mechanism of car

MECHANISM OF CAR

Mechanism of car

2016

MARWADI EDUCATION FOUNDATION’S GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS FACULTY OF TECHNOLOGY

AUTOMOBILE DEPARTMENT

CASE STUDY REPORT

ON

MECHANISM OF CAR

B.E FIRST YEAR

2015-16

ELEMENTS OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Name Enroll no.

Kachhadiya Divyesh 150970102006

Aeshan Merani 150970102008

Mechanism of car

2016

MARWADI EDUCATION FOUNDATION’S GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS FACULTY OF TECHNOLOGY

AUTOMOBILE DEPARTMENT

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that…

Shri Enroll no. Kachhadiya Divyesh 150970102006

Aeshan Merani 150970102008

Of B.E. Second Semester Auto-mobile (TH-1) branch has satisfactorily

completed the case study work in Elements of Mechanical Engineering in the

academic year 2016.

Date of submission……….

____________ _________________

Lab-in-charge Head of department [MR. KALPESH RATHOD] [MR. SARANG PANDE]

Mechanism of car

2016

Index

Abstract

Acknowledgement

Introduction

History of car

Types of mechanisms

Engine

Steering mechanism

Transmission mechanism

Brake mechanism

Suspension

Future Cars mechanism

Conclusion

References

Mechanism of car

2016

Abstract

In 21st century, use of automobiles is highly increased and it made

our life easier and fast. Without automobiles our life is very difficult, in

Automobiles, now a day’s car is widely used. In today market there are

many cars of different design in which some famous car especially in

design are DC, Chevrolet, Lamborghini, Ferrari, Audi, BMW, etc.

Everyone wants to have his own car. Car is running due to its mechanism,

car’s efficiency depend upon its mechanism. Therefore, to develop more

efficient and eco-friendly car we have to first understand its mechanism

and then we try to increase its efficiency by modifying its system, that’s

why I choose project of car mechanism.

Mechanism of car

2016

Acknowledgement

A case study report is a golden opportunity learning and self-

development. We consider very lucky and honoured to have so many

wonderful people lead us through in completion of this case study.

Mr.KALPESH RATHOD and Mr.SARANG PANDE A whose

patience we have probably tested to the limit. He was always so involved in

the entire process, shared his knowledge and encouraged us to think. Thank

you.

Mechanism of car

2016

Introduction

Car first came into Middle English as carre, from French and earlier

from Latincarrus 'wheeled vehicle', and it first meant a carriage, chariot,

cart, wagon, truck, or other conveyance. From the 16th to 19th centuries,

the word was mainly used in poetry to describe any vehicle used in a

solemn or dignified procession, as those concerned with pageantry, in times

of triumph, or in war. The word was mainly used in relation to vehicles

travelling on railways until it was transferred to automobiles around 1896.

Other words related to car include career, cargo, caricature, carry, charge,

and chariot.

Mechanism of car

2016

History of car:

The early history of the automobile can be divided into a number of eras,

based on the prevalent means of propulsion. Later periods were defined by

trends in exterior styling, size, and utility preferences.

In 1768, the first steam powered automobile capable of human

transportation was built by Nicolas Joseph Cugnot.

Josef Cugnot’s 1770 Fardier a vapour, Musee des arts ET metiers, Paris.

The first self-propelled vehicle Cugnot was of the first to employ

successfully a device for converting the reciprocating motion of a steam

piston into rotary motion by means of a ratchet arrangement. A small

version of his three-wheeled fardier a vapour ran in 1769.

Mechanism of car

2016

In 1807, Francois Isaac de Rivaz designed the first car

powered by an internal combustion engine fuelled by hydrogen.

In 1886 the first petrol or gasoline powered automobile the Benz Patent

Motorwagen was invented by Karl Benz. This is also considered to be

the first "production" vehicle as Benz made several identical copies.

Automotive production on a commercial scale started in France in 1890.

