Measuring the Information Society in South Africa

PNC Workshop, 16 May 2007

• Terms of reference• International and National context• Background on indicators and indices

Monitoring information society in South Africa

• Pillar 10 of ISAD Plan, “Measurement of Information Society Development in South Africa

• Global information society measurement developments

• Core sector indicators• Indexes

ISAD Plan Pillars1. Policy & regulatory

environment2. ICT infrastructure &

universal access3. Local content4. Digital inclusion &

e-awareness5. Human capital

6. ICT Capacity Development & R&D

7. Coordination & Integration

8. Funding9. Institutional

Mechanisms10.Measurement

Global information society indicator developments

• Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)• World Summit on the Information Society

(WSIS)• Partnership on Measuring ICT for

Development

ICTs & MDGS

• ICTs are part of the MDGs (Goal 8, Target 18, Indicators 47-48)

• ICTs have an impact on achieving other MDGs

• MDGs have an impact on use of ICTs

Impact of ICTs on Millennium Development Goals

7. Ensure environ-mental sustain-ability

Decrease in CO2 car emissions

from telework in Ireland

-1

143

2. Achieve universal primary

education

1. Eradicate extreme poverty

3.Promote gender equality

4. Reduce

child mortality

6. Combat

HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases

Increase in income of

Bangladesh village phone

owners

Increase in primary school enrolment in Nepal from

teachers trained using ICTs

Increase in female tertiary

school enrolment in

Australia from online education

Decrease in infant health

problems among families using

telemedicine in US

Decrease in maternal mortality

following ICT-based program

in Uganda

Increase in condom imports in St. Lucia after HIV radio show

245.7 0.8

-10 -50

5.Improve

maternal health

% change

http://www.itu.int/ITU-D/ict/publications/wtdr_03/material/Chap4_WTDR2003_E.pdf

Pollution and Teleworking in Ireland

Getting to work Location of work

Away from home91.1%

Car 54.1%

Public transport,

walk, bicycle 36.2%

Work at home 9.7% Home 8.9%(Telework:

2.3%)

More teleworkers = more people working at home = less car pollution (MDG #7)

38’700 teleworkers in Ireland2.3% of total employmentReduced C02 emissions: -1.2%% all Irish workers who want to telework: 28%Potential reduced C02 emissions: -15.1%

Source: Central Statistics Office (Ireland).

Telework: “persons who work from home & could not do so without PC with a telecom link.”

World Summit on the Information Society (WSIS) Targets

6. Based on internationally agreed development goals, including those in the Millennium Declaration, which are premised on international cooperation, indicative targets may serve as global references for improving connectivity and access in the use of ICTs in promoting the objectives of the Plan of Action, to be achieved by 2015. These targets may be taken into account in the establishment of the national targets, considering the different national circumstances:a) to connect villages with ICTs and establish community access points;b) to connect universities, colleges, secondary schools and primary schools with

ICTs;c) to connect scientific and research centres with ICTs;d) to connect public libraries, cultural centres, museums, post offices and archives

with ICTs;e) to connect health centres and hospitals with ICTs;f) to connect all local and central government departments and establish websites

and email addresses;g) to adapt all primary and secondary school curricula to meet the challenges of the

Information Society, taking into account national circumstances;h) to ensure that all of the world's population have access to television and radio

services;i) to encourage the development of content and to put in place technical conditions

in order to facilitate the presence and use of all world languages on the Internet;j) to ensure that more than half the world’s inhabitants have access to ICTs within

their reach.WSIS. 12 December 2003. Plan of Action. http://www.itu.int/wsis/docs/geneva/official/poa.html

Tracking ICTs: World Summit on theInformation Society Targets

Chapter from the World Information and Communication for Development Report. The Chapter discusses 10 targets for ICT connectivity to be achieved by 2015 which were agreed at the WSIS Part One in Geneva. The WSIS targets are broadly defined, without specific indicators or quantitative benchmarks. This chapter attempts to identify measurable, internationally applicable, robust and simple indicators that might prove suitable to measure progress towards the WSIS targets.

http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/TOPICS/EXTINFORMATIONANDCOMMUNICATIONANDTECHNOLOGIES/0,,contentMDK:20831214~pagePK:210058~piPK:210062~theSitePK:282823,00.html

Tracking the WSIS targets: Jamaica

96 64

6

99 96

37

Withelectricity

Withtelephone

With Internet

PrimarySecondary

Schools, 2002, %

b) to connect universities, colleges, secondary schools and primary schools with ICTs

97

583322 9

Withelectricity

Withtelephone

WithInternet

LibrariesPost offices

Libraries & Post Offices, 2002, %

d) to connect public libraries, cultural centres, museums, post offices and archives with ICTs

95

62

Population coverage

Penetration

Mobile, 2003, %

j) to ensure that more than half the world’s inhabitants have access to ICTs within their reach

Source: Office of U

tility Regulation, STA

TIN, D

igicel.

