measurement/calculation
DESCRIPTION
Measurement/Calculation. Units of Measure. Metric System. based on powers of ten, so it’s easy to convert between units. Remember: KING HENRY DANCED BEFORE DAWN COUNTING MONEY Or KING HENRY DIED BY DRINKING CHOCOLATE MILK. Units. How to use. Right. Kilo. Hecto. Deka. BASE. Deci. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Measurement/Calculation
Units of Measure
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Metric System
• based on powers of ten, so it’s easy to convert between units.
• Remember:– KING HENRY DANCED BEFORE DAWN
COUNTING MONEY – Or– KING HENRY DIED BY DRINKING
CHOCOLATE MILK
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Units
Mega kilo hecto deka BASE deci centi milli micro
M k h da (none) d c m
106 105 104 103 102 101 100 or 1
10-1 10-2 10-3 10-4 10-5 10-6
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How to use
KiloHecto
DekaBASE
Deci
Centi
MilliLeft
Right
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Examples
• 20 L= _______ mL
• 7 kg = _______ mg
• 90 mm = _______ cm
• 223 mL = ________ L
• 0.49 hm = ______ m
MilliCenti
DeciBASE
DekaHecto
Kilo
20 000
7 000 000
9.0
0.223
49
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SI base units
Quantity Base Unit Symbol
Time second s
Length meter m
Mass kilogram kg
Temperature Kelvin K
Amount of a substance mole mol
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SI derived units
Quantity Derived Unit Symbol
Volume: various formulas, such as LxWxH
cubic centimeters or millilitersliters
cm3 or mLL
Density: mass divided by volume
grams per milliliter or grams per cubic centimeter
g/mL or g/cm3
(derived units are calculated from base units)
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NOTE:
• 1 cm3 IS EQUAL TO 1 mL!!!
• And a cc is the same as a cm3
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Measurement/Calculation
Scientific Notation/Accuracy &Precision
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Rules to putting into Sci Not
• Must have a whole number between 1- 9
• If you move:
– Decimal to Left…exponent is Positive
– Decimal to Right...exponent is Negative
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Examples
• .0032
• 15 300 000 1.53 X 107
3.2 X 10-3
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Examples
• 5.00 X 104
• 2.32 X10-3
5.00 0050 000
2.320 0.00232
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Addition/Subtraction
• Make exponents the same by moving decimal place and changing exponent
• Then add/subtract and put in correct Sci Not
OR
Type into your calculator
Change mode to Sci
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Example
5.00 X 104
+ .244 X 104
ORType into your calculator
5.00 X 104
+ 2.44 X 103
5.244X 104
5.00EXPEXP
EEEE 4 ++ 2.44EXPEXP
EEEE 3 EnterEnter
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Multiplication/Division
• Multiplication– Multiply numbers– Add exponents
• Division– Divide numbers– Subtract exponents
• Then put back in correct scientific notation!
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Example(5.44 × 107 g) ÷ (8.1 × 104 mol) =
5.44EXPEXP
EEEE÷÷
EXPEXP
EEEE ENTERENTER
EXEEXE7 8.1 4
= 671.6049383 = 670 g/mol = 6.7 × 102 g/mol
Type on your calculator:
=0.67 X 103 g/mol = 6.7 × 102 g/mol
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Accuracy and Precision
• Accuracy: how close a measurement is to the true value (the “correct answer”)
• Precision: how close a value is to other values in that series
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Are the following groups of measurements accurate, precise, both, or neither?
1) Given: true mass of sample of zinc is 14.5 gMeasurements made:
13.2 g, 15.6 g, 17.9 g, 12.0 g2)Given: true volume of sample of water is
33.3mLMeasurements made:
22.4 mL, 22.2 mL, 22.4 mL, 22.3 mL3) Given: true length of copper wire is 58.5 cm
Measurements made: 58.4 cm, 58.5 cm, 58.5 cm, 58.4 cm
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Qualitative: a descriptive measurement (quality); does not involve numbers
Quantitative: a numerical measurement (quantity)
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Measurement/Calculation
Significant Figures
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Rules to Significant Figures
• If it’s not 0, it counts.
• Example• 743.44• 24
5
2
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Rules to Significant Figures
• 0’s in between significant figures count.
• Example• 506• 20405
• .707
3
5
3
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Rules to Significant Figures
• All 0’s at the end past the decimal point count.
• Example• 2.440• 784.30
4
5
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Rules to Significant Figures
• 0’s as placeholders don’t count.
• Example• 440• 0.09 1
2
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Alternative Way
Pacific
(Present)
Atlantic
(Absent)
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• If the decimal is present, start on the Pacific side at the first nonzero digit and count it and all the digits to the right of it.
• If the decimal is absent, start on the Atlantic side at the first nonzero digit and count it and all the digits to the left of it.
Pacific
(Present)
Atlantic
(Absent)
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Adding/Subtracting
• Add/Subtract First• The answer has only as many decimal
places as the measurement having the least number of decimal places.
• Example 190.2 g
65.291 g 12.38 g 267.871 g
13
2
Answer should have 1 decimal place
267.9 g
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Multiplication/Division
• The answer has only as many significant figures as the measurement with the least number of significant figures.
• Example13.78 g
11.3 mL
4
3
= 1.219469 g/mL Answer should have 3 significant figures
1.22 g\ml
Mult/Divide First
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• Example– 15000
– 2030.0
– 0.0020
2
5
2
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Measurement/Calculation
Density
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Density
• Derived unit – g/mL or g/cm3
• Mass/Volume
m
DV
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D. Density
• An object has a volume of 825 cm3 and a density of 13.6 g/cm3. Find its mass.
GIVEN:
V = 825 cm3
D = 13.6 g/cm3
m = ?
WORK:
m = DV
m = (13.6 g/cm3)(825cm3)
m = 11 220 g=11 200g
mD
V
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D. Density
• A liquid has a density of 0.87 g/mL. What volume is occupied by 25 g of the liquid?
GIVEN:
D = 0.87 g/mL
V = ?
m = 25 g
WORK:
V = m D
V = 25 g
0.87 g/mL
V = 28.74mL = 29 mL
mD
V
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D. Density1. A marble has a mass of 5.6 g. It is placed
in a graduated cylinder with 50.0 mL of water. The water level rises to 53.4 mL. What is the density of the marble?
GIVEN:
D = ?
V = 53.4-50 =3.4 mL
m = 5.6 g
WORK:
D = m V
D = 5.6 g
3.4 mL
D=1.647 g/mL = 1.6 g/mL
mD
V
3.4 mL
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GraphingGraphing is an important tool for expressing data so that it is easier to read and interpretRules for graphing:--place the manipulated/independent variable (the one that was changed) on the x axis.--place the dependent/responding variable (the results of that change) on the y axis.(dry mix)
DRY
MIX
y scale = largest y value – smallest y value x scale = largest x value – smallest x value# of lines on the y axis # of lines on the x axis
The graph should cover at least ¾ of the grid