meat quality and thermotolerance in bos indicus influenced
TRANSCRIPT
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Department of Animal SciencesRaluca Mateescu | Associate Professor
Animal Genomics
Meat quality and thermotolerance in Bos
Indicus influenced cattle
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Beef cattle in the world• > 50% cattle in the world – maintained in hot and humid
environments • including ~ 40% of beef cows in US
Global distribution of cattle
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Bos Indicus cattle• Approximately 80% of global beef production is Bos Indicus based.
Bos indicus germplasm:• Critical role in US and
worldwide beef production • Particularly when used as part
of a well-structured crossbreeding program
• Adapted to heat and humidity
• Resistant (or at least tolerant) to internal and external parasites
• In crossbreeding systems produce improved cattle:
• Fertile
• Gain well
• Long lived
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• Top priority for beef industry Great power to influence demand
Can be improved
• V. important for B. indicus crosses Routinely penalized for relatively
low marbling score.
Routinely penalized for perceived
inadequate tenderness
• Climatic stress - major limiting factor of production efficiency
• Genomic tools can help select
Animals with superior ability for both thermal adaptation and food production
Energy-efficient, sustainable
approach to meet the challenge of global climate change.
Meat Quality Thermotolerance
Two areas of interest
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Meatquality
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Meat Quality
USDA grading system
Based on marbling and maturity
Limited in predicting eating quality
Tenderness
Genomic Tests
Developed on B. Taurus data
Limited prediction in B. Indicus -influenced
Need to be breed specific
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1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
0.5 1.5 2.5 3.5 4.5 5.5
WB
SF, k
g
Prime5.6% 47.1% 32.1% 10.8% 3.4% 1.2%
Tenderness by USDA Quality Grade
Choice +ChoiceChoice -SelectStandard
(N = 1,366)UF MAB
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2
3
4
5
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9
10
0.5 1.5 2.5 3.5 4.5 5.5
WB
SF, k
g
Prime5.6% 47.1% 32.1% 10.8% 3.4% 1.2%
Tenderness by USDA Quality Grade
Choice +ChoiceChoice -SelectStandard
(N = 1,366)UF MAB
15%
37%48%
Tender
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Variation in WBSF – by breed
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Nu
mb
ers
UF Angus
WBSF, kg
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Variation in WBSF – by breed
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Nu
mb
ers
UF Angus UF Brahman
WBSF, kg
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Genetic tests Tenderness
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Genomics Tests
SNP – genetic marker
. .GACGCCGTGG. .
. .GACGTCGTGG. .
C
C
C
T
T
T
3 possible genotypes
3.00
3.25
3.50
3.75
4.00
4.25
4.50
4.75
TT TC CC
4.43 4.41 4.73
n = 93 n = 119 n = 29WB
SF, k
g
3.00
3.25
3.50
3.75
4.00
WB
SF, k
g
TT TC CC
3.69n = 124 n = 26 n = 23
3.96 3.89
UF Brahman, n = 241
UF Angus, n = 153
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3.00
3.25
3.50
3.75
4.00
4.25
4.50
4.75
5.00
a
a ab
b
c
WB
SF, k
g
n = 16 n = 356 n = 66 n = 178 n = 39
TG-CG TA-TA TA-TG TA-CG CG-CG
3.77 4.13 4.15 4.32 4.75
Combination of markers in calpastatin
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Thermo-tolerance
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In response to heat stress, cattle will regulate:
Goal: Develop genomic tools to select
for superior ability for both thermal
adaptation and food production.
