May 7, 2019 (XXXVIII: 14) Alfonso Cuarón: HARRY POTTER AND THE PRISONER OF AZKABAN (2004, 142m) The version of this Goldenrod Handout sent out in our Monday mailing, and the one online, has hot links.

Spelling and Style—use of italics, quotation marks or nothing at all for titles, e.g.—follows the form of the sources.

DIRECTOR Alfonso Cuarón WRITING J.K. Rowling (novel), Steve Kloves (screenplay) PRODUCED BY Chris Columbus, David Heyman, and Mark Radcliffe CINEMATOGRAPHY Michael Seresin MUSIC John Williams EDITING Steven Weisberg At the 2005 Academy Awards, the film was nominated for Oscars for Best Achievement in Music Written for Motion Pictures, Original Score and Best Achievement in Visual Effects. CAST Daniel Radcliffe...Harry Potter Richard Griffiths...Uncle Vernon Pam Ferris...Aunt Marge Fiona Shaw...Aunt Petunia Harry Melling...Dudley Dursley Adrian Rawlins...James Potter Geraldine Somerville...Lily Potter Lee Ingleby...Stan Shunpike Lenny Henry...Shrunken Head Jimmy Gardner...Ernie the Bus Driver Gary Oldman...Sirius Black Jim Tavaré...Tom the Innkeeper Robert Hardy...Cornelius Fudge Abby Ford...Young Witch Maid Rupert Grint...Ron Weasley Emma Watson...Hermione Granger Oliver Phelps...George Weasley James Phelps...Fred Weasley Chris Rankin...Percy Weasley Julie Walters...Mrs. Molly Weasley Bonnie Wright ...Ginny Weasley Mark Williams...Mr. Arthur Weasley David Thewlis ...Professor Lupin

Devon Murray ...Seamus Finnegan Warwick Davis...Wizard David Bradley ...Argus Filch Michael Gambon... Albus Dumbledore Alan Rickman... Professor Severus Snape Maggie Smith...Professor Minerva McGonagall Robbie Coltrane...Rubeus Hagrid Matthew Lewis...Neville Longbottom Sitara Shah...Parvati Patel Jennifer Smith...Lavender Brown Tom Felton...Draco Malfoy Bronson Webb...Slytherin Boy Josh Herdman...Gregory Goyle Genevieve Gaunt...Pansy Parkinson Kandice Morris...Girl 1 Alfred Enoch...Dean Thomas Dawn French...Fat Lady in Painting Annalisa Bugliani...Mother in Portrait Tess Bu Cuarón...Baby in Portrait Violet Columbus...Girl With Flowers

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Paul Whitehouse...Sir Cadogan Emma Thompson...Professor Sybil Trelawney Ekow Quartey...Boy 1 Rick Sahota...Boy 2 (as Ricky Sahota) Jamie Waylett...Vincent Crabbe Sharon Sandhu...Girl 2 Danielle Tabor...Angelina Johnson (as Danni Tabor) Julie Christie...Madame Rosmerta Freddie Davies...Old Man in Portrait (as Freddie Davis) Peter Best...The Executioner Timothy Spall...Peter Pettigrew

ALFONSO CUARÓN (b. November 28, 1961 in Mexico City, Distrito Federal, Mexico) studied philosophy at the National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM) and filmmaking at CUEC (Centro Universitario de Estudios Cinematográficos), a school within the same university. Speaking on the autobiographical nature of his latest, Oscar-winning film Roma (2018), Cuarón says: “[Jorge Luis] Borges talks about how memory is an opaque, shattered mirror, but I see it more as a crack in the wall. The crack is whatever pain happened in the past. We tend to put several coats of paint over it, trying to cover that crack. But it’s still there.” As a film director (17 credits), Cuarón has managed to carve out a career as both a critically acclaimed auteur, often writing (17 credits), editing (10 credits), producing (11 credits), and doing cinematography (11 credits) for films he directs and as a skilled helmsman for ambitious, commercially successful adaptations. As an auteur, he has directed, written, and edited films such as Y Tu Mamá También* (2001), for which he was nominated for an Oscar for Best Writing, Children of Men (2006), for which he was nominated for Oscars for Best Writing and Best Achievement in Film Editing, Gravity* (2013), for which he won Oscars for Best Achievement in Directing (he was the Latin-American filmmaker to win for directing) and Best Achievement in Film Editing and for which he was nominated for Best Motion Picture of the Year, and Roma* **(2018), a semi-autobiographical film he had begun working on in 2006 and for which he, again, won an Oscar for Best

