medical terminology (module)

8/16/2019 Medical Terminology (Module)

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Medical Terminology Module for Radiologic Technology By: Richard B. Padama, RRT

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Medical Terminology

This course deals with various medical nomenclatures and their usage as applied to specificsystems, disease processes, and injuries. Discussions include principal medical root word, termsreferring to some general aspects of the practice of medicine and its allied profession, medical

terms referring to certain general pathological processes, infective diseases, diseases of varioussystems of the body, obstetric terms, and terms related to medical instruments and equipment.

I. Principal Medical Root Word

1. Rules of pronunciation

2. Medical words, prefixes, suffixes, and root word

3. Building medical vocabulary

4. Root words for each system

II. Terms Referring to Some General Aspects of Medicine, Medical Terminology and the

Practice of Medicine and its Allied Profession

1. Medicine, disease, and medical terminology

2. Causes and classification of disease

3. Manifestation of disease

4. Practice of medicine and allied profession and technical occupation

5. Diagnosis of disease

6. Treatment of disease

7. Some drugs used in medicine

8. Branches of medicine and surgery

III. Medical Terms Referring to Certain General Pathological Processes

1. Manifestation of damage of tissue cells

2. Infection, antibody formation, inflammation and repair

3. Disorders of growth

4. Disorders in blood circulation

5. Allergy (Hypersensitivity)

IV. Medical Terms Referring to Certain Infective Diseases

1. Infectious fever


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2. Pyogenic infection

3. Tuberculosis

4. Venereal disease

5. Some other infective disease

V. Medical Terms Referring to Diseases of Various Systems of the Body and Obstetric Terms

1. The cardiovascular system

2. The respiratory system

3. The digestive system

4. The urinary and male reproductive system

5. The female reproductive system

6. Obstetric conditions

7. The breast

8. The lymphatic and reticuloendothelial systems

9. The blood

10. The endocrine system

11. The teeth

12. The nervous system

13. The eye

14. The ear, nose and throat

15. The mid

VI. Medical Terms Referring to Certain Other Types of Disease

1. Connective tissue disease

2. Tropical disease

3. Nutritional disorders

4. Poisoning

5. Disorders due to physical agents

6. Radiation hazards and injury

VII. Medical Instruments and Equipment


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Part I. Principal Medical Root Word

1. Rules of Pronunciation

A medical term is easier to understand and remember when you know how to pronounce it properly. Pronunciations may vary from country to country, even in different regions of the same

country. The general rule is to include the most common pronunciation. The word gynecology isusually pronounced with a hard g in the United States, but in many areas a soft g is used, as in

jin-e-KOL-o–-je–. Words pertaining to the cerebrum (largest part of the brain) may have an

accent on different syllables. The adjective is usually pronounced with the accent on the secondsyllable (se-REbral), but in cerebrum (SER-e-brum) and cerebrospinal (ser-e-bro–-SPI -nal), the

accented syllable differs. The name for the first part of the small intestine (duodenum) is often pronounced du–-o–-DE -num, although the pronunciation du–-O-de-num is also acceptable.When extreme, some alternate pronunciations can sound like a foreign language. The word we

pronounce as SKEL-e-tal is pronounced in some other English-speaking countries as ske-LE-tal.

- ae and oe only second vowel is pronounced (bursae, pleurae, and roentgen).

- Soft sound of s and j are given to c and g, respectively, before e, I, and y in words of Greek and Latin origin (cerebrum, circumcision, cycle, gel, gingivitis, giant and gyrate).

- Before other letters c and g have a hard sound (cardiac, cast, gastric, and gonad).

- The letters ch are sometimes pronounced like k (cholesterol, cholera, cholemia).

- When pn appears at the beginning of a word, the p is silent and only the n are pronounced

(pneumonia, and pneumotoxin).

- When ps appears at the beginning of a word, the p is silent and only the s is pronounced

(psychology, psychosis).

- When forming the final letter or letters of a word, e and es are often pronounced separatesyllables (syncope, systole, nares).

- When pn appears in the middle the p and the n are pronounced (orthopnea, hyperpnea).

- When i appears at the end of a word it is pronounced eye.

- All other vowels and consonants have normal English sounds.

2. Medical Words, Prefixes, Suffixes, and Root Word

Medical Terminology (Medical Words) - is the language used by physicians and other members of health team. It includes the medical words that describe or define a disease, acondition or clinical signs and symptoms.

- it is language that is used to accurately describe the human body and associated components,conditions, processes and procedures in a science-based manner.

Medical terminology is essential and beneficial for

1- Students in medicine, pharmacy, nursing and in other allied health sciences.

2- Health professionals such as


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a- Pharmacists,

b- Specialists in allied medical sciences

- Nurses

- Clinical laboratory professionals

- Biomedical technologists,

- Radiologists, Radiologic Technologist

- Community health specialists such as medical record administration, health educators anddieticians,

- Medical secretaries and librarians and

- People interested in translation and arabinisation of medical sciences.

The medical words consists of three parts

1- The word root,

2- The prefix and

3- The suffix

Root Word - The fundamental unit of each medical word. In medical term, the root word may be an organ, tissue, cell, fluid or cavity. This establishes the basic meaning of the word and is the

part to which modifying prefixes and suffixes are added.

- Indicate the organ or part that is modified by a prefix or suffix or both.

- A vowel (a, I, or o) is often inserted between the combining forms to facilitate euphony.

*A root word cannot stand alone. A suffix must always be added of the end of the word tocomplete the term.

Prefixes - is a short word part added before a root to modify its meaning.

- The prefix is the part that preceeds the medical word and changes its meaning e.g.Tachy/cardia Brady/cardia.

*When a prefix is added, it is always place at the beginning of the word.

Suffixes - is a short word part or series of parts added at the end of a root to modify its meaning.

- The suffix means an ending of the word which will convert word into a noun such as port/er,adjective such as microscop/ic, or modify the meaning of the word such gaster/itis andgastro/logy.

Combining Word - Is formed of two word roots or more joined by a vowel such asTherm/o/meter, Micr/o/scope.

- The part of the word will retain its specific meaning irrespective of its presence in different

words or positions in the words such as Gastr/o/enter/o/logy, Enter/o/col/itis. In this two words,


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enter- means the small intestine in spite of the different positions in the two words. Gastro- meansstomach, while -logy means science, thus the meaning of gastroenterology is the science of digestive system (stomach and intestine). In the enterocolitis, the part col means colon and itismeans inflammation, so the meaninig is inflammation of small intestine and colon. Therefore, inmedical terminology, most of the words are built from : A combining word : + a word root or

more + a suffix.

*The rules for creating a combining form by adding a vowel apply when a suffix beginning with a

consonant is added to a root word.

4. Building Medical Vocabulary

It is a need to take a systematic approach to medical word building and term comprehension. In

order to facilitate the building of this knowledge, you will first need to become familiar with themost common word roots, prefixes, and suffixes. In brief, a word root is a component derived

from a source language such as Greek or Latin, and usually describes a body part. A prefix is asegment that can be added to the front of a term to modify a word root by giving additionalinformation about the location of an organ, the number of parts, or time involved. Suffixes are

segments attached to the end of a word root to add meaning such as condition, disease process, or procedure. If you can learn and understand the origins of medical terms and realize that complex

words are just an assembly of smaller components, then building a medical vocabulary becomesmuch easier.

Below are some examples of how medical terms are build.

The word pericarditis can be broken down into its word elements as follows:

Peri (Prefix) + card (Root) + itis (Suffix) which means:

Around Heart Inflammation

Several roots may be combined along with a prefix and/or suffix to form a word. For example,

the word bronchogenic can be broken into the following word elements with, for the sake of easein pronunciation, a vowel (usually "o") linking the word elements:

bronch + o + gen + ic

(root) (combining vowel) (root) (suffix)

It means:

any large air passage of lungs o forming, producing, condition of

- A term may be composed of a root + a suffix. As examples:

carcinoma: (carcin(o) = crab) + (oma = tumor)

sarcoma: (sarc(o) = flesh) + (oma = tumor)

cerebral: (cerebr = brain) + (al = pertaining to)

- A word may be composed of a prefix + a root. As examples:

neoplasm: (neo = new) + (plasm = growth, formation)


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biped: (bi = two) + (ped = foot)

dysfunction: (dys = bad, difficult, painful) + (function = normal action).

