med-csp concentrating solar power for the mediterranean region wp1: sustainability goals wp2:...
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MED-CSPMED-CSP
MED-CSP
Concentrating Solar Power for the Mediterranean Region
WP1: Sustainability Goals
WP2: Renewable Energy Technologies
WP3: Renewable Energy Resources
WP4: Demand Side Analysis
WP5: Scenario & Market Strategies (Water)
WP6: Socio-Economical Impacts
WP7: Environmental Impacts
MED-CSPMED-CSP
Water demand is calculated as a function of population and economic growth. Starting data from the year 2000 was obtained from FAO Aquastat.
The future water demand of the agricultural sector was calculated as function of population. The idea behind the model is that the per capita water supply for food production purposes is maintained at least constant in every country to avoid an increasing dependency on food imports. Although renewable water resources are scarce in many MENA countries, salt water, energy for desalination and land are plenty. This is a different approach than that reflected by a FAO study given in the following figure, where the total water withdrawal in most MENA countries is stagnating in spite of the growing population. This would lead to strong reduction of agricultural activities, as the urban water demand will grow steadily in MENA. In our scenario, the efficiency of irrigation technologies is enhanced with time, through change of irrigation systems and technical advance. Irrigation efficiency values start with actual levels in each country and achieve best practice (60 – 70 %) by 2050.
The water demand of the industrial and domestic sector growths in proportion to the national economy represented by the GDP according to the scenario CG/HE. Efficiency enhancements of the municipal water supply system are considered. Efficiency starts with actual values in each country and reaches best practice values (> 80 %) by 2050.
Calculation of Water Demand
grows with GDP
grows with total population
Water Demand in Tunisia
Agricultural
Domestic
Industrial
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
20002005
20102015
20202025
20302035
20402045
2050
Wa
ter
De
ma
nd [b
illio
n m
³/y]
MED-CSPMED-CSP
Urban Centres in the EU-MENA Region
MED-CSPMED-CSP
Percentage of Irrigated Area per 100 km² in Southern Europe and Maghreb Countries
Source: http://www.fao.org/ag/agl/aglw/aquastat/irrigationmap/index10.stm
MED-CSPMED-CSP
Percentage of Irrigated Area per 100 km² in Western Asia and Arabian Peninsula
Source: http://www.fao.org/ag/agl/aglw/aquastat/irrigationmap/index10.stm
MED-CSPMED-CSP
North Africa
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
2000 2050
Year
Sh
are
of
Sec
tor
Dem
and
Industrial
Domestic
Agricultural
Western Asia
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
2000 2050
Year
Sh
are
of
Sec
tor
Dem
and
Industrial
Domestic
Agricultural
Arabian Peninsula
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
2000 2050
Year
Sh
are
of
Sec
tor
Dem
and
Industrial
Domestic
Agricultural
Total MENA
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
2000 2050
Year
Sh
are
of
Sec
tor
Dem
and
Industrial
Domestic
Agricultural
Water Demand Structure in MENA (Scenario CG/HE)
MED-CSPMED-CSP
Sustainable water resources in 2000 are taken from the FAO Aquastat database, taking into consideration exploitable renewable surface and groundwater resources. A possible future depletion of this resources due to climate change is not considered. Increased re-use of wastewater is taken into consideration, subsequently increasing the renewable water resources according to the wastewater potentials.
The following figure shows the renewable water resources per capita of the analyzed region. The CSP-desalination potentials of all MENA countries with a per capita renewable water resource of less than 2000 m³/cap/y were investigated within the MED-CSP study.
Non-sustainable use of water resources includes overexploitation of groundwater resources and desalination with fossil fuels. Desalination capacities are taken from the World Desalting Plants Inventory /Wangnick 2004/. Overuse of groundwater resources is estimated from World Bank Data /Saghiri 2000/ and from the FAO Aquastat Database 2004.
In most countries with unsustainable use of water, the amount of unsustainable water will grow until 2025 due to the fact the CSP industrial production capacities cannot cope with the large demand before 2025. Part of this unsustainable water could be desalted with other renewable energies. However, this amount is neglected.
