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International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET)
Volume 7, Issue 2, March-April 2016, pp. 196–207, Article ID: IJMET_07_02_022
Available online at
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ISSN Print: 0976-6340 and ISSN Online: 0976-6359
© IAEME Publication
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES AND SEM
ANALYSIS OF GLASS/NYLON/JUTE
REINFORCED EPOXY HYBRID
COMPOSITES
Sivakumar.M
Assistance professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering,
Maharaja Institute of Technology, Coimbatore–Tamilnadu
Ranjith kumar.M
Assistance professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering,
K.Ramakrishnan Collage of technology, Trichy
Sasikumar.S, Prabhu.D, Sabarish.C, Sengottaiyan.P
Students, Department of Mechanical Engineering,
Maharaja Institute of Technology, Coimbatore–Tamilnadu
ABSTRACT
Now-a-days, the natural fibres from renewable natural resources offer the
potential to act as a reinforcing material for polymer composites alternative to
the use of glass, carbon and other man-made fibres. Attempts have been made
in this project work to study the effect of fibre loading on the physical,
mechanical and water absorption behavior of glass/nylon/jute fibre reinforced
epoxy based hybrid composites and it’s fabricated by hydraulic press
technique. Work has been carried out to investigate the flexural properties,
tensile strength, hardness, impact strength and water absorption test of the
composites and compared with glass and epoxy composite. It has been
observed that the tensile properties, flexural properties and hardness increase
with the increase in the weight fraction of natural fibers to certain extent. The
morphology of composites is studied by using Scanning Electron Microscope
(SEM).
Key words: Natural Fibres, Glass/Nylon/Jute, Scanning Electron Microscope
Cite this Article Sivakumar.M, Ranjith kumar.M, Sasikumar.S, Prabhu.D,
Sabarish.C and Sengottaiyan.P, Mechanical Properties and SEM analysis of
Glass/Nylon/Jute Reinforced Epoxy Hybrid Composites. International
Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology, 7(2), 2016, pp. 196–207.
http://www.iaeme.com/currentissue.asp?JType=IJMET&VType=7&IType=2
Mechanical Properties and SEM analysis of Glass/Nylon/Jute Reinforced Epoxy Hybrid
Composites
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1. INTRODUCTION
Reinforcement provides strength and rigidity, helping to support structural load. The
matrix or binder (organic or inorganic) maintains the position and orientation of the
reinforcement. Significantly, constituents of the composites retain their individual,
physical and chemical properties; yet together they produce a combination of qualities
which individual constituents would be incapable of producing alone. The
reinforcement may be platelets, particles or fibers and are usually added to improve
mechanical properties such as stiffness, strength and toughness of the matrix material.
Long fibers that are oriented in the direction of loading offer the most efficient load
transfer. This is because the stress transfer zone extends only over a small part of the
fiber-matrix interface and perturbation effects at fiber ends may be neglected. In other
words, the ineffective fiber length is small. Popular fibers available as continuous
filaments for use in high performance composites are glass, carbon and aramid fibers.
If the fibres are derived from natural resources like plants or some other living
species; they are called natural-fibres. Among all reinforcing fibres, natural fibres
have gained great significance as reinforcements in polymer matrix composites.
Depending upon the source of origin, natural fibres are classified as plant, animal and
mineral fibres. Recently, due to the growing global energy crisis and ecological risks,
natural fibres reinforced polymer composites have attracted more research interests.
Rana Prashant Singh (2015) among an assortment of fibres, jute is widely used
natural fibre due to its advantages like easy of availability, low concentration, low
fabrication cost and satisfactory mechanical assets. Designed for a composite
material, their mechanical action depends on many issues such as fibre content,
orientation, types, length etc. A hybrid composite is a combination of two or more
dissimilar kinds of fibre in which one type of fibre stability the scarcity of an
additional fibre [15]. Sathish. S et al (2014) three different fibers such as sisal, jute
and glass with thermo sets epoxy resin used with weight ratio of fiber to resin as
15:15:70.Results showed that sisal/glass hybrid composite has more tensile and
impact strength while comparing to sisal/jute hybrid composite[16].