65 69

90 85

Radio TV

Households with Population coverageBroadcasting, 2001, %

h) to ensure that all of the world's population have access to television and radio services

WSIS indicatorsA. Connect villages with ICTs and establish community access points

A. Percentage of villages with telephone serviceB. Percentage of rural population covered by mobile signalC. Public Internet access points per 100 inhabitantsD. Percentage of localities with public Internet access centers

B. Connect universities, colleges, secondary schools, and primary schools with ICTs A. Percentage of schools with computersB. Percentage of schools with Internet accessC. Students per computer D. Percentage of schools with broadband access

C. Connect scientific and research centers with ICTs A. Availability of a national educational and research networkB. Bandwidth of national education and research networks

WSIS indicators (cont.)D. Connect public libraries, cultural centers, museums, post offices, and

archives with ICTs A. Percentage of public libraries providing access to the InternetB. Percentage of public libraries with a Web siteC. Percentage of museums with a Web siteD. Post office is online E. Percentage of post offices with Internet access F. National archive is online

E. Connect health centers and hospitals with ICTs A. Percentage of hospitals/health centers with Internet accessB. Percentage of hospitals/health centers with a Web site

F. Connect all local and central government departments and establish Web sites and e-mail addresses

A. Central government Web site presence B. Number of basic public services fully available online

G. Adapt all primary and secondary school curricula to meet the challenges of the Information Society, taking into account national circumstances

A. ICT included in primary and secondary curricula

WSIS indicators (cont.)H. Ensure that all of the world’s population has access to television and

radio services A. Percentage of population covered by radio signal B. Percentage of population covered by TV signal C. Percentage of households with a radio D. Percentage of households with a TV E. Percentage of households with multi-channel TV

I. Encourage the development of content A. Share of Internet hosts to share of population in the worldB. Percentage of local sites in top 50 Web sites

J. Ensure that more than half the world’s inhabitants have access to ICTs within their reach A. Percentage of population covered by 2G mobile networkB. Percentage of population covered by 3G mobile networkC. Percentage of households with Internet access

FrameworkREFERENCE AREASCommunityIndividuals HouseholdsBusiness (including SMME’s)EducationHealthGovernmentDigital Local ContentLegislative environment -

regulatory

SECTORSIndividualsHouseholdsBusinessEducationHealthGovernmentICT SectorInfrastructure

INDICATOR SCOPEAccess / availabilityUsageImpact

Indicator identification

• In the core list of internationally comparable indicators

• Indicators that are important to SA to track its own progress that are not in the core list ( e.g., government, health, content; EU and national indicators provide guidelines)

Definition of ICT The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and

Development (OECD) has defined the ICT sector as manufacturing and services industries that capture, transmit and display data and information electronically.

In terms of use of ICT products, this implies access to broadcasting, computer and telecommunication networks, all of which capture and display information electronically. See:

OECD. (2003). Measuring the Information Economy 2002. Annex available from:

http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/34/37/2771153.pdf;

Partnership: Core ICT Indicators

• CORE INDICATORS ON ICT INFRASTRUCTURE AND ACCESS

• CORE INDICATORS ON ACCESS TO, AND USE OF, ICT BY HOUSEHOLDS AND INDIVIDUALS

• CORE INDICATORS ON USE OF ICT BY BUSINESSES

• CORE INDICATORS ON THE ICT SECTOR AND TRADE IN ICT GOODS

CORE INDICATORS ON ICT INFRASTRUCTURE AND ACCESS

Basic coreA1 Fixed telephone lines per 100 inhabitants

A2 Mobile cellular subscribers per 100 inhabitants

A3 Computers per 100 inhabitants

A4 Internet subscribers per 100 inhabitants

A5 Broadband Internet subscribers per 100 inhabitants

A6 International Internet bandwidth per inhabitant

A7 Percentage of population covered by mobile cellular telephony

A8 Internet access tariffs (20 hours per month), in US$, and as a percentage of per capita income

A9 Mobile cellular tariffs (100 minutes of use per month), in US$, and as a percentage of per capita income

A10 Percentage of localities with public Internet access centres (PIACs) by number of inhabitants (rural/urban)

(Community)

