mechanical ventilation Éva zöllei university of szeged department of anaesthesia and intensive...
TRANSCRIPT
Mechanical Ventilation
Éva Zöllei
University of Szeged
Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care
Medical Intensive Care Unit
Mechanical Ventilation
1952-53 polio outbreak in Copenhagen
Bjorn Ibsen proposed the use of positive pressure ventilation
mortality decreased from 87% to 15%
the birth date of modern mechanical ventilation
mechanical ventilation is the main supportive therapy to re-establish oxygen supply in acute respiratory failure
Mechanical Ventilation
1. indications for mechanical ventilation
2. haemodynamic consequences of positive-pressure ventilation
3. design and function of ventilators
4. the different modes of mechanical ventilation
5. how to set the respiratory parameters
6. ventilator-induced lung injury (VILI)
7. lung-protective ventilatory strategy
8. weaning from mechanical ventilation
Acute Respiratory Failure
- is not a single clinical entity but represents the final common pathway of many diseases
- can be either the consequence of mechanical pump failure and/or alveolar/capillary dysfunction
pump failure primarily results in alveolar hypoventilation, hypercapnia and respiratory acidosis
lung failure involves impaired oxygenation and impaired CO2 elimination
1. Indications for mechanical ventilation
- hypercapnia with respiratory acidosis pH 7,2
- hypoxaemia PaO2 60 mmHg, SaO2 90%
- reduction of the work of breathing, decrease VO2
Mechanical Ventilation
1. indications for mechanical ventilation
2. haemodynamic consequences of positive-pressure ventilation
3. design and function of ventilators
4. the different modes of mechanical ventilation
5. how to set the respiratory parameters
6. ventilator-induced lung injury (VILI)
7. lung-protective ventilatory strategy
8. weaning from mechanical ventilation
2. Haemodynamic consequences of positive pressure ventilation
- decreasing venous return, decreasing cardiac output
- decreasing intrathoracic blood volume
- decreasing left ventricular afterload
- alterations in pulmonary vascular resistance
- reversing hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction
- compressing alveolar vessels when lung overdistension occurs
2. Haemodynamic consequences of positive pressure ventilation
may cause hypotension at the start of ventilation in hypo- and normovolemic patients
can improve hemodynamics in congestive heart failure by unloading the left ventricle
causes alterations in remote organ perfusion and function by altered cardiac output, different flow distribution, and consequent neural and humoral compensatory mechanisms
Mechanical Ventilation
1. indications for mechanical ventilation
2. haemodynamic consequences of positive-pressure ventilation
3. design and function of ventilators
4. the different modes of mechanical ventilation
5. how to set the respiratory parameters
6. ventilator-induced lung injury (VILI)
7. lung-protective ventilatory strategy
8. weaning from mechanical ventilation
3. Design and function of ventilators
- gas supply apparatus
- respiratory circuit
with heated- humidifier or HME, inspiratory and exspiratory valves
- microprocessor control
- control panel,
- monitoring system
- alarm system
- triggering system
3. Design and function of ventilators
initiation of mechanical insufflation- automatically by the mashine (volume or pressure controlled)
- in synchrony with spontaneous inspiration (volume or pressure support)
- gas flow triggering system
- pressure triggering system
3. Design and function of ventilators
termination of mechanical insufflation
- volume-cycled
- time-cycled
- flow-cycled (ETS)
- pressure cycled (safety precaution)