It is assumed that the non-sustainable use of water is gradually replaced by seawater desalination with renewable energies, mainly CSP, as soon as the industrial production capacities become large enough. In the scenario, the replacement of unsustainable water use takes place as soon as possible. In the real world, this change will probably be slower, if the yield and cost of the non-renewable water withdrawals allow for this. Additionally growing water demand is provided by unexploited renewable water sources in a first place or – after making use of the total renewable water potential – also by seawater desalted with renewable energies.
Energy used for seawater desalination is additional to the electricity demand calculated in the MED-CSP scenario CG/HE, which only considers conventional uses of electricity. The biggest potential CSP desalination markets until 2050 are visible in Egypt, Saudi Arabia, Yemen, Libya and the United Arab Emirates. Syria has also a large demand for seawater desalination, but CSP potentials were eliminated through site exclusion by priority agricultural use and forests at the seashore. However, multipurpose CSP plants could become compatible with agricultural activities in such cases, as they can be combined with agricultural activities (ref. WP 2 and WP 6).
Calculation of Water Supply
MED-CSPMED-CSP
Total Renewable Water Resources (TRWR) and Dependency Ratio (DR)*
Source: Review of World Water Resources by Country, Water Report 23, FAO 2003
* Dependency Ratio: Water dependency on rivers flowing into a country from outside
MED-CSPMED-CSP
Seawater Desalination Capacities in 2004
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500
CyprusGreece
ItalyMalta
PortugalSpain
TurkeyIranIraq
IsraelJordan
LebanoSyria
BahrainKuwaitOmanQatarSaudiUAE
YemenAlgeria
EgyptLibya
MoroccTunisia
Desalination Capacity [million m³/year]
Multi-Stage-Flash 2004 MED+VC 2004 Reverse Osmosis 2004
Source: Wangnick Consulting 2004
MED-CSPMED-CSP
Groundwater withdrawals as percentage of safe yield
0% 50% 100% 150% 200% 250% 300% 350% 400%
Cyprus
Morocco
Tunisia
Algeria
Oman
UAE
Syria
Yemen
J ordan
Bahrain
Gaza
Qatar
Kuwait
Saudi Arabia 1456%
1275%
Source: Saghiri 2000
MED-CSPMED-CSP
Seawater Desalination Capacities in 2004 and in 2050
Multi-Stage-Flash 2004
MED+VC 2004
Reverse Osmosis
2004
Total Desalination
2004Non-Sust.
Water 2004
Desalination Scenario
2050
Energy for Desalination
2050Mm³/y Mm³/y Mm³/y Mm³/y Mm³/y Mm³/y TWh/y
Cyprus 2.8 0.9 49.2 52.8 5 90 0.31Greece 2.5 5.0 7.6 15.1 24 0.08Italy 93.4 43.3 58.2 194.9 305 1.04Malta 8.6 1.5 41.2 51.3 80 0.28Portugal 0.0 0.2 1.0 1.2 2 0.01Spain 32.5 33.7 563.5 629.7 985 3.37Turkey 0.0 3.2 0.3 3.5 6 0.02Iran 116.7 39.8 4.5 161.1 252 0.86Iraq 0.0 0.2 0.5 0.7 3840 13.15Israel 2.6 11.0 419.6 433.2 340 1018 3.49Jordan 0.0 0.4 1.6 2.0 560 1030 3.53Lebanon 0.2 5.4 0.1 5.6 9 0.03Syria 0.0 0.0 2.2 2.2 8000 12170 41.67Bahrain 207.8 18.1 28.2 254.2 170 488 1.67Kuwait 908.8 3.9 142.6 1055.2 370 1691 5.79Oman 103.9 25.3 21.0 150.2 340 1820 6.23Qatar 363.4 92.4 2.4 458.2 210 783 2.68Saudi Arabia 1765.3 1119.1 288.9 3173.3 14800 29722 101.77UAE 2122.0 835.4 237.5 3195.0 2000 4550 15.58Yemen 0.9 22.5 0.3 23.8 2500 18040 61.77Algeria 92.0 13.3 168.8 274.1 600 975 3.34Egypt 53.8 7.0 53.0 113.8 10200 75000 256.80Libya 320.6 156.5 24.7 501.8 4100 7330 25.10Morocco 2.6 25.0 11.2 38.7 270 340 1.16Tunisia 0.1 2.0 0.7 2.8 290 294 1.01
MED-CSPMED-CSP
Seawater desalination capacities and non-sustainable water withdrawal in 2004, and expected desalination capacity in 2050
90 24305 80 2
985
6 252
3840
1018 1030
9
12170
488
1691 1820
783
4550
18040
975
7330
340 294
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000
16000
18000
20000
Cypru
s
Greec
eIta
lyM
alta
Portu
gal
Spain
Turke
yIra
nIra
qIsr
ael
Jord
an
Leba
non
Syria
Bahra
in
Kuwait
Oman
Qatar
Saudi
Arabia UAE
Yemen
Algeria
Egypt
Libya
Mor
occo
Tunisi
a
Des
alin
atio
n C
apac
ity [m
illio
n m
³/y]
Desalination 2004 Non-Sust. Water 2004 Desalination 2050
7500029000
MED-CSPMED-CSP
Non-sustainable water includes overexploitation of groundwater resources and desalination with fossil fuels.