Heat Production
Modulating basal metabolic rate
Changing: feed intake,
growth, lactation, activity
Heat Exchange
Blood flow to the skin
Evaporative heat loss through sweating & panting
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Breed effect on body temperature
38
38.2
38.4
38.6
38.8
39
39.2
39.4
39.6
39.8
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23
Bo
dy
Tem
p (°C
)
HourCritical heat stressMajor heat stressModerate heat stressMinimal heat stress≤ 75
≥ 84
75 - 7879 - 83
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Breed effect on body temperature
65
67
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71
73
75
77
79
81
83
85
38
38.2
38.4
38.6
38.8
39
39.2
39.4
39.6
39.8
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23
THI
Bo
dy
Tem
p (°C
)
HourCritical heat stressMajor heat stressModerate heat stressMinimal heat stress
vagtmp every 15 min by day - REPEATED with cov structure type = ARH(1)
≤ 75
≥ 84
75 - 7879 - 83
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Breed effect on body temperature
65
67
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71
73
75
77
79
81
83
85
38
38.2
38.4
38.6
38.8
39
39.2
39.4
39.6
39.8
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23
THI
Bo
dy
Tem
p (°C
)
HourCritical heat stressMajor heat stressModerate heat stressMinimal heat stress
Angus
Brahmanvagtmp every 15 min by day - REPEATED with
cov structure type = ARH(1)
≤ 75
≥ 84
75 - 7879 - 83
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65
67
69
71
73
75
77
79
81
83
85
38
38.2
38.4
38.6
38.8
39
39.2
39.4
39.6
39.8
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22
THI
Bo
dy
Tem
p (°C
)
Hour
Breed effect on body temperature
vagtmp every 15 min by day - REPEATED with cov structure type = ARH(1)
Critical heat stressMajor heat stressModerate heat stressMinimal heat stress≤ 75
≥ 84
75 - 7879 - 83
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Factors important in thermotolerance
Coat Hair
Sweat Glands
Other Skin Prop.
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Factors important in thermotolerance
Coat Hair
Sweat Glands
Other Skin Prop.
Long Hair LengthLong Hair DiameterShort Hair LengthShort Hair Diameter
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Factors important in thermotolerance
Coat Hair
Sweat Glands
Other Skin Prop.
Long Hair Length Short Hair Length
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Factors important in thermotolerance
Coat Score
Sweat Glands
Other Skin Prop.
Angus
Brahman
Sweat Glands
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0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1
Fraction of Brahman genes
Significant linear effect of
percentage Brahman composition
Factors important in thermotolerance
Coat Score
Sweat Glands
Other Skin Prop.
100%A 75%A Brangus 50%A 25%A 0%A
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Factors important in thermotolerance
Coat Score
Sweat Glands
Other Skin Prop.
Skin Histology
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Take-home points
Meat Quality
The USDA grading system (marbling and maturity) - limited in predicting
eating quality (tenderness).
Existing genomic tests, developed mostly on Bos Taurus data, are not
predictive in our Brahmaninfluenced cattle populations.
Thermotolerance
Selection for production ignoring
adaptability = animals more sensitive to heat stress
Variation in coat and skinproperties = allows selection for increased thermotolerance without affecting production.
Population Specific Genomic Tools
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Financial Support
• USDA-NIFA Grant 2017-67007-26143
• UF Agricultural Experim. Station
• UF ANS Hatch Project
• Seminole Tribe of Florida
• Brangus Breeders Association
• Florida Beef Council
• Florida Cattlemen’s Association
AcknowledgmentsUniversity of Florida
• Dr. Pete Hansen
• Dr. Mauricio Elzo
• Dr. Dwain Johnson
• Dr. Tracy Scheffler
• Dr. Jason Schaffler
• Dr. Serdal Dikmen• Danny Driver
• Michelle Driver
• Joel Leal, Heather Hamblen, Sarah Flowers, Kaitlyn Sarlo, Mesfin Gobena, Eduardo Rodriquez, Zaira Estrada
• Adriana Zolini, William Ortiz, Samantha Eifert, Lauren Peacock, Alexa Chiroussot
Seminole Tribe of Florida
• Alex Johns
• Phillip Clark
• Sheri Holmes
• Bobby Yates
• Mike Ciorocco
• Dayne Johns, etc.
