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Institute of Radiation Physics � Arnd Junghans � www.fzd.de � May26, 2010
Measurement of the inelastic neutron scattering cross section of 56Fe
Roland Beyer, Evert Birgersson, Anna Ferrari, Eckart Grosse, Roland Hannaske, Arnd R. Junghans, Ralph Massarczyk, Andrija Matic, Ralf Nolte,
Ronald Schwengner, Andreas WagnerForschungszentrum Dresden-Rossendorf,
Postfach 510119, 01314 Dresden, Germany
Institute of Radiation Physics � Arnd Junghans � www.fzd.de � May26, 2010
Data needs for fast reactors and ADS
56Fe (n,n'γ) 56Fe�
http://www.nea.fr/html/science/wpec/volume26/volume26.pdf
� U,Pu + minor actinidesstructural & coolant materials
� fast neutron spectrum
• neutron induced fission
• neutron capture
• neutron inelastic scattering
Institute of Radiation Physics � Arnd Junghans � www.fzd.de � May26, 2010
nELBE research program:• Investigation of fast neutron induced reactions of
relevance for nuclear transmutation and the development of Gen IV reactor systems
1. Inelastic neutron scattering (n,n‘ γγγγ) 56Fe, Mo, Pb, 23Na and total neutron cross sections σtot(Ta, Au, Al, C, H)
2. Neutron induced fission cross sections of minor actinides (radioactive targets)
Collaboration with n_TOF at CERN
Joint research project „Nuclear physics studies of relevance for transmutation…“ (German Federal Ministry for Science and Technology funded , 02NUK13)
0.01 0.1 1 10
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Neutron energy (MeV)
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ectio
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ectio
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A. V. Ignatyuk, priv.com. 2008
Institute of Radiation Physics � Arnd Junghans � www.fzd.de � May26, 2010
ELBE: Electron Linear accelerator with high Brilliance and low Emittance
DT generator
nELBE photoneutron source
Ee ≤ 40 MeVIe ≤ 1 mAMicropulseduration ∆t < 10 psf = 13 MHz / 2n
FZ Dresden-Rossendorf invites external groups for e xperiments at ELBE
Institute of Radiation Physics � Arnd Junghans � www.fzd.de � May26, 2010
ELBE: Electron Linear accelerator with high Brilliance and low Emittance
DT generator
nELBE photoneutron source
Ee ≤ 40 MeVIe ≤ 1 mAMicropulseduration ∆t < 10 psf = 13 MHz / 2n
FZ Dresden-Rossendorf invites external groups for e xperiments at ELBE
nELBE is the only photoneutron source at asuperconducting cw-linear accelerator
Institute of Radiation Physics � Arnd Junghans � www.fzd.de � May26, 2010
Generation of high-brightness beams for CW electron linacs
LASER
PHOTOCATHODE
RFFIELD
SC NIOBIUM3½-CELL CAVITY
e-
Superconducting RF Photo Injector
1. direct production of short pulses:laser & photo cathode
2. high acceleration field at cathode:radio frequency field
3. CW operation forhigh average current:
superconducting cavity
ELBE SRF PHOTO
INJECTOR
Institute of Radiation Physics � Arnd Junghans � www.fzd.de � May26, 2010
nELBE at ELBE : something special
• superconducting electron accelerator cw operation with variable micropulse repetition rate
– micropulse charge 80 pC (thermionic Injector)– micropulse length ∆t < 10 ps � precise definition of time of flight
• For time of flight measurements the repetition rate is adjustable 13 MHz / 2n , n = 0,…,10
• Very high repetition rate (200 kHz), low instantaneous neutron-flux � background of photon flash from bremsstrahlung is reduced
• SRF Laser-Injector (micropulse charge 0.4 - 1 nC) � 500 kHz / 0.5 mA � average beam power up to 20 kW for time of flight measurements!