Sustainable water includes all natural surface and groundwater resources that are renewable and exploitable, plus increasingly re-used wastewater. A possible reduction of renewable water due to climate change is not considered.
CSP-Desalination includes seawater desalination on the basis of renewable energy, mainly CSP, in each country within the scenario CG/HE.
Population in Morocco
05
101520253035404550
2000
2005
2010
2015
2020
2025
2030
2035
2040
2045
2050
Year
Po
pu
lati
on
[m
illio
ns
]
UrbanRural
Water Demand in Morocco
Agricultural
Domestic
Industrial
0
5
10
15
20
25
20002005
20102015
20202025
20302035
20402045
2050
Wat
er
De
man
d [b
illio
n m
³/y]
Water Supply in Morocco
0
5
10
15
20
25
2000
2005
2010
2015
2020
2025
2030
2035
2040
2045
2050
Wat
er
Sup
ply
[bill
ion
m³/
y]
Sustainable Water Non-Sustainable CSP-Desalination
MED-CSPMED-CSP
Non-sustainable water includes overexploitation of groundwater resources and desalination with fossil fuels.
Sustainable water includes all natural surface and groundwater resources that are renewable and exploitable, plus increasingly re-used wastewater. A possible reduction of renewable water due to climate change is not considered.
CSP-Desalination includes seawater desalination on the basis of renewable energy, mainly CSP, in each country within the scenario CG/HE.
Population in Tunisia
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
2000
2005
2010
2015
2020
2025
2030
2035
2040
2045
2050
Year
Po
pu
lati
on
[m
illio
ns
]
UrbanRural
Water Demand in Tunisia
Agricultural
Domestic
Industrial
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
20002005
20102015
20202025
20302035
20402045
2050
Wat
er
De
man
d [b
illio
n m
³/y]
Water Supply in Tunisia
0.00.51.01.52.02.53.03.54.04.55.0
2000
2005
2010
2015
2020
2025
2030
2035
2040
2045
2050
Year
Wat
er
Sup
ply
[bill
ion
m³/
y]
Sustainable Water CSP-Desalination Non-Sustainable
MED-CSPMED-CSP
Non-sustainable water includes overexploitation of groundwater resources and desalination with fossil fuels.
Sustainable water includes all natural surface and groundwater resources that are renewable and exploitable, plus increasingly re-used wastewater. A possible reduction of renewable water due to climate change is not considered.
CSP-Desalination includes seawater desalination on the basis of renewable energy, mainly CSP, in each country within the scenario CG/HE.
Population in Algeria
05
101520253035404550
2000
2005
2010
2015
2020
2025
2030
2035
2040
2045
2050
Year
Po
pu
lati
on
[m
illio
ns]
UrbanRural
Water Demand in Algeria
Agricultural
Domestic
Industrial
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
20002005
20102015
20202025
20302035
20402045
2050
Wat
er
De
man
d [b
illio
n m
³/y]
Water Supply in Algeria
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
2000
2005
2010
2015
2020
2025
2030
2035
2040
2045
2050
Year
Wat
er
Sup
ply
[bill
ion
m³/
y]
Sustainable Water Non-Sustainable CSP-Desalination
MED-CSPMED-CSP
Non-sustainable water includes overexploitation of groundwater resources and desalination with fossil fuels.
