Resur. , .

. Banzragch, D. (). Characterization and structure of polysaccharides in some species of Mongolian medicinal plan

(p. ). Thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Chemistry. Ulaanbaatar: Mongolian Academy

Sciences, Institute of Chemistry and Chemical Technology.

. Chen, N.Y., Shi, J., and Chen, T. (). Two new quinones from Spallerocarpus gracillis. Planta Med. , .

. Root of Spallerocarpus gracillis. (). Mongolian National Standard .

. Cetlin, A.L., Niconov, G.K., Shvarev, I.F., Pimenov, M.G. (). On the antitumour activity of natural coumarins. Ras

Resur. , .


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Mongolian name

Ikh Shuudergene

Tibetan name

Donroiselva

English name

Greater Celandine

Synonym:C. luteumGilib. [1]

Description: Perennial herb

forming bush, with big rhizom

contain orange colored latex likrust. Dark scales around the roo

neck. Stem branched, 4080 cm

tall. Basal leaves with curly hair

1030 cm long, pinnatisected, fin

segments big, lateral segment

small and in 34 pairs, uppe

side green, lower side whitish o

grey. Few flowered umbel in axi

of terminal leaves. Petals brighyellow, 1015 mm long. Capsul

grey, 25 cm long, 23 cm wide.

Distribution: Khent., Khang

ng-Dg., Khyang.

Chelidonium majusL.

PAPAVERACEAE

WHO

WH

O


45/248

CHELIDONIUM MAJUSL.

Habitat:Larch and birch forests in forest-steppe belt [25].

Part used:Herb

Traditional Uses: The taste is bitter and the potency is cool. It is used for the following: treating typhoid f

xerostomia, bile disorder, burn wounds, alleviating fever, soothing pain, dermatitis, and papilloma. It is an ingreof the following traditional prescriptions: Bashaga-7, Davichujin, Donroiselva-7, Yutigdumshitan, Lkhamobu

Chuchin-25 [58].


Leaf:Leaf is dorsiventral. Palysade single-layered, large, scattered; spongy parenchyma 23 layered. Epiderma

thin, wavy walled. Anomocytic stomata occur only on the lower surface of the leaf. Stoma relatively large. Vas

bundles are visible centre of the spongy parenchyma [9].

Stem:The transverse section is rounded. Epidermis two-layered, relatively thick. Lower epidermis has parenchymathick-walled of cortex. Near the vascular bundle appearing thick-walled, large parenchyma. Collateral vascular b

surrounded by stem. Upper vascular bundle occurs with high developed sclerenchyma [9].

Chemical constituents:1.44.32% organic acids, 0.01% essential

oil [10], saponins [11,12], flavonoids [10], phenol carboxylic acid [13],

alkaloids: chelerythrine, sanguinarine [14], chelidonine, berberine,

coptisine [13], chelidimerine [15], chelirubine [16,17]. The main

alkaloids are chelidonine, chelerythrine, sanguinarine, berberine [13].

Qualitive and quantitative assays: Alkaloids in the plant are

identified by a precipitation reaction, and total alkaloid content is

determined by titration using perchloric acid as the titrant and crystal

violet as the indicator [9].

Qualitive and quantitative standards:Loss on drying, not more than 7.0%. Ash, not more than 8.0%. Or

matter, not more than 1.0% and mineral matter, not more than 0.5%. 70% ethanol-soluble extractive, not less

25.0%. Total alkaloid content, not less than 0.2% [9].

Bioactivities: Sedative, anesthetic [10], spasmolytic [10,18], antifungal [19], antiviral [13,20], antibacterial

hypotensive, analgesic [10,18], cytostatic, cytotoxic [14], antitumor, antimicrobial [13], stimulation of the dopamin

system and inhibition of the serotonergic system [21].

NCH3

H

H

OH

O

O

O

Chelidonine


46/248


References:





. Sanchir, Ch., Batkhuu, J., Boldsaikhan, B., and Komatsu, K. (). Illustrated Guide of Mongolian Useful Plants. (Vol. , p.





. Boldsaikhan, B. (). Encyclopedia of Mongolian Medicinal Plants (pp. , ). Ulaanbaatar: Mongolian University of




. Barkhasdorj, Ts., Tserenkhand, G., and Aldarmaa, J. (). Herb of Chelidonium majusL. Mongolian National Standard

.. Fedorov, A.A. et al. (). Plants Review of USSR: Family Magnoliaceae-Limoniaceae. (p. ). Leningrad: Science Printing.

. Kwasniewski, V. (). ber die Auffindung eines Saponins im Schllkraute, Chelidonium majusL. Arch. Pharm. ,

.

. Kwasniewski, V. (). Untersuchungen ber die nichtalkaloidischen Inhaltstoffe des Schllkrauts (Chelidonium majus

L). Pharmazie, .