- Many medical terms are composed of a prefix + a root + a suffix. As examples:

hypoglycemia: (hypo = under) + (glyc = sugar) + (emia = blood)

encephalitis: (en = in) + (cephal = head) + (itis = inflammation of)

pericarditis: (peri = around) + (card = heart) + (itis = inflammation of)

- Some medical terms are composed of two roots. As examples:

biostatistics: (bio) = life) + (statistics = numerical facts)

erythroblast: (erythr(o) = red) + (blast = germ cell)

microfilm: (micr(o) = small) + film

4. Root Words for each System

Skeletal System

Major

Structures

Related Combining

Forms

Primary Functions

Bones Oss/e, oss/i, oste/o, ost/o Act as a framework for the body, protect theinternal organs, and store the mineral calcium.

Bone Marrow Myel/o Red bone marrow forms some blood cells.Yellow bone marrow stores fat.

Cartilage Chondr/o Creates a smooth surface for motion within the joints and protects the ends of the bones.

Joints Arthr/o Work with the muscles to make a variety of motions possible.

Ligaments Ligament/o Connect one bone to another.

SynovialMembrane

Synovi/o, synov/o Forms the lining of synovial joints and secretessynovial fluid.

Synovial Fluid Synovi/o, synov/o Lubricant that makes smooth joint movements possible.

Bursa Burs/o Cushions areas subject to friction duringmovement.


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Roots of Skeletal System

Root Meaning Example Definition of Example

Crani/o Skull, cranium Craniostosis Ossification of the cranial sutures

Spondyl/o Vertebra Spondylolysis Destruction and separation of avertebra

Vertebr/o Vertebra, spinalcolumn

Paravertebral Before or in front of the spinal column

Rachi/o Spine Rachischisis Fissure of the spine; spina bifida

Cost/o Rib Costochondral Pertaining to a rib and its cartilage

Sacr/o Sacrum Presacral In front of the sacrum

Coccy,

coccyg/o

Coccyx Coccygeal Pertaining to the coccyx

Pelvi/o Pelvis Pelvimetry Measurement of the pelvis

Ili/o Ilium Iliopelvic Pertaining to the ilium and pelvis

Muscular System

Major

Structures

Related Combining

Forms

Primary Functions

Muscles Muscul/o, my/o, myos/o Make body movement possible, hold bodyerect, move body fluids, and produce body heat.

Fascia Fasci/o Cover, support and separate muscles.

Tendons Ten/o, tend/o, tendin/o Attach muscles to bones.

Roots of Muscular System


My/o Muscle Myositis Inflammation of muscle

Muscul/o Muscle Musculoskeletal Pertaining to muscle and skeleton

In/o Fiber Inotropic Acting on muscle fibers

Fasci/o Fascia Fasciodesis Suturing of a fascia to a tendon or other fascia

Ten/o,tendin/o

Tendon Tenorrhaphy Suture of a tendon


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Ton/o Tone Cardiotonic Having a strengthening action on the heart

Kine,kinesi/okinet/o

Movement Dyskinesia Abnormality of movement

Cardiovascular System

Major

Structures

Related Combining

Forms

Primary Functions

Heart Card/o, cardi/o Receives blood from the veins and pumps bloodinto the arteries.

Blood vessels Angi/o, vas/o Transport blood to and from all areas of the body.

Arteries Arteri/o Transport blood away from the heart to all partsof the body.

Capillaries Capill/o Permit the exchange of nutrients and waste products between the blood and the cells.

Veins Phleb/o, ven/o Return blood from all body parts to the heart.

Blood Hem/o, hemat/o Brings oxygen and nutrients to the cell andcarries away waste.

Roots of Cardiovascular System


Cardi/o Heart Cardiomyopathy Any disease of the heart muscle

Atri/o Atrium Atriotomy Surgical incision of an atrium

Ventricul/o

Cavity, ventricle Supraventricular Above a ventricle

Valv/o,valvul/o

Valve Valvectomy Surgical removal of a valve

Angi/o Vessel Angiopathy Any disease of blood vessels

Vas/o,vascul/o

Vessel, duct Vasodilation Widening of a blood vessel

Arter/o,arteri/o

Artery Endarterial Within an artery

Arteriol/o Arteriole Arteriolar Pertaining to an arteriole


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Aort/o Aorta Aortoptosis Downward displacement of the aorta

Ven/o,ven/i

Vein Venous Pertaining to a vein

Phleb/o Vein Phlebectasia Dilatation of a vein

Lymphatic and Immune System

Major

Structures

Related Combining

Forms

Primary Functions

Lymph Lymph/o The fluids that removes cellular waste products, pathogens, and dead blood cells from the tissue.

Lymphaticvessels and ducts

Lymphangi/o The capillaries, vessels and ducts that returnlymph from the tissues to the venous

bloodstream.

Lymph nodes Lymphaden/o Bean-shape structures of the lymphatic systemwhere pathogens and other harmful substancesare filtered from the lymph by specialized cells

of the immune system.

Tonsils andadenoids

Tonsill/o, adenoid/o Lymphoid structure of the lymphatic system that protect the entry to the respiratory system.

Spleen Splen/o A sac-like mass pf lymphoid tissue with protective roles in both the immune system and

lymphatic system.

Bone marrow Myel/o Produce lymphocytes, which are specializedleukocytes (white blood cells).

Lymphocytes Lymphocyt/o Specialized leukocytes that play important rolein the immune reactions.

Thymus Thym/o A gland located in the upper chest withspecialized roles in both lymphatic and immunesystems.

Roots of Lymphatic System


Lymph/o Lymph,lymphatic

system

Lymphoid Resembling lymph or lymphatic tissue

Lymphaden/o

Lymph node Lymphadenectomy Surgical removal of a lymph node


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Lymphangi/o

Lymphaticvessel

Lymphangioma Tumor of lymphatic vessels

Splen/o Spleen Splenomegaly Enlargement of the spleen

Thym/o Thymus gland Athymia Absence of the thymus gland

Tonsill/o Tonsil Tonsillar Pertaining to a tonsil

Respiratory System

Major

Structures

Related Combining

Forms

Primary Functions

Nose Nas/o Exchanges air during inhaling and exhaling;warms, moisturizes, and filters inhaled air.

Sinuses Sinus/o Produce mucus for the nasal cavities, make bones of the skull lighter, aid in sound

production.

Pharynx Pharyng/o Transport air back and forth between the noseand the trachea.

Larynx Laryng/o Makes speech possible.

Epiglottis Epiglott/o Closes off the trachea during swallowing.

Trachea Trache/o Transport air back and forth between the pharynx and the bronchi.

Bronchi Bronch/o, bronchi/o Transports air from the trachea into the lungs.

Alveoli Alveol/o Air sacs that exchange gases with the pulmonary capillary blood.

Lungs Pneum/o, pneumon/o, pulmon/o

Bring oxygen into the body, and removescarbon dioxide and some water waste from the

body.

Roots of Respiratory System


Nas/o Nose Nasal Pertaining to the nose

Rhin/o Nose Rhinorrhea Discharge from the nose

Pharyng/o Pharynx Pharyngeal Pertaining to the pharynx

Laryng/o Larynx Laryngoscopy Endoscopic examination of the larynx


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Trache/o Trachea Tracheotome Instrument used to incise the trachea

Bronch/o, bronch/i

Bronchus Bronchogenic Originating in a bronchus

Bronchiol Bronchiole Bronchiolectasis Dilatation of the bronchioles

Phren/o Diaphragm Phrenic Pertaining to the diaphragm

Phrenic/o Phrenic nerve Phrenicotripsy Crushing of the phrenic nerve

Pleur/o Pleura Pleurodesis Fusion of the pleura

Pulm/o, pulmon/o

Lungs Intrapulmonary Within the lungs

Pneumon/o

Lung Pneumonectomy Surgical removal of a lung or lungtissue (pneumectomy and pulmonectomyalso used)

Pneum/o, pneumat/o

Air, gas; alsorespiration, lung

Pneumatocardia Presence of air in the heart

Spir/o Breathing Spirometer Instrument for measuring breathingvolumes

Digestive System

Major

Structures

Related Combining

Forms

Primary Functions

Mouth Or/o, stomat/o Begins preparation of food for digestion.