Commercial production in the United States began at the beginning of

the 1900's and was equal to that of Europe's. In those days, the European

industry consisted of small independent firms that would turn out a few

cars by means of precise engineering and handicraft methods.

At the turn of the 20th century electrically powered automobiles

appeared but only occupied a niche market until the turn of the 21st

century.

Mechanism of car

2016

Mechanism of car

Engine Mechanism

Steering Mechanism

Transmission Mechanism

Breaking Mechanism

Mechanism of car

2016

ENGINE MECHANISM

“Engine is the heart of automobile. “

Combustion engine:

A combustion engine is an engine which generates mechanical power

by combustion of a fuel.

Combustion engines are of two general types:

A. Internal combustion engine

B. External combustion engine

Car works on internal combustion engine.

Internal combustion engine

In I.C. engine it is work on two cycles.

1. Otto cycle

2. Diesel cycle

Mechanism of car

2016

[1] Otto Cycle

The Otto cycle is work in four stroke and two stork

engine. Petrol and Gas is used as fuel in Otto cycle engine.

Four stroke Petrol Engine

The four strokes are:

1. Intake

2. Compression

3. Power

4. Exhaust

Mechanism of car

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1. Intake stroke:

Intake valve opens.

Piston moves TDC to BDC.

A vacuum is created inside the cylinder.

Atmospheric pressure pushes the air/fuel mixture into the cylinder.

2. Compression stroke :

Intake and exhaust valves close.

Piston moves up BDC to TDC.

Air/fuel mixture is compressed.

Fuel starts to vaporize and heat and pressure begins.

3. Power stroke :

Intake and exhaust valves remain closed.

Spark plug fires igniting fuel mixture.


It also called working stroke.

Heat is expand the piston and converted to mechanical energy.

4. Exhaust stroke :

Exhaust valve opens.

Piston move BDC to TDC.

Exhaust gases are pushed out into the atmosphere.

Mechanism of car

2016

P-V Diagram

[2]Diesel Cycle

Four stroke Diesel Engine

The four strokes are:

1. Intake

2. Compression

3. Power

4. Exhaust

Mechanism of car

2016

1. Intake stroke:

Intake valve opens.


A vacuum is created inside the cylinder.

Pressurised air inlet in the cylinder.

2. Compression stroke:

Intake and exhaust valves close.

Piston moves up BDC to TDC.

Air is compressed.

Heat and Pressure will increase.

3. Expansion stroke:

Intake and exhaust valves remain closed.

At the end of compression stroke fuel inlet by fuel injector in the form

of spry.

Pressurised hot air igniting fuel mixture.


It also called working stroke.

Heat is expand the piston and converted to mechanical energy.

4. Exhaust stroke:

Exhaust valve opens.

Piston move BDC to TDC.

Exhaust gases are pushed out from the cylinder to surrounding.

Mechanism of car

2016

P-V Diagram

Mechanism of car

2016

STEERING MECHANISAM

The basic aim of steering is to ensure that the wheels are

pointing in the desired directions. This is typically achieved by a

series of linkages, rods, pivots and gears. One of the fundamental

concepts is that of caster angle – each wheel is steered with a pivot

point ahead of the wheel; this makes the steering tend to be self-

cantering towards the direction of travel.

The steering linkages connecting the steering box and the wheels

usually conforms to a variation of Ackermann steering geometry, to

account for the fact that in a turn, the inner wheel is actually travelling a

path of smaller radius than the outer wheel, so that the degree of toe

suitable for driving in a straight path is not suitable for turns. The angle the

wheels make with the vertical plane also influences steering dynamics as do

the tires.

Mechanism of car

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Construction

1. The steering gear box is the same rack and pinion type used in the previous

model,

2. Two types of power steering control are available. One is an engine speed

sensing type as used previously, and the other is an electronically controlled

type.

3. A new 4-wheel steering system is used in which the rear wheels turn in

conjunction with the steering angle of the front wheels to provide superior

steer ability.

