meamarbashi 2013

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AJP, Vol. 4, No. 1, Jan-Feb 2014 72

Original Research Paper

Instant effects of peppermint essential oil on the physiological

parameters and exercise performance

Abbas Meamarbashi1*

1 Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, I ! Iran

Article history:

!eceived" #un $, %&1' !eceived in revised form"

#ul %, %&1'

Accepted" #ul %(, %&1'

)ol *, +o 1, #an-eb %&1*,.%.$

* Corresponding Author: /el" 0($*11%&$1(

-a2 0($*113*&%

a4meamarbashi5yahoocom

Keywords:

Isometric force Peppermint !eaction timeSpirometry

AbstractObjective: Effec of !e!!ermin on e"ercise !erformance #as !re$io%sl& in$esi'ae( b% e)%i$ocal fin(in's e"is. his s%(&aime( o in$esi'ae he effecs of !e!!ermin in'esion on he

!h&siolo'ical !arameers an( e"ercise !erformance afer + min

an( 1 h.

Materials and Methods: hir& healh& male %ni$ersi& s%(ens#ere ran(oml& (i$i(e( ino e"!erimenal n1+ an( conroln1+ 'ro%!s. Ma"im%m isomeric 'ri! force, $erical an( lon' /%m!s, s!iromeric !arameers, $is%al an( a%(io reacion imes, bloo( !ress%re, hear rae, an( breah rae #ere recor(e( hree

imes before, fi$e min%es, an( one ho%r afer sin'le (ose oral

a(minisraion of !e!!ermin essenial oil +0 l. aa #ereanal&3e( %sin' re!eae( meas%res ANVA.Results: %r res%ls re$eale( si'nifican im!ro$emen in all of he$ariables afer oral a(minisraion of !e!!ermin essenial oil.E"!erimenal 'ro%! com!are( #ih conrol 'ro%! sho#e( anincremenal an( a si'nifican increase in he 'ri! force 56.1,san(in' $erical /%m! 7.0, an( san(in' lon' /%m! 6.4.aa obaine( from he e"!erimenal 'ro%! afer fi$e min%ese"hibie( a si'nifican increase in he force( $ial ca!aci& in firssecon( FV815+.1, !ea9 ins!iraor& flo# rae P:F 66.4,

an( !ea9 e"!iraor& flo# rae PEF 6+.1, #hereas afer oneho%r, onl& P:F sho#n a si'nifican increase as com!are #ih he

baseline an( conrol 'ro%!. A boh imes, $is%al an( a%(ioreacion imes #ere si'nificanl& (ecrease(. Ph&siolo'ical !arameers #ere also si'nificanl& im!ro$e( afer fi$e min%es. Aconsi(erable enhancemen in he 'ri! force, s!iromer&, an( oher !arameers #ere he im!oran fin(in's of his s%(&.Conclusion: An im!ro$emen in he s!iromeric meas%remensFV81, PEF, an( P:F mi'h be (%e o he !e!!ermin effecs onhe bronchial smooh m%scle onici& #ih or #iho% affecin' hel%n' s%rfacan. ;e, no scienific e$i(ence e"iss re'ar(in'isomeric force enhancemen in his no$el s%(&.

Please cite this paper as"

Meamarbashi A. :nsan effecs of !e!!ermin essenial oil on he !h&siolo'ical !arameers an( e"ercise !erformance. A$icenna J Ph&ome(, 2014< 4 1 72-7=.



Peppermint improves the physiological and exercise performance


IntroductionMin is a #ell-9no#n na%ral herb,

#hich 'ro#s in mos co%nries #ih

(ifferen climaes. Pe!!ermin is a h&bri(

of boh s!earmin Menha >!icaa an(

#aer min Menha A)%aica. he !e!!ermin !lan conains o$er 40 (isinc

chemical com!o%n(s incl%(in' menhol,

menhone, an( menh&l aceae an( is

cons%m!ion safe& #as !ro$en in

o"icolo'ical in$esi'aions Nair, 2001.