Achievement in Directing and for Best Achievement in Cinematography and was, once again, nominated for Best Motion Picture of the Year. He has also helmed several large-scale projects adapting literary works, most notably the 2004 adaptation of Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban, a film he was perhaps trusted with given his calling card adaptations of A Little Princess (1995) and Great Expectations (1998) combined with his recent success with Y Tu Mamá También, lending what was considered a safe, family franchise with a substantial edge. These are some of the other films and TV series he has directed: Who's He Anyway*** (Short) (1983) and Hora Marcada (TV Series) (1989-1990). As a producer, he notably produced Guillermo del Toro’s Pan’s Labyrinth (2006). These are some other films he produced: Camino largo a Tijuana (1988), Sólo con Tu Pareja (1991), Cronicas (2004), The Assassination of Richard Nixon (2004), The Possibility of Hope (Video documentary short) (2007), The Shock Doctrine (Documentary short) (2007), Rudo y Cursi (2008), and Desierto (2015). He did cinematography for films such as: Recuerdo de Xochimilco (Short) (1981), Hora Marcada (TV Series) (1988-1990), and El motel de la muerte (TV Movie) (1990). He also wrote for films and television series, such as: Believe (TV Series) (2014). Finally, he also edited films such as: Vengeance Is Mine** (Short) (1983). *Producer **Cinematographer ***Editor J.K. ROWLING (b. 31 July 1965 (age 53), Yate, Gloucestershire, England) conceived the idea for the Harry Potter book series while on a delayed train from Manchester to London in 1990, while she was working as a researcher and bilingual secretary for Amnesty International. She worked on the first novel during a very difficult period of her life--losing her mother, becoming a mother, and going through a divorce, being left in relative poverty. Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone (in the U.S. titled Harry Potter and the Sorcerer’s Stone), was published in 1997, becoming the best-selling book series in history. They have also been the basis for a film series, over which Rowling had overall approval on the scripts and was a producer on the final films in the series. In 2007, the year the final book in the series, Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows, was published, Time named her a runner-up for its 2007 Person of the Year, noting the social, moral, and political inspiration she has given her fans. In October 2010, Rowling was named the "Most Influential Woman in Britain" by leading magazine editors. STEVE KLOVES (Born: March 18, 1960 in Austin, Texas) began his career in 1984 writing for the film Racing with the Moon. He moved to writing and directing with his next two projects, 1989’s The Fabulous Baker Boys and

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1993’s Flesh and Bone. He moved back to writing, earning an Oscar nomination for Best Writing for his adaptation of Michael Chabon’s novel Wonder Boys (2000). The following year, he got the opportunity to write for the film adaptation of J.K. Rowling’s Harry Potter and the Sorcerer’s Stone. He would go on to adapt every film in the series. After writing the screenplay for the 2012 The Amazing Spider-Man, he returned to the world of J.K. Rowling, producing the Fantastic Beasts films, a Harry Potter franchise. These are the other films in the Harry Potter series he wrote for: Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets (2002), Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban (2004), Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire (2005), Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince (2009), Harry Potter and the Forbidden Journey (Short) (2010), Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows: Part 1 (2010), and Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows: Part 2 (2011). MICHAEL SERESIN (b. July 17, 1942 in Wellington, New Zealand) is a cinematographer (33 credits) who has worked on films such as: The Ragman's Daughter (1972), The Probability Factor (1976), Bugsy Malone (1976), Sleeping Dogs (1977), Midnight Express (1978), Foxes (1980), Fame (1980), Shoot the Moon (1982), Birdy (1984), Angel Heart (1987), Come See the Paradise (1990), City Hall (1996), Mercury Rising (1998), Angela's Ashes (1999), Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban (2004), Step Up (2006), All Good Things (2010), Dawn of the Planet of the Apes (2014), War for the Planet of the Apes (2017), and Mowgli: Legend of the Jungle (2018). JOHN WILLIAMS (b. February 8, 1932 in Flushing, Queens, New York City, New York) is an American composer, conductor, and pianist. Widely regarded as one of the greatest American composers of all time, he has composed some of the most popular, recognizable, and critically acclaimed film scores (155 credits) in cinematic history in a career spanning over six decades. Williams has won 24 Grammy Awards and five Academy Awards, for Fiddler on the Roof (1971), Jaws (1975), Star Wars (1977), E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial (1982), and Schindler's List (1993). With 51 Academy Award nominations, he is the second most-nominated individual, after Walt Disney. He has been nominated for Oscars for Best Score for Valley of the Dolls (1967), Goodbye, Mr. Chips (1969), The Reivers (1969), The Poseidon Adventure (1972), Images (1972), Tom Sawyer (1973), Cinderella Liberty (1973), The Towering Inferno (1974), Close Encounters of the Third Kind (1977), Superman (1978), Star Wars: Episode V - The Empire Strikes Back (1980), Raiders of the Lost Ark (1981), Yes, Giorgio (1982), Star Wars: Episode VI - Return of the Jedi (1983), The River (1984), Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom (1984), The Witches of Eastwick (1987), Empire of the Sun (1987), The Accidental Tourist (1988), Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade (1989), Born

