mcr 200 lecture 1

Microbiology...an introduction.

Dr. rer. nat. Michael Valdez

Biology Department, College of Science

Imagine a world without microorganisms.....

...would life be better without them?

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

A Summary of Life on Earth Through Time

Figure 1.6

Imagine a life without microbes...

Pinakbet and adobo extinction???

Imagine a breakfast without...

Pizza to perfection?

TGIF without these relaxing beverages...


Drink moderately......


Microbes as micro-factories

Genetic engineering

E. coli cells

Insulin gene

500,000 liter fermentation vessel


The power of microbial enzymes...

Enzyme-powered detergents keeping the environment safe

Softening and fading

of denim

•amylase …. desizing amylase …. desizing

•cellulase …. for salt & pepper cellulase …. for salt & pepper effect , contrast effect , contrast

•laccase…. … bio bleaching laccase…. … bio bleaching

•catalase …… peroxide killer catalase …… peroxide killer


Imagine a cow without microbes.....

Leguminous plants without microbes?


Microbes and enzymes... making it easier for domesticated animals.

•Digestion of incorporated cheap Digestion of incorporated cheap feeds ingredientsfeeds ingredients

•Improved enzymed probioticsImproved enzymed probiotics


Microbes in action... Cleaning up men‘s wastes...

The Guimaras oil spill

Pseudomonas azelaica, Serratia marcescans, and the Xanthomonas maltophilia eat the 87 percent-hydrocarbon content of the oil, and die after having it.


Microbes as the unmatched greatest „miner“ ....

Microbial leaching.... recovery of Microbial leaching.... recovery of copper, copper, uranium, and gold from low-grade oresuranium, and gold from low-grade ores

„„bacterial cells at work“bacterial cells at work“


Microbes as the unmatched greatest „recyclist“ ....

Agri-wasteAgri-waste

•Corn stover Corn stover •Switch grass Switch grass •Oat/barley straw Oat/barley straw •Sugarcane bagasse Sugarcane bagasse •Hard wood chips Hard wood chips •. Rice straw. Rice straw•Municipal paper wasteMunicipal paper waste

cellulases

Imagine the future without microbes...

microbes making renewable fuels possible......microbes making renewable fuels possible......

Yeast/bacterial fermentation

A world without petroleum????

ethanolethanol

Cullulosic ethanolCullulosic ethanol

Imagine the future without microbes...

Climate change, future food supply, population explosion....

Single cell protein (SCP) as foodSingle cell protein (SCP) as food

Imagine a world without knowledge of Microbes

Black death/the Plague (1346-1353)- 25 Million people casualty

Indian rat flea, Indian rat flea, Xenopsylla cheopsisXenopsylla cheopsis

Yersinia pestisYersinia pestis


Polio, small pox, Polio, small pox, chicken pox, chicken pox, Tuberculosis, Tuberculosis, cholera, SARScholera, SARS

AntibioticsAntibiotics

VaccinesVaccines

Saving excess food for future consumption... Saving excess food for future consumption...


Suppression of microbial growth.....

key to food preservation.

The only way we can tap the vast potential applications of microbes is by understanding them...

In any war... winning is always achieved by understanding the strength and weakness of the opponent...same thing applies in defeating the pathogenic microorganisms...

Microbial dimensions..How small is small?

Procaryotes – 0.1- 15 micrometerProcaryotes – 0.1- 15 micrometer

Protozoans – 2-200 micrometerProtozoans – 2-200 micrometer

Yeast – 5-40 micrometerYeast – 5-40 micrometer

Algae – 1-30 umAlgae – 1-30 um

Fungal hypha – 2-4 (diameter) and Fungal hypha – 2-4 (diameter) and 5-50 um in length5-50 um in length

Virus – 0.01 – 0.03 micronVirus – 0.01 – 0.03 micron

RBC = 6-8 microns

The 5 Kingdom System of All Life Forms

(Robert Whittaker, 1969)

How do we name them

How do we name them

In which kngdom/kingdoms can you find multicellular organisms?

In which kngdom/kingdoms can you find unicellular organisms?

How do we name them

How do we name them

In which kngdom/kingdoms can you find photosynthetic organisms?

How do we name them

In which kingdom/kingdoms can you find organisms with cell wall?