Pe!!ermin !ossesses a broa( ran'e of

biolo'ical aci$iies incl%(in' (i'esi$e,

cholereic, carminai$e, anise!ic,

anibacerial, ani$iral, anis!asmo(ic,

anio"i(an, ani-inflammaor&,

m&orela"an, e"!ecoran, anal'esic, onic,

an( $aso(ilaaor %9e, e al., 2002,

Mc?a& an( @l%mber', 2006. he main

!harmaco(&namic effec of !e!!ermin

essenial oil is relae( o is (ose-(e!en(en

anis!asmo(ic effec on he 'asroinesinal

rac smooh m%scles (%e o he

inerference of menhol #ih he mo$emen

of calci%m across he cell membrane

ri'olei an( ri'olei, 200+.

Pre$io%s researches ha$e sho#n a 'reaim!e%s in he search for im!ro$emen of

ahleic !erformance Bola(3, e al., 2004,

Meamarbashi an( Ca/abi, 2015.

Effeci$eness of !e!!ermin aroma on

!ercei$e( !h&sical #or9loa(, em!oral

#or9loa(, effor, an( an"ie& #as also

s%(ie( Ca%(enb%sh, e al., 2002. her

researchers e"amine( he effecs of

!e!!ermin aroma a(minisere( hro%'h he

nose or orall& on he a%'menin' co'nii$e

!erformanceBola(3, e al., 2004.Pe!!ermin aroma ca%se( im!ro$emen

on as9s relae( o aenional !rocesses,

$ir%al reco'niion memor&, #or9in'

memor&, an( $is%al-moor res!onse.

:nhalaion of !e!!ermin aroma

im!ro$e( he l%n' ca!aci& an( inhalaion

abili& in healh& !arici!ans %sin' a !ea9

flo# meer Ca%(enb%sh an( Bola(3,

2005. Do#e$er, in a fo%r-#ee9

ran(omi3e(, !lacebo-conrolle( s%(& on

25 !aiens #ih chronicashma, here #ere no si'nifican

(ifferences in $ial ca!aci&, force(

e"!iraor& $ol%me, or chan'e in !ea9

e"!iraor& flo# rae, be#een he !lacebo

an( he menhol 'ro%!s amao9i, e al.,

1+. Moreo$er, !re$io%s s%(& on ahleic

!erformance, re!ore( ha !e!!erminessenial oil ha( no si'nifican effec on

bloo( o"&'en sa%raion, !%lse rae, s&solic

(iasolic bloo( !ress%re, an( mean

arerial !ress%re MAP Ca%(enb%sh, e

al., 2001. Ver& recen fin(in' %nra$ele(

he effeci$eness of en (a&s oral

s%!!lemenaion #ih !e!!ermin essenial

oil on he e"ercise !erformance, 'as

anal&sis, s!iromer& !arameers, bloo(

!ress%re, an( res!iraor& rae

Meamarbashi an( Ca/abi, 2015.Dence, he aim of his s%(& #as o

assess he ra!i( effecs of oral

s%!!lemenaion #ih !e!!ermin essenial

oil on he s!iromeric !arameers, $is%al

an( a%(io reacion ime, m%sc%lar sren'hess, an( oher !h&siolo'ical !arameers.

Materials and Methods

Participants and study designhir& healh& male %ni$ersi& s%(ens

24.=G1.26 a'e< 66.7G4.52 9' bo(& #ei'h<

176.2G4.4 cm hei'h #ere ran(oml&

selece( from 70 $ol%neers an( hen

ran(oml& (i$i(e( ino e"!erimenal an(

conrol 'ro%!s. Ehical a!!ro$al o con(%c

his s%(& #as obaine( from he Hni$ersi&

D%man Ehics 8ommiee. Parici!ans

#ere f%ll& a#are of he sco!e of he s%(&

an( si'ne( an informe( consen form.

Methodology

Parici!ans #ere familiari3e( #ih he

laboraor& sein' an( he meas%remen

echni)%es before (aa collecion. :n boh

'ro%!s, ma"im%m 'ri! isomeric force,

san(in' $erical /%m! an( san(in' lon'

/%m!, force( s!iromer& es, reacion ime

ess, bloo( !ress%re, hear raes, an( breah

rae #ere recor(e( hree imes before, fi$e

min%es, an( one ho%r afer !e!!erminessenial oil a(minisraion.