Pharynx Pharyng/o Transports food the mouth to the esophagus.

Esophagus Esophag/o Transport food from the pharynx to thestomach.

Stomach Gastr/o Breaks down food and mixes it with gastric juices.

Small intestine Enter/o Mixes chyme coming from the stomach withdigestive juices to complete the digestion and

absorption of most nutrients.

Large intestine Col/o, colon/o Absorbs excess water, and prepares solid wastefor elimination.

Rectum and anus An/o, proct/o, rect/o Control the excretion of solid waste.

Liver Hepat/o Secretes bile and enzymes to aid in the digestion


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of fats.

Gallbladder Cholecyst/o Stores bile, and releases it into the smallintestine as needed.

Pancreas Pancreat/o Secretes digestive juices and enzymes into the

small intestine as needed.

Roots of Digestive System


Or/o Mouth Perioral Around the mouth

Stoma,stomat/o

Mouth Stomatitis Inflammation of the mouth

Gnath/o Jaw Prognathous Having a projecting jaw

Labi/o Lip Labiodental Pertaining to the lip and teeth(dent/o)

Bucc/o Cheek Buccoversion Turning toward the cheek

Dent/o,dent/i

Tooth, teeth Dentifrice A substance used to clean the teeth

Odont/o Tooth, teeth Periodontist Dentist who treats the tissues aroundthe teeth

Gingiv/o Gum (gingiva) Gingivectomy Excision of gum tissue

Lingu/o Tongue Sublingual Under the tongue

Gloss/o Tongue Glossopharyngeal Pertaining to the tongue and pharynx

Sial/o Saliva, salivarygland,salivary duct

Sialogram Radiograph of the salivary glands andducts

Palat/o Palate Palatorrhaphy Suture of the palate

Esophag/o Esophagus Esophageal Pertaining to the esophagus

Gastr/o Stomach Gastroparesis Partial paralysis of the stomach

Pylor/o Pylorus Pylorostenosis Narrowing of the pylorus

Enter/o Intestine Dysentery Infectious disease of the intestine

Duoden/o Duodenum Duodenoscopy Endoscopic examination of the duodenum

Jejun/o Jejunum Jejunotomy Incision of the jejunum


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Ile/o Ileum Ileectomy Excision of the ileum

Cec/o Cecum Cecoptosis Downward displacement of the cecum

Col/o,colon/o

Colon Colocentesis Surgical puncture of the colon

Sigmoid/o Sigmoid colon Sigmoidoscope An endoscope for examining the sigmoidcolon

Urinary System

Major

Structures

Related Combining

Forms

Primary Functions

Kidneys Nephr/o, ren/o Filter the blood to remove waste products,maintain electrolyte concentration, and remove

excess water to maintain the fluid volumewithin the body.

Renal pelvis Pyel/o Collect urine produce by the kidneys.

Urine Ur/o, urin/o Liquid waste products to be excreted.

Ureters Ereter/o Transport urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder.

Urinary bladder Cyst/o Stores urine until it is excreted.

Urethra Urethr/o Transport urine from the bladder through the

urethral meatus, where it is excreted.

Prostate Prostat/o A gland of the male reproductive system thatsurrounds the male urethra. Disorders of thisgland can disrupt the flow of urine.

Roots of Urinary System


Ren/o Kidney Infrarenal Below the kidney

Nephr/o Kidney Nephrosis Any noninflammatory disease condition of

the kidneyGlomerul/o

Glomerulus Juxtaglomerular Near the glomerulus

Pyel/o Renal pelvis Pyeloplasty Plastic repair of the renal pelvis

Cali-,calic

Calyx Calicectasis Dilatation of a renal calyx


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Ur/o Urine,urinary tract

Urosepsis Generalized infection that originates in theurinary

tract

Urin/o Urine Urination Discharge of urine

Ureter/o Ureter Ureterostenosis Narrowing of the ureter

Cyst/o Urinary bladder Cystotomy Incision of the bladder

Vesic/o Urinary bladder Intravesical Within the urinary bladder

Urethr/o Urethra Urethroscopy Endoscopic examination of the urethra

Nervous System

Major

Structures

Related Combining

Forms

Primary Functions

Brain Cerebr/o, encephal/o Coordinates all body activities by receiving andtransmitting messages throughout the body.

Spinal cord Myel/o Transmit nerve impulses between the brain,arms and legs, and the lower part of the body.

Nerves Neur/i, neur/o Receive and transmit messages to and from all parts of the body.

Sensory organsand receptors

Receive external stimulation and transmit thisstimuli to the sensory neurons.

Roots of Nervous System


Neur/o,neur/i

Nervoussystem,

nervous tissue,nerve

Neurotoxic Harmful or poisonous to a nerveor nervous tissue

Gli/o Neuroglia Glioma A neuroglial tumor

Gangli/o,

ganglion/o

Ganglion Ganglionectomy Surgical removal of a ganglion

Mening/o,meninge/o

Meninges Meningocele Hernia of the meninges throughthe skull or spinal column

Myel/o Spinal cord(also bonemarrow)

Myelodysplasia Abnormal development of thespinal cord


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Radicul/o Root of a spinalnerve

Radiculopathy Any disease of a spinal nerveroot

Encephal/o

Brain Encephalomalacia Softening of brain tissue

Cerebr/ocerebr/o

Cerebrum(loosely, brain)

Decerebrate Having no cerebral function

Cortic/o Cerebral cortex,outer

portion

Corticospina Pertaining to the cerebral cortexand spinal cord

Cerebell/o Cerebellum Intracerebellar Within the cerebellum

Thalam/o Thalamus Thalamotomy Incision of the thalamus

Ventricul/o

Cavity, ventricle Supraventricular Above a ventricle

Medull/o Medullaoblongata (alsospinal cord)

Medullary Pertaining to the medulla

Psych/o Mind Psychosomatic Pertaining to the mind and body(soma)

Narc/o Stupor,unconsciousness

Narcosis State of stupor induced by drugs

Somn/o,

somn/i

Sleep Somnolence Sleepiness

Special Senses: The Eyes and Ears

Major

Structures

Related Combining

Forms

Primary Functions

Eyes Opt/i, opt/o, optic/o Receptor organs for the sense of sight.

Iris Ir/i, ir/o, irid/o, irit/o Controls the amount of light entering the eye.

Lens Phac/o, phak/o Focuses rays of light on the retina.

Retina Retin/o Converts light images into electrical impulsesand transmits them to the brain.

Lacrimalapparatus

Dacryocyst/o, lacrim/o Accessory structures of the eyes that produce,store and remove tears.


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Ears Acous/o, acoust/o, audi/o,audit/o, ot/o

Receptor organs for the sense of hearing; alsohelps maintain balance.

Outer ear Pinn/i Transmits sound waves to the middle ear.

Middle ear Myring/o, tympan/o Transmits sound waves to the inner ear.

Inner ear Labyrinth/o Receives sound vibrations and transmit them tothe brain.

