mb0030 complete

8/9/2019 Mb0030 Complete

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Name: Mushtaq Ahmad Para

Registration No.: 520950361

MBA II SEM

Marketing Management- MB0030

MB0030

Registration No:


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MBA II SEM

Financial Management - MB0030

Set 1

Q1. Explain the meaning of marketing and its importance in business?

Ans. Marketing Management is a business discipline which is focused on the practical application of marketing

techniques and the management of a firm's marketing resources and activities. Rapidly emerging forces of

globalization have compelled firms to market beyond the borders of their home country making International

marketing highly significant and an integral part of a firm's marketing strategy. Marketing managers are often

responsible for influencing the level, timing, and composition of customer demand accepted definition of the term.

In part, this is because the role of a marketing manager can vary significantly based on a business' size, corporate

culture, andindustry context. For example, in a large consumer products company, the marketing manager may act

as the overall general manager of his or her assigned product To create an effective, cost-efficient Marketing

management strategy, firms must possess a detailed, objectiveunderstanding of their own business and the market in

which they operate. In analyzing these issues, the discipline of marketing management often overlaps with therelated discipline ofstrategic planning.

Traditionally, marketing analysis was structured into three areas: Customer analysis, Company analysis, and

Competitor analysis(so-called "3Cs" analysis). More recently, it has become fashionable in some marketing circles to

divide these further into certain five "Cs": Customer analysis, Company analysis, Collaborator analysis, Competitor

analysis, and analysis of the industry Context.

Department analysis is to develop a schematic diagram formarket segmentation, breaking down the market into

various constituent groups of customers, which are called customer segments or market segmentations. Marketing

managers work to develop detailed profiles of each segment, focusing on any number of variables that may differ

among the segments: demographic, psychographic, geographic, behavioural, needs-benefit, and other factors may all

be examined. Marketers also attempt to track these segments' perceptions of the various products in the market using

tools such asperceptual mapping.

In company analysis, marketers focus on understanding the company's cost structure and cost position relative to

competitors, as well as working to identify a firm's core competencies and other competitively distinct company

resources. Marketing managers may also work with the accounting department to analyze the profits the firm is

generating from variousproduct linesand customer accounts. The company may also conduct periodicbrand auditsto

assess the strength of its brands and sources ofbrand equity.

The firm's collaborators may also be profiled, which may include various suppliers, distributorsand other channel

partners, joint venture partners, and others. An analysis ofcomplementary products may also be performed if such

products exist.

Marketing management employs various tools from economics and competitive strategy to analyze the industry

context in which the firm operates. These include Porter's five forces, analysis of strategic groups of competitors,

value chainanalysis and others. Depending on the industry, theregulatorycontext may also be important to examine

in detail.

In Competitor analysis, marketers build detailed profiles of each competitor in the market, focusing especially on

their relative competitive strengths and weaknesses using SWOT analysis. Marketing managers will examine each

competitor's cost structure, sources of profits, resources and competencies, competitive positioning and product

differentiation, degree ofvertical integration, historical responses to industry developments, and other factors.

Marketing management often finds it necessary to invest in research to collect the data required to perform accurate

marketing analysis. As such, they often conduct market research (alternately marketing research) to obtain this

information. Marketers employ a variety of techniques to conduct market research, but some of the more common

include: Qualitative marketing research, such as focus groups

Quantitative marketing research, such as statistical surveys

Experimental techniques such astest markets
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pedia.org/wiki/Core_competencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resource-Based_Viewhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resource-Based_Viewhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accountinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Profit_(accounting)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Product_lininghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brand_audits&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brand_equityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distribution_(business)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_venturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complement_goodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competitive_strategyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porter_5_forces_analysishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strategic_grouphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Value_chainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regulationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SWOT_analysishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Positioning_(marketing)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Product_differentiationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Product_differentiationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertical_integrationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Market_researchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marketing_researchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qualitative_marketing_researchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Focus_groupshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantitative_marketing_researchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistical_surveyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experimental_techniqueshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Test_markethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marketing


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Observational techniques such asethnographic (on-site) observation

Marketing managers may also design and oversee various environmental scanning and competitive intelligence

processes to help identify trends and inform the company's marketing analysis.

Though marketing is tied to Sales it continues to be an expenditure that is hard to link to growth in sales. Given the

economic down turn many world economies or companies are facing... how would a function like marketing justify

itself as a necessary expenditure so it would not be cut... budget or as a department.In a downturn, marketing becomes even more important to the company's bottom line, making a profit. A marketing

plan is key to establishing the dimensions of your market, where you fit according to your product and identifying

where a company should focus its marketing budget to achieve the best overall results.

In a downturn, marketing helps to identify new markets, target new customers and determine the value of the

product. If the product that is currently in production does not have a substantial customer base of support, if sales

are slipping and competition is securing your former market share. Marketing helps to identify the need for a product

revitalization or reinvention.