Meamarbashi


Peppermint essential oil administration

Parici!ans in he e"!erimenal 'ro%!

recei$e( +0 l of !%re !e!!ermin essenial

oil ono he on'%e %sin' a sam!ler an(

conrol 'ro%! similarl& recei$e( mineral

#aer.

6andgrip strength

ominan han( sren'h #as meas%re(

%sin' a com!%eri3e( han('ri!

(&namomeer #ih a(/%sable han(le

s!acin'.

Standing vertical 7ump

Verical /%m! es #as !erforme( #ih

he 9nees bein' ben #ih heir han(s on

heir hi!s. he (ifference in (isance be#een he san(in' reach hei'h an( he

/%m! hei'h #as recor(e(.

Standing long 7ump

he !arici!an san(s behin( a line

mar9e( on he 'ro%n( #ih fee sli'hl&

a!ar. A #o foo a9e-off an( lan(in' #as

%se(, #ih he s#in'in' of he arms an(

ben(in' of he 9nees o !ro$i(e for#ar(

(ri$e.

Spirometry test

Afer 1+ min%es res an( before

a!!l&in' he es, s%b/ecs #ere as9e( o si

in arme( chair. he force( s!iromer& es

#as !erforme( %sin' a calibrae( han(hel(

elecronic %rbine s!iromeer Microlab

s!iromeer, Micro Me(ical Iimie( of

Cocheser, En'lan( an( he bes

!arameers of hree force( effors s%ch as

force( $ial ca!aci& in firs secon( FV81, !ea9 e"!iraor& flo# rae PEF, an( !ea9

ins!iraor& flo# P:F #ere recor(e(.

!eaction time tests

#o sim!le reacion ime as9s #ere

!erforme( %sin' c%som (esi'ne( reacion

ime sof#are. :n $is%al as9, a &ello# bo"

#as (is!la&e( on he monior an(

!arici!an ha( o !ress a 9e& as soon as he

&ello# bo" a!!eare(. :n a%(io as9,

!arici!an ha( o !ress a 9e& once hear( a bee! so%n(. A%(io si'nal an( $is%al

!resenaion ha( a ran(om $ariable !erio(

1-5 secon(s. hese as9s #ere re!eae(

en imes an( he a$era'e ime #as sa$e( in

a (aabase. Parici!ans #ere 'i$en a rial

!racice !rior o he ac%al es an( ess

#ere !erforme( in a )%ie room.

8ardiorespiratory tests

@loo( !ress%re an( hear rae #ere

(eermine( b& a (i'ial bloo( !ress%re

monior MCN ne Pl%s, mron

Dealhcare :nc., @annoc9b%rn, :I, H>A.

E"aminer recor(e( he breah rae (%rin'

bloo( !ress%re meas%remen.

tatistical analyses

Normal (isrib%ion of he (aa #asese( %sin' he ?olmo'oro$->mirno$ an(

>ha!iro-il9 ess. 8han'es in he

meas%res in #o 'ro%!s o$er ime #ere

anal&3e( %sin' re!eae(-meas%res ANVA

#ih @onferroni !air#ise com!arisons.

Ma%chl&Ks es of s!herici& #as %se( o

(eermine #heher he ass%m!ion of

s!herici& #as bein' $iolae( b& he (aa

an( he reenho%se-eisser correcion #as

a!!lie( #hen necessar&. Meas%remens

before he !e!!ermin s%!!lemenaion

#ere %se( as a baseline for he saisical

anal&sis. o calc%lae he ma'ni%(e of he

(ifference be#een !re-es an( !os-es,

!arial Ea s)%are( !arial L2 #as

calc%lae( #here 0.1 is a small, 0.2+ is a

me(i%m, an( 0.4 is a lar'e effec si3e. All

saisical anal&ses #ere !erforme( #ih

>P>> 12.0 sof#are >P>> :nc., 8hica'o,

:I, H>A. ifference chan'es be#een

e"!erimenal an( conrol 'ro%! afer fi$emin%es an( one ho%r #as com!are( #ih

before min a(minisraion. aa are

!resene( as meansG> an( he le$el of

si'nificance #as acce!e( a !0.0+.