Extended coreA11 Radio sets per 100 inhabitantsA12 Television sets per 100 inhabitants

Core indicators on access to, and use of, ICT by households

• Basic core• HH1 Proportion of households with a radio• HH2 Proportion of households with a TV• HH3 Proportion of households with a fixed line telephone• HH4 Proportion of households with a mobile cellular telephone• HH5 Proportion of households with a computer• HH7 Proportion of households with Internet access at home• Extended core• HH12 Proportion of households with access to the Internet by type of

access: – Categories should allow an aggregation to narrowband and broadband, where

broadband excludes slower speed technologies, such as dial-up modem, ISDN and most 2G mobile phone access. Broadband will usually have an advertised download speed of at least 256 kbit/s.

• Reference indicator• HHR17 Proportion of households with electricity

Households with ICTs, %

02040

6080

RSA Mexico Brazil

200120022003200420052006

02040

6080

RSA Mexico Brazil

200120022003200420052006

05

10152025

RSA Mexico Brazil

200120022003200420052006

0

5

10

15

RSA Mexico Brazil

200120022003200420052006

Fixed telephone Mobile telephoneDerived from Telkom

residential lines (2002-05)

Not asked in Census ‘01

Source: StatSA, IBGE, INEGI.

InternetComputer

??

Household ICT statistics, Mexico

ECLAC Project• Economic Commission for Latin America

and Caribbean (ECLAC) has ICT household surveys for around a dozen countries

• Currently compiling the data to enable comparisons across countries on a range of socio-demographic factors (e.g., gender, income, location, employment status, education, etc.)

Core indicators on access to, and use of, ICT by individuals

Basic core• HH6 Proportion of individuals who used a computer (from any location) in the

last 12 months• HH8 Proportion of individuals who used the Internet (from any location) in the

last 12 months• HH9 Location of individual use of the Internet in the last 12 months:

– (a) at home; (b) at work; (c) place of education; (d) at another person’s home; (e) community Internet access facility; (f) commercial Internet access facility and (g) others

Core indicators on access to, and use of, ICT by individuals (cont.)

• HH10 Internet activities undertaken by individuals in the last 12 months·– Getting information: (a) about goods or services; (b) related to health or health

services; (c) from government organisations/public authorities via websites or email; and (d) other information or general Web browsing

– Communicating– Purchasing or ordering goods or services– Internet banking– Education or learning activities– Dealing with government organisations/public authorities– Leisure activities: (a) playing/downloading video or computer games; (b)

downloading movies, music or software; (c) reading/downloading electronic books, newspapers or magazines; and (d) other leisure activities

• Extended core• HH11 Proportion of individuals with use of a mobile telephone• HH13 Frequency of individual access to the Internet in the last 12 months

(from any location): (a) at least once a day; (b) at least once a week but not every day; (c) at least once a month but not every week; and (d) less than once a month.

Core indicators on use of ICT by businesses

• B1 Proportion of businesses using computers• B2 Proportion of employees using computers• B3 Proportion of businesses using the Internet• B4 Proportion of employees using the Internet• B5 Proportion of businesses with a Web presence• B6 Proportion of businesses with an intranet• B7 Proportion of businesses receiving orders over the

Internet• B8 Proportion of businesses placing orders over the

Internet

ICTs in small businesses in Chile

Source: Subsecretaría de Economía. Design: Santiago Chamber of Commerce and Adimark. Carrying out survey: IDC and Skopus.

Number Percentage Distribution% of all SMEs % Relative

All SMEs 76,337 100 100

With Telephone 71,375 93.5 93.5

With Fax 55,344 72.5 72.5

With PC 47,873 62.7 62,7

- Without Internet Connection 3/

15,938 20.9 33,3

- With Internet Connection 31,935 41.8 66,7

Without PC 28,464 37.3 37,3

Basic ICT Infrastructure in SMEs, 2002

Focus on SMMEs for South Africa

• Small, Medium and Micro Enterprises• Statistical definition varies according to sector• Need feedback from the DOC, PNC, DTI on ICT in

SMME

Sou

rce:

Nat

iona

l Sm

all B

usin

ess

Am

endm

ent B

ill.

In Agriculture Medium = 100 employees whereas in

Manufacturing Medium = 200 employees.

