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INTRODUCTION:

As we see around the globe together with central and Eastern Europe as well as Southeast Asia,

women are starting and operating their own businesses in record numbers. In Canada the

number of women entrepreneurs grew by 8% between 1996 and 2001 as compared to 0.6%

increase for men and it encourage the female entrepreneur and has enabled her to start,

possess, and manage a significant number of small businesses.

(Galor and Stelios, 2006)in economic growth between advanced and lessdeveloped countries

can narrow owing growth of entrepreneurial activity.(DeTienne and Chandler 2007)It can be

observed that female entrepreneurial activity is more sensitive to economic cycles than male

entrepreneurial activity. Then, differences in the process of creating businesses could depend

on differences of the gender of the entrepreneur.

Many governments have taken actions to support the engagement of women in self-

employment or business creation and female entrepreneurship is growing. But still gender gap

is there. Women are considered to be more competitive but they are shy. Women some ethnic

minority groups the disabled and those in rural areas may all face some degree of additional

problems in trying to start a business i.e. finance, labor, market. The increase in female and

ethnic minority entrepreneurship is likely to have a positive effect on economic development

and they are successfully starting new life.

The contribution made by women business owners to economic development includes jobcreation as well as economic growth stemming from the increase in their active involvement in

corporate life. They also enrich business processes due to the differences that exist in the way

that they act and conduct themselves compared to their male counterparts (Safarik, 2003;

Reed ,2012).

Lecture and discuss ideas then to share our findings with scholars, policy-makers, and the

greater entrepreneurial community of Sweden and, finally, to broaden our scope and engage

additional researchers from around the world to form research on female entrepreneurship

was valued. High employment growth aspiration female entrepreneurship, in different

countries. Here We investigate the brunt of general measures of the rule of law and the size of

government as well as the effects of gender specific aspects of the rule of law and the role of

the state on female entrepreneurship and higher aspiration growth projects.

people are either born with the right personality and skills or they are not, and there is not

much that one can do about it. Women can influence entrepreneurial behavior.

The number, size, and types of women owned businesses have been undergoing dramatic

changes In the USA alone, between 1987 and 1997, the number of women-owned businesses

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rose by 89%. Female entrepreneurship can also have a significant impact on economic

development and poverty lessening.

(Smallbone and Welter, 2006)Institutional theory is used as a guiding frame of reference

because the specificcharacteristics of the external environment under transition conditions

make the latter aparticularly strong influence on entrepreneurship, compared with a context

where the formal institutional framework is more benign for entrepreneurs and the macro

environment generally more stable.

The process of transformation towards market economies deprived a majority of women in the

former Soviet states of their paid jobs, as well as most of the social security provided under

socialism. In these conditions, female entrepreneurship is important not only to alleviate

growing unemployment but also to take advantage of the potential contribution of women to

economic and social transformation. The importance of women in the world of work as

business owners or employeeshas become a significant phenomenon in recent decades

throughout the developedworld, making it advisable to review the situation of women in

business (asentrepreneurs and the way that their situation in the social and family context (asconditioned by gender) facilitates or hinders their work or entrepreneurial activity.(Klapper and

Delgado 2007).The role of women entrepreneurs in the process of economic development has

been Recognized form nineties in various parts of the world. Today, in the world of business,

entrepreneurship has become an essential movement in many countries and has been

accepted in all areas of working. Entrepreneurship is essential for the continued dynamism of

the modern market economy and a greater entry rate of new businesses which can foster

competition and economic growth. For the purpose of strengthening the economies of the

countries in the region, the government should reform policies related that of gender

stereotype and mentor the families and communities (inhibitors) to recognize the women in

economic participation.

In this way, the growing presence of women in the corporate sector and the differences that

exist between men and women business owners (Pellegrino and Reece 1982; Cuba, 1983;

Renko, 2012)justify the need to carry out targeted research into woman business owners,

without the need to draw comparisons with their male counterparts. At business start-up in

particular, the aptitudes management skills, experience, etc. - of business owners become

particularly significant (Baum and Locke 2004).

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Literature Review

The increasing presence of women in the business field as entrepreneurs or business owners inthe last decades has changed the demographic characteristics of entrepreneurs. Women-

owned businesses are playing a more active role in society and the economy, inspiring

academics to focus on this interesting phenomenon.