Q2.Explain the relevance of BCG matrix and GE matrix with examples

Ans. This model is used to identify companys SBUs position in the market. This model identifies the SBUs

strengths weaknesses, opportunities and threats on the basis of market growth rate and relative market share.

This model is also known as growth share matrix. The origin of the Boston Matrix lies with the Boston ConsultingGroup in the early 1970s. It was devised as a clear and simple method for helping corporations decide which parts of

their business they should allocate their available cash to. Today, this is as important as ever because of the limited

availability of credit.

However, the Boston Matrix is also a good tool for thinking about where to apply other finite resources: people, time

and equipment. Market share is the percentage of the total market that is being serviced by your company, measured

either in revenue terms or unit volume terms. The higher your market share, the higher proportion of the market you

control. The Boston Matrix assumes that if you enjoy a high market share you will normally be making money (this

assumption is based on the idea that you will have been in the market long enough to have learned how to be

profitable, and will be enjoying scale economies that give you an advantage).

The question it asks is, "Should you be investing your resources into that product line just because it is making you

money?" The answer is, "not necessarily." This is where market growth comes into play. Market growth is used as ameasure of a market's attractiveness. Markets experiencing high growth are ones where the total market is expanding,

which should provide the opportunity for businesses to make more money, even if their market share remains stable.

By contrast, competition in low growth markets is often bitter, and while you might have high market share now,

what will the situation look like in a few months or a few years? This makes low growth markets less attractive

Axis components:

a. Market Growth rate: the rate at which market is growing.

b. Relative Market Share: market share of the SBU dived by the market share of the largest competitor.
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Model Components:

These groups are explained below:

Dogs:

Low Market Share / Low Market Growth. In these areas, SBUs market presence is weak, so it's going to take a lot

of hard work to get noticed. Also, you won't enjoy the scale economies of the larger players, so it's going to be

difficult to make a profit.

Cash Cows:

High Market Share / Low Market Growth Here, SBUs are well-established, so it's easy to get attention and exploit

new opportunities. However it's only worth expending a certain amount of effort, because the market isn't growing

and your opportunities are limited. here we can say cash cow can be milked.

Stars:

High Market Share / High Market Growth Here SBUs are well-established, and growth is exciting! These arefantastic opportunities, and you should work hard to realize them.

Question Marks (Problem Child)

Low Market Share / High Market Growth These are the opportunities no one knows what to do with. They aren't

generating much revenue right now because you don't have a large market share. But, they are in high growth markets

so the potential to make money is there. Here there are two choices, either to invest heavily to bring it to star position

or divest or liquidate from that position. Question Marks might become Stars and eventual Cash Cows, but they

could just as easily absorb effort with little return. These opportunities need serious thought as to whether increased

investment is warranted.

Key Points

The Boston Matrix is an effective tool for quickly assessing the options open to you, both on a corporate and personal

basis. With its easily understood classification into "Dogs", "Cash Cows", "Question Marks" and "Stars", it helps you

quickly and simply screen the opportunities open to you, and helps you think about how you can make the most of

them.

Limitations:

As any other marketing theories in the field, the BCG matrix model is not perfect either. There are according

problems of this theory. Some limitations concerning the particular use of BCG include:

1. Only two dimensions market share and product or service growth rate, are employed. These are the first

limitations.

2. How to define market and how to get data about market share are also problems.

3. High market shares dont always necessarily lead to profit at all times. It is not the only success factor.

4. Low share or niche businesses can be profitable too, which means in the real world some Dogs can be more

profitable than cash Cows.

5. The model cannot reflect the growth rates of the general market and market growth is not the only indicator for

market attractiveness.

6. The model also neglects the effects of synergy between different business units.

The GE screen matrix is essentially a derivation of the Boston Consulting Groups Boston growth matrix. It was

developed by McKinsey and Co. for General Electric as it had been recognized that the Boston Consulting Group

matrix was not flexible enough to take broader issues into account The GE matrix cross-references market

attractiveness and business position using three criteria for each high, medium and low. The market attractiveness

considers variables relating to the market itself, including the rate of market growth, market size, potential barriers to

entering the market, the number and size of competitors, the actual profit margins currently enjoyed, and the

technological implications of involvement in the market. The business position criteria look at the businesss

strengths and weaknesses in a variety of fields. These include its position in relation to its competitors, and the


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businesss ability to handle product research, development and ultimate production. It also considers how well placed

the management is to deploy these resources. The matrix differs in its complexity compared with the Boston

Consulting Group matrix. Superimposed on the basic diagram are a number of circles. These circles are of variable

size (see Figure 22). The size of each represents the size of each market. Within each circle is a clearly defined

segment which represents the businesss market share within that market. The larger the circle, the larger the market,

and the larger the segment, the larger the market share.

Q3. What to do mean by MIS? Explain its benefits, types and components?

Ans. A management information system (MIS) is a system or process that provides information needed to manage

organizations effectively [1]. Management information systems are regarded to be a subset of the overall internal

controlsprocedures in a business, which cover the application of people, documents, technologies, and procedures by

management accountants to solve business problems such as costing a product, service or a business-wide strategy.

