medical biotechnology
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Medical Biotechnology. Presentation made by: sakura023. Medical Biotechnology. Applied to medical processes like the use of organisms for the production of drugs or antibiotics. Recombinant DNA. Organelles & their Function. Nucleus – location of the DNA chromosomes - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Medical Biotechnology
Presentation made by: sakura023
Medical Biotechnology
Applied to medical processes like the use of organisms for the production of drugs or antibiotics
Recombinant DNA
Characteristic Prokaryotic Cells
Eukaryotic Cells
True Nucleus No nuclei YesOrganelles No circular
bloodYes
DNA w/ few proteins Linear chromosomes complexed w/ many proteins
Organelles & their Function
Nucleus – location of the DNA chromosomes Endoplasmic Reticulum – routes and
modifies certain newly synthesized polypeptides synthesizes lipids
Smooth ER - aids in lipid destruction Rough ER - w/ ribosomes
- aids in protein synthesis
Organelles & their function
Golgi Body – modifies polypeptides, sorts and ships proteins and lipids for either secretion or for use inside the cell
Mitochondria – produces ATP (adenosine triphosphate) (chemical energy use inside the cell)
Chloroplast – site of photosynthesis in plants & algae
Vesicle – have many functions like transports or store various substances, digestion
Organelles & their Function
Ribosomes – aids in the assembly of polypeptides during protein synthesis
Cytoskeleton – aids in the movement of internal structures
- serves as structural framework of the cell
- bones and muscles of the cell
Macromolecules
Lipids – composed of long unbranched chain of Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen (C, H, O, N) atom (hydrocarbon chain) CnH2nOn
- generally insoluble in aqueous solution, water fearing, chemically diverse
- fatty acids (main components)
Macromolecules
Polysaccharides – composed of long repeating monomeric units called monosaccharides, that function as either structure or storage
Proteins – large organic compounds, major determinants of an organisms’ characteristics
- orchestrate bodily reactions inside the cell, amino acids
Macromolecules
Nucleic acid – foundation of life- involved in the storage and
transmission of genetic information within the cell of nucleic acids
Two Types of Nucleic Acids
DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid)
RNA (ribonucleic acid)
DNA vs RNADNA RNA
Contains sugar deoxyribose Contains the sugar ribose
B- form double helix, double stranded molecule
A- form helix, single stranded molecule
Stable under alkaline conditions Transfer the genetic code from the nucleus to the ribosomes to make
protein
Long term of storage genetic information
4 nitrogenous bases (adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine)
Adenine, uracil, cytosine, and guanine)
Self replicating, propagation Needed basis
DNA Function
Storage of the genetic information. It is a long polymer consisting of repeating units called deoxyribonucleictides
Deoxyribonucleictides has 3 components1. Pentose Sugar (5 carbons)
2. Phosphate group
3. 1 of 4 nitrogen-containing bases adenine (A), guanine (G), thymine (T), cytosine (C)
DNA Function
stores the genetic information in the 4 nitrogen-containing bases
Adenine and guanine are double ring structures called purines
A+G = purines Thymine and cytosine are single ring
structures called pyrimidtinesT+C = pyrimidtines
DNA Function
Shows helical configuration, w/ both strands of the molecules winding around a common central axis to form a spiral (like a spiral staircase)
DNA Replication
Unwinding of the DNA helix Synthesis of the RNA primers The DNA polymerase binds each single
strand and moves along the strand from the RNA primer, using the information in the template DNA to mediate the formation of new DNA strand
Connection of okazaki fragments to form one continuous DNA molecule
DNA Replication
DNA helicase – enzyme in which to unwire DNA helix
DNA gyrase – cut DNA into 2 strands DNA polymerase – main replication enzyme DNA ligase – enzyme that connects the ends
of okazaki fragments to form newly snthesized DNA strand
Note: -ase - enzymes
Transcription
Genetic information stored in the DNA (gene) is used to make and RNA that is conglomentary
Process by which the genetic code is converted into instructions for the cells
DNA RNA
mRNA (messenger RNA) - type of RNA that the DNA builds from the DNA code complement of DNA
4 Stages of Transcription
1. Binding of RNA polymerase to a specific sequence called a promoter. The DNA helix unwinds in this region
2. Initiation of transcription – RNA polymerase begins synthesizing RNA from the template strand of the DNA as the DNA helix unwinds farther
3. Elongation of the RNA – the RNA elongates by the addition of ribonucleotides to the 3’ end of the newly synthesized RNA
4 Stages of the Transcription
4. Termination of Transcription – the RNA polymerase disengages the DNA & the new RNA molecule is released
Translation
Occurs in the nucleus where newly synthesized RNA is processed and then transported into the cytoplasm, the side of translation of protein synthesis
It is the conversion of information encoded in the mRNA sequence into a sequence of amino acids forming a polypeptide chain
Process of which the instruction are read to produce protein
Replication – DNA RNA Transcription – DNA RNA Translation – RNA protein