Sustainable water includes all natural surface and groundwater resources that are renewable and exploitable, plus increasingly re-used wastewater. A possible reduction of renewable water due to climate change is not considered.
CSP-Desalination includes seawater desalination on the basis of renewable energy, mainly CSP, in each country within the scenario CG/HE.
Population in Libya
0123456789
10
20002005
20102015
20202025
20302035
20402045
2050
Year
Po
pu
lati
on
[m
illio
ns
]
UrbanRural
Water Demand in Libya
Agricultural
DomesticIndustrial
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
20002005
20102015
20202025
20302035
20402045
2050
Wat
er
De
man
d [b
illio
n m
³/y]
Water Supply in Libya
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
2000
2005
2010
2015
2020
2025
2030
2035
2040
2045
2050
Wat
er S
up
ply
[b
illio
n m
³/y]
Sustainable Water Non-Sustainable CSP-Desalination
MED-CSPMED-CSP
Population in Egypt
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
2000
2005
2010
2015
2020
2025
2030
2035
2040
2045
2050
Po
pu
lati
on
[m
illio
ns
]
UrbanRural
Water Demand in Egypt
Agricultural
Domestic
Industrial
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
20002005
20102015
20202025
20302035
20402045
2050
Wat
er
De
man
d [b
illio
n m
³/y]
Non-sustainable water includes overexploitation of groundwater resources and desalination with fossil fuels.
Sustainable water includes all natural surface and groundwater resources that are renewable and exploitable, plus increasingly re-used wastewater. A possible reduction of renewable water due to climate change is not considered.
CSP-Desalination includes seawater desalination on the basis of renewable energy, mainly CSP, in each country within the scenario CG/HE.
Water Supply in Egypt
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
2000
2005
2010
2015
2020
2025
2030
2035
2040
2045
2050
Wat
er
Sup
ply
[bill
ion
m³/
y]
Sustainable Water Non-Sustainable CSP-Desalination
MED-CSPMED-CSP
Population in Turkey
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
2000
2005
2010
2015
2020
2025
2030
2035
2040
2045
2050
Po
pu
lati
on
[m
illio
ns
]
UrbanRural
Non-sustainable water includes overexploitation of groundwater resources and desalination with fossil fuels.
Sustainable water includes all natural surface and groundwater resources that are renewable and exploitable, plus increasingly re-used wastewater. A possible reduction of renewable water due to climate change is not considered.
CSP-Desalination includes seawater desalination on the basis of renewable energy, mainly CSP, in each country within the scenario CG/HE.
Water Demand in Turkey
Agricultural
Domestic
Industrial
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
20002005
20102015
20202025
20302035
20402045
2050
Wat
er
De
man
d [b
illio
n m
³/y]
Water Supply in Turkey
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
2000
2005
2010
2015
2020
2025
2030
2035
2040
2045
2050
Year
Wat
er
Sup
ply
[bill
ion
m³/
y]
CSP-Desalination Non-Sustainable Sustainable Water
MED-CSPMED-CSP
Non-sustainable water includes overexploitation of groundwater resources and desalination with fossil fuels.
Sustainable water includes all natural surface and groundwater resources that are renewable and exploitable, plus increasingly re-used wastewater. A possible reduction of renewable water due to climate change is not considered.
CSP-Desalination includes seawater desalination on the basis of renewable energy, mainly CSP, in each country within the scenario CG/HE.
Population in Israel + Palestine
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
2000
2005
2010
2015
2020
2025
2030
2035
2040
2045
2050
Year
Po
pu
lati
on
[m
illio
ns]
UrbanRural
Water Demand in Israel + Palestine
Agricultural
Domestic
Industrial
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
20002005
20102015
20202025
20302035
20402045
2050
Wat
er
De
man
d [b
illio
n m
³/y]
Water Supply in Israel + Palestine
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
2000
2005
2010
2015
2020
2025
2030
2035
2040
2045
2050
Year
Wat
er S
up
ply
[b
illio
n m
³/y]
Sustainable Water Non-Sustainable CSP-Desalination
MED-CSPMED-CSP
Water Supply in Jordan
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
2000
2005
2010
2015
2020
2025
2030
2035
2040
2045
2050
Year
Wat
er
Sup
ply
[bill
ion
m³/
y]
Sustainable Water Non-Sustainable CSP-Desalination
Non-sustainable water includes overexploitation of groundwater resources and desalination with fossil fuels.