3. Design and function of ventilators
inspiratory phase- volume targeted mode - modulates flow to reach the preset tidal volume during the inspiratory time variable pressure
- pressure targeted mode - modulates flow to maintain the preset inspiratory pressure during the inspiratory time variable tidal volume
3. Design and function of ventilators
exspiratory phase- exspired gas is rapidly vented to ambient
- rapid pressure reduction to preset end-exspiratory (PEEP) level
Mechanical Ventilation
1. indications for mechanical ventilation
2. haemodynamic consequences of positive-pressure ventilation
3. design and function of ventilators
4. the different modes of mechanical ventilation
5. how to set the respiratory parameters
6. ventilator-induced lung injury (VILI)
7. lung-protective ventilatory strategy
8. weaning from mechanical ventilation
CMVCMVCMVCMV
BIPAPBIPAPBIPAPBIPAP
SIMVSIMVSIMVSIMVAPRVAPRVAPRVAPRV
ASBASBASBASBVAPSVAPSVAPSVAPS
PAVPAVPAVPAV
PSVPSVPSVPSV
PCVPCVPCVPCV
4. The jungle of today
ASVASVASVASVHFJVHFJVHFJVHFJV
4. Non-invasive ventilation
4. Non-invasive ventilation
advantages and disadvantages- avoids complications associated with endotracheal tube
- lower rate of nosocomial infections and pneumonias
- shorter duration of mechanical ventilation
but- high workload on personnel
- patient selection and tolerance are critical
4. Non-invasive ventilation
criteria for patient selection- alert and cooperative (except COPD with CO2 coma)
- haemodynamic stability
- no need for endotracheal intubation to
protect airways
remove excessive secretions
- no need for high PEEP
- no acute facial trauma, skull base fracture, recent upper GI surgery
4. Non-invasive ventilation
criteria for discontinuing NIPPV- inability to tolerate the mask
- inability to improve gas exchange and dyspnoe
- need for endotracheal intubation
- haemodynamic instability
- signs of ischaemia on ECG
- failure to improve mental status within 30 min in CO2 coma or in hypoxaemic agitated patients
4. Volume controlled mode CMV
- volume targeted modes garantee flow and consequently tidal volume during the allowed inspiratory time, at the expense of variable airway pressures
- you can select: tidal volume or minute volume
flow pattern
respiratory rate, I:E
pop-off pressure alarm
PEEP
FiO2
4. Volume controlled mode
- breath initiation: automatic (due to preset respiratory rate)
- breath termination: volume-cycled (with safety pop-off pressure cycling)
- advantages:- tidal volume/minute ventilation garantee
- disadvantages: - often needs deep sedation
- high pressures can be generated
Flow
Pressure
Volume
4. Volume controlled mode
4. Assist control mode ACV
- patient triggered, volume targeted mode
- you can select: tidal volume or minute volume
flow pattern
trigger sensitivity
back-up respiratory rate
pop-off pressure alarm
PEEP
FiO2
4. Assist control mode
- breath initiation: triggered (pressure or flow)
- breath termination: volume cycled (with safety pop-off pressure cycling)
- advantages: - allows spontaneous breathing
- garantees tidal volume
- disadvantages: - pressure is not controlled
- often results in patient-ventilator dissynchrony
4. Pressure controlled mode PCV
- pressure targeted ventilation delivers preset pressure, and the tidal volume and flow will be dependent on respiratory system compliance and airway resistance
- you can select: inspiratory pressure
respiratory rate, I:E
PEEP
FiO2
4. Pressure controlled mode
- breath initiation: automatic (due to preset respiratory rate)
- breath termination: time cycled
- advantages: - control of peak pressures
- potencially improved distribution of flow
- usually better tolerated, less need for sedation
- disadvantages: - no tidal volume garantee!