Important academic publications such as Frontiers of Entrepreneurship (Babson, 1981), Journal

of Business Venturing (1985-) and Entrepreneurship, and Theory & Practice (formerly American

Journal of Small Business, 1988-) have encouraged the creation of studies on women as

business owners (Swedberg, 2000; Veciana 1999; Brush, 1992). Advances in this field of studies

have been helped by the fact that world institutions such as the United Nations and the

Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development have recognized the importance of

producing reports and statistics separated by gender and have encouraged their member

countries to carry out such studies.

In an attempt to find a psychological characterization of the entrepreneur, empirical studies

exploring cognitive and personality aspects such as the studies realized by (Catley and

Hamilton, 1998) and (Sexton and Bowman, 1990) maintain that there are no significant

differences between male and female entrepreneurs regarding psychological characteristics. A

recent theory developed by the psychologist (Baron-Cohen,2003) indicates, from a genetic and

biological foundation, women are physically better wired (brains structure) for empathy than

men, implying that they are better at social skills, such as their perception of other people and

social adaptability. Furthermore the social feminism theory suggests women are better

empathizers due to the fact that persons are shaped by different societal experiences. Where

men are socialized to be masterful, dominant, and competitive, women are socialized to be

nurturing and relational (Gilligan, 1982 and Aldrich, 1989; in Greene, 1999). Despite of these

theories suggesting same profile for women and men behavior not conclusive results are found

in empirical studies on entrepreneurs, e.g. Leahy and Eggers (1998).

According to various empirical studies some of the main push and pull motivations for women

to become entrepreneurs are the following: 1) push factors are dissatisfaction with their job,

flexibility to manage family obligations, independence and work aspirations; and 2) pull factors

are self-fulfillment, family and lifestyle motivators, and social recognition. In a study run by

(Amit1994), pull entrepreneurs were found to be more successful than push entrepreneurs.

Regarding to strategies in the new venture created, a general strategy follow in greater degree

in women-owned businesses is a product-service quality strategy (Chaganti and Parasuraman,

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1996). With respect to the rhythm of growth, tend to have slower early growth trajectories

(Minniti, 2005). Women showed a preference for slower-growth strategies due to the risks

associated with fast-paced growth strategies (Cliff, 1998), Gundry and Welsch (2001) analyzed

rapid-growth-oriented women entrepreneurs and identified their distinctive characteristics as

having a team-based form of organizational design, strong leadership, and utilizing a widerrange of financing sources for the expansion of the venture.(Kourilsky and Walstad, 1998; Kyro,

2001; DeMartino and Barbato, 2003),

In 2004 a cross-national study on womens entrepreneurial activity, the first study launched by

the Consortium on female entrepreneurship-. This study included 34 country members from all

over the world4, for each income group of countries was analyzed the behavior of women

entrepreneurs dimension, which considered universal factors such as: age, education, work

status, network, perceived skills, opportunity recognition, and fear of failure. (Minniti, 2005).

The results related to the traits perspective (e.g. women entrepreneurs age are in the range of

25-34 years old, except in the high-income countries where it was 35-44 years old) do not differ

from male entrepreneurs. Moreover, other studies concluded the same, not significant

demographic distinctions were found between the characteristics of male and female

entrepreneurs (Sexton and Bowman-Upton, 1990; Brush and Bird, 1996; Hisrich, 1997).

The process of how men and women entrepreneurs organize their businesses seems similar.

Both prefer to start a business with someone they know well or have had ties with on a social

level, and both prefer same-sex teams. Social networking and social capital play an important

role for women entrepreneurs recognize the fact that a single strong affiliation with a womens

organization can improve business performance(Aldrich, 2002).

Hypothesis 1:

The level of education of women business owners influences the motivations, barriers and

factors of success.

There is some controversy in corporate literature dealing with the level of education of womenbusiness owners. Certain research conclude that women business owners have a better overall

education than the majority of the population, including their male While others conclude that

the overall level of education of business owners is the same, regardless of sex, and that any

real differences that do exist refer to the type of education received.

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It could be concluded that education does not influence achieving better results in activities

carried out by both men and women. Women who have studied specific functional business

areas have a greater and better vision of how to achieve profit.

Hypothesis 2:

Occupational experience prior to the constitution of the company by women entrepreneurs.

It was noted that the occupational experience of women business owners primarily revolves

around marketing or production or family businesses, which in principle is of benefit when it

comes to beginning to manage their own companies. Women believe, as do men, that theiroccupational experience has provided them with the practical expertise required to perform

their business activities the ability to build relationships with clients and suppliers, intuition,

perspective, etc. At the same time, the experience they acquire leaves them more self-

confident, more flexible, more tolerant and also more careful

Hypothesis 3:

Experience in business influences the business activity.