Sustainable water includes all natural surface and groundwater resources that are renewable and exploitable, plus increasingly re-used wastewater. A possible reduction of renewable water due to climate change is not considered.
CSP-Desalination includes seawater desalination on the basis of renewable energy, mainly CSP, in each country within the scenario CG/HE.
Water Demand in Jordan
Agricultural
Domestic
Industrial
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
20002005
20102015
20202025
20302035
20402045
2050
Wat
er
De
man
d [b
illio
n m
³/y]
Population in Jordan
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
2000
2005
2010
2015
2020
2025
2030
2035
2040
2045
2050
Year
Po
pu
lati
on
[m
illio
ns
]
UrbanRural
MED-CSPMED-CSP
Non-sustainable water includes overexploitation of groundwater resources and desalination with fossil fuels.
Sustainable water includes all natural surface and groundwater resources that are renewable and exploitable, plus increasingly re-used wastewater. A possible reduction of renewable water due to climate change is not considered.
CSP-Desalination includes seawater desalination on the basis of renewable energy, mainly CSP, in each country within the scenario CG/HE.
Population in Lebanon
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
2000
2005
2010
2015
2020
2025
2030
2035
2040
2045
2050
Year
Po
pu
lati
on
[m
illio
ns
]
UrbanRural
Water Supply in Lebanon
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
2000
2005
2010
2015
2020
2025
2030
2035
2040
2045
2050
Year
Wat
er
Sup
ply
[bill
ion
m³/
y]
Sustainable Water Non-Sustainable CSP-Desalination
Water Demand in Lebanon
Agricultural
Domestic
Industrial
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
20002005
20102015
20202025
20302035
20402045
2050
Wat
er
De
man
d [b
illio
n m
³/y]
MED-CSPMED-CSP
Non-sustainable water includes overexploitation of groundwater resources and desalination with fossil fuels.
Sustainable water includes all natural surface and groundwater resources that are renewable and exploitable, plus increasingly re-used wastewater. A possible reduction of renewable water due to climate change is not considered.
CSP-Desalination includes seawater desalination on the basis of renewable energy, mainly CSP, in each country within the scenario CG/HE.
Population in Syria
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
2000
2005
2010
2015
2020
2025
2030
2035
2040
2045
2050
Year
Po
pu
lati
on
[m
illio
ns
]
UrbanRural
Water Demand in Syria
Agricultural
DomesticIndustrial
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
20002005
20102015
20202025
20302035
20402045
2050
Wat
er D
eman
d [b
illio
n m
³/y]
Water Supply in Syria
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
2000
2005
2010
2015
2020
2025
2030
2035
2040
2045
2050
Year
Wat
er
Sup
ply
[bill
ion
m³/
y]
Sustainable Water Non-Sustainable CSP-Desalination
MED-CSPMED-CSP
Non-sustainable water includes overexploitation of groundwater resources and desalination with fossil fuels.
Sustainable water includes all natural surface and groundwater resources that are renewable and exploitable, plus increasingly re-used wastewater. A possible reduction of renewable water due to climate change is not considered.
CSP-Desalination includes seawater desalination on the basis of renewable energy, mainly CSP, in each country within the scenario CG/HE.
Population in Iraq
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
2000
2005
2010
2015
2020
2025
2030
2035
2040
2045
2050
Year
Po
pu
lati
on
[m
illio
ns
]
UrbanRural
Water Supply in Iraq
0102030405060708090
2000
2005
2010
2015
2020
2025
2030
2035
2040
2045
2050
Year
Wat
er
Sup
ply
[bill
ion
m³/
y]
Sustainable Water CSP-Desalination Non-Sustainable
Water Demand in Iraq
Agricultural
DomesticIndustrial
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
20002005
20102015
20202025
20302035
20402045
2050
Wat
er
De
man
d [b
illio
n m
³/y]
MED-CSPMED-CSP
Non-sustainable water includes overexploitation of groundwater resources and desalination with fossil fuels.