on the Fourth of July (1989), Home Alone (1990), JFK (1991), Hook (1991), Sabrina (1995), Nixon (1995), Sleepers (1996), Amistad (1997), Saving Private Ryan (1998), Angela's Ashes (1999), The Patriot (2000), Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone (2001), Artificial Intelligence: AI (2001), Catch Me If You Can (2002), Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban (2004), Munich (2005), Memoirs of a Geisha (2005), War Horse (2011), The Adventures of Tintin (2011), Lincoln (2012), The Book Thief (2013), Star Wars: Episode VII - The Force Awakens (2015), and Star Wars: Episode VIII - The Last Jedi (2017). He has also composed many scores for other films, including: Playhouse 90 (TV Series) (1958), Daddy-O (1958), Kraft Mystery Theater (TV Series) (1959), I Passed for White (1960), Bachelor Father (TV Series) (1959-1960), Checkmate (TV Series) (1960-1962), A Guide for the Married Man (1967), Story of a Woman (1970), The Cowboys (1972), The Long Goodbye (1973), The Man Who Loved Cat Dancing (1973), The Paper Chase (1973), Conrack (1974), The Sugarland Express (1974), The Eiger Sanction(1975), Family Plot (1976), The Missouri Breaks (1976), Midway (1976), Black Sunday (1977), The Fury (1978), Dracula (1979), 1941 (1979), Superman II (1980), Stanley & Iris (1990), Presumed Innocent (1990), Far and Away (1992), Gilligan's Island (TV Series) (1964-1992), Jurassic Park (1993), Rosewood (1997), The Lost World: Jurassic Park (1997), Seven Years in Tibet (1997), Saving Private Ryan (1998), Star Wars: Episode II - Attack of the Clones (2002), Minority Report (2002), Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets (2002), Star Wars: Episode III - Revenge of the Sith (2005), War of the Worlds (2005), Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull (2008), Dear Basketball (Short) (2017), and The Post (2017).

DANIEL RADCLIFFE (b. July 23, 1989 in Fulham, London, England, UK), as a child actor, before landing the title part in Harry Potter and the Sorcerer’s Stone (2001), appeared in a TV miniseries adaptation of David Copperfield (1999) and The Tailor of Panama (2001). During the years the Harry Potter film franchise was