Resultshe ?olmo'oro$->mirno$ an( >ha!iro-

il9s ess re$eale( a normal (isrib%ion

of he (aa. Ma"im%m isomeric 'ri! forcein he e"!erimenal 'ro%! #as 17.4 #ih




AJP, Vol. 4, No. 1, Jan-Feb 2014 7+

27.1 increase #hile he conrol 'ro%!

sho#e( 7.+ #ih .0 force (ecline afer

fi$e min%es. $erall com!arison be#een

e"!erimenal an( conrol 'ro%!s

(emonsrae( 24. (ifference afer fi$e

min%es an( 56.1 (ifference afer oneho%r able 1. he chan'es in ma"im%m

'ri! force #ere si'nifican !0.0+ afer

one ho%r of !e!!ermin ina9e.

Ces%ls obaine( from san(in' $erical

/%m! 6.0 an( 11.4 $s. 0.0 an( 1.+

an( san(in' lon' /%m! 4.0 an( 6.4 $s.

-0.4 an( -0.6 re$eale( a consi(erable

increase com!are( #ih conrol 'ro%! afer

fi$e min%es an( one ho%r able 1.

Noiceabl&, $erical /%m! increase(

si'nificanl& afer fi$e min%es !0.0+an( one ho%r !0.00+ #hile lon' /%m!

si'nificanl& increase( afer one ho%r

!0.0+.

able 2 sho#s a si'nifican increase in

FV81, P:F, an( PEF be#een e"!erimenal

an( conrol 'ro%!s afer fi$e min%es of

!e!!ermin a(minisraion. nl& P:F #as

remaine( hi'h as com!are( #ih baseline

afer one ho%r !0.+.

Vis%al reacion ime C #assi'nificanl& (ecrease( afer fi$e min%es

10.1 an( one ho%r 11.= follo#in'

!e!!ermin a(minisraion in he

e"!erimenal 'ro%!. A%(io reacion ime

sho#e( a si'nifican an( shorer reacion

ime afer fi$e min%es 17.1 an( one

ho%r 20.+ as com!are( #ih $is%al C

in he e"!erimenal 'ro%! able 5.

>&solic bloo( !ress%re as #ell as hear

rae an( breah rae #ere si'nificanl&

chan'e( afer fi$e min%es as com!are(#ih baseline. iasolic @P sho#e(

si'nifican chan'es afer one ho%r as

com!are( #ih baseline able 4.

able 1. M%sc%lar sren'h !arameers com!are( be#een e"!erimenal n1+ an( conrol 'ro%!s n1+

(%rin' hree imes of !e!!ermin essenial oil a(minisraion before 1, afer fi$e min%es 2, an( afer one

ho%r 5

Parameter !roup "efore #$%After five

minutes #&%

After one

hour #'%

!rip test

#(g force%

E"!erimenal 5=.2G15.= 44.G12.6 4=.6G11.2 *

8onrol 54.2G12.7 51.6G11.0 51.1G12.0

tanding

vertical jump

#cm%

E"!erimenal 4+.2G+.5 47.G7.2 * +0.5G7.0**

8onrol 4+.+G7.2 4+.+G7.1 46.2G=.=

tanding long

jump

#cm%

E"!erimenal 177.2G22.0 1=4.2G14. 1==.+G15.7 *

8onrol 175.+G16.0 172.=G1+.1 172.+G16.4

aa !resene( as meanG>. >aisical anal&sis %se( re!eae( meas%res #ih bonferroni !air#ise com!arison

be#een e"!erimenal an( conrol 'ro%!s (%rin' hree imes before an( afer fi$e min%es 1-2, before an(

afer one ho%r 1-5, an( afer fi$e min%es an( afer one ho%r 2-5. >aisical (ifference be#een 'ro%! 2 an( 5

vs 'ro%! 1 * !0.0+< ** !0.01. >aisical (ifference be#een 'ro%! 2 vs 'ro%! 5 !0.0+< !0.01.



Meamarbashi


able 2. >!iromeric !arameers com!are( be#een e"!erimenal n1+ an( conrol 'ro%!s n1+ (%rin' hree

imes of !e!!ermin essenial oil a(minisraion before 1, afer fi$e min%es 2, an( afer one ho%r 5


minutes #&%

After one

hour #'%

)*C$

#+%

E"!erimenal 5.=G0.66 4.7+G0.+7 * 4.=4G0.+2

8onrol 4.1+G0.71 5.=7G0.+7 5.+=G1.0

PI)

#+,s%

E"!erimenal 504.=G7=.1 400.1G=+.+ * 446.=G0.+ *

8onrol 20.5G7.0 2++.+G1.5 252.=G107.+

P-)

#+,s%

E"!erimenal 576.4G120.4 +0+.G71.0= * +44.+G=2.