2. MATERIALS USED
The main advantages of natural fibres are their availability, biodegradable, renewable,
environmental friendly, low cost, low density, high specific properties, good thermal
properties and enhanced the energy recovery, low energy consumption, non-abrasive
nature and low cost. These fibres are low-cost fibres with low density and high
specific properties which are comparable to synthetic fibres. The raw materials used
in this work are,
Jute fibre
Glass fibre
Nylon fibre
Epoxy resin and
Hardener
3. METHODOLOGY AND FABRICATION TECHNIQUES
The composite materials are fabricated by hydraulic press technique process. Jute
fibre, glass fibre and nylon fibre were cut into the dimensions of length and breadth is
of 250×150mm was used to prepare the specimen. The composite specimen consists
of totally 14 layers fibres. A measured amount of epoxy is taken for different volume
Sivakumar.M, Ranjith kumar.M, Sasikumar.S, Prabhu.D, Sabarish.C and
Sengottaiyan.P
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fraction of fibre and mixed with the hardener in the ratio of 10:1.The layers of fibers
were fabricated by adding the required amount of epoxy resin. The glass fibre is
mounted on the table and the epoxy resin is applied on it. Before the resin gets dried,
the second layer of natural fiber is mounted over the glass fiber. The process is
repeated till six 12 layers of different fibres. The epoxy resin applied is distributed to
the entire surface by means of a roller. The air gaps formed between the layers during
the processing were gently squeezed out.
Figure 1 Hydraulic press
The processed wet composite were then pressed hard and the excess resin is
removed and dried. Finally these specimens were hydraulic pressed to force the air
present in between the fibres and resin, and then kept for several hours to get the
perfect samples as shown in figure 1. After the composite material dried completely,
the composite material was taken out from the hydraulic press and rough edges were
neatly cut and removed as per the required ASTM standards. Four types of
composites were prepared and their composition as shown in table 1.
Table 1 Composition of Composites
Composites Compositions
C1 glass 37% + nylon 23% + jute 23% + epoxy 18%
C2 glass 11% + nylon 26% + jute 35% + epoxy 20%
C3 glass 87% + epoxy 13%
C4 nylon35% + jute 39% + epoxy26%
The hybrid composites were prepared by using weight fraction as shown figure.4.
The different composite plates are prepared by changing the weight fraction of glass,
jute, nylon and epoxy. The composite plates were cut for our requirements testing
based on the ASTM standards like tensile testing, flexural testing, impact testing,
hardness and etc.
4. MECHANICAL TEST
4.1. TENSILE TEST
The standard used is ASTM D638- 03 the gauge length and cross head speeds are
chosen according to the standard as shown in figure 2. The test is carried out in
Universal Testing Machine (UTM) at room temperature. The test involves application
of tension in the work piece until it fracture. The tensile stress recorded according to
strain. The test conducted for the following combinations and corresponding graph is
plotted. The fabricated specimen for tensile test is presented in the figure 2.
Type of test: Tensile strength
Standard : ASTM D638-03
Mechanical Properties and SEM analysis of Glass/Nylon/Jute Reinforced Epoxy Hybrid
Composites
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Figure 2 ASTM D638-03 standard for tensile test
4.2. FLEXURAL TEST
The three points bending flexural test of composite sample is carried out in ASTM D
790 test standard. In flexural test, a uniaxial load was applied through both the end.
The flexural test specimen of bidirectional glass/nylon/jute fibre reinforced epoxy
hybrid composites is shown in following Figure 3. Type of test: 3 point Flexural Test
Standard : ASTM D 790
Figure 3 Flexural testing machine
4.3. IMPACT TEST
The Charpy impact test is carried out in Charpy setup and standard followed is ASTM
D256-05 as shown in figure 4.The center of the specimen is made into a shape of V-
notch and it is loaded for testing. The pendulum is present in the idle position and it is
released and made to hit the V-notch repeatedly until it gets fractured. The effect of
strain rate on fracture and ductility of the material can be determined by using the
impact test.