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active, Radcliffe primarily acted in those films. Since the final Harry Potter film was released in 2011, he has carved a solid career appearing in offbeat films featuring comic performances. He has appeared in films, such as: Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets (2002), Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban (2004), Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire (2005), Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix (2007), December Boys (2007), Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince (2009), Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows: Part 1 (2010), Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows: Part 2 (2011), The Woman in Black (2012), Kill Your Darlings (2013), Horns (2013), What If (2013), Trainwreck (2015), Victor Frankenstein (2015), Now You See Me 2 (2016), National Theatre Live: Rosencrantz & Guildenstern Are Dead (2017), Beast of Burden (2018), and The Simpsons (TV Series) (2010-2018). GARY OLDMAN (b. March 21, 1958 in New Cross, London, England, UK) is an Oscar-winning English actor (99 credits) who began acting in theatre in 1979. He made his earliest screen appearance in Remembrance (1982). Oldman rose to prominence in British film with his portrayals of infamous Sex Pistols bassist Sid Vicious in Sid and Nancy (1986) and Rosencrantz in Tom Stoppard’s existential Hamlet riff Rosencrantz & Guildenstern Are Dead (1990). Identified with the "Brit Pack," he achieved greater renown as a Hell's Kitchen gangster in State of Grace (1990), Lee Harvey Oswald in Oliver Stone’s controversial JFK (1991) and Count Dracula in Francis Ford Coppola’s excessive Bram Stoker's Dracula (1992). He began receiving recognition from the Academy in 2012, receiving a nomination for Best Performance by an Actor in a Leading Role for Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy (2011). Seven years later he would win the Oscar for Best Performance by an Actor in a Leading Role for his portrayal of Winston Churchill in Darkest Hour (2017). These are some other films he has acted in: Criminal Law (1988), Henry & June (1990), True Romance (1993), Romeo Is Bleeding (1993), Léon: The Professional (1994), Immortal Beloved (1994), The Scarlet Letter (1995), Basquiat (1996), The Fifth Element (1997), Air Force One (1997), Lost in Space (1998), The Contender (2000), Nobody's Baby (2001), Hannibal (2001), Sin (2003), Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban (2004), Batman Begins (2005), Dead Fish (2005), Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire (2005), Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix

(2007), The Dark Knight (2008), The Unborn (2009), A Christmas Carol (2009), Planet 51 (2009), The Book of Eli (2010), Kung Fu Panda 2 (2011), Harry Potter and the

Deathly Hallows: Part 2 (2011), Lawless (2012), The Dark Knight Rises (2012), Paranoia (2013), RoboCop (2014), Dawn of the Planet of the Apes (2014), The Hitman's Bodyguard (2017), and Hunter Killer (2018). EMMA WATSON (b. April 15, 1990 in Paris, France) began her acting career as a child actor, appearing in the Harry Potter* film series as Hermione Granger. Watson continued to work outside of

the Harry Potter films, appearing in the 2007 television adaptation of the novel Ballet Shoes and lending her voice to The Tale of Despereaux (2008). Following the last Harry Potter film, she took on starring and supporting roles in My Week with Marilyn (2011), The Perks of Being a Wallflower (2012) and The Bling Ring (2013), made an appearance as an exaggerated version of herself in This Is the End (2013), and portrayed the title character's adopted daughter in Noah (2014). In 2017, she starred as Belle in a live-action adaptation of the musical romantic fantasy film Beauty and the Beast. Her other roles include Regression (2015), Colonia (2015) and The Circle (2017), as well as a stint on the reboot of the beloved BBC comedy series The Vicar of Dibley (2015). From 2011 to 2014, Watson split her time between working on film projects and continuing her education, studying at Brown University and Worcester College, Oxford and graduating from Brown with a bachelor's degree in English literature in 2014. That year, she was also appointed as a UN Women Goodwill ambassador and helped launch the UN Women campaign HeForShe, which calls for men to advocate gender equality. *Acted in these Harry Potter films: Harry Potter and the Sorcerer’s Stone (2001), Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets (2002), Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban (2004), Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire (2005), Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix (2007), Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince (2009), Harry Potter and the Forbidden Journey (Short) (2010), Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows: Part 1 (2010), and Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows: Part 2 (2011). DAVID THEWLIS (b. March 20, 1963 in Blackpool, Lancashire, England, UK) is an English actor (97 credits) who began getting critical attention for playing Johnny Fletcher in the film Naked (1993), for which he won the Cannes Film Festival Award for Best Actor. His most

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commercially successful roles to date have been of Remus Lupin in the Harry Potter* film series and Sir Patrick Morgan/Ares in Wonder Woman (2017). He had critically acclaimed dramatic performances in films such as The Boy in the Striped Pajamas (2008) and The Theory of Everything (2014) and comedic turns in films such as The Big Lebowski (1998). These are some of the other films and television series he has acted in: Only Fools and Horses (TV Series) (1985), The Singing Detective (TV Mini-Series) (1986), Little Dorrit (1987), Resurrected (1989), Afraid of the Dark (1991), Damage (1992), The Trial (1993), Black Beauty (1994), Total Eclipse (1995), Restoration (1995), James and the Giant Peach (1996), The Island of Dr. Moreau (1996), Seven Years in Tibet (1997), Divorcing Jack (1998), Besieged (1998), The Miracle Maker (2000), Goodbye Charlie Bright (2001), Little Wolf's Book of Badness (Short) (2003), Cheeky (2003), Kingdom of Heaven (2005), The New World (2005), Basic Instinct 2 (2006), The Omen (2006), The Inner Life of Martin Frost (2007), The Lady (2011), War Horse (2011), RED 2 (2013), The Zero Theorem (2013), The Fifth Estate (2013), Stonehearst Asylum (2014), Macbeth (2015), Legend (2015), Anomalisa (2015), Justice League (2017), and The Mercy (2018). *Acted in these Harry Potter films: Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban (2004), Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix (2007), Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince (2009), Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows: Part 1 (2010), and Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows: Part 2 (2011).