How do we name them

Prokaryotes vs Eukaryotes

Procaryotic cellProcaryotic cell

Eucaryotic cellEucaryotic cell

Domain system based on small sub-Domain system based on small sub-unit rRNA (Carl Woese, 1970)unit rRNA (Carl Woese, 1970)

The Microorganisms

BacteriaBacteria

ArchaeaArchaea

AlgaeAlgae

ProtozoansProtozoans

FungiFungi

Domain System based Domain System based on small sub-unit on small sub-unit

rRNArRNA

The Microorganisms

BacteriaBacteria

ArchaeaArchaea


AlgaeAlgae

FungiFungi

Kingdom Kingdom System System

Monera

Protista

Fungi

Virus is not a cellVirus is not a cell

BacteriaBacteria

Yersinia pestisYersinia pestis

Lactobacillus caseiLactobacillus casei

Streptococcus mutansStreptococcus mutans

Escherichia coliEscherichia coli

Spirulina Spirulina sp (cyanobacteria)sp (cyanobacteria)

Archaea...the extremophilesArchaea...the extremophiles

Pyrolobus fumariiPyrolobus fumarii

Yellowstone National Park Hot SpringYellowstone National Park Hot Spring


Amoeba Amoeba sp.sp. Plasmodium malariaePlasmodium malariae

Vorticella Vorticella sp.sp.

AlgaeAlgae

DiatomsDiatoms Botryococcus brauniiBotryococcus braunii

Chlorella vulgarisChlorella vulgaris Gelidium corneumGelidium corneum

Fungi – yeasts, molds, mushroomsFungi – yeasts, molds, mushrooms

Sacharomyces cerevisiaeSacharomyces cerevisiaePenicillum notatumPenicillum notatum

Agaricus bisporusAgaricus bisporus

yeastyeastmoldmold

mushroommushroom

fruiting bodyfruiting body

hyphaehyphae

Escherichia coli - Escherichia coli - italicsitalics

Nomenclature – binomial system (scientific)Nomenclature – binomial system (scientific)Genus - Genus - Escherichia Escherichia

Species - Species - colicoli

Escherichia coliEscherichia coli - - underlined underlined

E. coliE. coli - - underlined underlined

E. coli - E. coli - italicsitalics

Escherichia Escherichia sp.sp. - - singularsingular

Escherichia Escherichia spp.spp. - - pluralplural

Escherichia Escherichia ssp.ssp. – – subspeciessubspecies

EscherichiaEscherichia sp.sp.

EscherichiaEscherichia spp.spp.

EscherichiaEscherichia ssp.ssp.

Escherichia coli Escherichia coli O157:H7O157:H7

Vampivibrio chlorellavorusVampivibrio chlorellavorus

Vampire – blood suckingVampire – blood sucking

Vibrio- curved cellVibrio- curved cell

Chlorella – a genus of green algaeChlorella – a genus of green algae

Vorus – to devourVorus – to devour

Description of the organismDescription of the organism

A small curved bacterium that sucks A small curved bacterium that sucks out the cell juices of bacterium.out the cell juices of bacterium.

Major Subdisciplines of Microbiology

Applied Basic

•Medical Microbiology

•Immunology

•Agricultural Microbiology

•Industrial Microbiology

•Aquatic Microbiology

•Marine Microbiology

•Microbial Ecology

•Food Microbiology

•Dairy Microbiology

•Microbial Systematics

•Microbial Physiology

•Cytology

•Microbial biochemistry

•Bacterial genetics

•Genetic Engineering and recombinant DNA technology /Molecular biology

•Virology

Emerging subdisciplines

•Geomicrobiology

•Astromicrobiology

Enzymes are very important chemicals since most of naturel process need them. They can reduce the environmental load of detergent products. Benefits of them :Save energy by enabling a lower wash temperaturePartly replace other, often less desirable, chemicals in detergentsAre biodegradable, leaving no harmful residuesHave no negative environmental impact on sewage treatment processesDo not present a risk to aquatic life

to improve the removal of biological stains

Proteases and amylases are comman•Making a cocktail of different enzyme classes to increase the efficiency•Active at very love levels(1 ppm_2 ppm)•Highly specific,•Active at low temperatures•Highly biodegradable

Obtain from microorganisims:

• microorganisims:•Bacillus•B.licheniformis•B.amyloliquefaciens• the enzymes are :•Proteases•Alcalase•Esperase•Savinase BENEFITS of ENZYMES:•Low temperature efficiency(washingmachine operated at 40°C consumes only one third of the energy use at)•Weight_efficiecy (enzymes act as catalysts,replace a larger usage of conventional chemicals in the detergent) Include the abilities to:•Wash at varying pH levels, from mild to high alkalinity;•Use different wash temperatures, from 60°C to as low as the "30-40°C range";•Retain laundering performance in the presence of chemicals such as bleach; builder, surfactant, etc….Soften fabrics;Brighten their colors;Improve whiteness;Remove fatty stains at low wash temperatures

Biogas plant in Hannover

For 7 years, Lal and his team searched for ways to safely clean-up oil spills. Finally, he found a solution – a cocktail of oil-eating bacteria.Lal says, “We selected different bugs and made a cocktail out of them and they were able to degrade oil completely. It was a breakthrough that other scientists were not able to work out” That was how oil zapper was born.Scientists say that 1 kg of oil Zapper today can neutralise a ton of sludge in a matter of months.

