measuring the throughput in spectrographs...fiber linked echelle spectrograph. caos efficiency of an...
TRANSCRIPT
By Gerardo Avila & Carlos Guirao
CAOS (https://spectroscopy.wordpress.com/)
10-11 June 2017St. Niklausen - ASpekt 20171
Measuring the throughput in
spectrographs
CAOS
CAOS group
10-11 June 2017St. Niklausen - ASpekt 20172
Gerardo Avila
Vadim Burwitz
Carlos Guirao
Jesús Rodriguez
CAOS
Purposes of our presentation
10-11 June 2017St. Niklausen – ASpekt 20173
The spectrograph throughput is one of the most important features for astronomy observations. However its measurement is difficult and usually is calculated by extrapolation of individual component efficiencies. We propose a simple method of measuring the overall efficiency at single wavelength by using a laser based device. We demonstrate it on a fiber linked Echelle spectrograph.
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Efficiency of an optical system
10-11 June 2017St. Niklausen – ASpekt 20174
The optical efficiency of an optical system is defined as the rate of optical energy through the system, divided by the energy coming directly from the source:
h= 𝐸𝑖
𝐸𝑜100%
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Basic Echelle design
10-11 June 2017St. Niklausen – ASpekt 20175
Full parabola as collimator
Output fibre end
CCD Tele-objective X-disperser Échelle
9º
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Echelle spectrograph efficiency
10-11 June 2017St. Niklausen – ASpekt 20176
The efficiency includes: Fibre link: telescope-fibre coupling, fibre
transmission and fibre-collimator coupling Collimator Echelle Cross-disperser (Prism or Grating) Camera CCD
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Fibre link efficiency (1)
10-11 June 2017St. Niklausen – ASpekt 20177
Pinhole – seeing ratio
Pinhole – lens/fibre misalignment
F/# matching and misalignment
Polishing quality
Fresnel, input and output lenses
Lenses misalignment errors and aberrations
Internal fibre transmission
Focal ratio degradation (FRD)
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Pinhole - seeing ratio
10-11 June 2017St. Niklausen – ASpekt 20178
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Fibre link efficiency (2)
Typical values
10-11 June 2017St. Niklausen – ASpekt 20179
Pinhole – seeing (when seeing = ø fibre) 50%
Polishing quality 95%
Fresnel, input and output lenses 92%
Lenses misalignment errors 98%
Internal fibre transmission (length) 96%
Focal ratio degradation (FRD) 60-95%
Total (not including seeing) 49-78%
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Telescope – fibre coupling - FRD
10-11 June 2017St. Niklausen – ASpekt 201710
Fibre Optics
Output
Collimator
Telescope
aperture
Input beam
aperture
beam
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Telescope – fibre input coupling
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F F'
Fibre
Telescope pupilTelescope Image
Fibre
Telescope pupil
StarStar
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Fibre coupling
10-11 June 2017St. Niklausen – ASpekt 201712
With 1x grin-lens With 2x grin-lenses
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Fibre output – collimator coupling
10-11 June 2017St. Niklausen – ASpekt 201713
F/3 f 5mm F/20
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Collimator mirror reflectivity
10-11 June 2017St. Niklausen – ASpekt 201714
Edmund-Optics coatings for mirrors:
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Echelle grating efficiency
10-11 June 2017St. Niklausen – ASpekt 201715
The maximum efficiency of echelles is maintained near the Littrow condition (when angle of incidence equals angle of diffraction)
Within each order, the efficiency will be maximum at the middle of the order. Typically reaching 50 to 75%. It drops to about one-half these values at the crossover points (free spectral range)
Out of Littrow configuration, the echelle reflectivity reduces rapidly (shadowing effect)
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Echelle orders efficiency
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Peak efficiency (100%)
Green laser 532nm (94%)
Correction coefficient: 1.064
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Shadowing effect
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BN
70
75
80
85
90
95
100
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Rel
ativ
e ef
fici
ecny
Grating angle
Shadowing in Echelles
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Échelle out of Littrow
10-11 June 2017St. Niklausen – ASpekt 201718
The “grating angle” should be as small as possible in order to approach the Littrow configuration where the efficiency is the maximum. In our FLECHAS design, we found that 9° was the best compromise between the size of the camera objective and the optical table.