Management information systems are distinct from regular information systems in that they are used to analyze other

information systems applied in operational activities in the organization.[2] Academically, the term is commonly used

to refer to the group of information management methods tied to the automation or support of human decision

making, e.g. Decision Support Systems, Expert systems, and Executive information systems.[2]

MIS as System: MIS is a system, which makes available the right information to the right person at the right place, at

the right time, in the right form & at the right cost.

At the start, in businesses and other organizations, internal reporting was made manually and only periodically, as a

by-product of the accounting system and with some additional statistic(s), and gave limited and delayed information

on management performance. Previously, data had to be separated individually by the people as per the requirement

and necessity of the organization. Later, data was distinguished from information, and instead of the collection of

mass of data, important, and to the point data that is needed by the organization was stored.

Early on, business computers were mostly used for relatively simple operations such as tracking sales or payroll data,

often without much detail. Over time these applications became more complex and began to store increasing amounts

of information while also interlinking with previously separate information systems. As more and more data was

stored and linked man began to analyze this information into further detail, creating entire management reports from

the raw, stored data. The term "MIS" arose to describe these kinds of applications, which were developed to provide

managers with information about sales, inventories, and other data that would help in managing the enterprise. Today,

the term is used broadly in a number of contexts and includes (but is not limited to): decision support systems,

resource and people management applications, ERP, SCM, CRM, project management and database retrieval

application.

An 'MIS' is a planned system of the collecting, processing, storing and disseminating data in the form of information

needed to carry out the functions of management. In a way it is a documented report of the activities that were

planned and executed. According to Philip Kotler"A marketing information system consists of people, equipment,

and procedures to gather, sort, analyze, evaluate, and distribute needed, timely, and accurate information to marketing

decision makers." [3]

The terms MISand information systemare often confused. Information systems include systems that are not intendedfor decision making. The area of study called MIS is sometimes referred to, in a restrictive sense, as information

technology management. That area of study should not be confused with computer science. IT service management is

a practitioner-focused discipline. MIS has also some differences with Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) as ERP

incorporates elements that are not necessarily focused on decision support.

Any successful MIS must support a businesses Five Year Plan or its equivalent. It must provide for reports based up

performance analysis in areas critical to that plan, with feedback loops that allow for titivation of every aspect of the

business, including recruitment and training regimens. In effect, MIS must not only indicate how things are going, but

why they are not going as well as planned where that is the case. These reports would include performance relative to

cost centers and projects that drive profit or loss, and do so in such a way that indentifies individual accountability,

and in virtual real-time.

Benefits

1. Improves personal efficiency

2. Expedites problem solving(speed up the progress of problems solving in an organization)

3. Facilitates interpersonal communication

4. Promotes learning or training

5. Increases organizational control6. Generates new evidence in support of a decision

7. Creates a competitive advantage over competition

8. Encourages exploration and discovery on the part of the decision maker
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9. Reveals new approaches to thinking about the problem space

10. Helps automate the Managerial processes.

Decision Support Systems (DSS) are a specific class of computerized information systems that supports business and

organizational decision-making activities

Definition: Management Information Systems (MIS) is the term given to the discipline focused on the integration ofcomputer systems with the aims and objectives on an organisation. It does the following function .

- sub serves managerial function

- collects stores , evaluates information systematically and routinely

- supports planning and control decisions

- Includes files , hardware , software , software and operations research models

It Facilitates planning

In Minimizes information overload

MIS Encourages Decentralization

It brings Co ordination

It makes control easier

MIS assembles, process , stores , Retrieves , evaluates and Disseminates the information

TypesManagement information systems are those systems that allow managers to make decisions for the successful

operation of businesses. Management information systems consist of computer resources, people, and procedures

used in the modern business enterprise. The termMISstands for management information systems. MIS also refers

to the organization that develops and maintains most or all of the computer systems in the enterprise so that managers

can make decisions. The goal of the MIS organization is to deliver information systems to the various levels of

corporate managers. MISprofessionals create and support the computer system throughout the company. Trained and

educated to work with corporate computer systems, these professionals are responsible in some way for nearly all of

the computers, from the largest mainframe to the desktop and portable PCs.

Management information systems can be used as a support to managers to provide a competitive advantage. The

system must support the goals of the organization. Most organizations are structured along functional lines, and the

typical systems are identified as follows:

Accounting management information systems: All accounting reports are shared by all levels of accountingmanagers.

Financial management information systems: The financial management information system provides financial

information to all financial managers within an organization including the chief financial officer. The chief financial

officer analyzes historical and current financial activity, projects future financial needs, and monitors and controls the

use of funds over time using the information developed by the MIS department.

Manufacturing management information systems: More than any functional area, operations have been impacted

by great advances in technology. As a result, manufacturing operations have changed. For instance, inventories are

provided just in time so that great amounts of money are not spent for warehousing huge inventories. In some

instances, raw materials are even processed on railroad cars waiting to be sent directly to the factory. Thus there is no

need for warehousing.