Roots of Special Senses


Audi/o Hearing Audition Act of hearing

Acous, acus,cus

Sound, hearing Acoustic Pertaining to sound or hearing

Ot/o Ear Ototoxic Poisonous or harmful to the ear

Myring/o Tympanicmembrane

Myringotome Knife used for surgery on theeardrum

Tympan/o Tympaniccavity (middleear), tympanicmembrane

Tympanometry Measurement of transmission through thetympanic membrane and middle ear

Staped/o,stapedi/o

Stapes Stapedectomy Excision of the stapes

Labyrinth/o Labyrinth

(inner ear)

Labyrinthotomy Incision of the inner ear

(labyrinth)

Vestibul/o Vestibule,vestibular apparatus

Vestibulopathy Any disease of the vestibule of the inner ear

Cochle/o Cochlea of inner ear

Retrocochlear Behind the cochlea

Palpebr/o Eyelid Palpebral Pertaining to an eyelid

Blephar/o Eyelid Symblepharon Adhesion of the eyelid to the eyeball

Lacrim/o Tear, lacrimalapparatus

Lacrimation Secretion of tears

Dacry/o Tear, lacrimalapparatus

Dacryolith Stone in the lacrimal apparatus

Dacryocyst/o Lacrimal sac Dacryocystocele Hernia of the lacrimal sac


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Opt/o Eye, vision Optometer Instrument for measuring the refractive power of the eye

Ocul/o Eye Dextrocular Pertaining to the right eye

Ophthalm/o Eye Exophthalmos Protrusion of the eyeball

Scler/o Sclera Subscleral Below the sclera

Corne/o Cornea Circumcorneal Around the cornea

Kerat/o Cornea Keratoplasty Plastic repair of the cornea; cornealtransplant

Lent/i Lens Lenticular Pertaining to the lens

Phak/o, phac/o

Lens Aphakia Absence of a lens

Uve/o Uvea Uveitis Inflammation of the uvea

Chori/o,choroid/o

Choroid Choroidal Pertaining to the choroid

Cycl/o Ciliary body,ciliary muscle

Cycloplegic Pertaining to or causing paralysis of theciliary muscle

Ir, irit/o,irid/o

Iris Iridotomy Incision of the iris

Pupill/o Pupil Iridopupillary Pertaining to the iris and the pupil

Retin/o Retina Retinoschisis Splitting of the retina

Integumentary System

Major

Structures

Related Combining

Forms

Primary Functions

Skin Cutane/o, demat/o, derm/o Intact skin is the first line of defences for theimmune system. Skin waterproofs the body andis the major receptor for the sense of touch.

Sebaceous gland Seb/o Secrete sebum (oil) to lubricate the skin anddiscourage the growth of bacteria on the skin.

Sweat glands Hidr/o Secrete water to regulate body temperature andwater content, and these glands secrete some

metabolic waste.

Hair Pil/i, pil/o Aids in controlling the loss of body heat.


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Nails Onych/o, ungu/o Protects the dorsal surface of the last bone of each finger and toe.

Roots of Integumentary System


Derm/o,dermat/o

Skin Dermabrasion Surgical procedure used to resurface theskin and remove imperfections

Kerat/o Keratin, hornylayer of

the skin

Keratosis Horny growth of the skin

Melan/o Dark, black,melanin

Melanosome A small body in the cell that producesmelanin

Hidr/o, idr/o Sweat, perspiration

Hyperhidrosis Abnormally high production of sweat

Seb/o Sebum,sebaceousgland

Seborrhea Excess flow of sebum

Trich/o Hair Trichomycosis Fungal infection of the hair

Onych/o Nail Onychia Inflammation of the nail and nail bed(not an -itis ending)

Endocrine System

Major

Structures

Related Combining

Forms

Primary Functions

Adrenal glands Adren/o Regulate electrolyte levels, influencemetabolism, and respond to stress.

Gonads Gonad/o Gamete (sex cell) producing glands.

Male: Testicles Testic/o Sperm-producing gland.

Female: Ovaries Ovari/o Ova (egg) producing gland.

Pancreatic islets Pancreat/o Control blood sugar levels and glucosemetabolism.

Parathyroidglands

Parathyroid/o Regulate calcium levels throughout the body.

Pineal gland Pineal/o Influences the sleep-wakefulness cycle.


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Pituitary gland Pituit/o, pituitar/o Secrete hormones that control the activity of theother endocrine glands.

Thymus Thym/o Plays a major role in the immune system.

Thyroid gland Thyr/o, thyroid/o Stimulates metabolism, growth and the activity

of the nervous system.

Roots of Endocrine System


Endocrin/o Endocrineglands or system

Endocrinopathy Any disease of the endocrine glands

Pituitar Pituitarygland,hypophysis

Pituitarism Condition caused by any disorder of pituitary function

Hypophys Pituitarygland,hypophysis

Hypophyseal Pertaining to the pituitary gland

Thyr/o,thyroid/o

Thyroid gland Thyrotropic Acting on the thyroid gland

Parathyr/o, parathyroid/o

Parathyroidgland

Parathyroidectomy Excision of a parathyroid gland

Adren/o,adrenal/o

Adrenalgland,

epinephrine

Adrenergic Activated (erg-) by or related toepinephrine (adrenaline)

Adrenocortic/o Adrenalcortex

Adrenocortical Pertaining to the adrenal cortex

Insul/o Pancreaticislets

Insuloma Tumor of islet cells

Reproductive System

Major

Structures

Related Combining

Forms

Primary Functions

Male

Penis Pen/i, phall/i Used for sexual intercourse and urination.

Testicles Orch/o, orchid/o, test/i,test/o

Produce sperm and the hormone testosterone.


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Female

Ovaries Oophor/o, ovari/o Produce ova (egg) and female hormones.

Fallopian tubes Salping/o Catch the mature ovum (egg) and transport it tothe uterus. Also the site of fertilization.

Uterus Hyster/o, metr/o, metri/o,uter/o

Protects and supports the developing child.

Vagina Vagin/o, colp/o Used for sexual intercourse, acts as channel for menstrual flow, and functions as the birth canal.

Placenta Placent/o Exchange nutrients and waste between themother and fetus during pregnancy.

Roots of Reproductive System


Male

Test/o Testis, testicle Testicular Pertaining to a testicle

Orchi/o,orchid/o

Testis Anorchism Absence of a testis

Semin Semen Inseminate To introduce semen into a woman

Sperm/i,spermat/o

Semen,spermatozoa

Oligospermia Deficiency of spermatozoa

Epididym/o Epididymis Epididymitis Inflammation of the epididymis

Vas/o Vas deferens;also vessel

Vasorrhaphy Suture of the vas deferens

Vesicul/o Seminalvesicle

Vesiculography Radiographic study of the seminalvesicles

Prostat/o Prostate Prostatometer Instrument for measuring the prostate

Osche/o Scrotum Oscheoma Tumor of the scrotum

Female

Gyn/o, gynec/o Woman Gynecology Study of diseases of women

Men/o, mens Month,menstruation

Premenstrual Before a menstrual period

Oo Ovum, eggcell

Oocyte Cell that gives rise to an ovum

Ov/o Ovum, eggcell

Ovulation Release of an ovum from the ovary


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Ovari/o Ovary Ovarian Pertaining to an ovary

Oophor/o Ovary Oophorotomy Incision of an ovary

Salping/o Oviduct, tube Salpingectomy Excision of an oviduct

Uter/o Uterus Uterine Pertaining to the uterus

Metr/o, metr/i Uterus Metrorrhagia Abnormal uterine bleeding

Hyster/o Uterus Hysteroscopy Endoscopic examination of the uterus

Cervic/o Cervix, neck Endocervical Pertaining to the lining of the cervix

Vagin/o Vagina Vaginoplasty Plastic repair of the vagina

Colp/o Vagina Colpocele Hernia of the vagina


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Part II. Terms Referring to Some General Aspects of Medicine, Medical

Terminology and the Practice of Medicine and its Allied Profession

1. Medicine, Disease, and Medical Terminology

Medicine - is the science and practice of the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of disease. It

is derived from Latin medicus, meaning "a physician".

Disease - is a particular abnormal condition, a disorder of a structure or function, that affects part

or all of an organism. The causal study of disease is called pathology (which came from theAncient Greek roots of pathos , meaning "experience" or "suffering", and -logia, "study of").Disease is often construed as a medical condition associated with specific symptoms and signs.