MICHAEL GAMBON (b. October 19, 1940 in Cabra, Dublin, Ireland) is an Irish-born British character actor who has worked in theatre, television and film (172 credits). He was trained under Laurence Olivier and started his long work on stage in the National Theatre. Gambon portrayed Professor Albus Dumbledore in the final six Harry Potter* films after the death of Richard Harris who had previously played the role. He was knighted in 1998 for services to drama, and has won four BAFTA TV Awards, three Olivier Awards and was awarded the Irish

Film & Television Academy Lifetime Achievement Award in 2017 for his contribution to Irish film. He has acted in many anglophile staples, such as Doctor Who (TV Series) (2010), The King's Speech (2010), Paddington (2014), Paddington 2 (2017), and Johnny English Strikes Again (2018) and literary adaptations, such as: Much Ado About Nothing (TV Movie) (1967), A Picture of Katherine Mansfield (TV Series) (1973), Mary Reilly (1996), The Wings of the Dove (1997), Angels in America (TV Mini-Series) (2004), Brideshead Revisited (2008), Little Women (TV Mini-Series) (2017). He has also graced the work of auteurs, such as Robert Altman in Gosford Park (2001), Wes Anderson in The Life Aquatic with Steve Zissou (2004) and Fantastic Mr. Fox (2009), and the Cohen Brothers in Hail, Caesar! (2016). These are some other films and television series he has acted in: Softly Softly (TV Series) (1967), Eyeless in Gaza (TV Series) (1971), Nothing But the Night (1973), Menace (TV Series) (1973), Special Branch (TV Series) (1973), The Secret Agent (TV Movie) (1975), The Singing Detective (TV Mini-Series) (1986), Paris by Night (1988), The Cook, the Thief, His Wife & Her Lover (1988), A Dry White Season (1989), Mobsters (1991), The Browning Version (1994), Dancing at Lughnasa (1998), A Monkey's Tale (1999), A Christmas Carol (2001), The Actors (2003), Being Julia (2004), The Omen (2006), Amazing Grace (2006), The Good Shepherd (2006), The Good Night (2007), The Baker (2007), The Book of Eli (2010), Quartet (2012), Dad's Army (2016), Viceroy's House (2017), Harry Potter: Hogwarts Mystery (Video Game) (2018), The Last Witness (2018), The Death and Life of John F. Donovan (2018), and King of Thieves (2018). *Acted in these Harry Potter films: Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban (2004), Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire (2005), Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix (2007), Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince (2009), Harry Potter and the Forbidden Journey (Short) (2010), Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows: Part 1 (2010), and Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows: Part 2 (2011). ALAN RICKMAN (b. February 21, 1946 in Hammersmith, London, England, UK—d. January 14, 2016 (age 69) in London, England, UK) was a beloved character actor (69 credits) with famous, notable performances in Die Hard (1988), Sense and Sensibility (1995), Michael Collins (1996), Dogma (1999), Love Actually (2003), and the Harry Potter* series. These are some other films he has acted in: Romeo & Juliet (TV Movie) (1978), Summer Season (TV Series) (1985), Girls on Top (TV Series) (1985), Quigley Down Under (1990), The Winter Guest (1997), Judas Kiss (1998), The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy (2005), Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street (2007), Alice in Wonderland (2010), The Boy in the Bubble (Short) (2011), Gambit (2012), Lee Daniels' The Butler (2013), and Alice

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Through the Looking Glass (2016). *Acted in these Harry Potter films: Harry Potter and the Sorcerer’s Stone (2001), Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets (2002), Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban (2004), Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire (2005), Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix (2007), Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince (2009), Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows: Part 1 (2010), and Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows: Part 2 (2011).