Marketing management information systems: A marketing management information system supports managerial

activity in the area of product development, distribution, pricing decisions, promotional effectiveness, and sales

forecasting. More than any other functional area, marketing systems rely on external sources of data. These sources

include competition and customers, for example.

Human resources management information systems: Human resources management information systems are

concerned with activities related to workers, managers, and other individuals employed by the organization. Because

the personnel function relates to all other areas in business, the human resources management information system

plays a valuable role in ensuring organizational success. Activities performed by the human resources management

information systems include, work-force analysis and planning, hiring, training, and job assignments.

Components

Components of MIS:-

1) Marketing Research System (MRS)

2) Marketing Intelligence System (MIS)


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3) Internal Record System (IRS)

4) Decision Support System (DSS)

Q5. Explain the consumer buying decision process with respect to new product. Give example?

Ans. Research suggests that customers go through a five-stage decision-making process in any purchase. This issummarised in the diagram below:

This model is important for anyone making marketing decisions. It forces the marketer to consider the whole buying

process rather than just the purchase decision (when it may be too late for a business to influence the choice!)

The model implies that customers pass through all stages in every purchase. However, in more routine purchases,customers often skip or reverse some of the stages.

For example, a student buying a favourite hamburger would recognise the need (hunger) and go right to the purchase

decision, skipping information search and evaluation. However, the model is very useful when it comes to

understanding any purchase that requires some thought and deliberation.

The buying process starts with need recognition. At this stage, the buyer recognises a problem or need (e.g. I am

hungry, we need a new sofa, I have a headache) or responds to a marketing stimulus (e.g. you pass Starbucks and are

attracted by the aroma of coffee and chocolate muffins).

An aroused customer then needs to decide how much information (if any) is required. If the need is strong and there

is a product or service that meets the need close to hand, then a purchase decision is likely to be made there and then.

If not, then the process of information search begins.

A customer can obtain information from several sources:

Personal sources: family, friends, neighbours etc

Commercial sources: advertising; salespeople; retailers; dealers; packaging; point-of-sale displays

Public sources: newspapers, radio, television, consumer organisations; specialist magazines

Experiential sources: handling, examining, using the product

The usefulness and influence of these sources of information will vary by product and by customer. Research

suggests that customers value and respect personal sources more than commercial sources (the influence of word of

mouth). The challenge for the marketing team is to identify which information sources are most influential in their

target markets.

In the evaluation stage, the customer must choose between the alternative brands, products and services.


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How does the customer use the information obtained?

An important determinant of the extent of evaluation is whether the customer feels involved in the product. By

involvement, we mean the degree of perceived relevance and personal importance that accompanies the choice.

Where a purchase is highly involving, the customer is likely to carry out extensive evaluation.

High-involvement purchases include those involving high expenditure or personal risk for example buying a

house, a car or making investments.

Low involvement purchases (e.g. buying a soft drink, choosing some breakfast cereals in the supermarket) have very

simple evaluation processes.

Why should a marketer need to understand the customer evaluation process?

The answer lies in the kind of information that the marketing team needs to provide customers in different buying

situations.

In high-involvement decisions, the marketer needs to provide a good deal of information about the positive

consequences of buying. The sales force may need to stress the important attributes of the product, the advantages

compared with the competition; and maybe even encourage trial or sampling of the product in the hope of

securing the sale.

Post-purchase evaluation - Cognitive Dissonance

The final stage is the post-purchase evaluation of the decision. It is common for customers to experience concerns

after making a purchase decision. This arises from a concept that is known as cognitive dissonance. The customer,

having bought a product, may feel that an alternative would have been preferable. In these circumstances that

customer will not repurchase immediately, but is likely to switch brands next time.

To manage the post-purchase stage, it is the job of the marketing team to persuade the potential customer that theproduct will satisfy his or her needs. Then after having made a purchase, the customer should be encouraged that he

or she has made the right decision.

Q6. Explain the different consumer behaviour models?

ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS BUYER'S BLACK BOX

BUYER'S RESPONSE

Marketing Stimuli Environmental StimuliBuyer Characteristics Decision Process

Product

Price

Place

Promotion

Economic

Technological

Political

Cultural

Demographic

Natural

Attitudes

Motivation

Perceptions

Personality

Lifestyle

Knowledge

Problem recognition

Information search

Alternative evaluation

Purchase decision

Post-purchase

behaviour

Product choice

Brand choiceDealer choice

Purchase timing

Purchase amount

The black box model shows the interaction of stimuli, consumer characteristics, decision process and consumer

responses.[1] It can be distinguished between interpersonal stimuli (between people) or intrapersonal stimuli (within

people). The black box model is related to the black box theory ofbehaviourism, where the focus is not set on the

processes inside a consumer, but the relation between the stimuli and the response of the consumer. The marketing

stimuli are planned and processed by the companies, whereas the environmental stimulus are given by social factors,

based on the economical, political and cultural circumstances of a society. The buyers black box contains the buyer

characteristics and the decision process, which determines the buyers response.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumer_behaviour#cite_note-sandhusen218-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumer_behaviour#cite_note-sandhusen218-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stimulus_(psychology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_box_theoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behaviorismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marketinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumer_behaviour#cite_note-sandhusen218-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stimulus_(psychology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_box_theoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behaviorismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marketing


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The black box model considers the buyers response as a result of a conscious, rational decision process, in which it is

assumed that the buyer has recognized the problem. However, in reality many decisions are not made in awareness of

a determined problem by the consumer.