In Agriculture Medium = R5m turnover whereas in Manufacturing Medium =

R51m turnover

Standardize on employment

Core indicators on the ICT sector and trade in ICT goods

• ICT1 Proportion of total business sector workforce involved in the ICT sector

• ICT2 Value added in the ICT sector (as a percentage of total business sector value added)

• ICT3 ICT goods imports as a percentage of total imports• ICT4 ICT goods exports as a percentage of total exports

These indicators are available for OECD countries:http://www.oecd.org/document/23/0,2340,en_2649_34223_33987543_1_1_1_1,00.html

Education

• Basic Core– ED-1 % of schools with electricity– ED-2 % of schools with a radio set used for educational purposes – ED-3 % of schools with television set used for educational purposes – ED-4 Student to computer ratio– ED-5 % of schools with basic telecommunication infrastructure or

telephone access– ED-6 % of schools with an Internet connection – ED-7 % of students who use the Internet at school

• Extended Core– ED-8 % of students enrolled by gender at the tertiary level in an ICT-

related field– ED-9 % of ICT-qualified teachers in primary and secondary schools (of

the total number of teachers)Note: All indicators should be collected by sex, grade, and ageSource: UNESCO http://www.itu.int/ITU-D/ict/partnership/material/ICT_Education_Paper_Nov_2006.pdf

Education• Universe / Sample population

– In order to assure the comparability of school levels in all countries UIS-OECD-EUROSTAT “Mapping of national education programmes to ISCED 97 for school academic/year 2002/2003”2 was used for composing the sample frame. Based on that, each country divided its school system into ICSED codes and made different combinations that existed in its country.

• Sampling frame and method– The sample was composed using official

databases, which contained contact data of schools. In the majority of countries the sample was drawn from a database received from the Ministry of Education.

• Fieldwork– Fieldwork was coordinated by the TNS Emor.– Pilot interviews prior to the regular fieldwork were

conducted with 20 schools in both target groups in Estonia and Greece in February 2006, in order to test the questionnaire (structure, comprehensibility of questions).

http://ec.europa.eu/information_society/eeurope/i2010/docs/studies/final_report_3.pdf

ICT in schools in USA

• Relevant because like South Africa, US has e-rate

• Indicators– Schools with Internet– Students per computer– Prevention of access to

inappropriate material– Teacher professional development

• Data started in 1994; gradually changed over time

South Africa% Schools with computer by province, 2002

0102030405060708090

100

East

ern

Cap

e

Free

Sta

te

Gau

teng

Kw

aZul

u-N

atal

Mpu

mal

anga

Nor

ther

nC

ape

Lim

popo

Nor

th W

est

Wes

tern

Cap

e

Nat

iona

l

Schools with computers for learning Schools with computers

Source: Education White Paper.

Government

ICTs in Government

Difficult to measure because of structure of government (central, provincial, local; ministries or sub-ministries, etc.)

Nonetheless important for determining how e-ready government is to provide services to the public

Services available online

Basket of services (e.g., taxes, car registration, etc.)

Citizens use of e-government

Either administrative data (e.g., number of tax forms filed online) or through surveys (e.g., % of Internet users who say they use e-government services

ICT and government has evolved. Initial focus was on ICTs in government; recent focus is on availability and use of government services.

Government

• % basic public services for citizens fully available online• % basic public services for enterprises fully available online• % of population using e-Government services

– of which for returning filled in forms• % of enterprises using e-Government services

– of which for returning filled in forms

Europe i2010, http://ec.europa.eu/information_society/eeurope/i2010/annual_report/index_en.htm

Citizens BusinessesIncome Taxes Social Contribution for EmployeesJob Search Corporate TaxSocial Security Benefits VATPersonal Documents Registration of a New CompanyCar Registration Submission of Data to the Statistical OfficeApplication for Building Permission Custom DeclarationDeclaration to the Police Environment-related PermitsPublic Libraries Public ProcurementBirth and Marriage CertificatesEnrolment in Higher EducationAnnouncement of MovingHealth-related Service

UN e-government index• The measurement of e-

government is an assessment of a state’s use of internet and the World Wide Web (WWW) for provision of information, products and services

• The model defines five stages of e-government readiness according to scale of progressively sophisticated citizen services.

• South Africa scored 0.5075 (out of 1), ranking 58 in world and 2nd in Africa. Ranked 42nd just on pure e-government measure

• Also an e-Participation index but not used for score or ranking; South Africa ranked 25th

Health• Policy indicators• F.1 Percentage of Population (aged 16 and over)

using Internet to seek health information whether for themselves or others.

• F.2 Percentage of general practitioners using electronic patient records

Source: European Union

International comparisons• Comparisons with other countries essential to know

where South Africa stands– Implies need for comparability in selection of

indicators• Benchmarking-comparing one indicator to another• Indexes-compiling a number of indicators into one value• Who are South Africa’s peer countries?