Much of the literature on woman entrepreneur points out that acquired business experience

has a positive influence on the idea of starting up a new company of their own. The studies

carried out show that only a small number of women business owners have business expertise

prior to starting their new .And in general terms, women have less business experience than

men. It is noted that 60 % of the women surveyed were first time business owners.

Hypothesis 4:

The managerial skills of women business owners influence the motivations, the barriers and the

factors for their success

Certain research suggests that women behave differently from their male counterparts, namely

how they perform their managerial functions. Specifically, it would appear that women

business owners adopt a managerial style based on cultural and social values that are different

from those of men. In this regard, a number of different authors state that women business

owners use a more participative and democratic managerial style than do men, looking to

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achieve consensus with their employees, delegating a greater number of functions and sharing

a greater amount of information and power than do their male counterparts.

METHODOLOGY

Methods:

Six Czech and eight Polish women entrepreneurs participated in this study. Polish women

entrepreneurs were invited to participate through contacts with the Warsaw Chamber of

Commerce. In the Czech Republic, the Czech Business and Professional Womens Association

(APM) was first contacted for help in locating entrepreneurial women. The Chamber and

Association assisted the researchers in contacting potential candidates for the interviews.

Women were chosen to participate based on: owning a small international business; industry

(service vs. manufacturing); locationcapital city (Prague, Warsaw) vs. other areas; and abilityto meet with the researchers at a mutually convenient time.

Also, for the Czech women, selection was based on whether or not they participated in a small

business training program offered through the APM. The APM program was supported by

USAID with courses in The Czech Republic followed by a summer in the United States where the

women shadowed American entrepreneurs. To test the role of formal business training, the

Czech sample was divided between a group of 68 LITUCHY AND REAVLEY women who received

the APM training and a group who did not. The results for these two Czech sub-samples were

compared to those of the Polish participants who had not (as a group) completed a program

similar to that offered by the APM. Similar to research in this area conducted in other countries

(McCarthy et al., 1997; Pellegrino and Reece, 1982), the case study method was employed forthe purpose of data collection. A bilingual research assistant conducted structured interviews in

Czech or Polish. The interviews were tape recorded with the permission of the interviewees.

Structured, open-ended questions were used as the primary data-gathering instrument. The

interview was divided into five parts. In the first part of the interview, each participant was

asked to provide demographic information. In the second part of the interview, each

participant was asked to give a brief history of her business and to explain why she decided to

start her own business; what problems she faced at the start-up stage; and what she most

enjoys about being in business. In the third part of the interview, each participant provided

further background information on her business, including type, year registered, ownership,

products/services, customers, competition, size, and growth in sales, and number of

employees. In part four of the interview, each participant was asked open-ended questions

about the successes and challenges she faced. Specifically, shewas asked to describe any

problems she had encountered in several business management areas, including finance,

marketing, technology, production, managing people, and government regulations. Each

woman was also asked to identify the decision making style she used and to summarize what it

means to her to be a woman in business. Finally, each entrepreneur was asked to discuss her

plans for the future. The interviewtapeswere transcribed and translated into English by

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bilingual research assistants. The researchers coded the transcripts following the methods

described byYin (1984) and Miles and Huberman (1984). Transcripts were then analyzed and

coded by two of the researchers, individually, for each dimension of the three models of

entrepreneurship. Next, the researchers compared results. Inter-rater reliability ranged from

85%98% for each of the women in the study. The researchers then reviewed any differences

and came to an agreement on each of these items.

RESEARCH SAMPLE 1:

A mailed questionnaire survey was used primarily as a research methodology.

In this research, the Manifest Needs Questionnaire (MNQ) developed by Steers and

Braunstein [23] was used to obtain responses for the four needs under studyachievement;

affiliation; autonomy; and dominance. This instrument consists of 20 items assessing the extent

to which respondents demonstrate certain behaviours in the work environment. Besides

answering questions regarding their behaviours at work, respondents were also required to

provide some information about themselves, e.g. educational background and familybackground. Entrepreneurs were required to answer additional questions on their businesses,

e.g. age of business founding. Basically, two groups of respondents were included in this study

women entrepreneurs and women employees. Convenience sampling [ 24] was the primary

sampling technique used for the purpose of this research. A total of 343 questionnaires were

sent and 110 questionnaires were used in this study53 entrepreneurs and 57 employees.