Power steering:

Power steering helps the driver of a vehicle to steer by directing some

of its power to assist in swivelling the steered road wheels about their

steering axes. As vehicles have become heavier and switched to front wheel

drive, particularly using negative offset geometry, along with increases in

tire width and diameter, the effort needed to turn the wheels about their

steering axis has increased, often to the point where major physical exertion

would be needed were it not for power assistance. To alleviate this auto

makers have developed power steering systems: or more correctly power-

assisted steering—on road going vehicles there has to be a mechanical

linkage as a fail safe.

Mechanism of car

2016

There are two types of power steering systems; hydraulic and

electric/electronic. A hydraulic-electric hybrid system is also possible.

A hydraulic power steering (HPS) uses hydraulic pressure supplied by

an engine-driven pump to assist the motion of turning the steering wheel.

Electric power steering (EPS) is more efficient than the hydraulic

power steering, since the electric power steering motor only needs to

provide assistance when the steering wheel is turned, whereas the

hydraulic pump must run constantly.

In EPS, the amount of assistance is easily tunable to the vehicle type,

road speed, and even driver preference. An added benefit is the

elimination of environmental hazard posed by leakage and disposal of

hydraulic power steering fluid. In addition, electrical assistance is not lost

when the engine fails or stalls, whereas hydraulic assistance stops

working if the engine stops, making the steering doubly heavy as the

driver must now turn not only the very heavy steering—without any

help—but also the power-assistance system itself.

Mechanism of car

2016

TRANSMISSION SYSTEM

A manual transmission, also known as a manual gearbox, stick shift,

standard transmission, or simply a manual, is type of transmission

used in motor vehicle applications. It uses a driver-operated clutch

engaged and disengaged by a foot pedal or hand lever, for regulating

torque transfer from the engine to the transmission; and a gear stick

operated by foot or by hand.

Mechanism of car

2016

A conventional, 5 or 6-speed manual transmission is often the standard

equipment in a base-model car; other options include automated

transmissions such as an automatic transmission a semi-automatic

transmission, or a continuously variable transmission (CVT).

An automatic transmission, also called auto, self-shifting transmission, n-

speed, or AT, is a type of motor vehicle transmission that can automatically

change gear ratios as the vehicle moves, freeing the driver from having to

shift gears manually. Like other transmission systems on vehicles, it allows

an internal combustion engine, best suited to run at a relatively

high rotational speed, to provide a range of speed and torque outputs

necessary for vehicular travel. The number of forward gear ratios is often

expressed for manual transmissions as well

Mechanism of car

2016

The most popular form found in automobiles is the hydraulic automatic

transmission. Similar but larger devices are also used for heavy-duty

commercial and industrial vehicles and equipment. This system uses a fluid

coupling in place of a friction clutch, and accomplishes gear changes by

hydraulically locking and unlocking a system of planetary gears. These

systems have a defined set of gear ranges, often with a parking pawl that

locks the output shaft of the transmission to keep the vehicle from rolling

either forward or backward. Some machines with limited speed ranges or

fixed engine speeds, such as some forklifts and lawn mowers, only use a

torque converter to provide a variable gearing of the engine to the wheels.

Mechanism of car

2016

Break Mechanism

Disc and Drum Brakes Disc brakes are found on almost all vehicles now.

Older cars and trucks had a combination of disc and drum brakes.

At one time vehicles came with drum brakes only

Hydraulic Break System

When the Brake pedal is pressed, brake fluid travels from Master cylinder

to the Calliper or Wheel cylinder, pushing the pistons out. In turn this

action pushes the shoes against the drum or the pads against the rotor.

Mechanism of car

2016

Fluids cannot be compressed

Fluids can transmit Movement

Acts “Like a steel rod” in a closed container

Master cylinder transmits fluid to wheel cylinder or caliper piston bore.