Figure 4 Impact testing specimen
4.4. MICRO-HARDNESS TEST
Micro-hardness tester is used to measure the hardness of fabricate composite
specimens. Figure.8 shows the experimental set up for micro-hardness test. A
diamond indenter in the form of a right pyramid of a square base of an angle 136°
between opposite faces under a load P is forced into the specimen. After the removal
of load, the two diagonals of the indentation (D1 and D2) left on the surface of the
Sivakumar.M, Ranjith kumar.M, Sasikumar.S, Prabhu.D, Sabarish.C and
Sengottaiyan.P
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specimen are measured and their arithmetic mean L is calculated. In the present study,
the load is considered as P = 25N and Vickers hardness number is calculated using the
following equation:
Hv =0.1889
and L=
Where P= applied load (N)
L = diagonal of square impression (mm)
D1 = horizontal length (mm)
D2 =vertical length (mm)
4.5. WATER ABSORPTION
Water absorption is used to determine the amount of water absorbed under specified
conditions. Factors affecting water absorption include: type of plastic, additives used,
temperature and length of exposure. For the water absorption test, the weights of the
samples of the composites of glass/nylon/jute fiber reinforced epoxy hybrid
composites were taken and then submerged them to normal water glass beaker at
room temperature for different time periods. At certain time intervals, Specimens of
the composites of glass/nylon/jute fiber reinforced epoxy hybrid composites were
taken out from the beaker and wiped smoothly with tissue paper or a lint free cloth
and then weighed immediately. Percent of water absorption was then calculated using
the formula. Water absorption test of composite sample is carried out in ASTM D750-
98 test standard. The water absorption test specimen of glass/nylon/jute fiber
reinforced epoxy hybrid composites
Percentage of water uptake of the sample was then calculated using the following
formula.
Where,
Wup(%) = % of water uptake of the sample in %
Wi= Initial weight before immersion in water
Wf= Final weight after immersion in water
4.6. SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPE
A scanning electron microscope (SEM) is a type of electron microscope that produces
images of a sample by scanning it with a focused beam of electrons. The
morphological characterization of the composite surface is observed in scanning
electron microscope of Model JEOL JSM-6480LV.The composite samples are
cleaned properly; air dried and are coated with 100 Å thick platinum in JEOL sputter
ion coater and observed SEM at 20 kV. A thin film of platinum is vacuum evaporated
onto the composite specimens in order to improve the conductivity before the
micrographs are taken. The fracture surface morphology of the composite specimens
is observed by means of SEM.
5. RESULT AND DISCUSSION
5.1. TENSILE TEST
This chapter deals with mechanical behavior and water absorption behavior of
glass/nylon/jute fibre reinforced epoxy based hybrid composites. The percentage of
Mechanical Properties and SEM analysis of Glass/Nylon/Jute Reinforced Epoxy Hybrid
Composites
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elongation (%) is higher than the composite C1 for the percentage of nylon fibre.
Nylon fibre higher elongation properties that’s why composite C1 have high
elongation of 13.67% as shown in table 2. The load withstanding capacity of
composite C1 is more than composite C4. The three different composite specimens
C1,C2 and C4 glass-nylon-jute fibre composites are tested in the universal testing
machine to find the young’s modulus, stress and percentage of elongation. These three
composites mechanical properties are compared with pure glass fibre composite C3.
The graph indicates that the value of ultimate tensile strength of component C1 is
higher than the other components.
Table 2 Result for tensile test of composite materials
Composites
Young’s
modulus (E) Load(P) Stress(S)
MPa N MPa
C1 2889.405 3948.725 47.00863
C2 888.16 2524.797 25.76323
C3 9675.336 11023.65 271.7665
C4 942.1875 3791.61 45.13821
We are known about maximum possibilities of ultimate strength from the
composite C3. The pure fibre composite C3 gives higher young’s modulus of
9675.336Mpa.