• fligh path 4.0 - 8.0 m• neutron flux on target sample 1.5·107 cm-2 s-1
• neutron energy range 100 keV < En < 10 MeV (Liquid lead target, without moderator )
• energy resolution ∆E/E < 1 % with 6.0 m flight path
Institute of Radiation Physics � Arnd Junghans � www.fzd.de � May26, 2010
nELBE Photoneutrontarget
Electron beam powerup to 40 kW
power density in theneutron radiatorup to 25 kW/cm3
liquid lead circuit for heat transport
Institute of Radiation Physics � Arnd Junghans � www.fzd.de � May26, 2010
nELBE – photoneutron source
nELBEneutron beamnELBEneutron beam
ELBEelectron beam
Institute of Radiation Physics � Arnd Junghans � www.fzd.de � May26, 2010
nELBE – inelastic neutron scattering setup
4 plastic scintillatorsfor neutron detection(1 m, 11 x 42 mm2)
neutron beam
BaF2 array for gamma detection(42 crystals, 20 cm, Ø 5.3 cm)
sample: natFe (99.8%) � 91.754% 56Femass: 19.82 g � 18.15 g 56Fe
flight paths:source – sample:600 cmsample – BaF2 scint.:30 cmsample – plastic scint.:100 cm
235U fission chamberfor neutron flux determination
Institute of Radiation Physics � Arnd Junghans � www.fzd.de � May26, 2010
/ s/ sBeam profile
Plastic scintillator stepped through the beam both vertical and horizontal.
ToF measurement �separation of differentcomponents in the spectrum
Detector- diameter 11 mm
N-beam diameter ca. 6 cm
total
γ1 γ2n
random background
Institute of Radiation Physics � Arnd Junghans � www.fzd.de � May26, 2010
Neutron time of flight spectrum with fission chamber
low thermal neutron background JCd/J < 8*10-5
from comparison with/without Cd absorber
Measured with PTB235U fission chambernt = 5 mg/cm2
Fission rate: 6 s-1
Photofission:∆t(FWHM) = 4 ns
Institute of Radiation Physics � Arnd Junghans � www.fzd.de � May26, 2010
nELBE neutron spectrum
28.10.2009:neutron source strength:1.4*1011 n/sneutrons on target:4.5*104 n/(cm2 s)
<Ie-> = 19 µAMax. thermionic injectorat 200 kHz rate
Fission chamber as primary beam monitor ( from PTB, Braunschweig)Spectrum is very similar to fast neutron spectrum e.g. 235U(n,f) (ENDF-VII)
October 2009
November 2007
Institute of Radiation Physics � Arnd Junghans � www.fzd.de � May26, 2010
Neutron flux with fission chamber
<Ie-> = 13 µA
Beam line Transmission Optimizedat 200 kHz rate
Beam time:≈250 hoursMay 6-16
Institute of Radiation Physics � Arnd Junghans � www.fzd.de � May26, 2010
Double time of flight measurement – Inelastic scattering
Fe)n'Fe(n, 5656 γ n'FenFe *5656 +→+γFeFe 56*56 +→{
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ne−
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neutronsource
neutrondetectors
n’
chamber
sample
−detectorsγ
fission
absorber
Empty target
Institute of Radiation Physics � Arnd Junghans � www.fzd.de � May26, 2010
Double time of flight measurement – Inelastic scattering
Fe)n'Fe(n, 5656 γ n'FenFe *5656 +→+γFeFe 56*56 +→{
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ne−
γ
neutronsource
neutrondetectors
n’
chamber
sample
−detectorsγ
fission
absorber
with natFe target