Advance Breaking system

ABS (Anti-lock Braking System)

ABS is an automobile safety system that allows the wheels on a motor

vehicle to maintain tractive contact with the road surface according to driver

inputs while braking, preventing the wheels from locking up) and avoiding

uncontrolled skidding. It is an automated system that uses the principles

of threshold and cadence braking which were practiced by skillful drivers with

previous generation braking systems. It does this at a much faster rate and with

better control than a driver could manage.

Mechanism of car

2016

ABD (Automatic Brake Differential)

Under heavy braking, vehicle wheels may lock-up due to excessiveness of

wheel torques over tire-road friction forces available, caused by too much

hydraulic line pressure. The anti-lock braking system (ABS) monitors wheel

speeds and releases pressure on individual wheel brake lines, rapidly pulsing

individual brakes to prevent lock-up. During heavy braking, preventing wheel

lock-up helps the driver maintain steering control. Modern ABS has an

individual brake line for each of the four wheels, enabling different braking

pressure on different road surfaces. For example, less braking pressure is needed

to lock a wheel on ice than a wheel which is on bare asphalt. If the left wheels are

on asphalt and the right wheels are on ice, during an emergency stop, ABS

detects the right wheels about to lock and reduces braking force on the right

wheels, helping to avoid lock-up and loss of vehicle control.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-lock_braking_system

Mechanism of car

2016

Future of car

In our future we have many new technology related to car these

technologies are as follows

Engine which uses water, bio-diesel as a fuel.

A water-fuelled car is an automobile that hypothetically derives its energy

directly from water.

Use Hydrogen as a fuel in engine.

A hydrogen internal combustion engine vehicle (HICEV) is a type of hydrogen

vehicle using an internal combustion engine. Mazda has developed Wankel

engines that burn hydrogen. The advantage of using ICE such as wankel and

piston engines is that the cost of retooling for production is much lower.

Existing-technology ICE can still be used to solve those problems where fuel

cells are not a viable solution as yet, for example in cold-weather applications.

Automatic driving system.

An automated driving system is a vehicle automation system that assumes all

real-time driving functions necessary to drive a ground-based vehicle without

real-time input from a human operator. The automated driving system is

generally an integrated package of individual automated systems operating in

concert. Automated driving implies that any human sitting in the driver's seat

(or not) has transferred all real-time driving functions.

Mechanism of car

2016

Flying cars

A flying car is a personal vehicle that provides door-to-door aerial

transportation. Fulfilment of some of these goals is being attempted by personal

air vehicles being developed. The term "flying car" has also been used to refer

to roadable aircraft and hover cars.

More efficient cars

The cars should more efficient in fuel consumption.

Low maintenance cost.

Mechanism of car

2016

More speedy cars

World’s fastest car with its 1,350-horsepower Tuatara and Koenigsegg claims a

top speed of over 270 mph.

Solar cars

Solar cars only run on solar power from the sun. They are very stable and can

come in different sizes. To keep the car running smoothly, the driver must keep an eye

on these gauges to spot possible problems. Cars without gauges almost always feature

wireless telemetry, which allows the driver's team to monitor the car's energy

consumption, solar energy capture and other parameters and thereby freeing the driver

to concentrate on driving.

Mechanism of car

2016

Conclusion

After doing this case study we learn about whole car functioning it’s

components, basic working principle, whole type of mechanisms used in car that

can be included. Also there will be new futuristic cars can will making

philosophy learn in this case study. Mechanism like break mechanism, engine

mechanism, steering mechanism, transmission Mechanism etc.

Mechanism of car

2016

References

http://www.wikipedia.org

http://www.google.com

http://www.Automobileupdates.in http://www.carmagazine.co.uk

http://www.autocarindia.com

Books:

Elements of mechanical engineering By Dr. N.M. Bhatt

Denmans Handbook For Auto Mechanics And Technicians

The Car Mechanic's Wife

Fundamentals of Vehicle Dynamics

http://www.wikipedia.org/

http://www.google.com/

http://www.automobileupdates.in/

http://www.carmagazine.co.uk/

http://www.autocarindia.com/

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