Figure 5 Tensile result of components
But are studied the mechanical behavior of glass/nylon/jute based polymer
composites and compared with pure glass fibre composite C3.Young’s modulus value
of composite C3 in equal to 4 times of composite C1 as shown in figure 12.Table 2
compared the various mechanical properties of composite C1, C2 and C4 compared
with C3. It can be absorbed that young’s modulus of composite C1 is more than the
composite C2 and C4.The composite C4 consulting of nylon and jute fibres, but not
presence of glass fibre. Their stress value is 45.13Mpa nearly equal to composite C1
as shown in figure 5.The percentage of elongation of composite C1(glass 37% +
nylon 23% + jute 23% + epoxy 18%) is found to be higher than the other composites
C2 and C4, hence it is found to be more ductile in nature.
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
-2 0 2 4
Ten
sile
str
ess[
Mpa]
Extension[%]
C3
C1
C2
C4
Sivakumar.M, Ranjith kumar.M, Sasikumar.S, Prabhu.D, Sabarish.C and
Sengottaiyan.P
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5.2. FLEXURAL TEST
The resulted table 3 indicates that the flexural modulus and flexural strength of
different variation of fabricated composites. The flexural strength of composite C3 is
246.87MPa and these value equal to three times of composite C3. But nylon-jute
composite C4 flexural strength is 70.89MPa nearly equal to composite C1.
Table 3 Result for Flexural test of composite materials
Figure 6 flexural load for C1,C2,C3 &C4 components
From the figure 6 it is evident that the flexural modulus of composite C1 and C4
along longitudinal direction 2912.8MPa and 2532.9MPa respectively. As a result
there will be weak adhesion of epoxy resin with the Jute fibre, accordingly flexural
strength decreases. The force vs deformation curve for three different types of
composites is shown in figure 6. The flexural property of jute-nylon composite has
nearly equal strength of glass based jute-nylon composite. The curve increases
linearly with respect to displacement up to the maximum flexural load and then it gets
decreased. The flexural modulus of the composite is found from the linear portion of
the curve by determining the load and its corresponding deformation which shows
jute-nylon-glass hybrid composite has highest flexural modulus when compared to
other two composites C2 and C4
5.3. IMPACT TEST
Impact test is conducted to analyses the energy absorbed by the specimen of different
composites. The impact test is done by charpy impact test machine. The nylon, jute
hybrid composite has high impact strength due to the presence of nylon and jute fibre.
Result indicated that the maximum impact strength is obtained for nylon-jute hybrid
composites are 28.84 kJ/m2. The energy absorbed by each composites are calculated
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
-10 0 10 20
Sta
ndar
d f
orc
e[M
pa]
Deformation[%]
C2
C1
C3
C4
Composites
Flexural
modulus(EH)
Flexural
strength(SM)
MPa MPa
C1 2912.871 79.69587
C2 1435.742 41.75701
C3 9950.879 246.8793
C4 2532.911 70.89729
Mechanical Properties and SEM analysis of Glass/Nylon/Jute Reinforced Epoxy Hybrid
Composites
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when it is impacted by a heavy blow from pendulum crack is formed. The crack
usually travels through the fibre and epoxy resin of the composite. The impact
strength of the composite C4 is more than the composite C2 and C1 as shown in
figure 7. But pure glass fibre composite C3 impact strength is two times equal to
impact strength of the composite C4 for the reason of presence of pure glass fibre in
composite C3.
Figure 7 Impact strength of composites
5.4. HARDNESS TEST
Figure 8 Hardness of the composite specimens
The micro hardness measured by Vickers hardness test machine. The hardness
value of composite C1 is 28 Hv. The hardness of jute-nylon composite C4 is nearly
equal to hardness of C1 as shown in figure 8.
5.5. WATER ABSOBTION TEST
Figure 9 Weight of water uptake in grms
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
1 2 3 4
Impac
t st
rength
(kJ/
m2)
Specimen
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
C1 C2 C3 C4
Mic
ro h
ardnes
s
Specimens
0
5
10
15
20
25
com
po
site
s w
eight
in
gra
ms
Immersion time in hrs
WATER OBSORBTION
C1
C2
C3
C4
Sivakumar.M, Ranjith kumar.M, Sasikumar.S, Prabhu.D, Sabarish.C and
Sengottaiyan.P
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The water uptakes of the composite were plotted against soaking time of 160
hours. The result indicated that composite C1 (glass 37% + nylon 23% + jute 23% +
epoxy 18%) poor water absorption characteristics. After 24 hours, the composite C1
absorbed 5% of water. But water absorption capacity of composite C1 is almost equal
to composite C4 (nylon35% + jute 39% + epoxy26%) around 5.56%. The percentage
of water absorption of fabricated composites as shown in figure 10.The Weight water
uptake for different composites with respect to soaking time as shown in figure 9.