Information search

Once the consumer has recognised a problem, they search for information on products and services that can solve that

problem. Belch and Belch (2007) explain that consumers undertake both an internal (memory) and an external search.

Sources of information include:

Personal sources

Commercial sources

Public sources

Personal experience

The relevant internal psychological process that is associated with information search is perception. Perception is

defined as 'the process by which an individual receives, selects, organises, and interprets information to create a

meaningful picture of the world'

The selective perception process

Stage Description

-Selective exposure consumers select which promotional messages they will expose themselves to.

-Selective attention consumers select which promotional messages they will pay attention to

- Selective comprehension consumer interpret messages in line with their beliefs, attitudes, motives and experiences

- Selective retention consumers remember messages that are more meaningful or important to them

The implications of this process help develop an effective promotional strategy, and select which sources of

information are more effective for the brand.CV

Information evaluation

At this time the consumer compares the brands and products that are in their evoked set. How can the marketing

organization increase the likelihood that their brand is part of the consumer's evoked (consideration) set? Consumers

evaluate alternatives in terms of the functional and psychological benefits that they offer. The marketing organization

needs to understand what benefits consumers are seeking and therefore which attributes are most important in terms

of making a decision.

Purchase decision

Once the alternatives have been evaluated, the consumer is ready to make a purchase decision. Sometimes purchase

intention does not result in an actual purchase. The marketing organization must facilitate the consumer to act on their

purchase intention. The organisation can use variety of techniques to achieve this. The provision of credit or payment

terms may encourage purchase, or a sales promotion such as the opportunity to receive a premium or enter a

competition may provide an incentive to buy now. The relevant internal psychological process that is associated with

purchase decision is integration. Once the integration is achieved, the organisation can influence the purchase

decisions much more easily.

Post purchase evaluation

It is common for customers to experience concerns after making a purchase decision. This arises from a concept that

is known as cognitive dissonance. The customer, having bought a product, may feel that an alternative would have

been preferable. In these circumstances that customer will not repurchase immediately, but is likely to switch brandsnext time.


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To manage the post-purchase stage, it is the job of the marketing team to persuade the potential customer that the

product will satisfy his or her needs. Then after having made a purchase, the customer should be encouraged that he

or she has made the right decision. It is not affected by advertisement.

Internal influences

Consumer behaviour is influenced by: demographics, psychographics (lifestyle), personality, motivation, knowledge,

attitudes, beliefs, and feelings. Consumer behaviour concern with consumer need consumer actions in the direction of

satisfying needs leads to his behaviour of every individual depend on thinking

External influences

Consumer behaviour is influenced by: culture, sub-culture, locality, royalty, ethnicity, family, social class, reference

groups, lifestyle, and market mix factors.


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MBA II SEM

Financial Management - MB0030

Set 2

Q1. Give a short note on bases of Segmentation?

Ans. Process of dividing the market according to similarities that exist among the various subgroups within the

market. The similarities may be common characteristics or common needs and desires. Market segmentation comes

about as a result of the observation that all potential users of a product are not alike, and that the same general appeal

will not interest all prospects. Therefore, it becomes essential to develop different marketing tactics based on the

differences among potential users in order to effectively cover the entire market for a particular product. There are

four basic market segmentation strategies: behavior segmentation, demographic segmentation, geographic

segmentation, and physiographic segmentation.

B. Analyse the pricing methods with relevant examples.

Pricing methods

The main methods used are:

Return-on-investment pricing

Cashflow pricing (payback)

Competitor pricing

Price slot pricing

The targets under each method will depend on whether the organisation aims to make a quick profit or is aiming to

build up a market or brand. Many publishers will not invest in new titles, which do not make a fast profit on the first

printing. Organisations with, or with access to, large cash resources, can develop titles and lists for longer term

potential. In young economies most publishers producing textbooks for the Ministry of Education or local parents willexpect to recover all new title costs in the first printing even under competitive tendering processes.

Method Explanation

Return on

Investment pricing

1

The investment in publishing terms is defined as the first edition costs up to printing

stage (and perhaps including promotional expenditure. The profit is the difference

between revenues from sales less printing, distribution and royalty costs. This method

is not widely used in book publishing as the investment per title is low

Return on

Investment pricing

2

The cashflows are calculated for all costs and revenues directly associated with the title

as above. The Internal Rate of Return (IRR) or Net Present Value (NPV) is then

calculated. This method is becoming more widely used in the media industries ascomputer spreadsheets facilitate the calculation.

