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Measured peaks of cosmic radiation Steven Asselman Zaanlands Lyceum

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Page 1: Measured peaks of cosmic radiation · Zaanlands Lyceum 18-06-2010 Average of 2500 events 12˚C –17˚C Little solar. Zaanlands Lyceum 06-06-2010 Average of 3200 events Little solar

Measured peaks of cosmic radiation

Steven AsselmanZaanlands Lyceum

Page 2: Measured peaks of cosmic radiation · Zaanlands Lyceum 18-06-2010 Average of 2500 events 12˚C –17˚C Little solar. Zaanlands Lyceum 06-06-2010 Average of 3200 events Little solar

Presentation content

• What is HiSPARC?

• Research question

• Peak analyses

• Conclusion

• Further research

Page 3: Measured peaks of cosmic radiation · Zaanlands Lyceum 18-06-2010 Average of 2500 events 12˚C –17˚C Little solar. Zaanlands Lyceum 06-06-2010 Average of 3200 events Little solar

What is HiSPARC?

• ‘High School Project on Astrophysics Research with Cosmics’

• Source of high energetic particles

• Black holes, supernovas?

Page 4: Measured peaks of cosmic radiation · Zaanlands Lyceum 18-06-2010 Average of 2500 events 12˚C –17˚C Little solar. Zaanlands Lyceum 06-06-2010 Average of 3200 events Little solar

Cosmic showers

Page 5: Measured peaks of cosmic radiation · Zaanlands Lyceum 18-06-2010 Average of 2500 events 12˚C –17˚C Little solar. Zaanlands Lyceum 06-06-2010 Average of 3200 events Little solar

Detecting muons

Page 6: Measured peaks of cosmic radiation · Zaanlands Lyceum 18-06-2010 Average of 2500 events 12˚C –17˚C Little solar. Zaanlands Lyceum 06-06-2010 Average of 3200 events Little solar

Standard model of elementary particles

Page 7: Measured peaks of cosmic radiation · Zaanlands Lyceum 18-06-2010 Average of 2500 events 12˚C –17˚C Little solar. Zaanlands Lyceum 06-06-2010 Average of 3200 events Little solar

Measuring coincidences

Page 8: Measured peaks of cosmic radiation · Zaanlands Lyceum 18-06-2010 Average of 2500 events 12˚C –17˚C Little solar. Zaanlands Lyceum 06-06-2010 Average of 3200 events Little solar

Research question

St. Michaël College 20-05-2010

Zaanlands Lyceum 20-05-2010

Page 9: Measured peaks of cosmic radiation · Zaanlands Lyceum 18-06-2010 Average of 2500 events 12˚C –17˚C Little solar. Zaanlands Lyceum 06-06-2010 Average of 3200 events Little solar

Zaanlands Lyceum 20-05-2010 St. Michaël College 20-05-2010

Page 10: Measured peaks of cosmic radiation · Zaanlands Lyceum 18-06-2010 Average of 2500 events 12˚C –17˚C Little solar. Zaanlands Lyceum 06-06-2010 Average of 3200 events Little solar

St. Michaël College 09-06-2010

Zaanlands Lyceum 09-06-2010

Paradoxical?

Page 11: Measured peaks of cosmic radiation · Zaanlands Lyceum 18-06-2010 Average of 2500 events 12˚C –17˚C Little solar. Zaanlands Lyceum 06-06-2010 Average of 3200 events Little solar

St. Michaël College 09-06-2010Zaanlands Lyceum 09-06-2010

Page 12: Measured peaks of cosmic radiation · Zaanlands Lyceum 18-06-2010 Average of 2500 events 12˚C –17˚C Little solar. Zaanlands Lyceum 06-06-2010 Average of 3200 events Little solar

Zaanlands Lyceum 18-06-2010

Average of 2500 events

12˚C – 17˚C

Little solar

Page 13: Measured peaks of cosmic radiation · Zaanlands Lyceum 18-06-2010 Average of 2500 events 12˚C –17˚C Little solar. Zaanlands Lyceum 06-06-2010 Average of 3200 events Little solar

Zaanlands Lyceum 06-06-2010

Average of 3200 events

Little solar

15˚C - 25˚C

Page 14: Measured peaks of cosmic radiation · Zaanlands Lyceum 18-06-2010 Average of 2500 events 12˚C –17˚C Little solar. Zaanlands Lyceum 06-06-2010 Average of 3200 events Little solar