SAMPLE 2:

The target population of this study comprises women business owners from the Community of

Valencia. A sample of 155 businesses started by women was chosen. The sample size ensures amaximum error of 7.8 %, with a confidence level of 95 %, at worst, for dichotomous questions

(p0q050 %). The information was obtained through surveys carried out in person with the

women business owners. The design of the questions was primarily based on studies that had

already been tested, including amongst others, those carried out by Verheul and Thurik (2001),

Ribeiro (2003a and b), Carter et al. (2007). As far as the validity and reliability of the scales used,

Chronbachs internal consistency was used to verify the reliability of the scale for each factor.

Work on testing the hypothesis begins with the factorial analysis carried out in an earlier

research piece (Akehurst et al. 2012) followed by a series of linear regressions. Factor analysis

carried out for each of the issues addressed - motivations, barriers and factors for success

allows us to determine the constructs that are going to be formed, guaranteeing the validity ofeach and every one of them. Four factors were obtained from the factor analysis carried out on

the motivation dimension, which explains 71.57 % of the variance: born entrepreneurs,

recognition and inheritance, financial and professional ambition and job dissatisfaction. The

business barriers faced by women dimension, which explains 69.34 % of the variance, is

comprised of 5 factors: difficulties with infrastructures and training, difficulties as a

consequence of gender, bureaucratic and financial difficulties, competitive difficulties and

conciliation difficulties. Lastly, factors for success consisted of a single factor (managerial

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skills) that explains 60.44 % of the variance. Once the factor analysis was carried out, the

hypotheses under consideration were tested using linear regressions. Three linear regressions

were carried out to link dependent variables - motivations, difficulties and factors for success-

with the independent variables thatwere referred to in the theoretical framework level of

education.

Sample 3:

To test the model and hypotheses we use data gathered through a survey exploring the

determinants of risk behaviour in Bulgarian enterprises (Andronov and Aleksandrova, 2003). A

stratified sampling technique was used to compose the sample, which included 382 owner-

managers of enterprises with less than ten employees (Andronov and Aleksandrova, 2003).

There are no significant differences between the distribution of the selected enterprises and

the total population of such enterprises in Bulgaria according to sector, number of employees,

and region. In this study an entrepreneur is someone who is an owner-manager of a business.

The sample contains 141 female entrepreneurs (36.9 per cent of the sample) and 241 male

entrepreneurs (63.1 per cent of the sample), which is similar to the gender distribution of the

total population of entrepreneurs in Bulgaria according to the National Statistical Institute (NSI,

2004).

Conclusion:

The purpose of this study is to determine which variables linked to the skills of women business

ownerslevel of education, previous occupational experience, prior business expertise and

managerial skillsare related to their motivations at business startup, the barriers facing them

when starting a business and the key factors for success in entrepreneurship.

The analysis undertaken shows that the lack of education and managerial skills of women

business owners are two of the most important variables when it comes to understanding the

motivations and the difficulties they face:

1. The lack of education impedes born entrepreneurship in women and compounds the barriers

and difficulties facing them when running a business. Taking into account the fact that anumber of different studies conclude that long-term growth and prosperity result from an

increased involvement of women in corporate life (Reynolds et al 2001), there might be merit

to implementing specific approaches that encourage women entrepreneurs to continue their

education.

2. Managerial skills appear to be positively linked to that factors that motivate and push women

towards starting their own businesses. Nevertheless, women business owners possessing the

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best skills for running a company feel that they are faced with increased difficulties. This fact

might at first appear striking, but it can be explained by a greater awareness of these women

entrepreneurs when dealing with all issues involving business start-up. This would imply

perhaps that they should work to simplify proceduresbureaucracy, administration etc.

required to go through when starting a business.

Lastly, this study does have its limitations and these could form the foundations of futureresearch. On the one hand, the results cannot be applied to other areas and regions that do not

share the same characteristics.

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THE FEMALE-ENTREPRENEURSHIP FIELD: 1990-2004.Women Entrepreneurs: A Comparison ofInternational Small Business Owners in Poland and the Czech RepublicEmployment situationof women in Pakistan. Effects of globalization on women

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Diana: a symbol of women entrepreneurs hunt for knowledge, money, and the rewards of

entrepreneurship.Examining Female Entrepreneurs' Management Style: An Application of a

Relational Frame.

Gender factors and female entrepreneurship: International evidence and policy implications

Genome-wide association studies in economics and entrepreneurship research: promises and

limitations.

Women in business: entrepreneurship, ethics and efficiency.

Womens entrepreneurship from an institutional perspective: the case of Uzbekistan.

WORKING IN THE UNCHARTED TECHNOLOGY FRONTIER: CHARACTERISTICS OF WOMEN

ENTREMRENEURSGIP.The motivation of

women entrepreneurs in Singapore.