Sustainable water includes all natural surface and groundwater resources that are renewable and exploitable, plus increasingly re-used wastewater. A possible reduction of renewable water due to climate change is not considered.
CSP-Desalination includes seawater desalination on the basis of renewable energy, mainly CSP, in each country within the scenario CG/HE.
Water Supply in Iran
0102030405060708090
100
2000
2005
2010
2015
2020
2025
2030
2035
2040
2045
2050
Year
Wat
er
Sup
ply
[bill
ion
m³/
y]
CSP-Desalination Non-Sustainable Sustainable Water
Population in Iran
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
2000
2005
2010
2015
2020
2025
2030
2035
2040
2045
2050
Year
Po
pu
lati
on
[m
illio
ns
]
UrbanRural
Water Demand in Iran
Agricultural
DomesticIndustrial
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
20002005
20102015
20202025
20302035
20402045
2050
Wat
er D
eman
d [b
illio
n m
³/y]
MED-CSPMED-CSP
Non-sustainable water includes overexploitation of groundwater resources and desalination with fossil fuels.
Sustainable water includes all natural surface and groundwater resources that are renewable and exploitable, plus increasingly re-used wastewater. A possible reduction of renewable water due to climate change is not considered.
CSP-Desalination includes seawater desalination on the basis of renewable energy, mainly CSP, in each country within the scenario CG/HE.
Population in Oman
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
2000
2005
2010
2015
2020
2025
2030
2035
2040
2045
2050
Year
Po
pu
lati
on
[m
illio
ns]
UrbanRural
Water Supply in Oman
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
2000
2005
2010
2015
2020
2025
2030
2035
2040
2045
2050
Year
Wat
er
Sup
ply
[bill
ion
m³/
y]
Sustainable Water Non-Sustainable CSP-Desalination
Water Demand in Oman
Agricultural
DomesticIndustrial
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
20002005
20102015
20202025
20302035
20402045
2050
Wat
er
De
man
d [b
illio
n m
³/y]
MED-CSPMED-CSP
Non-sustainable water includes overexploitation of groundwater resources and desalination with fossil fuels.
Sustainable water includes all natural surface and groundwater resources that are renewable and exploitable, plus increasingly re-used wastewater. A possible reduction of renewable water due to climate change is not considered.
CSP-Desalination includes seawater desalination on the basis of renewable energy, mainly CSP, in each country within the scenario CG/HE.
Water Supply in Kuwait
0.00.10.20.30.40.50.60.70.80.9
2000
2005
2010
2015
2020
2025
2030
2035
2040
2045
2050
Year
Wat
er
Sup
ply
[bill
ion
m³/
y]
Sustainable Water Non-Sustainable CSP-Desalination
Water Demand in Kuwait
Agricultural
Domestic
Industrial
0.00
0.10
0.20
0.30
0.40
0.50
0.60
0.70
0.80
0.90
20002005
20102015
20202025
20302035
20402045
2050
Wat
er
De
man
d [b
illio
n m
³/y]
Population in Kuwait
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
20002005
20102015
20202025
20302035
20402045
2050
Year
Po
pu
lati
on
[m
illio
ns
]
UrbanRural
MED-CSPMED-CSP
Water Supply in Qatar
0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
0.35
0.40
0.45
2000
2005
2010
2015
2020
2025
2030
2035
2040
2045
2050
Wat
er
Sup
ply
billi
on m
³/a
Sustainable Water Non-Sustainable CSP-Desalination
Water Demand in Qatar
Agricultural
Domestic
Industrial
0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
0.35
0.40
0.45
20002005
20102015
20202025
20302035
20402045
2050
Wat
er D
eman
d [b
illio
n m
³/y]
Non-sustainable water includes overexploitation of groundwater resources and desalination with fossil fuels.
Sustainable water includes all natural surface and groundwater resources that are renewable and exploitable, plus increasingly re-used wastewater. A possible reduction of renewable water due to climate change is not considered.
CSP-Desalination includes seawater desalination on the basis of renewable energy, mainly CSP, in each country within the scenario CG/HE.
Population in Qatar
0.00.10.20.30.40.50.60.70.80.91.0
2000
2005
2010
2015
2020
2025
2030
2035
2040
2045
2050
Year
Po
pu
lati
on
[m
illio
ns]
UrbanRural
MED-CSPMED-CSP
Non-sustainable water includes overexploitation of groundwater resources and desalination with fossil fuels.