. Colombo, M.L., and Bosisio, E. (). Pharmacological activities of Chelidonium majusL. (Papaveraceae). Pharmacol.

Res., .

. Wrocinski, I. (). Niektore wlasciwosci farmakodynamiczne chelidoniny. Biul. inst. roslin leczniczych. , .

. Tin-Wa, M. et al. (). The structure of chelidimerine, a new alkaloid from Chelidonium majus. Lloydia, .

. Slavik, J. (). Alkaloidy rostlin makovitych (Papaveraceae): Isolace stylopinu z vlatoviniku (Chelidonium majusL).

Chem. Listy. , .

. Slavik, J. (). Alkaloidy rostlin makovitch (Papaveraceae): Ltky z vlatoviniku (Chelidonium majus L). eskoslv.

Farm. , .

. Vavreckov, C., Gawlik, I., and Mller, K. (). Benzophenanthridine alkaloids of Chelidonium majus, II. Potent inhibitory

action against the growth of human keratinocytes. Planta Med. , .

. Frencel, I., and Koscinski, R. (). Fungistatyczne dziatanie in vitro niektorych alkaloidow glistnika Chelidonium majus

L. Diss. Pharm. PAN, , .

. Bodalski, T., Kantoch, M., and Rzadkowska, H. (). Antifagowe dzialanie alkaloidow Chelidonium majusL. Diss. Pharm.

PAN, , .. Kleinrok, Z., Jagieo-Wjtowicz, E., Matuszek, B., and Chodkowska, A. (). Basic central pharmacological properties of

thiophosphoric acid alkaloid derivatives from Chelidonium majusL. Pol. J. Pharmacol. Pharm. , .


47/248

CHIAZOSPERMUM ERECTUMBENNH.

Mongolian name

Tsekh Galuuntavag

Tibetan name

Barbada

English nameErect Corydalis (Erect

Hypecoum)

Synonym: Hypecoum ere

L. [1].

Description: Annual herb,

many stems and grey green

leaves growing in bunch. dichotomously branched

the inflorescence. Leaf b

oblong, twice pinnatise

final segments hair-like na

Two sepals triangle, scale

Flowers yellow, irregular, for

dichasium at the tip of stem

branches. Petals different, ext

two blades bigger, rectangulalike, indistinctly trilobate, int

two blades trilobate, latera

lobes flat, but mid lobe sp

like, dentate. Silique 58 cm

dehiscing by two valves, se

thin, strictly transverse.

Chiazospermum erectumBennh.

PAPAVERACEAE

WHO

WH

O


48/248


Distribution:Khent., Khang., ng-Dg., Khyang., Dund. Khalkh, Dr. ng., Dr. Gobi

Habitat:Sandy steppes, stony and debris steppe slopes, sandy and pebble riverbanks [25].

Part used:Herb

Traditional Uses:The taste is bitter and the potency is cool, severe, and sharp. It is used for the following: treatin

typhoid fever, poisoning, and blood fever, soothing pain, decreasing fever, and expelling bile. It is an ingredient of th

following traditional prescriptions: Ar ur-4, 10, Banjan-12, 25, Banzido-11, 12, Bashaga-7, Bongar-17, 18, Brunag-2

Gavur-18 Givan-20, Gurgum-7, 8, Deva-5, 8, 10, 15, Degd-8, 10, 15, 20, Degdiin tuulga, Pagril-13, Chun-18, Tanchin-25

and Barbadin [58].


Stem: Epidermal cells thick. Inner part of epiderm developed parenchyma with chlorophyll. Parenchymatous cel

contain prism crystals of calcium oxalate [9].

Chemical constituents:Herb contains 0.892% alkaloids: protopine [1012], 8-oxyhunnemane, 8-oxyallocryptopin

(-)-hyperectine tautomer, allocryptopine, oxyhydramtinine, berberine [11], cryptopine, fumaritine, sanguinarine

sinactine, d,l-stilopine [13], hypecorine, hypecorinine [11,12,14].

Qualitive and quantitative assays:Alkaloids in the plant are identified by a precipitation reaction, and total alkalo

content is determined by a titration method [9].

Qualitive and quantitative standards:Loss on drying, not more than 9.0%. Ash, not more than 18.2%. Organimatter, not more than 0.2% and mineral matter, not more than 0.5%. Water-soluble extractive, not less than 26.6%

Total alkaloid content, not less than 0.6% [9].

Bioactivities:antioxidant [14], anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, antiviral, antibacterial [10].


49/248


50/248


Synonyms: C. vulgaris Lind

C. integerrima var. fructanigr

Medik., C. vulgaris vamelanocarpa Bunge, C. vulgar

var. haematocarpa Rupr.,

medicinal plants in mongolia

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