ComparatorsWorld Bank upper-middle-income economies

$0 $2,000 $4,000 $6,000 $8,000 $10,000

SeychellesMexico

ChileMauritiusBotswana

South AfricaMalaysia

TurkeyRomania

BrazilBulgaria

Gross National Income per Capita,

US$, 2005

Sou

rce:

Wor

ld B

ank.

Other Comparators

• Tunisia, Egypt, Morocco• Brazil, Russia, India, China

Simple benchmarks might be bestMobile subscribers per 100 people

0 20 40 60 80 100

RussiaMalaysia

ChileSouth Africa

TurkeyMauritius

BrazilMexico

BotswanaChinaIndia

South Africa & ICT indexesComparison with peer countries

0

10D

enm

ark

Chi

le

RS

A

Mal

aysi

a

Mex

ico

Turk

ey

Bra

zil

Indi

a

Chi

na

Rus

sia

0

6

Den

mar

kM

alay

sia

Chi

leIn

dia

RS

AM

exic

oM

aurit

ius

Turk

eyB

razi

lC

hina

Bot

swan

aR

ussi

a

0

400

Sw

eden

Chi

leM

aurit

ius

Mal

aysi

aS

eych

elle

sR

ussi

aB

razi

lTu

rkey

Mex

ico

Chi

naR

SA 0.0

1.0

Kor

eaC

hile

Rus

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Turk

eyM

alay

sia

Mau

ritiu

Bra

zil

Mex

ico

Chi

naTh

aila

ndR

SA

Egy

ptIn

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ITU DOI

EIU NRI

ITU ICT OI

http://www.itu.int/ITU-D/ict/publications/ict-oi/2007/material/table1.html#upper

http://www.weforum.org/en/initiatives/gcp/Global%20Information%20Technology%20Report/index.htm

http://www.itu.int/osg/spu/statistics/DOI/index.phtml

http://www.eiu.com/site_info.asp?info_name=eiu_2007_e_readiness_rankings

Digital Opportunity Index (DOI), South Africa, 2005

Mobile coverage (% population) 97.5Oppor-tunity(0.94)

Internet tariff (% GNI per capita) 12.5Mobile tariff (% GNI per capita)

3.3

Households with fixed telephone line (%) 21.013.0 Infra-

structure (0.24)

Households with computer (%)Mobile subscribers per 100 inhabitants 69 0.42Households with Internet access (%) 5.0

9.6Mobile Internet subscribers per 100 inhabitants

Internet users (% population) 10.2 Use & quality (0.08)

Broadband subscribers / Total Internet subscribers 14.63G mobile subscribers / Total mobile subscribers 0.4Note: Each indicator equally weighted in each category. Goalposts = 100 for each category except for tariffs where inverse is taken and Internet users where 85 is goalpost. Categories averaged to obtain overall DOI score. Source: Adapted from ITU.

South Africa & DOI

0.00.10.20.30.40.50.60.70.80.91.0

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

Opportunity Infrastructure Use

0.350.42

42 50

South Africa has dropped 8 positions

since 2000

Rank

Source: ITU.

SA e-barometer

CommunityIndividuals HouseholdsBusiness (including SMME’s)EducationHealthGovernmentDigital Local Content

Legislative environment - regulatory

Available annual time series from 2001-2006 International benchmarking for core indicators- where available

Tracking Data

Non-Core

FuturePast

Core Data Available

Data Unavailable

Data Available

now

Issues• Presentation has dealt with identifying indicators• Data collection• Outcomes and impacts• Sustainability• Comparability

– National– International

Issues• Monitoring and evaluation

– The index needs to be managed as a growing/developing animal, and allow the government to communicate development and the efficacy of various interventions

– Policy > law > regulatory environment > impacts information society

• Modularising will allow for inclusion of factors that have not been tracked yet

• StatsSA – budgetary impact on repeating annual data collection, given the current limitations.

• Continuing data availability• Costs

– Of collecting the requisite data – Of putting data in the public domain

Conclusions & recommendations• Modular approach• Leverage existing data

– Variety of data currently exists. Consolidate and build on that in a gradual manner rather than trying to define all possible indicators at outset

• Which entities collect data?– StatSA should update household ICT data on annual basis and

launch individual ICT use survey, also enterprise and ICT sector indicators

– ICASA logical entity to collect information on ICT infrastructure and pricing

– Department of Education logical entity for ICT in Education– Health, governance, local content, others?

• Build on experience to make system more sophisticated & relevant• Start with core indicators and enhance over time