4. Pressure controlled mode
flow
pressure
volume
4. Pressure support mode PSV
- patient triggered, pressure targeted mode, so the tidal volume and flow will depend on the mechanical characteristics of the respiratory system
- you can select: inspiratory pressure
trigger sensitivity
PEEP
FiO2
apnoe back-up settings
4. Pressure support mode
- breath initiation: patient triggered
- breath termination: flow cycled - ETS
- advantages: - flexible to patient needs
- better synchronization between the patient and the ventilator
- disadvantages: - no tidal volume/minute ventilation garantee
- the need for close monitoring with appropriate back-up and alarm settings
flow
pressure
volume
4. Pressure support mode
4. Other modes of mechanical ventilation
- CPAP - simply means Continous Positive Airway Pressure, the patient breathes spontaneously
- BIPAP - Bi-Level Positive Airway Pressure
- APRV - Airway Pressure Release Ventilation
- SIMV - Synchronized Intermittent Mandatory Ventilation, different levels of control and assistance
- ASV - Adaptive Support Ventilation
4. Novel modes of improving gas exchange
- high frequency ventilation - 60-600/min
- partial liquid ventilation - uses perfluorocarbon mixed with oxygen
- ECMO - ExtraCorporeal Membrane Oxygenation
- ECCO2R - ExtraCorporeal CO2 Removal
are intended to "keep the lung rest" to avoid further damage
Mechanical Ventilation
1. indications for mechanical ventilation
2. haemodynamic consequences of positive-pressure ventilation
3. design and function of ventilators
4. the different modes of mechanical ventilation
5. how to set the respiratory parameters
6. ventilator-induced lung injury (VILI)
7. lung-protective ventilatory strategy
8. weaning from mechanical ventilation
5. How to set the respiratory parameters
- correct hypoxaemia
- acceptable PaCO2 - pH of the arterial blood
- permissive hypercapnia!
- do not allow dynamic hyperinflation
- patient comfort - do not allow fighting the ventilator
- do not destroy the lung!
Mechanical Ventilation
1. indications for mechanical ventilation
2. haemodynamic consequences of positive-pressure ventilation
3. design and function of ventilators
4. the different modes of mechanical ventilation
5. how to set the respiratory parameters
6. ventilator-induced lung injury (VILI)
7. lung-protective ventilatory strategy
8. weaning from mechanical ventilation
6. Ventilator Induced Lung Injury (VILI)
mechanical ventilation itself can damage the lung
- high pressure
- high volume
- repetitive opening and closing of the alveoli
6. Ventilator Induced Lung Injury (VILI)
- volotrauma (high volume injury): alveolar damage caused by high volume, with or without high pressure (1974 Webb, Tierney) (1988 Dreyfuss)
- atelectotrauma (low volume injury): lung injury caused by increased shear stress, the consequence of repetitive opening and closing of the alveoli (Mead 1970)
- biotrauma: local or systemic inflammatory response due to abnormal mechanical forces
6. Ventilator Induced Lung Injury (VILI)
Dreyfuss, Saumon: Ventilator-induced lung injury. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1998;157:294-323.
Paw: 45 vízcm
5 min later
20 min later
Mechanical forces
Fung: A model of the lung structure and its validation. J Appl Physiol. 1988;64(5):2132-2141.
Abnormal mechanical forces
Mead: Stress distribution in lungs: a model of pulmonary elasticity. J Appl Physiol. 1970;28(5):596-608.
Stress and strainstress is defined as tension of the lung sceleton fibre system, an indicator for the stress applied to the lung parenchyma is transpulmonary pressure (Ptp = Palv-Ppl)
strain is defined as the elongation of the lung structure compared with its resting position, an approximate surrogate for it is Vt/EELV
in the diseased lung the distribution of stress and strain which are the triggers of VILI is not homogenousGattinoni: Physical and biological triggers of ventilator-induced lung injury and its prevention. Eur Respir J. 2003;22:Suppl 47:15s-25s.
6. Ventilator Induced Lung Injury (VILI)
Halbertsma: Cytokines and biotrauma in ventilator-induced lung injury: a critical review of the literature. The Netherlands Journal of Medicine. 2005;63:382-392.
Stress failure
Marini, Hotchkiss, Broccard: Microvascular and airspace linkage in ventilator-induced lung injury. Critical Care. 2003;7:435-444.
Mechanical Ventilation
1. indications for mechanical ventilation
2. haemodynamic consequences of positive-pressure ventilation
3. design and function of ventilators
4. the different modes of mechanical ventilation
5. how to set the respiratory parameters
6. ventilator-induced lung injury (VILI)
7. lung-protective ventilatory strategy
8. weaning from mechanical ventilation
ALI/ARDShealthy regions - non-dependent areas, can be overdistended by ventilation
atelectatic
- collapsed, consolidated, dependent areas, open it!
injured, but recruitable - opens and collapses at every breath, keep it open!