EMMA THOMPSON (b. April 15, 1959 in Paddington, London, England, UK) is a British actress (85 credits), screenwriter (14 credits), activist, author, and comedian. One of the UK's most acclaimed actresses, she is known for her portrayals of enigmatic women, often in period dramas and literary adaptations, and playing matronly characters with a sense of wit. She is the recipient of various accolades, including two Academy Awards for Best Actress for Howards End (1992) and for Best Writing for Sense and Sensibility (1995). She was also nominated for Oscars for acting for In the Name of the Father (1993), The Remains of the Day (1993), and Sense and Sensibility (1995). She has acted in films television series, such as: There's Nothing to Worry About! (TV Series) (1982), Alfresco (TV Series) (1983-1984), Henry V (1989), Dead Again (1991), Much Ado About Nothing (1993), Carrington (1995), Primary Colors (1998), Wit (TV Movie) (2001), Love Actually (2003), Angels in America (TV Mini-Series) (2003), Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban (2004), Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix (2007), I Am Legend (2007), Brideshead Revisited (2008), Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows: Part 2 (2011), Men in Black 3 (2012), The Love Punch (2013), Effie Gray (2014), A Walk in the Woods (2015), Alone in Berlin (2016), Bridget Jones's Baby (2016), Beauty and the Beast (2017), The Meyerowitz Stories (New and Selected) (2017), The Children Act (2017), Late Night (2019), and Missing Link (2019). As an Oscar-winning screenwriter, she has also written for other films and television series, such as: Cambridge Footlights Revue (TV Special) (1982),

There's Nothing to Worry About! (TV Series) (1982), An Evening for Nicaragua (TV Special) (1983), Alfresco (TV Series) (1983-1984), Emma Thompson: Up for Grabs (TV Special) (1985), Sense and Sensibility (1995), Wit (TV Movie) (2001), Pride & Prejudice (2005), Nanny McPhee (2005), Nanny McPhee Returns (2010), Effie Gray (2014), Bridget Jones's Baby (2016), and Last Christmas (2019). MAGGIE SMITH (b. December 28, 1934 in Ilford, Essex, England, UK) is an English actress. She has had an extensive, varied career on stage, film and television (85 credits), spanning over 67 years. Smith is one of Britain's most recognizable actresses. A prominent figure in British culture for six decades, she was made a Dame by Queen Elizabeth II in 1990 for services to the performing arts and received the Companion of Honour from the Queen in 2014 for services to drama. She has won two Oscars for Best Actress in a Leading Role for The Prime of Miss Jean Brodie (1969) and for Best Actress in a Supporting Role for California Suite (1978). She was also nominated for Oscars for performances in Othello (1965), Travels with My Aunt (1972), A Room with a View (1985), and Gosford Park (2001). She has acquired a new sense of recognizability, starring in the massively popular Downton Abbey television series from 2010 to 2015. These are some of her other film and television appearances: Child in the House (1956), Nowhere to Go (1958), Go to Blazes (1962), The V.I.P.s (1963), Young Cassidy (1965), Travels with My Aunt (1972), Murder by Death (1976), Death on the Nile (1978), Quartet (1981), The Missionary (1982), The Lonely Passion of Judith Hearne (1987), Hook (1991), The Secret Garden (1993), Richard III (1995), The First Wives Club (1996), Washington Square (1997), All the King's Men (TV Movie) (1999), Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone (2001), Divine Secrets of the Ya-Ya Sisterhood (2002), Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets (2002), My House in Umbria (TV Movie) (2003), Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban (2004), Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire (2005), Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix (2007), Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince (2009), Gnomeo & Juliet (2011), Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows: Part 2 (2011), The Best Exotic Marigold Hotel (2011), Quartet (2012), The Second Best Exotic Marigold Hotel (2015), The Lady in the Van (2015), and Sherlock Gnomes (2018). “Harry Potter” (Wikipedia) Harry Potter is a series of fantasy novels written by British author J. K. Rowling. The novels chronicle the lives of a young wizard, Harry Potter, and his friends Hermione Granger and Ron Weasley, all of whom are students at Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry. The main story arc concerns Harry's struggle against Lord Voldemort, a dark wizard who intends to become