Root for Disease


Alg/o, algi/o,algesi/o

Pain Algesia Condition of having pain

Carcin/o Cancer,carcinoma

Carcinogen Substance that produces cancer

Cyst/o, cyst/i Filled sac or pouch, cyst, bladder

Cystic Pertaining to or having cysts

Lith Calculus,stone

Lithiasis Stone formation

Onc/o Tumor Oncogene Gene that causes a tumor

Path/o Disease Pathogen Organism that produces disease

Py/o Pus Pyocyst A sac or cyst containing pus

Pyr/o, pyret/o Fever, fire Pyretic Pertaining to fever

Scler/o Hard Sclerosis Hardening of tissue

Tox/o, toxic/o Poison Exotoxin Toxin secreted by bacterial cells

Prefixes for Disease

Prefix Meaning Example Definition of Example

Brady- Slow Bradypnea Slow breathing (-pnea)

Dys- Abnormal,

painful,difficult

Dysplasia Abnormal development of tissue

Mal- Bad, poor Maladaptive Poorly suited to a specific use or to theenvironment

Pachy- Thick Pachyemia Thickness of the blood (-emia)

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Tachy- Rapid Tachycardia Rapid heart (cardi) rate

Xero- Dry Xerosis Dryness of the skin or membranes

Suffixes for Disease

Suffix Meaning Example Definition of Example

-algia, -algesia Pain Myalgia Pain in a muscle (my/o)

-cele Hernia,localizeddilation

Hydrocele Localized dilation containing fluid

-clasis, -clasia Breaking Osteoclasis Breaking of a bone (oste/o)

-itis Inflammation Meningitis Inflammation of the membranes aroundthe brain (meninges)

-megaly Enlargement Hepatomegaly Enlargement of the liver (hepat/o)

-odynia Pain Urodynia Pain on urination (ur/o)

-oma Tumor Blastoma tumor of immature cells

-pathy Any diseaseof

Cardiopathy Any disease of the heart (cardi/o)

-rhage, -rhagia Burstingforth, profuseflow,

hemorrhage

Hemorrhage Profuse flow of blood

-rhea Flow,

discharge

Mucorrhea Discharge of mucus

-rhexis Rupture Amniorrhexis Rupture of the amniotic sac (bagof waters)

-schisis Fissure,splitting

Retinoschisis Splitting of the retina of the eye

Medical Terminology - is language that is used to accurately describe the human body andassociated components, conditions, processes and procedures in a science-based manner. MedicalTerminology often uses words created using prefixes and suffixes in Latin and Ancient Greek . In

medicine, their meanings, and their etymology, are informed by the language of origin.

2. Causes and Classification of Disease

Causes of Disease

Airborne

- An airborne disease is any disease that is caused by pathogens and transmitted through the air.

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Infectious

- Infectious diseases, also known as transmissible diseases or communicable diseases, compriseclinically evident illness (i.e., characteristic medical signs and/or symptoms of disease) resultingfrom the infection, presence and growth of pathogenic biological agents in an individual hostorganism. Included in this category are:

Contagious – an infection, such as influenza or the common cold, that commonly spreads fromone person to another

Communicable – an infection that can spread from one person to another, but is not usuallyspread through everyday contact, such as the viral hepatitis.

Non-communicable

- A non-communicable disease is a medical condition or disease that is non-transmissible.

Non-communicable diseases cannot be spread directly from one person to another. Heart diseaseand cancers are examples of non-communicable diseases in humans.

Foodborne

- Food borne illness or food poisoning is any illness resulting from the consumption of food

contaminated with pathogenic bacteria, toxins, viruses, prions or parasites.Lifestyle

- A lifestyle disease is any disease that appears to increase in frequency as countries become moreindustrialized and people live longer, especially if the risk factors include behavioral choices likea sedentary lifestyle or a diet high in unhealthful foods such as refined carbohydrates, trans fats,or alcoholic beverages.

Classification of Disease

Diseases may be classified by etiology (cause), pathogenesis (mechanism by which the disease iscaused), or by symptom(s). Alternatively, diseases may be classified according to the organ

system involved, though this is often complicated since many diseases affect more than oneorgan.

Infectious diseases - caused by microorganisms and other parasites that live at the expense of another organism. Any disease-causing organism is described as a pathogen.Prefixes and Roots for Infectious Diseases

Word Part Meaning Example Definition of Example

Prefixes

Staphyl/o Grapelike cluster Staphylococcus A round bacterium that forms clusters

Strept/o Twisted chain Streptobacillus A rod-shaped bacterium that formschains

Roots

Bacill/i,

bacill/o

Bacillus Bacilluria Bacilli in the urine (-uria)

Bacteri/o Bacterium Bactericide Agent that kills (-cide) bacteria

Myc/o Fungus, mold Mycosis Any disease condition caused by afungus

Vir/o Virus Viremia Presence of viruses in the blood (-emia)

Degenerative diseases - resulting from wear and tear, aging, or trauma (injury) that can result in a

lesion (wound) and perhaps necrosis (death) of tissue. Common examples include arthritis,

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cardiovascular problems, and certain respiratory disorders such as emphysema. Structuralmalformations such as congenital malformations, prolapse (dropping), or hernia (rupture) mayalso result in degenerative changes.

Neoplasia - abnormal and uncontrolled growth of tissue.

Immune disorders - failures of the immune system, allergies, and autoimmune diseases, in whichthe body makes antibodies to its own tissues, fall into this category.

Metabolic disorders - resulting from lack of enzymes or other factors needed for cellular

functions. Many hereditary disorders fall into this category. Malnutrition caused by inadequateintake of nutrients or inability of the body to absorb and use nutrients also upsets metabolism.

Hormonal disorders - caused by underproduction or overproduction of hormones or by inabilityof the hormones to function properly. One example is diabetes mellitus.

Mental and emotional disorders - disorders that affect the mind and adaptation of an individual

to his or her environment.

3. Manifestation of Disease

Manifestations may be local (eg, cellulitis, abscess) or systemic, most often fever. Manifestationsmay develop in multiple organ systems. Severe, generalized infections may have life-threatening

manifestations (eg, sepsis, septic shock).

Most infections increase the pulse rate and body temperature, but others (eg, typhoid fever,tularemia, brucellosis, dengue) may not elevate the pulse rate commensurate with the degree of fever. Hypotension can result from hypovolemia or septic shock. Hyperventilation and respiratoryalkalosis are common.

Alterations in sensorium (encephalopathy) may occur in severe infection regardless of whether CNS infection is present. Encephalopathy is most common and serious in the elderly and may

cause anxiety, confusion, delirium, stupor, seizures, and coma.

Pulmonary compliance may decrease, progressing to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)and respiratory muscle failure.

Renal manifestations range from minimal proteinuria to acute renal failure, which can result fromshock and acute tubular necrosis, glomerulonephritis, or tubulointerstitial disease.

Hepatic dysfunction, including cholestatic jaundice (often a poor prognostic sign) or

hepatocellular dysfunction, occurs with many infections, even though the infection does notlocalize to the liver. Upper GI bleeding due to stress ulceration may occur during sepsis.

Endocrinologic dysfunctions include increased production of thyroid-stimulating hormone,vasopressin , insulin, and glucagon; breakdown of skeletal muscle proteins and muscle wastingsecondary to increased metabolic demands; and bone demineralization. Hypoglycemia occursinfrequently in sepsis, but adrenal insufficiency should be considered in patients with

hypoglycemia and sepsis. Hyperglycemia may be an early sign of infection in diabetics.


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4. Practice of Medicine and Allied Profession and Technical Occupation

Medicine

Anesthesiologist or anesthetist is a physician trained in anesthesia and perioperative medicine.

Cardiologist is a doctor who specializes in the study of the heart.

Dentist is a person who is qualified to look after teeth and gums.

Endocrinologist is a doctor who specializes in the study of endocrinology.

Gastroenterologist is a doctor who specializes in the digestive system and its disorders.

Geriatrician is a doctor who specializes in the treatment or study of diseases of old people.

Gynecologist is a doctor who specializes in the treatment of diseases of women.

Hematologist is a doctor who specializes in hematology.

Nephrologist is a doctor who specializes in the study of the kidney and its diseases.

Neurologist is a doctor who specializes in the study of the nervous system and the treatment of its diseases.

Obstetrician is a doctor who specializes in obstetrics.

Oncologist is a doctor who specializes in oncology, especially cancer.

Ophthalmologist is a doctor who specializes in the study of the eye and its diseases. Also called

eye specialist.

Orthodontist is a dental surgeon who specializes in correcting badly placed teeth.

Orthopedist is a surgeon who specializes in orthopedics.