So far…

• ‘Rain’ has positive effect on coincidences

• Temperature has positive effect on coincidences

Page 15: Measured peaks of cosmic radiation · Zaanlands Lyceum 18-06-2010 Average of 2500 events 12˚C –17˚C Little solar. Zaanlands Lyceum 06-06-2010 Average of 3200 events Little solar

Blackett’s theory is in conflict with positive temperature effect:

With a relatively low temperature: With a relatively high temperature:

Page 16: Measured peaks of cosmic radiation · Zaanlands Lyceum 18-06-2010 Average of 2500 events 12˚C –17˚C Little solar. Zaanlands Lyceum 06-06-2010 Average of 3200 events Little solar

We (roughly) expect a graph like this…

Zaanlands Lyceum 06-06-2010

… but in fact we measure this:

Page 17: Measured peaks of cosmic radiation · Zaanlands Lyceum 18-06-2010 Average of 2500 events 12˚C –17˚C Little solar. Zaanlands Lyceum 06-06-2010 Average of 3200 events Little solar

However, at some stations it seems like we do measure this effect:

Walburg College 27-06-2010

Page 18: Measured peaks of cosmic radiation · Zaanlands Lyceum 18-06-2010 Average of 2500 events 12˚C –17˚C Little solar. Zaanlands Lyceum 06-06-2010 Average of 3200 events Little solar

But is the positive effect here as well?

Walburg College 27-06-2010

1700 coincidences

28˚C

200 W/m2

Page 19: Measured peaks of cosmic radiation · Zaanlands Lyceum 18-06-2010 Average of 2500 events 12˚C –17˚C Little solar. Zaanlands Lyceum 06-06-2010 Average of 3200 events Little solar

Walburg College 22-06-2010

1400 coincidences

20˚C

200 W/m2

If we compare the previous graphs with these graphs…

... we can conclude that the positive temperature effect is also here.

Page 20: Measured peaks of cosmic radiation · Zaanlands Lyceum 18-06-2010 Average of 2500 events 12˚C –17˚C Little solar. Zaanlands Lyceum 06-06-2010 Average of 3200 events Little solar

Why does a higher temperature lead to more measured coincidences?

Page 21: Measured peaks of cosmic radiation · Zaanlands Lyceum 18-06-2010 Average of 2500 events 12˚C –17˚C Little solar. Zaanlands Lyceum 06-06-2010 Average of 3200 events Little solar

• Michaël College has 4 detectors• Zaanlands Lyceum has 2 detectors• Detectors Zaanlands have more trouble with..thermal noise

Thermal noise

Page 22: Measured peaks of cosmic radiation · Zaanlands Lyceum 18-06-2010 Average of 2500 events 12˚C –17˚C Little solar. Zaanlands Lyceum 06-06-2010 Average of 3200 events Little solar

Zaanlands Lyceum 27-06-2010

Zaanlands Lyceum 22-06-2010

Blackett’s temperature effect seems to be there after all:

Page 23: Measured peaks of cosmic radiation · Zaanlands Lyceum 18-06-2010 Average of 2500 events 12˚C –17˚C Little solar. Zaanlands Lyceum 06-06-2010 Average of 3200 events Little solar

Conclusion

• Rain has a positive effect on measured coincidences

• Higher temperature causes thermal noise in fotomultipliertube which leads to more measured coincidences

• Coincidences caused by thermal noise can be reduced by placing more detectors

• A higher temperature of the atmosphere leads to Blackett’s temperature effect

Page 24: Measured peaks of cosmic radiation · Zaanlands Lyceum 18-06-2010 Average of 2500 events 12˚C –17˚C Little solar. Zaanlands Lyceum 06-06-2010 Average of 3200 events Little solar

Further research

Why can rain lead to more measured coincidences? What is the exact importance of the atmospheric pressure?

What influence does a thunderstorm have on the detectors?

Are our measurements affected by solar activity ?

What kind of influence does the calibration of the detectors have? Can we ‘calibrate away’ the thermal noise?

Why do measuring stations all over the country measure peaks during different periods of the day? Can this be explained by the (different) placement of the detectors?