The results indicate that water absorption of these composites is mainly due to
presence of jute fibres. The main reasons are the lumen, the cell & gaps between
fibres and epoxy resin in the case of weak interface adhesion in obtained. The
maximum water absorption obtained in composite C2 of 9.52%due to above
mentioned the reason.
Figure 10 Percentage of water absorption
5.6. SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPE
The following Figure shows that information about the sample's surface topography
and composition of glass/nylon/jute fibre reinforced epoxy composite after
composites fabrication. The topography properties of the fabricated composite surface
show the variation in mechanical properties through phase information of the
fabricated composites specimens. Figure 11(a) shows that phase of jute-glass-jute
fibre composite. It can be seen that topography that poor bonding capacity of
composite. So that mechanical properties are reduced. Figure 11(b) shows that jute-
nylon-glass fibre bundles were obtained, which indicates that these fibres were not
properly wet by epoxy polymer resin and thus led to low stress. Figure 11(c) shows
that large number of glass fibre were found, which indicates that high cohesive properties of glass fibre.
Fibre 11(d) indicates that presence of nylon-jute fibres which indicate that
medium interfacial bonding between nylon and jute and gives good mechanical
properties compared to composite C2.
0.00
2.00
4.00
6.00
8.00
10.00
24
48
72
96
120
144
168
Spes
imen
wei
ght
in g
ram
s
Immersion time in hrs
WATER OBSORPTION
C1
C2
C3
C4
Mechanical Properties and SEM analysis of Glass/Nylon/Jute Reinforced Epoxy Hybrid
Composites
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11 (a) C1 Composite 11 (b) C2 Composite
11 (c) C3 Composite 11 (d) C4 composite
Figure 11 SEM image for Glass/nylon/jute com
6. CONCLUSIONS
This work shows that were successfully fabricated the glass/nylon/jute reinforced
polymer composites with different composition by simple hydraulic press technique.
The following results obtained from different testing, The results indicated that jute-
nylon fibre composite C4 gives stress is 45.1 MPa and these value is nearly equal to
glass fibre based jute-nylon fibre composite C1. The weight fraction of jute fibre is
increase, the percentage elongation increase of 13.67% for composite C1.The flexural
strength of composite C3 is 246.87MPa and these value equal to three times of
composite C3. But nylon-jute composite C4 flexural strength is 70.89MPa nearly
equal to composite C1. The deformation percentage is more than pure glass fibre
composite C3 hence it shows that ductile nature of composite C1.In Vickers hardness
test, the maximum hardness value is obtained 27.086 HV in pure glass fibre
composite C3. But nylon-jute fibre composite C4 is nearly equal hardness of glass
based jute-nylon composites C3.The maximum impact strength is obtained for
composite C3 and the value of 52.88 kJ/m2. But impact strength of composite C4 is
higher than the composite C1.The water absorption rate gradually increases with
increase in weight fraction of jute fibre. The maximum water absorption is obtained
for composite C2 due to presence of jute fibre. The SEM images of the fabricated
composite morphology of jute/nylon composites reveal that relativity less fibre
pullouts and deboning was observed for composite C2. It shows that better bonding
and better dispersion of composite C1 as compared with C2 and C4.
Sivakumar.M, Ranjith kumar.M, Sasikumar.S, Prabhu.D, Sabarish.C and
Sengottaiyan.P
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7. SCOPE FOR FUTURE WORK
This work can be further extended to study other aspects of such composites effect of
fiber content, fiber orientation, loading pattern, fiber treatment on mechanical
behavior of glass/jute/nylon reinforced epoxy composites and the resulting
experimental findings can be similarly analyzed.
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