8onrol 405.6G101. 5=7.6G116.0= 521.0G115.=



afer one ho%r 1-5, an( afer fi$e min an( afer one ho%r 2-5. >aisical (ifference be#een 'ro%! 2 an( 5 vs

'ro%! 1 * !0.0+. here #as no si'nifican (ifference be#een 'ro%! 2 an( 5.

able 5. Vis%al an( a%(io reacion ime com!are( be#een e"!erimenal n1+ an( conrol 'ro%!s n1+

(%rin' hree imes of !e!!ermin essenial oil a(minisraion before 1, afer fi$e min%es 2, an( afer one

ho%r 5


minutes #&%

After one hour

#'%

*isual R.

#msec%E"!erimenal 515.1G50 2=4.4G21 ** 2=0.4G1= *

8onrol 521.2G42 515.=G54 51=.+G56

Audio R.

#msec%E"!erimenal 24.0G26 2+1.2G17 *** 244.1G16 ***

8onrol 2=.0G22 270.0G27 2=2.0G42

aa !resene( as meanG>. >aisical anal&sis %se( re!eae( meas%res #ih bonferroni !air#ise com!arison be#een e"!erimenal an( conrol 'ro%!s (%rin' hree imes before an( afer fi$e min%es 1-2, before an(


vs 'ro%! 1 * !0.0+< ** !0.01< *** !0.001. here #as no si'nifican (ifference be#een 'ro%! 2 an( 5.

able 4. Ph&siolo'ical !arameers com!arison be#een e"!erimenal n1+ an( conrol 'ro%!s n1+ (%rin'

hree imes of !e!!ermin essenial oil a(minisraion before 1, afer fi$e min%es 2, an( afer one ho%r 5


minutes #&%

After one hour

#'%

ystolic "P

#mm/g%

E"!erimenal 12.G12.0 151.4G10.7 * 12=.2G11.1 ***

8onrol 155.0G10.= 122.6G12.7 120.1G.=0iastolic "P

#mm/g%

E"!erimenal 74.6G.2 77.1G=. 75.0G10.6 **

8onrol =1.4G7.6 76.=G7.0 74.+G7.1

/eart rate

#min1$%

E"!erimenal 6=.0G=.+ 74.7G6.+ * 71.5G10.+

8onrol 77.1G7.7 77.5G6.4 75.5G7.1

"reath rate

#min1$%

E"!erimenal 17.G5.2 1+.1G5.1 *** 14.6G4.1 ***

8onrol 1=.6G4.+ 1=.0G4.5 17.G4.4




vs 'ro%! 1 * !0.0+< ** !0.01< *** !0.001. >aisical (ifference be#een 'ro%! 2 vs 'ro%! 5 !0.0+< !0.01.





0iscussion8%rren res%ls re$eale( si'nifican

im!ro$emen in all of he ese( $ariables

afer fi$e min%es or one ho%r in he

e"!erimenal 'ro%! com!are( #ih he

conrol 'ro%!. Iac9 of scienific e$i(enceon he effec of !e!!ermin is hin(erin' acom!rehensi$e an( (eaile( reaise

re'ar(in' a si'nifican increase 56.1 in

he ma"im%m 'ri! force or si'nifican

im!ro$emen in he san(in' $erical /%m!

an( san(in' lon' /%m!.

8%rren research sho#s an im!ro$emen

in he e"!erimenal 'ro%! s!iromeric

meas%remens FV81, PEF, an( P:F afer

fi$e min%es !0.0+. A !re$io%s s%(&

sho#e( ha inhalin' !e!!ermin aroma has

no effec on he l%n' f%ncion ess an(

!h&sical !erformance (%rin' ac%e an(

inensi$e e"ercise Po%rnemai, e al.,

200. A fo%r-#ee9 ins!iraor& an(

e"!iraor& m%scle rainin' !ro'ram on he

res!iraor& m%scle sren'h an( en(%rancein healh& !eo!le has been re!ore( a

si'nifican increase in he res!iraor&

m%scle sren'h amao9i, e al., 1+. :

is s%r!risin' ha in he c%rren s%(&,FV81, PEF, an( P:F #hich are mosl&

(e!en(en on he sren'h an( s!ee( of

shorenin' of he ins!iraor& m%scles,

remar9abl& im!ro$e( afer fi$e min%es

an( also one ho%r of in'esion.

