measurement of scales 01

8/6/2019 Measurement of Scales 01

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PRESENTED TO :

PROF. SANJEEVNI GANGWANI

PRESENTED BY :

NIDHI KALA

SWATI GUPTA

VISMAY YADAV


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INTRODUCTION

y In social science research we have to deal with various

social and psychological variables. Their measurement isone of the vital stages in the research process.

Scales are devised for measurement ofthese variables. During the past few decades thousands of

scales have been designed by researchers in sociology,psychology, education, ethics, behavioural science,economics, administration and other fields.


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Scaling refers to the procedure by whichnumbers or scores assigned to the various

degrees of opinions, attitude and otherconcepts.


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SCALES CLASSIFICATION

Subjectmatter

Scalingmethods ortechniques

Scalefunction

Levels ofmeasurement

No ofDimensions


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Subject matter

Attitude

SocialDistance

Socio-economic

status

Othervariables

Scale function

PredictiveScales

Reproductive

Level ofmeasurements

Nominal

Ordinal

Interval

RatioScales

No ofDimensions

Unidimensional

Multidimensi

onal


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SCALINGTECHNIQUES


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An Arbitrary Scale is constructed by assigning arbitrary numerical valuesto the responses to a set of questions appropriate to a given attribute.

For ex : A companys image among its employees may be measuredthrough Arbitrary method.

MERITS :

1) Easy & quick to construct

2) Specific to the content of interest

3) Inexpensive & quite adequate

DEMERITS :

1) Based on respondents subjective knowledge


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In judgement scaling a large no of items ( statements) are constructed. Ano of edges are asked to evaluate the items and determine their relevanceto the topic area, clarity and degrees of favourableness towards theobject. The most widely known example for this type is the THURSTONEDIFFERENTIAL SCALE.

L. L. Thurstones technique, is one of the most importantmethodological contributions to attitude scale construction.


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In this, each item is evaluated on the basis of how well it discriminatesbetween those persons whose total score is high and those whole score is

low. The most popular scale using this approach is Likerts scale ofsummated rating.

Likert scale is by far the most popular of all measurement scales. It ismeant for measuring ordinal attributes like attitude. It is designed tomeasure the intensity with which an attitude is expressed.


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This scale consists of a no of statements which express either afavourable or unfavourable attitude towards the object of study. Therespondent is asked to respond to each statement in terms of 5 degreesof agreement (3 & 7 point scales are also used).

A few example from a job satisfaction scale developed by Brayfield and

Rothe are :

Stronglyagree

agree undecided disagree Stronglydisagree

My job is like ahobby to me 5 4 3 2 1

I consider my jobrather unpleasant

1 2 3 4 5


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Rating means measuring an attribute of objects or persons byjudgement in a continuum. It gives a measure of ones actual positionon the judgement continuum. For example, school marks or grades;

performance appraisal rating of an employee in an organization.

FORMS OF RATING SCALE

1) Graphic rating scale2) Itemized scale


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Three point scale

Four point Scale

Longer scale

Good bad

Modern old

Fair unfair

Greater-above average

Equal-Average

Less-Below average

Many-Excellent-

Highest

Some-Good-

Next highest

Few-Fair

Next lowest

Some-Poor-

lowest


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A ranking scale is meant for arranging objects or persons in order frommost to least with regard to some attribute.

Eg. Ranking students according to their performance in anexaminations, two wheelers in order of fuel efficiency etc.

Methods of ranking

1) Simple ranking

2) Paired comparison method

3) Method of successive categories.


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Under this method, from a respondents total score, it is possible toknow which item he has answered positively.

This method is developed by Guttman for scaling quantitative data.

Advantages:

1) Scale is highly reliable

2) The scale is determined by respondents not by researchers

subjective judgement.Disadvantages :

1) The scale does not have equal appearing intervals.

2) Designing the scale is tedious and complex.


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This technique is developed to identify the multi dimensions ofa complex attitude. It is a statistical technique based on intercorrelations among all the items in a scale in order to uncover

the underlying dimensions or factors.

There are three types of factor :

1) A general factor that contributes to all the item in a scale

2) A group factor contributes two or more, but not to all items

3) A specific factor contributes to just one item.

The group and general factors are termed as common factors.


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Validity is an important requirement of a measuringinstrument. Validity means the effectiveness (success) of an

instrument in measuring the specific property which it intendsto measure.

A measurement procedure is valid to the degree that itmeasures what it purports to measure.

Types of validity :

1) Content

2) Predictive

3) Construct


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Reliability means the ability of a measuring instrument to giveaccurate and consistent result.

Reliability has two aspects :

Stability

Non variability or equivalence

Methods of reliability :

Test retest method

Parallel forms technique

Split half method

measurement of scales 01

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