Otorhinolaryngologist is a doctor who specializes in the study of the ear, nose and throat.

Pediatrician is a doctor who specializes in the treatment of diseases of children.

Psychiatrist is a doctor who specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of mental and behavioral

disorders.

Radiologist is a doctor who specializes in radiology.

Rheumatologist is a doctor who specializes in rheumatology.

Surgeon is a doctor who specializes in surgery.

Urologist is a doctor who specializes in urology.

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Allied Professions and Technical Occupation

Dietitian is someone who specializes in the study of diet, especially someone in a hospital whosupervises dietaries as part of the medical treatment of patients. Also called nutritionist.

Medical Technologist is a healthcare professional who performs chemical, hematological,

immunologic, histopathological, cytopathological, microscopic, and bacteriological diagnosticanalyses on body fluids such as blood, urine, sputum, stool, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), peritoneal

fluid, pericardial fluid, and synovial fluid, as well as other specimens.

Midwife is a professional person who helps a woman give birth to a child, often at home.

Nurse is a person who looks after sick people in a hospital or helps a doctor in a local surgery.Some nurses may be trained to diagnose and treat patients.

Pharmacist is a trained person who is qualified to prepare medicines according to theinstructions on a doctor’s prescription.

Phlebotomists are people trained to draw blood from a patient for clinical or medical testing,transfusions, donations, or research. Phlebotomists collect blood primarily by performing

venipunctures, (or, for collection of minute quantities of blood, fingersticks).

Physical therapist or physiotherapist (often abbreviated to PT) is a trained and licensed professional to examine, evaluate, diagnose and treat impairment, functional limitations anddisabilities in patients or clients.

Radiographers, also known as Radiologic Technologists, Diagnostic Radiographers, Medical

Radiation Technologists are Healthcare Professionals who specialize in the imaging of humananatomy for the diagnosis and treatment of pathology.

Sonographer, or ultrasonographer, is a healthcare professional, frequently a radiographer butmay be any healthcare professional with the appropriate training, who specialise in the use of

ultrasonic imaging devices to produce diagnostic images, scans, videos, or 3D volumes of anatomy and diagnostic data.Radiation Therapist, Therapeutic Radiographer or Radiotherapist is an allied health

professional who works in the field of radiation oncology.

5. Diagnosis of Disease

Medical diagnosis, the determination of the nature and cause of an illness, begins with a patienthistory. This includes a history of the present illness with a description of symptoms, a past

medical history, and a family and a social history.

A physical examination, which includes a review of all systems and observation of any signs of illness, follows the history taking. Practitioners use the following techniques in performing

physicals:• Inspection: visual examination.

• Palpation: touching the surface of the body with the hands or fingers.• Percussion: tapping the body and listening to the sounds produced.• Auscultation: listening to body sounds with a stethoscope.Vital signs (VS) are also recorded for comparison with normal ranges. Vital signs aremeasurements that reflect basic functions necessary to maintain life and include:

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• Temperature (T).• Pulse rate, measured in beats per minute (bpm).• Respiration rate (R), measured in breaths per minute.• Blood pressure (BP), measured in millimeters mercury (mm Hg) and recorded when the heart iscontracting (systolic pressure) and relaxing (diastolic pressure).

Sub-types of diagnoses include:

Clinical diagnosis

A diagnosis made on the basis of medical signs and patient-reported symptoms, rather than

diagnostic tests

Laboratory diagnosis

A diagnosis based significantly on laboratory reports or test results, rather than the physical

examination of the patient. For instance, a proper diagnosis of infectious diseases usually requires

both an examination of signs and symptoms, as well as laboratory characteristics of the pathogen

involved.

Radiology diagnosis

A diagnosis based primarily on the results from medical imaging studies. Greenstick fractures are

common radiological diagnoses.

Principal diagnosis

The single medical diagnosis that is most relevant to the patient's chief complaint or need for

treatment. Many patients have additional diagnoses.

Admitting diagnosis

The diagnosis given as the reason why the patient was admitted to the hospital; it may differ from

the actual problem or from the discharge diagnoses, which are the diagnoses recorded when the

patient is discharged from the hospital.

Differential diagnosis

A process of identifying all of the possible diagnoses that could be connected to the signs,

symptoms, and lab findings, and then ruling out diagnoses until a final determination can be

made.

Diagnostic criteria

Designates the combination of signs, symptoms, and test results that the clinician uses to attempt

to determine the correct diagnosis. They are standards, normally published by internationalcommittees, and they are designed to offer the best sensitivity and specificity possible, respect the

presence of a condition, with the state-of-the-art technology.

Prenatal diagnosis

Diagnosis work done before birth

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Diagnosis of exclusion

A medical condition whose presence cannot be established with complete confidence from history,

examination or testing. Diagnosis is therefore by elimination of all other reasonable possibilities.

Dual diagnosis

The diagnosis of two related, but separate, medical conditions or co-morbidities; the term almostalways refers to a diagnosis of a serious mental illness and a substance addiction.

Self-diagnosis

The diagnosis or identification of a medical conditions in oneself. Self-diagnosis is very common

and typically accurate for everyday conditions, such as headaches,menstrual cramps, and

headlice.

Remote diagnosis

A type of telemedicine that diagnoses a patient without being physically in the same room as the

patient.

Nursing diagnosis

Rather than focusing on biological processes, a nursing diagnosis identifies people's responses to

situations in their lives, such as a readiness to change or a willingness to accept assistance.

Computer-aided diagnosis

Providing symptoms allows the computer to identify the problem and diagnose the user to the

best of its ability. Health screening begins by identifying the part of the body where the symptoms

are located; the computer cross-references a database for the corresponding disease and presents a

diagnosis.

Overdiagnosis

The diagnosis of "disease" that will never cause symptoms, distress, or death during a patient's

lifetime

Wastebasket diagnosis

A vague, or even completely fake, medical or psychiatric label given to the patient or to the

medical records department for essentially non-medical reasons, such as to reassure the patient by

providing an official-sounding label, to make the provider look effective, or to obtain approval for

treatment. This term is also used as a derogatory label for disputed, poorly described, overused, or

questionably classified diagnoses, such as pouchitis and senility, or to dismiss diagnoses that

amount toovermedicalization, such as the labeling of normal responses to physical hunger as

reactive hypoglycemia.

Retrospective diagnosis

The labeling of an illness in a historical figure or specific historical event using modern

knowledge, methods and disease classifications.

6. Treatment of Disease

If diagnosis so indicates, treatment, also termed therapy, is begun. This may consist of

http:///reader/full/https///en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diagnosis_of_exclusionhttp:///reader/full/https///en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dual_diagnosishttp:///reader/full/https///en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Co-morbidhttp:///reader/full/https///en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-diagnosishttp:///reader/full/https///en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Headachehttp:///reader/full/https///en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menstrual_cramphttp:///reader/full/https///en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Headlicehttp:///reader/full/https///en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remote_diagnosishttp:///reader/full/https///en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telemedicinehttp:///reader/full/https///en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nursing_diagnosishttp:///reader/full/https///en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer-aided_diagnosishttp:///reader/full/https///en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symptomshttp:///reader/full/https///en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diagnosehttp:///reader/full/https///en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diseasehttp:///reader/full/https///en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overdiagnosishttp:///reader/full/https///en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wastebasket_diagnosishttp:///reader/full/https///en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_recordhttp:///reader/full/https///en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pouchitishttp:///reader/full/https///en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senilityhttp:///reader/full/https///en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overmedicalizationhttp:///reader/full/https///en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reactive_hypoglycemiahttp:///reader/full/https///en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retrospective_diagnosishttp:///reader/full/https///en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retrospective_diagnosishttp:///reader/full/https///en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reactive_hypoglycemiahttp:///reader/full/https///en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overmedicalizationhttp:///reader/full/https///en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senilityhttp:///reader/full/https///en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pouchitishttp:///reader/full/https///en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_recordhttp:///reader/full/https///en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wastebasket_diagnosishttp:///reader/full/https///en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overdiagnosishttp:///reader/full/https///en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diseasehttp:///reader/full/https///en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diagnosehttp:///reader/full/https///en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symptomshttp:///reader/full/https///en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer-aided_diagnosishttp:///reader/full/https///en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nursing_diagnosishttp:///reader/full/https///en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telemedicinehttp:///reader/full/https///en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remote_diagnosishttp:///reader/full/https///en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Headlicehttp:///reader/full/https///en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menstrual_cramphttp:///reader/full/https///en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Headachehttp:///reader/full/https///en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-diagnosishttp:///reader/full/https///en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Co-morbidhttp:///reader/full/https///en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dual_diagnosishttp:///reader/full/https///en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diagnosis_of_exclusion


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dimensional image of a body structureconstructed by computer from a series of cross-sectional images. CT scans reveal both

bone and soft tissues, including organs,muscles and tumors.