Menhol !e!!ermin com!onen has

lo#ere( he s%rface ension on s&nheic

s%rfacan films in an in-$iro s%(&

BOn9er, e al., 1=0. he a%hor heori3e(

ha i ma& chan'e he l%n' s%rface ension

an( is f%ncion BOn9er, e al., 1=0. heeffec of salb%amol as a 2-a(rener'ic

rece!or a'onis an( broncho(ilaor on

c&clin' !erformance #as also in$esi'ae(

Norris, e al., 16 b%, here #as no

si'nifican (ifference in an& $ariables

relae( o aerobic en(%rance or c&clin'

!erformance. :n &e anoher fo%r-#ee9

ran(omi3e( !lacebo conrolle( s%(&, 25

!arici!ans #ih chronic mil( ashma

recei$e( eiher neb%li3e( menhol 10 m'

#ice a (a& or !lacebo. No effec on heforce( e"!iraor& $ol%me #as re!ore( in

he e"!erimenal 'ro%! amao9i, e al.,

1+. 8%rren fin(in's mi'h be (%e o he

rela"in' effec of !e!!ermin on he air#a&

an( bronchial smooh m%scle onici& #ih

or #iho% effec on he l%n' s%rfacan.

8%rren res%ls s%!!or he heor& ofsim%lain' effec of !e!!ermin on he

brain Hme3%, e al., 2001. :n he

!rofessional s!or com!eiions, lesser

reacion ime is cr%cial in scorin' he 'ame.

Ces%ls obaine( in he c%rren s%(& afer

fi$e min%es an( one ho%r re$eal si'nifican

an( consi(erable faser $is%al an( a%(io

reacion imes. Pre$io%s researches ha$e

in(icae( ha reacion o he a%(io si'nal is

faser han reacion o he li'h ?osins9i,

2012 an( aromas ha$e broa( s!ecr%meffecs on he h%man cenral ner$o%s

s&sem ?obal an( D%mmel, 1==, Iori'

an( >ch#ar3, 1==. Do#e$er he

mechanism of acion is sill %n9no#n b% i

is h&!ohesi3e( ha he scens of

!e!!ermin can sim%lae he areas of he

brain res!onsible for alerness e.'., brainQs

reic%lar aci$ain' s&sem Ca%(enb%sh,

e al., 200.

: seems ha !e!!ermin has a lo#erin'

effec on he hear rae an( he s&solic

bloo( !ress%re. ;e in anoher s%(&,

!e!!ermin aroma #as a(minisere( b&

nose b% no si'nifican effec in boh hear

rae an( bloo( !ress%re #as obser$e(.

Ce(%cion in he arerial smooh m%scle

onici& co%l( be a !la%sible e"!lanaion for

hese effecs.

ecrease in he breah rae afer fi$e

min%es is anoher challen'in' fin(in' of

his s%(&. he a%hor has !re$io%sl& !resene( he effeci$eness of en (a&s

!e!!ermin essenial oil cons%m!ion on

e"ercise !erformance as #ell as breah rae

Meamarbashi an( Ca/abi, 2015.

Pon(erin' on he res%ls of !%lmonar& 'as

e"chan'e obaine( (%rin' e"ercise

conc%rrin' #ih lo#er breah rae ma&

s%!!or a heor& s%''esin' he ra!i( effec

of !e!!ermin essenial oil on he

!ne%moa"ic cener in he brainsem.

8%rren res%ls im!l& ha onl& +0 l of !e!!ermin essenial oil in'esion ha(



Meamarbashi

AJP, Vol. 4, No. 1, Jan-Feb 2014 7=

si'nifican effecs on he s!iromeric

meas%remens FV81, P:F, an( PEF,

$is%al reacion ime, a%(io reacion ime,

s&solic bloo( !ress%re, (iasolic bloo(

!ress%re, hear rae, breah rae, 'ri! force,

$erical /%m! es, an( lon' /%m! es aferfi$e min%es an( remaine( effeci$e afer

one ho%r. he mechanism %n(erl&in' he

effeci$eness of !e!!ermin obser$e( in hec%rren s%(& nee(s f%rher in$esi'aion.