Sustainable water includes all natural surface and groundwater resources that are renewable and exploitable, plus increasingly re-used wastewater. A possible reduction of renewable water due to climate change is not considered.
CSP-Desalination includes seawater desalination on the basis of renewable energy, mainly CSP, in each country within the scenario CG/HE.
Water Supply in Saudi Arabia
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
2000
2005
2010
2015
2020
2025
2030
2035
2040
2045
2050
Year
Wat
er
Sup
ply
[bill
ion
m³/
y]
Sustainable Water Non-Sustainable CSP-Desalination
Water Demand in Saudi Arabia
Agricultural
DomesticIndustrial
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
20002005
20102015
20202025
20302035
20402045
2050
Wat
er
De
man
d [b
illio
n m
³/y]
Population in Saudi Arabia
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
2000
2005
2010
2015
2020
2025
2030
2035
2040
2045
2050
Year
Po
pu
lati
on
[m
illio
ns
]
UrbanRural
MED-CSPMED-CSP
Non-sustainable water includes overexploitation of groundwater resources and desalination with fossil fuels.
Sustainable water includes all natural surface and groundwater resources that are renewable and exploitable, plus increasingly re-used wastewater. A possible reduction of renewable water due to climate change is not considered.
CSP-Desalination includes seawater desalination on the basis of renewable energy, mainly CSP, in each country within the scenario CG/HE.
Water Supply in UAE
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
2000
2005
2010
2015
2020
2025
2030
2035
2040
2045
2050
Year
Wat
er
Sup
ply
[bill
ion
m³/
y]
Sustainable Water CSP-Desalination Non-Sustainable
Water Demand in United Arab Emirates
Agricultural
Domestic
Industrial
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
20002005
20102015
20202025
20302035
20402045
2050
Wat
er D
eman
d [b
illio
n m
³/y]
United Arab Emirates
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
2000
2005
2010
2015
2020
2025
2030
2035
2040
2045
2050
Year
Po
pu
lati
on
[m
illio
ns
]
UrbanRural
MED-CSPMED-CSP
Non-sustainable water includes overexploitation of groundwater resources and desalination with fossil fuels.
Sustainable water includes all natural surface and groundwater resources that are renewable and exploitable, plus increasingly re-used wastewater. A possible reduction of renewable water due to climate change is not considered.
CSP-Desalination includes seawater desalination on the basis of renewable energy, mainly CSP, in each country within the scenario CG/HE.
Water Supply in Yemen
0
5
10
15
20
25
2000
2005
2010
2015
2020
2025
2030
2035
2040
2045
2050
Year
Wat
er S
up
ply
[b
illio
n m
³/y]
Sustainable Water Non-Sustainable CSP-Desalination
Water Demand in Yemen
Agricultural
Domestic
0
5
10
15
20
25
20002005
20102015
20202025
20302035
20402045
2050
Wat
er
De
man
d [b
illio
n m
³/y]
Population in Yemen
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
2000
2005
2010
2015
2020
2025
2030
2035
2040
2045
2050
Year
Po
pu
lati
on
[m
illio
ns
]
UrbanRural
MED-CSPMED-CSP
Non-sustainable water includes overexploitation of groundwater resources and desalination with fossil fuels.
Sustainable water includes all natural surface and groundwater resources that are renewable and exploitable, plus increasingly re-used wastewater. A possible reduction of renewable water due to climate change is not considered.
CSP-Desalination includes seawater desalination on the basis of renewable energy, mainly CSP, in each country within the scenario CG/HE.
Water Supply in Bahrain
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
2000
2005
2010
2015
2020
2025
2030
2035
2040
2045
2050
Year
Wat
er
[bill
ion
m³/
y]
Sustainable Water Non-Sustainable CSP-Desalination
Water Demand in Bahrain
Agricultural
Domestic
Industrial
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
20002005
20102015
20202025
20302035
20402045
2050
Wat
er
De
man
d [b
illio
n m
³/y]
Population in Bahrain
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
20002005
20102015
20202025
20302035
20402045
2050
Year
Po
pu
lati
on
[m
illio
ns
]
UrbanRural