9º
Échelle
Output fibre end
Full parabola as collimator
CCD Tele-Objective X-disperser
CAOS
FLECHAS Spectrograph
10-11 June 2017St. Niklausen – ASpekt 201719
Parabola f 444 mm, ø 75 mm, Edmund Optics
Collimator beam F/18
Pupil 25 mm
Échelle 79 li/mm 63º 25×50×9, Thorlabs
X-disperser Prism N-F2 60º 60x60x60mm
Objective f 200 F/2.8, Canon
CCD Atik 11000 4008×2672×9 µm (24×35)
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Fibre link
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Fibre ø 50 µm and 10 m long, Polymicro FIP
Fibre Injection F# F/3
Fibre Output F# F/3
Output lens Doublet f = 5 mm, ø 3 mm, Linos
Collimator F# F/18.5
Beam projection at the collimator (pupil)
ø 24 mm
Fibre image at the collimator (slit equivalent)
ø 308 µm
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Optical efficiencyaccording to manufacturer
10-11 June 2017St. Niklausen – Aspekt 201721
Parabolic Mirror 95 % Échelle 55 % Echelle vignetting 95 % Prism 92 % Canon objective 90 %
Fibre efficiency 49%-78 % Spectrograph only 41% Spectrograph + Fibre 20%-32%
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0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
400 500 600 700 800 900
Inte
rnal
tra
nsm
issi
on
(%
)
Wavelength (nm)
20 m
FBP FVP
Fibre transmission (internal) in 20 m. FLECHAS uses the FBP type
Fibre efficiency
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88
90
92
94
96
98
100
350 400 450 500 550 600 650 700
Tra
nsm
issi
on (
%)
Wavelength (nm)
Reflectivity Enhanced Aluminium
Parabolic mirror reflectivityLab measurements
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X-disperser. Transmission grating efficiencyLab measurements
10-11 June 2017St. Niklausen – ASpekt 201724
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
350 400 450 500 550 600 650 700 750 800
Tra
nsm
issio
n
(%)
Wavelength (nm)
X-disperser Newport
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X-disperser. Prism efficiencyLab measurements
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80
82
84
86
88
90
92
94
96
98
100
350 400 450 500 550 600 650 700
Tra
nsm
issi
on (
%)
Wavelength (nm)
Prism N-F2 60 60x60x60mm
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Measuring prism efficiency
10-11 June 2017St. Niklausen – ASpekt 201726
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Camera efficiencyLab measurements
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40
50
60
70
80
90
100
350 400 450 500 550 600 650 700 750 800
Tra
nsm
issio
n(%
)
Wavelength (nm)
Canon 200mm F/2.8 EF
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Measurement of the reference flux (100%)
10-11 June 2017St. Niklausen – ASpekt 201728
Laser
3 X objective
0.5 mmpinhole
Iris
16 X objective
F/3
Integrating sphere
Photo diode
I / Vtransducer
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Measurement of the flux through fibre
10-11 June 2017St. Niklausen – ASpekt 201729
Laser
3 X objective
0.5 mmpinhole
Iris
16 X objective
Fibre
Iris
Integrating sphere
Photo diode
I / VtransducerF/3
F/3
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Integration sphere
10-11 June 2017St. Niklausen – ASpekt 201730
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Measurements
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Measurements
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Injection in fibre F/3 Laser wavelength 532 nm Peak correction coefficient 1.064
h= 𝐸𝑖
𝐸𝑜100 (%)
Fibre efficiency 82.4% Spectrograph only 39.7% 42.2% (*)
Spectrograph + fibre 32.7% 34.8% (*)
(*) After applying peak correction coefficient
CAOS
Conclusions
10-11 June 2017St. Niklausen – ASpekt 201733
The efficiency of an instrument is a feature as important as any other (resolution, wavelength range, etc..)
Most critical component: the fibre. A bad FDR could cause you loosing 30% of the light (imagine you need a telescope 30% bigger!).
Efficiency measurements can be easily performed with lasers (blue, green and red).