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immortal, overthrow the wizard governing body known as the Ministry of Magic, and subjugate all wizards and Muggles (non-magical people). Since the release of the first novel, Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone, on 26 June 1997, the books have found immense popularity, critical acclaim and commercial success worldwide. They have attracted a wide adult audience as well as younger readers and are often considered cornerstones of modern young adult literature.[2] As of February 2018, the books have sold more than 500 million copies worldwide, making them the best-selling book series in history, and have been translated into eighty languages.[3] The last four books consecutively set records as the fastest-selling books in history, with the final instalment selling roughly eleven million copies in the United States within twenty-four hours of its release. The series was originally published in English by two major publishers, Bloomsbury in the United Kingdom and Scholastic Press in the United States. A play, Harry Potter and the Cursed Child, based on a story co-written by Rowling, premiered in London on 30 July 2016 at the Palace Theatre, and its script was published by Little, Brown. The original seven books were adapted into an eight-part namesake film series by Warner Bros. Pictures, which is the third highest-grossing film series of all time as of February 2018. In 2016, the total value of the Harry Potter franchise was estimated at $25 billion,[4] making Harry Potterone of the highest-grossing media franchises of all time. A series of many genres, including fantasy, drama, coming of age, and the British school story (which includes elements of mystery, thriller, adventure, horror, and romance), the world of Harry Potter explores numerous themes and includes many cultural meanings and references.[5] According to Rowling, the main theme is death.[6] Other major themes in the series include prejudice, corruption, and madness.[7] The success of the books and films has allowed the Harry Potter franchise to expand with numerous derivative works, a travelling exhibition that premiered in Chicago in 2009, a studio tour in London that opened in 2012, a digital platform on which J.K. Rowling updates the series with new information and insight, and a pentalogy of spin-off films premiering in November 2016

with Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them, among many other developments. Most recently, themed attractions, collectively known as The Wizarding World of Harry Potter, have been built at several Universal Parks & Resorts amusement parks around the world.

Themes According to Rowling, a major theme in the series is death: "My books are largely about death. They open with the death of Harry's parents. There is Voldemort's obsession with conquering death and his quest for immortality at any price, the goal of

anyone with magic. I so understand why Voldemort wants to conquer death. We're all frightened of it."[6] Rowling stated that "Harry Potter books have always, in fact, dealt explicitly with religious themes and questions" and that she did not reveal its Christian parallels in the beginning because doing so would have "give[n] too much away to fans who might then see the parallels."[46] In the final book of the series Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows, Rowling makes the book's Christian imagery more explicit, quoting both Matthew 6:21 and 1 Corinthians 15:26 (King James Version) when Harry visits his parents' graves.[46] Hermione Granger teaches Harry Potter that the meaning of these verses from the Christian Bible are "living beyond death. Living after death", which Rowling states is "one of the central foundations of resurrection theology" and that these bible verses "epitomize the whole series".[46][47][48] Rowling also exhibits Christian values in developing Albus Dumbledore as a God-like character, the divine, trusted leader of the series, guiding the long-suffering hero along his quest. In the seventh novel, Harry speaks with and questions the deceased Dumbledore much like a person of faith would talk to and question God.[49] Academics and journalists have developed many other interpretations of themes in the books, some more complex than others, and some including political subtexts. Themes such as normality, oppression, survival, and overcoming imposing odds have all been considered as prevalent throughout the series.[50] Similarly, the theme of making one's way through adolescence and "going over with them" has also been considered.[51] Rowling has stated that the books comprise "a prolonged argument for tolerance, a prolonged plea for an end to bigotry" and that they also pass on a message to "question authority and...

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not assume that the establishment or the press tells you all of the truth".[52] While the books could be said to comprise many other themes, such as power/abuse of power, violence and hatred, love, loss, prejudice, and free choice, they are, as Rowling states, "deeply entrenched in the whole plot"; the writer prefers to let themes "grow organically", rather than sitting down and consciously attempting to impart such ideas to her readers.[7] Along the same lines is the ever-present theme of adolescence, in whose depiction Rowling has been purposeful in acknowledging her characters' sexualities and not leaving Harry, as she put it, "stuck in a state of permanent pre-pubescence". Rowling has also been praised for her nuanced depiction of the ways in which death and violence affects youth, and humanity as a whole.[53] Rowling said that, to her, the moral significance of the tales seems "blindingly obvious". The key for her was the choice between what is right and what is easy, "because that ... is how tyranny is started, with people being apathetic and taking the easy route and suddenly finding themselves in deep trouble."[54]