Institute of Radiation Physics � Arnd Junghans � www.fzd.de � May26, 2010
Double time of flight measurement – Inelastic scattering
Fe)n'Fe(n, 5656 γ n'FenFe *5656 +→+γFeFe 56*56 +→{
natFe & kinematics calculation 54Fe* visible
Eth
r=
847
keV
Eth
r=
2085
keV
Eth
r=
2658
keV
Institute of Radiation Physics � Arnd Junghans � www.fzd.de � May26, 2010
New BaF2 array setup
BaF2 V-shaped arrayDouble sided read-out
borated PE shield towards plastic scintillators
Institute of Radiation Physics � Arnd Junghans � www.fzd.de � May26, 2010
Plastic scintillators: neutron detection efficiency
R. Beyer et al. , NIM A575 (2007) 449
• Without lead shield• With lead shield (d=1 cm)
Institute of Radiation Physics � Arnd Junghans � www.fzd.de � May26, 2010
Experimental UncertaintiesExperimental uncertainties:
Counting statistics (En= 2 MeV): ≈5%incl. empty target subtraction
Neutron primary intensity (FC):statistics ≈3%efficiency ≈3.8%neutron flux geometry scaling ≈1 %
Detection efficiencyBaF2 array ≈1.5%Plastic scintillators ≈3.2%
Total: ≈8%
Institute of Radiation Physics � Arnd Junghans � www.fzd.de � May26, 2010
The 56Fe(n,n’γ) cross section for the 1st excited state
Institute of Radiation Physics � Arnd Junghans � www.fzd.de � May26, 2010
National Center for High-Power Radiation sources80 m 30 m
ground breaking started April 2010
NEWnELBE
National Center for High-Power Radiation Sources• X-ray source using Laser-Compton-Backscattering• High-Power Laser (PW) for Ion Acceleration• New Neutron Time-of-Flight Facility for Transmutation Studies
NEWPW-Laser
NEWLCBS
Institute of Radiation Physics � Arnd Junghans � www.fzd.de � May26, 2010
Summary and outlook
• The nELBE time of flight facility is intended to deliver data on fast neutron induced reactions relevant to transmutation of nuclear waste (fast reactors , ADS systems)
• First experiments were performed on inelastic neutron scattering of 56Fe(n,n’γ) using a double time of flight setup.
•The new superconducting RF Injector will increase the bunch charge to 1nCand the neutron intensity by more than a factor of 10.
•A new time of flight hall is being built as part of the center of high power radiation sources.
Institute of Radiation Physics � Arnd Junghans � www.fzd.de � May26, 2010
Spare slides(End of talk was one slide before)
Institute of Radiation Physics � Arnd Junghans � www.fzd.de � May26, 2010
Thanks to all collaboratorsFZD, Institute of Radiation Physics:
A.R. Junghans, D. Bemmerer, E. Birgersson, E. Grosse, R. Hannaske, A. Hartmann, K. Heidel, M. Kempe, K. Kossev, M. Marta, R. Massarczyk, A. Matic, K.-D. Schilling, R. Schwengner, M. Sobiella, A. Wagner, The ELBE Crew
FZD, Institute of Safety Research:E. Altstadt, C. Beckert, A. Ferrari, V. Galindo, K. Noack, F.-P. Weiss
FZD, Department Radiation Protection and Safety:B. Naumann
FZD, Department Research Technology:R. Schlenk, S. Schneider
TU Dresden :H. Freiesleben, D. Gehre, M. Greschner, A. Klix, K. Seidel
Physikalisch Technische Bundesanstalt Braunschweig :M. Mosconi, R. Nolte, S. Röttger