Cash flow Pricing This is a simplified version of Return on Investment Pricing. The Payback rather than

the Net Present Value is calculated. Both methods can be combined usefully

Competitor pricing This is a pricing policy rather than method of calculation. The publisher will estimate

the cost of developing a book that will sell successfully against books from

competitors. The selling price may be different to those of competitors products if the

publisher decides to compete by offering a different treatment, design approach, selling

price, and pagination.

Price Slot pricing Where market search proves the need for price slots, or major customers demand,

publishers will work backwards to produce books that will sell at the agreed slots


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Q2. Explain the benefits and demerits of the different types of advertising media. How will a marketer decided

on the suitable media for his/her products?

Newspapers

Benefits

Your ad has size and share, and can be as large as necessary to communicate as much of a story as you care

to tell.

The distribution of your message can be limited to your geographic area.

Split-run tests are available to test your copy and your offer.

Free help is usually available to create and produce your ad.

Fast closings. The ad you decide to run today can be in your customer's hands two days from now.

Demerits

Clutter. Your ad has to compete for attention against large ads run by supermarkets and department stores.

Poor photo reproduction limits creativity.

A price-oriented medium. Most ads are for sales.

Short shelf life. The day after a newspaper appears, it's history.

Waste circulation. You're paying to send your message to a lot of people who will probably never be in the

market to buy from you.

A highly visible medium. Your competitors can quickly react to your prices.

Magazines

Benefits

High reader involvement means more attention will be paid to your advertisement.

Less waste circulation. You can place your ads in magazines read primarily by buyers of your product or

service.

The smaller the page (generally eight and half by eleven inches) permits even small ads to stand out.Demerits

Long lead times (generally 90 days) mean you have to make plans a long time in advance.

The cost for space is higher in addition to higher creative costs.

Yellow Pages

Benefits

Everyone uses the yellow pages.

Ads are reasonably inexpensive.

You can easily track your responses.

Demerits All of your competitors are listed so you run the ad as a defensive measure.

Ads are not very creative since they follow certain formats.

Radio

Benefits

A universal medium. Can be enjoyed at home, at work, and while driving. Most people listen to the radio at

one time or another during the day.

Permits you to target your advertising dollars to the market most likely to respond to your offer.

Permits you to create a personality for your business using only sounds and voices.

Free creative help is ususally available.

Rates can generally be negotiated.

Least inflated medium. During the past ten years, radio rates have gone up less than other media.


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Demerits

Because radio listeners are spread over many stations, to totally saturate your market you have to advertise

simultaneously on many stations.

Listeners cannot refer back to your ads to go over important points.

Ads are an interruption to the entertainment. Because of this, radio ads must be repeated to break through the

listener's "tune out" factor.

Radio is a background medium. Most listeners are doing something else while listening, which means your

ad has to work hard to be listened to and understood.

Advertising costs are based on ratings which are approximations based on diaries kept in a relatively small

fraction of a region's homes.

Television

Benefits

Permits you to reach great numbers of people on a national or regional level.

Independent stations and cable offer new opportunities to pinpoint local audiences.

Very much an image-building medium.

Demerits

Ads on network affiliates are concentrated in local news broadcasts and on station breaks.

Creative and production costs can quickly mount up.

Lead time can result in items being sold out before ad runs.

Most ads are ten or thirty seconds long, which limits the amount of information you can communicate.

Direct Mail

Benefits

Your advertising message is targeted to those most likely to buy your product or service.

Your message can be as long as necessary to fully tell your story.

You have total control over all elements of creation and production.

A "silent" medium. Your message is hidden from your competitors until it's too late for them to react.

Demerits

Long lead times required for creative printing and mailing.

Requires coordinating the services of many people: artists, photographers, printers, etc.

Each year over 20% of the population moves, meaning you must work hard to keep your mail list up to date.

Likewise, a certain percentage of the names on a purchased mailing list is likely to be no longer useful.

Telemarketing

Benefits You can easily answer questions about your product/service.

It's easy to prospect and find the right person to talk to.

Cost effective compared to direct sales.

Highly measurable results.

You can get a lot of information if your script is properly structured.

Demerits

Many business use telemarketing.

Professionals should draft the script and perform the telemarketing in order for it to be effective.

Can be extremely expensive.

Most appropriate for high-ticket retail items or professional services.


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Q3. Write a note on new product development and product mix.

Ans.New product development: New product development NPD is a process which is designed to develop, test and

consider the viability of product which are new to the market in order to ensure the growth or survival of the

organisation.

New Product Development Process:

Idea Generation and Screening

Concept Development and Testing

Marketing Strategy

Business Analysis

Product Development

Test Marketing

Commercialization

Product Mix: Product mix is a combination of products manufactured or traded by the same business house to

reinforce their presence in the market, increase market share and increase the turnover for more profitability.

Normally the product mix is within the synergy of other products for a medium size organization. However large

groups of Industries may have diversified products within core competency. Larsen & Toubro Ltd, Godrej, Reliance

in India are some of the examples.