Publishing history The logo used in British, Australian, and Canadian editions before 2010, which uses the typeface Cochin Bold.[57] After eight other publishers had rejected Philosopher's Stone, Bloomsbury offered Rowling a £2,500 advance for its publication.[58][59] Despite Rowling's statement that she did not have any particular age group in mind when beginning

to write the Harry Potter books, the publishers initially targeted children aged nine to eleven.[60] On the eve of publishing, Rowling was asked by her publishers to adopt a more gender-neutral pen name in order to appeal to the male members of this age group, fearing that they would not be interested in reading a novel they knew to be written by a woman. She elected to use J. K. Rowling (Joanne Kathleen Rowling), using her grandmother's name as her second name because she has no middle name.[59][61] Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone was published by Bloomsbury, the publisher of all Harry Potter books in the United Kingdom, on 26 June 1997.[62] It was released in the United States on 1 September 1998 by Scholastic – the American publisher of the books – as Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone,[63] after Rowling had received US$105,000 for the American rights – a record amount for a children's book by an unknown author.[64] Fearing that American readers would not

associate the word "philosopher" with magic (although the Philosopher's Stone is an ancient tradition in alchemy), Scholastic insisted that the book be given the title Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone for the American market.[65] The second book, Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets, was originally published in the UK on 2 July 1998 and in the US on 2 June 1999. Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban was published a year later in the UK on 8 July 1999 and in the US on 8 September 1999.[66] Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire was published on 8 July 2000 at the same time by Bloomsbury and Scholastic.[67] Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix is the longest book in the series, at 766 pages in the UK version and 870 pages in the US version.[68] It was published worldwide in English on 21 June 2003.[69] Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince was published on 16 July 2005; it sold 9 million copies in the first 24 hours of its worldwide release.[70][71] The seventh and final novel, Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows, was published on 21 July 2007.[72] The book sold 11 million copies in the first 24 hours of release, breaking down to 2.7 million copies in the UK and 8.3 million in the US.[71]

Cultural impact Further information: Harry Potter fandom Fans of the series were so eager for the latest instalment that bookstores around the world began holding events to coincide with the midnight release of the books, beginning with the 2000 publication of Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire. The events, commonly featuring mock sorting, games, face painting, and other live entertainment have achieved popularity with Potter fans and have been highly successful in attracting fans and selling books with nearly nine million of the 10.8 million initial print copies of Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince sold in the first 24 hours.[93][94] The final book in the series, Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows became the fastest selling book in history, moving 11 million units in the first twenty-four hours of release.[95] The series has also gathered adult fans, leading to the release of two editions of each Harry Potter book, identical in text but with one edition's cover artwork aimed at children and the other aimed at adults.[96] Besides meeting online through blogs, podcasts, and fansites, Harry Potter super-fans can also meet at Harry Potter symposia. The word Muggle has spread beyond its Harry Potter origins, becoming one of few pop culture words to land in the Oxford English Dictionary.[97] The Harry Potter fandom has embraced podcasts as a regular, often weekly, insight to the latest discussion in the fandom. Both MuggleCast and PotterCast[98] have reached the top spot of iTunes podcast rankings and have been polled one of the top 50 favourite podcasts.[99]

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Some lessons identified in the series include diversity, acceptance, political tolerance, and equality. Surveys of over 1,000 college students in the United States show that those who read the books were significantly different from those who had not. Readers of the series were found to be more tolerant, more opposed to violence and torture, less authoritarian, and less cynical. Although it is not known if this is a cause-and-effect relationship, there is a clear correlation, and it seems that Harry Potter's cultural impact may be stronger than just a fandom bond.[100] Many fan fiction and fan art works about Harry Potter have been made. In March 2007, "Harry Potter" was

the most commonly searched fan fiction subject on the internet.[101] At the University of Michigan in 2009, StarKid Productions performed an original musical parodying the Harry Potter series called A Very Potter Musical. The musical was awarded Entertainment Weekly's 10 Best Viral Videos of 2009.[102] The sport Quidditch, played by characters in the Harry Potter series, was created in 2005 and is played worldwide.[103] Characters and elements from the series have inspired scientific names of several organisms, including the dinosaur Dracorex hogwartsia, the spider Eriovixia gryffindori, the wasp Ampulex dementor, and the crab Harryplax severus.[104]

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Frederick Wiseman at UB, 2012. Photo by BJ