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UF Angus vs Brangus tenderness/quality grade
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
0.5 1.5 2.5 3.5 4.5 5.5
WB
SF, k
g
Quality Grade
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2
3
4
5
6
7
8
0.5 1.5 2.5 3.5 4.5 5.5
Quality Grade
1.8% 22.1% 44.6% 19.8% 9.0% 2.7% Standard Select Choice- Choice Choice+ Prime
1.9% 40.7% 38.9% 13.9% 3.2% 1.4% Standard Select Choice- Choice Choice+ Prime
(N = 216)UF Brangus
(N = 222)UF Angus
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UF Angus vs Brangus tenderness/quality grade
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
0.5 1.5 2.5 3.5 4.5 5.5
WB
SF, k
g
Quality Grade
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
0.5 1.5 2.5 3.5 4.5 5.5
Quality Grade
1.8% 22.1% 44.6% 19.8% 9.0% 2.7% Standard Select Choice- Choice Choice+ Prime
1.9% 40.7% 38.9% 13.9% 3.2% 1.4% Standard Select Choice- Choice Choice+ Prime
(N = 216)UF Brangus
(N = 222)UF Angus
12%
25%
63%17%
32%51%
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Sweat glands Source DF F Value Pr > F
Breed 5 13.42 <.0001
SweatGlandArea 1 18.40 <.0001
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
1100
1200
1300
Dis
tan
ce t
op
SG
to
ski
n (
µm
)
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
Swe
at G
lan
d A
rea
(µ
m2)
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
38.7 38.9 39.1 39.3 39.5 39.7 39.9 40.1 40.3 40.5
Swe
at G
lan
d A
rea
(µ
m2)
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
1100
1200
1300
38.7 38.9 39.1 39.3 39.5 39.7 39.9 40.1 40.3 40.5
Dis
tan
ce t
op
SG
to
ski
n (
µm
)
Body Temp (°C) under High THIBody Temp (°C) under High THI
100%A 75%A Brangus 50%A 25%A 0%A 100%A 75%A Brangus 50%A 25%A 0%A
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Factors important in thermotolerance
Coat Hair
Sweat Glands
Other Skin Prop.
Long Hair LengthLong Hair DiameterShort Hair LengthShort Hair Diameter
Score 1Excessively Smooth
Score 2Fairly Smooth
Coat score
1. excessively smooth2. fairly smooth3. long coat4. woolly
5. excessively woolly coat
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WBSF
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Nu
mb
ers
Angus
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0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Nu
mb
ers
Angus UF Brangus
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WBSF
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Nu
mb
ers
Angus UF Brahman
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WBSF
0
5
10
15
20
25
Nu
mb
ers
UF Brahman UF Brangus
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Factors important in thermotolerance
Coat Score
Sweat Glands
Other Skin Prop.
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0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1
Fraction of Brahman genes
Significant linear effect of
percentage Brahman composition
Factors important in thermotolerance
Coat Score
Sweat Glands
Other Skin Prop.
Source DF F Value Pr > F
Breed 5 13.42 <.0001
SweatGlandArea 1 18.40 <.0001
100%A 75%A Brangus 50%A 25%A 0%A
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Thermotolerance measurements• Vaginal temperature 15 min over 5 days
• Environmental data: temperature, humidity, THI
• Sweating rate
• Coat: color, coat score, hair length & diameter
• Temperament: chute and exit score
• Body condition score
• Skin biopsies: for histology & gene expression
• Weight gain over the summer/fall
• Rump fat and rib fat ultrasound
• Subsequent pregnancy status
• 250K genotypes
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Conclusion and future work• Critical to identify genes and gene pathways for
thermotolerance independent of production traits.
• Ultimate goal: cattle with high productivity and resistant to heat stress
Genomic selection within indicine-influenced breeds.
Gene editing for rapid incorporation into non-adapted breeds.
• Approach: GWAS for all traits (gene networks) combined with gene expression.
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Conclusion and future work
• Reaction norm – good approach to describe phenotypic plasticity of core body temperature in response to environmental heat stress.
• Cattle with different Brahman percentage vary in their phenotypic plasticity.
• The phenotypic plasticity has a genetic component (h2~.24)
Programs to utilize the genetic component to improve phenotypic plasticity can be implemented.
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x
x
x………………………….
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Take-home points
• Brahman cattle – critical role in US and worldwide beef
production.
• Genetics of thermotolerance – will allow for improved
adaptability in Brahman crosses.
• Meat quality – great improvements in tenderness
• Need breed specific genomic tool for accurate prediction.
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Breed-specific genomic tools
• To meet consumer expectation, the average tenderness needs to be improved and the variation in meat tenderness must be controlled/managed
• To be effective - genomic tools need to be developed in the targetpopulations
Large resource populations with phenotypes are required for discovery
and estimation.
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Thermotolerance
•Heat stress - negative impact on US and global livestock productivity.
•> 50% cattle in the world – maintained in hot and humid environments
•When cattle experience heat stress:
Feed intakeMilk production
Growth Reproduction