Others:T. Beyer, M. Erhard, J. Klug , C. Nair, C. Rouki, G. Rusev
Institute of Radiation Physics � Arnd Junghans � www.fzd.de � May26, 2010
Transmutationsrelevante kernphysikalische Untersuchunge n mit Einsatz moderner technologischer
und numerischer Methoden
Verbundprojekt zum Kompetenzerhalt in der nuklearen Sicherheits- und Strahlenforschung:
• Produktion und Nutzung schneller Neutronen zur Untersuchung inelastischer Neutronenstreuung und Spaltung minorer Aktinide
• MeV Gamma-Spektroskopie und Entwicklung hochauflösender Detektoren (Compton-Kamera)
• Herstellung und Nutzung dünner Aktiniden Targets• Veranstaltung von Graduierten-Seminaren:
PTB Braunschweig September 2010 –“Experimentelle Systeme und Methoden der Transmutationsforschung”
Transmutationsrelevante kernphysikalische U ntersuchungen langlebiger A ktinide
Institute of Radiation Physics � Arnd Junghans � www.fzd.de � May26, 2010
Double time of flight measurement – Inelastic scattering
Fe)n'Fe(n, 5656 γ n'FenFe *5656 +→+γFeFe 56*56 +→{
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ne−
γ
neutronsource
neutrondetectors
n’
chamber
sample
−detectorsγ
fission
absorberwithout sample
Institute of Radiation Physics � Arnd Junghans � www.fzd.de � May26, 2010
Double time of flight measurement – Inelastic scattering
Fe)n'Fe(n, 5656 γ n'FenFe *5656 +→+γFeFe 56*56 +→{
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ne−
γ
neutronsource
neutrondetectors
n’
chamber
sample
−detectorsγ
fission
absorberwith sample
Institute of Radiation Physics � Arnd Junghans � www.fzd.de � May26, 2010
Double time of flight measurement – Inelastic scattering
Fe)n'Fe(n, 5656 γ n'FenFe *5656 +→+γFeFe 56*56 +→{
with sample + kinematics calculation
Eth
r=
847
keV
Eth
r=
2085
keV
Eth
r=
2658
keV
Institute of Radiation Physics � Arnd Junghans � www.fzd.de � May26, 2010
nELBE neutron spectrum
Measured with 235U fission chamber∆t(FWHM) = 4 nsnt = 5 mg/cm2
28.10.2009:neutron source strength:1.4*1011 n/sneutrons on target:4.5*104 n/(cm2 s)
<Ie-> = 19 µAMax. thermionic injectorat 200 kHz rate
Fission chamber as primary beam monitor ( from PTB, Braunschweig)Spectrum is very similar to fast neutron spectrum e.g. 235U(n,f) (ENDF-VII)
October 2009
November 2007
Institute of Radiation Physics � Arnd Junghans � www.fzd.de � May26, 2010
n-ToF-deviceCERN
n-ToF
JPARC
MLF
ORNL
SNSLANL
LANSCE
IREN
+ 239Pu*ORNLORELA
IRMMGELINA
FZD
n-ELBEELBE +
photo-gun
beam power / kW 10 100 1000+ 1000 80 10 8 10 5 40
rep. rate / s-1 0.4 25 60 20 150 500 800 2⋅105 5⋅105
flight path L / m 183 20+ ≈ 25 84 20 60 500 40 200 5 5
n-pulse length / ns > 7 100 500 125 400 > 4 <1 < 1 < 1
Emin / eV 0.1 0.1 ≈ 0.1 0.1 1 10 10 2⋅105 1⋅105 5⋅104
Emax / eV 3⋅108 ≈ 106 ≈108 ≈106 5⋅106 5⋅106 20⋅106 7⋅106 7⋅106
∆E/E @ 1MeV 0.5% 5% < 2 % > 10 % ≈ 17 % 9% 1% < 4 % < 2 % < 2 % < 2 %
n-flux ΦL at 1MeV
(s⋅cm2⋅MeV)-1 exp. site2⋅104 2⋅106 106 5⋅107 107 ≈ 3⋅105 105 103 104 4⋅104 2⋅104 4⋅106
Q = ΦL / ∆E/E 4⋅106 4⋅107 5⋅108 2⋅1010 < 108 4⋅107 106 105 2⋅105 2⋅106 5⋅106 2⋅108
p, linac + ring e, linac
* delayed neutronsfrom fission !