Gattinoni L. J Thorac Imag 1986; 1(3): 25
7. Lung protectiv ventilatory strategy
ensures oxygenation without causing further damage to the lung or other organs
it's always a priority!
- low tidal volume (6 ml/kg in ALI/ARDS)
- limited alveolar pressure (< 30-35 cmH2O)
- recruitment maneuvers
- optimal PEEP
"Open the lung and keep it open"
SuperimposedPressure
OpeningPressure
Inflated 0
Alveolar Collapse(Reabsorption) 20-60 cmH2O
Small AirwayCollapse 10-20 cmH2O
Consolidation
(modified from Gattinoni)
7. Lung protectiv ventilatory strategy
7. Lung protectiv ventilatory strategy
- pv curve- compliance- oxygenation - CT scan
Pelosi P et al, AJRCCM 2001;164:122-130Pelosi P et al, AJRCCM 2001;164:122-130
CT at end-expiration
7. Lung protectiv ventilatory strategy
Ventilation with lower tidal volumes as compared with traditional tidal
volumes for ALI/ARDSARDS network
N Engl J Med 2000;342:1301-8
ARDSnet low tidal volume study
traditional ventilation group- 12 ml/kg tidal volume- plateau pressure below 50 cmH2O
low tidal volume group- 6 ml/kg tidal volume
- plateau pressure below 30 cmH2O
N Engl J Med 2000;342:1301-8.
ARDSnet low tidal volume study
where do we go from here?
N Engl J Med 2000;342:1301-8
ARDSnet low tidal volume study
- inhospital mortality 31 vs 39,8 %- fewer
days on ventilator remote organ failure
- greater decrease in IL6 level
N Engl J Med 2000;342:1301-8.
Mechanical Ventilation
1. indications for mechanical ventilation
2. haemodynamic consequences of positive-pressure ventilation
3. design and function of ventilators
4. the different modes of mechanical ventilation
5. how to set the respiratory parameters
6. ventilator-induced lung injury (VILI)
7. lung-protective ventilatory strategy
8. weaning from mechanical ventilation
8. Weaning from mechanical ventilation
- criteria:
- major improvement in the cause of respiratory failure
- haemodynamic stability
- stable neurological status
- de-escalation: involves stepwise reduction of FiO2, PEEP and mechanical support
- weaning: the final step, deliberation from the ventilator
8. Weaning from mechanical ventilation
use weaning protocols with daily weaning trial
- in PSV mode - reduction in pressure support level
- in SIMV mode - reduction the number of controlled breaths
- CPAP trial
- T-piece trial - unassisted breathing
- automatic modes
are used on empirical basis,
important to allow adequate time for rest and sleep
8. Weaning from mechanical ventilation
ventilator dependency may be a serious problem
- weaning is an exercise
failure to wean may be due to inaquate cardiovascular reserve, which limits blood flow
or inadequate ventilatory reserve, which limits alveolar ventilation
- markedly increased work of breathing (normally ventilation at rest consumes 5% of oxygen delivery, this may increase to 25-30%)
8. Weaning from mechanical ventilation
causes of weaning failure:
1. unresolved underlying disease
2. poor respiratory muscle capacity
impaired central respiratory drive
respiratory muscle atrophy and fatigue
myopathies and neuropathies (e.g. critical illness neuropathy and myopathy)
rapid shallow breathing (high respiratory rate, low tidal volume)
8. Weaning from mechanical ventilation
causes of weaning failure:
3. inadequate nutrition
4. excessive inspiratory load
breathing circuit, tube, humidifier
intrinsic PEEP
5. left ventricular dysfunction
6. severe agitation and delirium
lung protective strategy is always a priority!