One of the realities of business is that most firms deal with multi-products .This helps a firm diffuse its risk across

different product groups/Also it enables the firm to appeal to a much larger group of customers or to different needs

of the same customer group .So when Videocon chose to diversify into other consumer durables like music systems,

washing machines and refrigerators, it sought to satisfy the needs of the middle and upper middle income group of

consumers.

Likewise, Bajaj Electricals a household name in India has almost ninety products in i8ts portfolio ranging from low

value items like bulbs to high priced consumer durables like mixers and luminaires and lighting projects .The number

of products carried by a firm at a given point of time is called its product mix. This product mix contains product lines

and product items .In other words its a composite of products offered for sale by a firm.

Q4. Select any brand of toilet soap and evaluate its positioning strengths or weaknesses in terms of attributes,

benefits, values, brand name and brand equity. Also, examine how competitive brands influence the marketing

strategies of the selected soap?

LUX

Lux soap was first launched in 1916 as laundry soap targeted specifically at 'delicates'. Lever Brothers encouraged

women to home launder their clothes without fear of satins and silks being turned yellow by harsh lyes that were

often used in soaps at the time. The flake-type soap allowed the manufacturer some leeway from lye because it did

not need to be shaped into traditional cake-shaped loaves as other soaps were. The result was a gentler soap thatdissolved more readily and was advertised as suitable for home laundry use. Lux toilet soap was introduced in 1925

as bathroom soap. The name 'Lux' was chosen as a play on the word "luxury." Lux has been marketed in several

forms, including bar and flake and liquid (hand wash, shower gel and cream bath soap). Lux in step with the changing

trends and evolving beauty needs of the consumers, offers an exciting range of soaps and Body Washes with unique

elements to make bathing time more pleasurable. One can choose from a range of skincare benefits like firming,

fairness and moisturising. Lux stands for the promise of beauty and glamour as one of India's most trusted personal

care brands. Since its launch in India in the year 1929, Lux has offered a range of soaps in different colours and world

class fragrances. Lux is a beauty soap of film stars. Lux recognized the need for a compelling message about beauty

that would resonate with women of today. From the 1930s right through to the 1970s, Lux soap colours and

packaging were altered several times to reflect fashion trends. In 1958 five colours made up the range: pink, white,

blue, green and yellow. People enjoyed matching their soap with their bathroom colours. In the early 1990s, Lux

responded to the growing trend away from traditional soap bars by launching its own range of shower gels, liquid

soaps and moisturizing bars. Lux beauty facial wash, Lux beauty bath and Lux beauty shower were launched in 1992.In 2004, the entire Lux range was re-launched in the UK to include five shower gels, three bath products and two new

soap bars. 2005 saw the launch of three exciting new variants with dreamy names such as Wine & Roses bath

cream, Glowing Touch and Sparkling Morning shower gels. Lux has recently launched its two fruit extract


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variants New Lux Strawberry & Cream and Lux Peach & Cream contain a blend of succulent fruits & luscious

Chantilly cream. The most recent addition in the brand is Lux Crystal Shine.

Study of LUX with respect to 4 Ps

a. Product

A product is anything that can be offered to a market to satisfy a need or want. Products that are marketed include

physical goods, services, experiences, events, persons, places, properties, organizations, information and ideas.Product Classification

LUX is a Tangible, Non Durable Good on the basis of this classification.

LUX and other soaps fall into the category of Convenience Good

Sales Promotion

Sales promotion, a key ingredient in marketing campaigns, consists of a collection of incentive tools, mostly short

term, designed to stimulate quicker or greater purchase of particular products or services by consumers or the trade.

Whereas advertising offers a reason to buy, sales promotion offers an incentive to buy. Sales promotion includes tools

for

Prominent Sales Promotion Schemes Used By LUX

Lux presented 30 gm gold each to the first three winners of the Lux Gold Star offer from Delhi. According to the

promotional offer that Lux unveiled in October 2000, a consumer finding a 22-carat gold coin in his or her soap bar

got an opportunity to win an additional 30 gm gold. The first 10 callers every week got a 30 gm gold each. The offercould be availed only on 100 gm and 150 gm packs of Lux soap. Lux celebrated 75 years of stardom with the Har

Star Lucky Star activity. All wrappers of Lux had a star printed inside them. If the consumer found written inside the

star, any number from 1 to 5, she would get an equivalent discount (in rupees) on her purchase from her

shopkeeper. If the consumer found 75 years written inside the star, she will get a years supply of Lux free.