Facilities for materials research, nuclear research also possible
ToF – facilities producing fast neutrons
+ Project
Institute of Radiation Physics � Arnd Junghans � www.fzd.de � May26, 2010
nELBE – neutron facility at ELBE
Institute of Radiation Physics � Arnd Junghans � www.fzd.de � May26, 2010
nELBE – neutron production
nELBEneutron beamnELBEneutron beam
ELBEelektron beamELBEelectron beam
Institute of Radiation Physics � Arnd Junghans � www.fzd.de � May26, 2010
The nuclear waste problem
long lived isotopes cause main part of long term radiotoxicity� safe disposal is necessary for more 500,000 years
� treatment of nuclear waste can reduce disposal time by several orders of magnitude� Partitioning: separate actinides from the rest� Transmutation: convert long lived isotopes into short lived ones
natural Uranium
without treatment
Salvatores, NEA report No. 6090, 2006
different nuclear transmutation schemes
Radiotoxicity of spent nuclear fuel
� A.R. Junghans, HK 1.3, Mo 10:00
Institute of Radiation Physics � Arnd Junghans � www.fzd.de � May26, 2010
Accelerator driven systems / Generation IV nuclear reactors
� fast neutron induced fission is used to produce electrical power andto burn up long lived actinides
Hiroyuki OIGAWAPresentation at Euratom PARTRA Cluster Meeting at FZK, Feb. 2008
http://www.gen-4.org/Technology/roadmap.htm
Steam generator
Primary pump
Reactor vessel
Beam duct
Subcritical coreBeam window Core support
Fuel exchanger
Bending magnet
Movable support
Proton beam
Spallation target
Institute of Radiation Physics � Arnd Junghans � www.fzd.de � May26, 2010
Experimental methods and results - Transmissione- beam
Pb target
samplechanger
neutrondetector
primaryn beam
colli
mat
or
transmittedn beam
6 MeV2 MeV 0.1 MeV
...σσσσσσ α)(n,p)(n,γ)(n,γ)n'(n,n)(n,total +++++=
Institute of Radiation Physics � Arnd Junghans � www.fzd.de � May26, 2010
Total neutron cross section of 27Al
good agreement with high resolution data
�
nELBE works fine for transmission measurements
Institute of Radiation Physics � Arnd Junghans � www.fzd.de � May26, 2010
Total neutron cross section of 181Ta
nELBE could close gap between 0.6 and 2.0 MeV
further investi-gations with different sample thicknesses are ongoing
Institute of Radiation Physics � Arnd Junghans � www.fzd.de � May26, 2010
nELBE Neutronenspektrum
• Elektronenstrahlenergie 33 MeV • Simulationsrechnung stimmt gut mit der Messung überein• Neutronenspektrum wie in einem schnellen Reaktor
Institute of Radiation Physics � Arnd Junghans � www.fzd.de � May26, 2010
Neutron beam intensity comparison
FacilityCERNn-ToF
CERNn-ToF
Phase-2
LANLNSC
ORNLSNS
FZKVdG
ORNLORELA
IRMMGELINA
nELBEnELBE with
SRF-gun
Pulse charge / nC ca. 103 ca. 103 4⋅103 3⋅104 0.01 ca. 100 ca. 100 0.08 1.8
Power / kW 10 10 60 1000 0.4 8 7 5 40
Pulse rate / s-1 0.4 0.4 20 60 2.5⋅105 500 800 5⋅105 5⋅105
Flight Path / m 183 Ca. 20 60 84 0.8 40 20 4 4
n-pulse length / ns >7 >7 125 100-700 ca. 1 >4 >1 < 0.4 < 0.4
Emin / eV 0.1 0.1 1 0.1 103 10 10 2⋅105 2⋅105
Emax / eV 3⋅108 3⋅108 ca. 108 ca. 108 2⋅105 5⋅106 4⋅106 7⋅106 7⋅106
resolution at1 MeV / %
0.5% 5% > 10 % > 20 % ca. 5 % < 1 % < 2 % ca. 1 % ca. 1 %
n flux density / s-1cm-2 (E decade)-1 105 ca.107 ca. 106 106 -107 ca. 104 104 4⋅104 1⋅105 3⋅106
Institute of Radiation Physics � Arnd Junghans � www.fzd.de � May26, 2010
http://www.acatech.de/
Institute of Radiation Physics � Arnd Junghans � www.fzd.de � May26, 2010
Research potential
Quelle: acatech Konzept für ein integriertes Energieforschungsprogrammfür Deutschland
Module 1: Renewable
Module 2: Fossile
Module 3: Nuclear
Module 3: Nuclear power
Germany has – in contrast to most other european countries – decided to abandon nuclear power. In the course of this legislation the remaining federal research funds for nuclear safety and final storage were reduced to a minimum. Even if Germany will stick to this decision and will shut down all nuclear power stations in the next ca. 15 years, a further need for research is indispensable in the fields of nuclear safety, final storage and radiation research.It is both in the common interest as well as in the national self-interest to further develop the very high german safety standards to contribute to the design, the operation and the building of future nuclear power plants elsewhere in the world.