Application of Oilzapper on an oil-spill site in

Assam

Much as its savvy name suggests, the Oilzapper feeds on hydrocarbon compounds present in crude oil and oily sludge (a hazardous

The good news is that more than 5000 hectares of cropland contaminated with crude oil spills has already been reclaimed in different parts of India and more than 26 000 tonnes of oily sludge successfully treated with Oilzapper. Many oil-slick contaminated lakes in the north-eastern parts of India have also been cleaned up in

two years

Banwari Lal, head of biotechnology at India's Energy and Resources Institute was nominated for an award in the environment category for his work developing 'Oilzapper' a biological product able to clean up oil spills."Oilzapper is the first product developed by assembling five naturally occurring bacterial species, which can biodegrade all the fractions of crude oil, oily sludge and drill cuttings," says Lal. Describing the importance of the technology, Lal says that it has been used to reclaim more than 5,000 hectares of contaminated Indian cropland, and to clean up polluted lakes."The Oilzapper technology is cost-effective and environment friendly," adds Lal. "Every major oil company in India and the Middle East now uses it."

Natural Fertiliser from Microbes Boosts Crop Yields By Kafil Yamin

BOGOR, Indonesia, June 1, 2010 (IPS) - Ten years after an Indonesian agriculturist discovered microbes capable of producing natural fertilisers, farmers attest that they have boosted agricultural production.

Agricultural entrepreneur and researcher Ali Zum Mazhar found 18 species of microbes in the forests of the Indonesian territory of Kalimantan while doing his doctoral studies in 2000. He eventually developed a technology that converts the microbes into liquid form, which he calls Bio P 2000 Z. Successful experiments have proved their capability to increase crop yields by as much as threefold.

Entrepreneur

Over the past 30 years, Dr. Myron Wentz has founded three successful companies focused on providing innovative

solutions in health and nutrition.

Wentz launched Gull Laboratories as a one-man operation in 1974 with the goal of developing viral diagnostic assays.

By June of 1977, several Gull test kits were FDA-approved and ready for marketing, including the first commercially

available test for diagnosing infection with the Epstein-Barr virus.

Wentz began a new health-related enterprise in 1990 through the development of cutting-edge nutritional supplements.

The operation was incorporated on July 20, 1992 as USANA Health Sciences, a wholly owned subsidiary of Gull

Laboratories, Inc. USANA was subsequently spun off from Gull as a separate corporation in January 1993.

USANA’s nutritional supplements quickly found a loyal customer base through network marketing distribution, and

the company soon expanded to new markets in North America, Europe and the Asia-Pacific region. Today, more than

150,000 independent associates in

There are four kind of Enzymes available in market for Denim Laundry business..•Amylase …. Desizing •Cellulase …. For Salt & pepper effect , contrast •Laccase…. … bio bleaching •Catalase …… Peroxide killer

Have you ever wondered how today’s modern jeans get that faded and worn look? If I was answering this question twenty years ago, I would have said that you could rub the jeans with pumice stones. However today, as a result of advancing bio-

technology, industries no longer need to "fade" jeans through stones, a process which can be damaging to jean material. "Stone washing" techniques have been replaced by the process of “biostoning.” Biostoning produces the similar desired

affects which stones have on jeans, but yet instead with the help of enzymes. Notably, the industrial enzyme called cellulase can give jeans a faded look and a softer and smoother feel.

Chlorella vulgaris is a green algae found in most bodies of fresh water. Included in many dietary supplements as an immune system booster,

Read more:

One bucketful of water may contain millions of diatoms. Their abundance makes them important food sources in aquatic ecosystems. When diatoms die, their cell walls are left behind and sink to the bottom of bodies of water. Massive accumulations of diatom-rich sediments compact and solidify over long periods of time to form rock rich in fossilized diatoms that is mined for use in abrasives and filters.

Read more: Diatoms http://science.jrank.org/pages/2051/Diatoms.html#ixzz0sI6Tmian

mcr 200 lecture 1

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