Price segments of toilet soaps

Segment Price/weight

Premium > Rs. 15 / 75 gms

Popular Rs. 8-15/75 gms

Economy < Rs. 8 /75 gms

However, recently HUL has been forced to hike its price by one rupee, to Rs17 (for 100 gm), giving in to the

pressures of inflation. This paves the way for competing soap makers like Godrej Consumer Products (GCPL) to take

price increases. Lux has versions in all the three price segments:Recent pricing of Lux (100 g) Lux Crystal Shine Rs 17 Lux Festive Glow Rs 15 Mini Lux Rs 5

STRENGTHS OF LUX

1. Strong Market Research (door to door sampling is done once a year in Urban and Rural areas)

2. Many variants (Almond Oil, Orchid Extracts, Milk Cream, Fruit Extracts, Saffron, Sandalwood Oil, and Honey to

name a few)

3. Strong sales and distribution network backed by HLL

4. Strong brand image

5. Positioning focuses on the attractive beauty segment

6. Dynamically continuous innovation of the product and brand rejuvenation new variants (Aromatic Glow and

Chocolate Seduction and Lux White Spa body wash) and innovative promotions (22 carat gold coin promotion

Chance Hai)

7. Perceived to have high value for money (strong brand promotion but relatively lower price which is a winning

combination in the popular segment)

8. Though it is in popular segment, it is having mass appeal/market presence across all segments (15% of the soap

market captured by Lux (sales / volume)

9. Unique advantage of having access to resources and assets of HLL

WEAKNESSES

1. Lux is mainly positioned as beauty soap targeted towards women, hence it lacks unisex appeal

2. Usage rate/ wear rate is high and is generally mushy and soggy

3. Some variants like the sunscreen, International variant did not do well in the market

4. Certain advertisements like the recent one with Shah Rukh Khan resulted in controversial interpretations of the

message of the advertisement and lead to some loss of focus (of message of the advertisements)

5. Stock out problems - replenishment time is high in semi-urban/rural areas


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6. Earlier positioning as the soap of the stars has somewhat alienated the brand from a portion of the consumers

especially in rural areas.

Q5. As a salesperson in a fast moving consumer goods company, What kind of training and development

methods do you feel are required? How important is training for sales force and how can it be evaluated?

Customers informed, professional salespeople continuously prepare to meet the service and product needs of

customers. Training salespeople gives customers the assurance that you value and respect their time. Knowledgeable,

educated sales people add value. Customers trust and view them as business partners. Customers feel their needs

come first when trained salespeople work with them.

Company Retention and morale is higher in companies that invest in the development of all employees. Price

seldom becomes an issue for the trained sales professional. Therefore profit margins improve and predictability of

earnings leads to job stability.

The trained sales force produces more with confidence. In addition, theyre aware of trends in the market, technology,

industry and environment. This knowledge enhances their ability to sell and the reputation of your company.

Training programs should address knowledge, competencies, ability, capability and skills.

The factors affecting the development of a sales team include:

External market and industry trends, customers, economy, government regulation, society, competition, and

personal bias.

Internal company strategy, culture of the sales team, product lines and life cycle, customer service support, etc.

Q6. What is International Marketing? What are the various strategies to enter international market? Explain?

International Marketing is defined as The performance of business activities designed to plan, price, promote and

direct the companys flow of goods and services to consumers or users in more than one nation for a profit. A

company that wants to sell their product in other than domestic market should understand the environmental factor,

consumer behaviours, market forces and other character relevant to the international market. After understanding the

definition, several questions may arise in your mind like why marketer should go to the international market?

International Market Entry Strategies

Organisation that plan to go for international marketing should answer some basic question like:

a) In how many countries would the company like to operateb) What are the types of countries it plans to enter. To answer the above question companies evaluate each

country against the market size, market growth and, cost of doing business, competitive advantage and risk

level.

Once the market is found to be attractive companies should decide how to enter this market. Companies can enter the

international market from any one of the following strategies they are

Exporting: Exporting is the technique of selling the goods produced in the domestic country in a follow country with

some modifications for example Gokaldas textiles export the cloth to different countries from India. Exporting may


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be indirect or direct. In case of indirect exporting, companies works with independent international market

intermediaries.

Licensing: According to Philip kotlor, licensing is a method of entering a follow market in which the company enters

into an agreement with a license in the follow market, offering the right to use of manufacturing, process the trade

market, patent, or other items of value for a fee or royalty.

Contract Manufacturing: Company enters the international market with a tie up between manufacturer to produce

the product or the services. For example, Gigabyte technology had target manufacturing agreement with D-Link India

to produce and sell their mother boards.

Market Contracting: In this type a company enters the international market by providing the no how of the product

to the domestic manufacturer. The capital, marketing and other activities are carried out by the local manufacturerhence its less risk too.

Joint Ownership: A form of joint venture in which an international company invest equally with a domestic

manufacturer therefore it also has equal right in the controlling operations. For example, Barbara a lingeries

manufacturer has joint venture with Gokaldas Images in India.

Direct investment: In this method of international market entry, company invests in manufacturing or assembling.

The company may enjoy the low cost advantage of that country. Many manufacturing forms invested directly in theChinese market to get its low cost advantage. Some governments provide incentives and companies benefits to the

company which manufacturers the product in their country. There is government restriction in some countries to opt

for direct investment, is it produce the jobs to the local people. This made also debts on the country attractiveness. It

may become risk if the market mature or unstable government exists.

mb0030 complete

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