Institute of Radiation Physics � Arnd Junghans � www.fzd.de � May26, 2010
a
b
c
d
e
f
Generation IV nuclear reactor typesas selected by an international panel to be designe d and evaluated numerically
on the basis of accurate data , eventually to be tested later in integral experim ents.
type dedication
Only for type e water is selected as coolant, thus accurate fast neutron data are required.
Institute of Radiation Physics � Arnd Junghans � www.fzd.de � May26, 2010
Institute of Radiation Physics � Arnd Junghans � www.fzd.de � May26, 2010
time of flight spectrum at nELBE:
γ1γ2 n
γ1γ2
n
tof + t0 / ns
photon time of flight from radiator 22 ns-from beamline losses < 22 nsneutron time of flight 150 – 1600 ns
Institute of Radiation Physics � Arnd Junghans � www.fzd.de � May26, 2010
Extension of the facility80 m 30 m
NEWNTOF
National Center for High-Power Radiation Sources• X-ray source using Laser-Compton-Backscattering• High-Power Laser (PW) for Ion Acceleration• New Neutron Time-of-Flight Facility for Transmutation Studies
NEWPW-Laser
NEWLCBS
Institute of Radiation Physics � Arnd Junghans � www.fzd.de � May26, 2010
Plastic scintillators: neutron detection efficiency
R. Beyer et al. , NIM A575 (2007) 449
• Without lead shield• With lead shield (d=1 cm)
Institute of Radiation Physics � Arnd Junghans � www.fzd.de � May26, 2010
/ sVertical Beam Scan (Run 2859)
total
γ1 γ2n
random background
Institute of Radiation Physics � Arnd Junghans � www.fzd.de � May26, 2010
/ s/ sVertical Beam Scan
Plastic scintillator stepped through the beam both vertical and horizontal.
ToF measurement �separation of differentcomponents in the spectrum
Detector- diameter 11 mm
N-beam diameter ca. 6 cm
total
γ1 γ2n
random background
Institute of Radiation Physics � Arnd Junghans � www.fzd.de � May26, 2010
/ sVertical Beam Scan (Run 2859)
- calculate random background in complete time window
- subtract from others
- remove γ1 tail from γ2counts
total
γ1 γ2n
random background
Klug et al., NIMA 577(2007)641
763 cm from Pb loop
390 cm from Pb loop
204 (4000)
125 (should be 1000)γ/n = 8 (625;9 for 10 cm Pb)
Institute of Radiation Physics � Arnd Junghans � www.fzd.de � May26, 2010
Successor: FP7-Fission-2010 - ERINDA
Transnational Access Activity providing mutual exchange and outside user access to partner infrastructure.FZD heads and coordinates the activities.
Institute of Radiation Physics � Arnd Junghans � www.fzd.de � May26, 2010
• New Injector for the ELBE SC Linac• Test Bench for SRF Gun R&D
Superconducting RF Photo Injector
First accelerated SRF gun beam at ELBE on Febr. 5, 2010
New improvedNb cavitiesProduced with JLab
Institute of Radiation Physics � Arnd Junghans � www.fzd.de � May26, 2010
Results and Outlook• Fast neutrons are the decisive for the transmutation of long-lived minor
actinides in shorter-lived fission products.• The time frame for final storage can be reduced to historical times
(< 1000 years) through a closed nuclear fuel cycle including partitioning and transmutation.
• Precise experimental data for fast-neutron induced reactions like (n,n‘γ) (n,tot) and (n,f) using radioactive targets are required for the development of transmution facilities (fast reactors, ADS)
• BMBF Verbundprojekt „Transmutationsrelevante kernphysikalische Untersuchungen …“together with TU Dresden, Uni Mainz, TU München, Uni Köln und PTB Braunschweig seit 01.10.2009
Institute of Radiation Physics � Arnd Junghans � www.fzd.de � May26, 2010
Sustainable Nuclear Energy Technology Platform
More and better quality data Availability of accurate nuclear data (cross sections, decay constants, branching ratios, etc.) is the basis for precise reactor calculations both for current
(applications to higher burn-up, plant life extension) and new generation reactors.
Additional experimental measurements and their detailed analysis and interpretation are required in a broad range of neutron energies and materials. This is particularly
true for fuels containing minor actinides for their transmutation in fast spectra