• DNR —do not resuscitate.

• DOB —date of birth.• Drsg —dressing.

• ECG or EKG— electrocardiogram. Agraphic record of the action of the heart.

• EEG —(electroencephalogram) measureselectrical activity of the brain.

• EKG —electrocardiogram.• ENT —ear, nose and throat.• ED —emergency department

• ER —emergency room• Gastrosomy Tube —surgically placed tube

that goes directly into the stomach for

feedings and/or drainage.• GB —gall bladder.

• GI —gastointestinal.• gm —gram.

• gtt —drops• H20 —water.• H/A —headache• hct —hematocrit.• hgb —hemoglobin.

• HOB —head of bed.• ht —height.• HTN —hypertension.

• hx —history.• I & D —incision and drainage.

• I & O —intake and output. A measurementof fluids taken in and urinated out.• ICU —intensive care unit.• IM —intramuscular or into the muscle.

• IV —intravenous. The delivery of fluidsand/or medication into the blood stream via aneedle inserted into a vein.• K —potassium.• kg —kilogram.

• KVO — keep vein open.

• lb. —pound.• LOC —loss of consciousness.• LP —lumbar puncture.• Max —maximum.

• mEq —milliequivalent.•MRI —magnetic resonance imaging.Computerized images based on nuclear

magnetic resonance of atoms within the bodyinduced by the application of radio waves. An

MRI scan provides 3-D images of the body'sinterior, delineating muscle, bone, bloodvessels, nerves, organs and tumor tissue.•MRSA —methicillin resistantstaphylococcum aureus.

• MVA —motor vehicle accident.

• MVR —mitral valve replacement.• n/a —not applicable.

• N/S —normal saline.• Na —sodium.

• Nasogastric —a tube that leads from thenose or mouth into the stomach.

• neg —negative.• NG —nasogastric.• NKA —no known allergies.

• no. or # —number.• NP —nurse practitioner.

• NPO —nothing by mouth; nothing to eat or

drink usually within a defined time frame• Nsg —nursing.

• NSR —normal sinus rhythm.• NTG —nitrogylicerin.

• N&V —nausea and vomiting.• NWB —non-weight bearing.• O2 —oxygen.• OB —obstetrical.• OB/GYN —obstetrics and gynecology.

• ODA —operating day admission. The patientis admitted to the hospital the day the surgeryis scheduled.

• oint —ointment.• OOB —out of bed.

• OR —operating room.• OT —occupational therapy.• oz —ounce.• P —pulse.

• PA —physician's assistant.• PAC —premature atrial contraction.•PAT —paroxysmal atrial tachycardia or

pre-admission testing (depending on context).• pc —after meals

• PDA —patent ductus arteriosis.

• PE —physical examination.• Ped —pediatric.• per os —by mouth.• PERL —pupils equal and reactive to light.

• PERLA —pupils equal and reactive to light& accommodation.• PET Scan —positron emission tomography

• PFT —pulmonary function test.• pH —symbol for expression of concentration


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of hydrogen ions (degree of acidity).• PICC Line —(peripherally inserted centralcatheter) for delivery of medication into the

bloodstream.• PIC-U —pediatric intensive care unit. A unit

staffed by Pediatric Intensivists (pediatricians

with special training in the care of critically illinfants and children) and other highly-skilled

specialists.•PIMU —pediatric intermediate or "step

down" unit. A unit that admits less critically illchildren and is also a transitional unit

following a stay in the PICU.• PM or p.m. —afternoon (post meridian).• PMS —premenstrual syndrome.

• po —per os (by mouth).• post-op —postoperative.

• Preop —preoperative.

• prep —prepare.• PRN —when necessary; on request or when

needed within time guidelines• PROM —passive range of motion.

• PT —physical therapy.• Pt or pt. —patient.• PTA —prior to admission.• PVC —premature ventricular contraction.• PWB —partial weigth bearing.

• q —each, every (quauque).• qd —every day (quaque die).• qh —every hour (quaque hora).

• qid —four times daily (quater in die).• QID —four times a day (sometimes q6h or

every 6 hours).• QD —once a day.• QNS —quantity not sufficient.• qod —every other day (quater otra die).

• qs —sufficient quantity (quantum sufficiat).• Qt. —quart.• q2h, q3h, etc —every two hours, every threehours, etc.• Rehab —rehabilitation

• Resp. —respiration.

• RBC —red blood cells.• RN — Registered Nurse.• R/O —rule out.• ROM —range of motion.

• R/R —respiratory rate.

• RR —recovery room.• RT —radiation therapy.• Rt —right.• RTC —return to Clinic.• Rx —prescription, treatment, or therapy.

• s [needs line over s] —without (sine).

• SG —specific gravity.• sm —small.

• SNF —skilled nursing facility.• SOB —shortness of breath.

• S/P —status post.• sp gr —specific gravity.

• staph —staphylococcal, staphylococcus.• Stat —immediately (statim).• STD —sexually transmitted disease.

• Strep —streptococcus• Sx —symptoms.

• T —temperature.

• tab —tablet.• T&A —tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy.

• tbsp —tablespoon.• TIA —transient ischemia attacks.

• tid —three times a day (sometimes q8h or every 8 hours).• TLC —total lung capacity.• TPR —temperature, pulse, respirations.• tsp —teaspoon.

• UA —urinalysis.• UGI —upper gastrointestinal• URI —upper respiratory infection.

• UTI — urinary tract infection.• Vol —volume.

• vs —against or versus.• VS —vital signs.• VSD —ventricular septal defect. Acongenital defect in the septum of the heart.

• w/ —with.• WB —weight bearing.• WBC —white blood cells.• W/C —wheel chair.• WNL —within normal limits.

• w/o —without.

• wt —weight.• XR —x-ray.• x-match —cross match.• yo —year old.

• yr —year.


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7. Some Drugs Used in Medicine

Drugs may be cited by either their generic or their trade names. The generic name is usually asimple version of the chemical name for the drug and is not capitalized. The trade name (brandname, proprietary name) is a registered trademark of the manufacturer and is written with an

initial capital letter. The same drug may be marketed by different companies under different trade

names.Word Parts Pertaining Drugs

WORD PART MEANING EXAMPLE DEFINITION OF EXAMPLE

SUFFIXES

-lytic Dissolving, reducing,loosening

Anxiolytic Agent that reduces anxiety

-mimetic Mimicking,simulating

Sympathomimetic Mimicking the effects of thesympathetic nervous system

-tropic Acting on Inotropic acting on the force of musclecontraction (in/o means “fiber”)

PREFIXES

anti- Against Antidote Substance that counteracts a poison

Contra- Against Contraceptive Preventing conception

Counter- Opposite, against Countercurrent Flowing in an opposite direction

ROOTS

alg/o, algi/o,algesi/o

Pain Algesic Painful

chem/o Chemical Chemotherapy Treatment with drugs

hypn/o Sleep Hypnosis An altered state with increasedresponsiveness to suggestion

narc/o Stupor Narcotic Drug that induces stupor

pharmac/o Drug Pharmacy The science of preparing anddispensing drugs, or the placewhere these activities occur

pyr/o, pyret/o Fever Antipyretic Counteracting fever

tox/o, toxic/o Poison, toxin Toxic Poisonous

vas/o Vessel Vasomotor Pertaining to change in vesseldiameter

ABBREVIATIONS

Drugs and Drug Formulations

APAP AcetaminophenASA Acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin)cap Capsuleelix Elixir