Ac(no2ledgementA%hor is 'raef%l o he !arici!aion

of enh%siasic s%(ens in his !ro/ec an(

'real& a!!reciae( Mr. Ali Ca/abi for

assisance in s%b/ecsQ recr%imen an(

esin' !roce(%res.

Conflict of interest here is no an& conflic of ineres in

his s%(&.

References Nair @. 2001. Final re!or on he safe&

assessmen of Menha Pi!eria Pe!!ermin

il, Menha Pi!eria Pe!!ermin IeafE"rac, Menha Pi!eria Pe!!ermin Ieaf,an( Menha Pi!eria Pe!!ermin Ieaf

aer, :n J o"icol, 20 61-75.Mc?a& I, @l%mber' J@. 2006. A re$ie# of

he bioaci$i& an( !oenial healh benefisof !e!!ermin ea Menha !i!eria I..Ph&oher Ces, 20 61.

%9e JA, @o'ensch%3-o(#in MJ, (%8ellier Jan( %9e PA?. 2002. Dan(boo9 of

me(icinal herbs :n. 8C8 Press. +62-+64,@oca Caon.

ri'olei D, ri'olei P. 200+. Pharmacolo'&an( !reclinical !harmaco9ineics of !e!!ermin oil. Ph&ome(icine, 12 612-616.

Bola(3 P, Ca%(enb%sh @, Iille& >. 20048innamon !er9s !erformance,A!ril 21-2+Procee(in's of Ann%al meein' of heAssociaion for 8hemorece!ion >ciences,>arasoa, FI, H>A.

Meamarbashi A, Ca/abi A. 2015. he effecs of !e!!ermin on e"ercise !erformance. J :n>oc >!ors N%r, 10 1+-21.

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an( an"ie& Procee(in's of >econ( Ann%alMeein' of he >ocie& forPs&cho!h&siolo'ical Cesearch, ashin'on8.

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amao9i J, 8hi&oani A, >a9ai A, a9em%ra D,?onno ?. 1+. Effec of menhol $a!o%ron air#a& h&!erres!onsi$eness in !aiens#ih mil( ashma. Ces!ir Me(, = +05-+04.

Ca%(enb%sh @, 8orle& N, E!!ich . 2001.Enhancin' ahleic !erformance hro%'h he

a(minisraion of !e!!ermin o(or. J >!orE"erc Ps&chol, 251+6-160.Po%rnemai P, A3arba&/ani MA, Ce3aee M@,

Biaee V. 200. he effec of inhalin' !e!!ermin o(or an( ehanol in #omenahlees. @raisl Me( J, 10 7=2-7=7.

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Ces!iraion, 5 1+0-1+7. Norris >C, Peersen >C, Jones CI. 16. he

effec of salb%amol on !erformance in

en(%rance c&cliss. E%r J A!!l Ph&siolcc%! Ph&siol, 75 564-56=.

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Pharmacol @iochem @eha$, 6 5=5-55.?osins9i CJ. 2012. A Iiera%re Ce$ie# on

Ceacion ime >o%h 8arolina,H>A,8lemson Hni$ersi&.

?obal , D%mmel 8. 1==. 8erebral

chemosensor& e$o9e( !oenials elicie( b&chemical sim%laion of he h%man olfacor&

an( res!iraor& nasal m%cosa.Elecroence!halo'r 8lin Ne%ro!h&siol, 71

241-2+0.Iori' >, >ch#ar3 E. 1==. @rain an( o(or

:. Aleraion of h%man EE b& o(ora(minisraion. Ps&chobiol, 16 2=1-2=4.

Ca%(enb%sh @, ra&hem C, >ears an(ilson :. 200. Effecs of !e!!ermin an(cinnamon o(or a(minisraion on sim%lae((ri$in' alerness, moo( an( #or9loa(. N

Am J Ps&chol, 11 24+-2+6.

meamarbashi 2013

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