FDA Food and Drug AdministrationINH Isoniazid (antitubercular drug)MED(s) Medicine(s), medication(s)ODS Office of Dietary SupplementsOTC Over-the-counter

Rx Prescriptionsupp Suppository

susp Suspensiontab Tablettinct Tinctureung Ointment

Dosages and Directions

a Before (Latin, ante)aa Of each (Greek, ana)


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ac Before meals (Latin, ante cibum)ad lib As desired (Latin, ad libitum)aq Water (Latin, aqua)bid Twice a day (Latin, bis in die)c With (Latin, cum)

cc Cubic centimeter

D/C, dc Discontinueds Double strengthgt(t) Drop(s) (Latin, gutta)hs At bedtime (Latin, hora somni)

IM Intramuscular(ly)IU International unit

IV Intravenous(ly)mcg Microgramsmg Milligrams

LA Long-actingNS Normal saline

p After, post

pc After meals (Latin, post cibum)

po By mouth (Latin, per os)pp Postprandial (after a meal)prn As needed (Latin, pro re nata)qam Every morning (Latin, quaque antemeridiem)

qd Every day (Latin, quaque die)

qh Every hour (Latin, quaque hora)q ____ h Every ____ hoursqid Four times a day (Latin, quater in die)qod Every other day (Latin, quaque [other]

die)s Without (Latin, sine)

SA Sustained actionSC, SQ, Subcutaneous(ly)SR Sustained release

ss Half (Latin, semis)tid Three times per day (Latin, ter in die)

U Unit(s)

x Times

Common Drugs and Their Actions

CATEGORY ACTIONS;

APPLICATIONS

GENERIC NAME TRADE NAME

Adrenergics

(sympathomimetics)Mimic the action of thesympathetic nervous

system, which respondsto stress

EpinephrinePhenylephrine

PseudoephedrineDopamine

Bronkaid Neo-Synephrine

SudafedIntropin

Analgesics Alleviate pain

Narcotic decrease pain sensation in

central nervous system;chronic use may lead to

physical dependence

Meperidine

Morphine

Demerol

Duramorph

Nonnarcotic Act peripherally to inhibit prostaglandins (localhormones); they may also

be anti-inflammatory andantipyretic (reduce fever)

aspirin(acetylsalicylicacid; ASA)

acetaminophen(APAP)ibuprofen

Celecoxib

Tylenol

Motrin, AdvilCelebrex, Vioxx

Anesthetics Reduce or eliminatesensation

Local Lidocaine

ProcaineGeneral

Nitrous oxideMidazolam

Xylocaine

Novocain

Anticoagulants Prevent coagulation andformation of blood clots

HeparinWarfarin Coumadin

Anticonvulsants Suppress or reduce thenumber and/or intensity

PhenobarbitalPhenytoin Dilantin


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of seizures CarbamazepineValproic acid

TegretolDepakene

Antidiabetics Prevent or alleviatediabetes

InsulinChlorpropamideGlyburide

Metformin

Acarbose

Humulin (injected)Diabinese (oral)Micronase

Glucophage

PrecoseAntiemetics Relieve symptoms of

nausea and preventvomiting (emesis)

OndansetronDimenhydrinateProchlorperazine

ScopolaminePromethezine

ZofranDramamineCompazine

Transderm-Sco–pPhenergan

Antihistamines Prevent responsesmediated by histamine:allergic and inflammatoryreactions

DiphenhydramineBrompheniramineLoratadineCetirizine

BenadrylDimetaneClaritinZyrtec

Antihypertensives Lower blood pressure byreducing cardiac output,

dilating vessels, or promoting excretion of water by the kidneys; see

also calcium channel blockers, beta blockers,

and diuretics under cardiac drugs, below

ClonidinePrazosin

MinoxidilLosartanCaptopril

CatapresMinipress

LonitenCozaar Capoten

Anti-inflammatory

drugs

Counteract inflammationand swelling

Corticosteroids Hormones from thecortex of the adrenalgland; used for allergy,

respiratory, and blooddiseases, injury, andmalignancy; suppress theimmune system

dexamethasoneCortisonePrednisone

HydrocortisoneFluticasone

DecadronCortoneDeltasone

Hydrocortone, Cortef Flonase

Nonsteroidalanti-inflammatorydrugs (NSAIDs)

Reduce inflammationand pain by interferingwith synthesis of

prostaglandins; alsoAntipyretic

AspirinIbuprofenIndomethacin

NaproxenDiclofenac

Motrin, AdvilIndocin

Naprosyn, AleveVoltaren

Anti-infective agents Kill or prevent the growthof infectious organisms

Antibacterials

Antibiotics

Effective against bacteria Amoxicillin

Penicillin VErythromycinVancomycinLinezolidGentamycinClarithromycin

CephalexinSulfisoxazole

Polymox

Pen-Vee K ErythrocinVancocinZyvoxGaramycinBiaxin

KeflexGantrisin


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TetracyclineCiprofloxacin (acts

on ulcer-causing Helicobacter pylori)Isoniazid (INH)

(tuberculosis)

AchromycinCipro

Nydrazid

Antifungals Effective against fungi Amphotericin BMiconazole

NystatinFluconazole

Itraconazole

FungizoneMonistat

NilstatDiflucan

Sporanox

Antiparasitics Effective against parasites: protozoa,worms

Iodoquinol (amebae)Quinacrine

Yodoxin

Atabrine

Antivirals Effective against viruses Acyclovir AmantadineZanamivir

(influenza)

Zidovudine (HIV)Indinavir (HIV

protease inhibitor)

ZoviraxSymmetrelRelenza

Retrovir Crixivan

Antineoplastics Destroy cancer cells; theyare toxic for all cells but

have greater effect oncells that are activelygrowing and dividing;

hormones and hormoneinhibitors also are used to

slow tumor growth

CyclophosphamideDoxorubicin

MethotrexateVincristineTamoxifen (estrogen

inhibitor)

CytoxanAdriamycin

FolexOncovin

Nolvadex

Cardiac drugs

Antiarrhythmics Correct or preventabnormalities of heartrhythm

QuinidineLidocaineDigoxin

QuinidexXylocaineLanoxin

Beta-adrenergic blockers (beta blockers)

Inhibit sympatheticnervous system; reducerate and force of heartcontractions

PropranololMetoprololAtenololCarvedilol

InderalLopressor TenorminCoreg

Calcium channel blockers

Dilate coronary arteries,slow heart rate, reduce

contractions

Diltiazem Nifedipine

Verapamil Nitroglycerin

Isosorbide

CardizemProcardia

Calan Nitrostat

Isordil

Hypolipidemics Lower cholesterol in patients with high serumlevels that cannot becontrolled with dietalone;hypocholesterolemics,

Statins

CholestyramineLovastatinPravastatinAtorvastatinSimvastatin

QuestranMevacor PravacholLipitor Zocor

Nitrates Dilate coronary arteries Nitroglycerin Nitrostat


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and reduce workload of heart by lowering blood

pressure and reducingvenous return; antianginal

Isosorbide Isordil

CNS stimulants Stimulate the centralnervous system

MethylphenidateAmphetamine

(chronic use maylead to drug

dependence)

RitalinAdderall, Dexedrine

Diuretics Promote excretion of water, sodium, and other electrolytes by thekidneys; used to reduceedema and blood pressure

BumetanideFurosemideMannitolHydrochlorothiazide(HCTZ)Triamterene +

HCTZ

BumexLasixOsmitrolHydrodiurilDyazide

Gastrointestinal

drugs

Antidiarrheals Treat or prevent diarrhea by reducing intestinalmotility or absorbing

irritants and soothing theintestinal lining

DiphenoxylateLoperamideAttapulgite

Atropine

LomotilImodiumKaopectate

Histamine H2antagonists

Decrease secretion of stomach acid byinterfering with the actionof histamine at H2receptors; used to treat

ulcers and other gastrointestinal problems

CimetidineRanitidine

TagametZantac

Laxatives promote elimination fromthe large intestine; typesinclude:StimulantsHyperosmotics (retain

water)Stool softeners

Bulk-forming agents

BisacodylLactulose

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