may 3 polish constitution day cinco de mayo how evolutionary trees are used
TRANSCRIPT
May 3 Polish Constitution Day
Cinco De Mayo
How evolutionary trees are used
Biologists use phylogenetic trees in many different ways to solve both scientific and
practical problems. • Using trees to make predictions about
fossils• Using trees to learn about the evolution of
complex features • Using trees to make predictions about
poorly-studied species• Using trees to learn about the order of
evolution• Using trees to learn about the evolution of
diversity
Diversity of life organized into 3 Domains• Bacteria- prokaryotic cells, unicellular
and microscopic
• Archaea - like bacteria, prokaryotic cells, unicellular and microscopic
• Eukarya- eukaryotic cells, nucleus and organelles
The three domains are the three major “branches” of the “tree” of life
Domain Eukarya
Domain Archaea
Domain Bacteria
Domain Bacteria• Small prokaryotic cell
organisms• Can rapidly reproduce• Most abundant
organisms on earth• Play critical roles
throughout the biosphere• Oldest known fossil • One Kingdom
Eubacteria
Domain Archaea• Prokaryotic cell organism
• Unique biochemical genetic properties
• Some produce methane
• Believe to be earliest organism on Earth
• Inhabit some of the most extreme environments sulfurous hot springs, thermal vents, salty lakes, mining wastewater, intestines of some animals
• Divided One Kingdom Archaebacteria
Domain Archaea
Hot springs at Yellowstone National Park
Archaebacteria are grouped into three general categories
– Methanogens• Obtain energy by using hydrogen gas to reduce carbon
dioxide to methane gas
– Extremophiles• Grow under extreme conditions
– Thermophiles (heat)– Halophiles (salt)– pH-tolerant– Pressure-tolerant
– Nonextreme archaebacteria• Grow in the same environments as bacteria do
Domain Eukarya• Eukaryotic organisms,
“true nucleus”• Membrane bound
organelles• Complex cellular
organization, biochemistry and molecular biology
• More diverse than any other domain of life
Eukarya is subdivided into four kingdoms
Protista Kingdom
Fungi Kingdom
Plantae Kingdom
Animalia Kingdom
Protista Kingdom• Protista are simple,
predominately unicellular eukaryotic organisms. Examples includes slime, molds and algae.
Fungi Kingdom • Fungi are unicellular or
multicellular organisms with eukaryotic cell types. The cells have cell walls but are not organized into tissues. They do not carry out photosynthesis and obtain nutrients through absorption. Examples include sac fungi, club fungi, yeasts, and molds.
Plantae Kingdom
• Plants are multicellular organisms composed of eukaryotic cells. The cells are organized into tissues and have cell walls. They obtain nutrients by photosynthesis and absorption. Examples include mosses, ferns, conifers, and flowering plants.
Animalia Kingdom• Animals are multicellular
organisms composed of eukaryotic cells. The cells are organized into tissues and lack cell walls. They do not carry out photosynthesis and obtain nutrients primarily by ingestion. Examples include sponges, worms, insects, and vertebrates.
Conclusions from the Three Domain System
• All eukaryotes have true nuclei with linear chromosomes and membrane-bound organelles.
• The most variation in Eukarya is among protists.
• When considered from the perspective of the complete diversity of life on Earth, the fungi, plants, and animals are quite similar to each other.
Three Domains
TREE OF LIFE VIDEO
http://tolweb.org/tree/home.pages/media.html
• Charles Darwin and the Tree of Life, narrated by David Attenborough 6:30sec
ANY QUESTIONS?
HOMEWORK
•QUIZ ???
•Page 350 Answer questions 1-6
Unity of Life Concept Map
http://cmapsnasacmex.ihmc.us/servlet/SBReadResourceServlet?rid=1025200198296_1990064695_1774&partName=htmltext
Tree of Life Concept Map
http://cmapsnasacmex.ihmc.us/servlet/SBReadResourceServlet?rid=1025200161531_1068066319_1715&partName=actualhtmltext
The Virtual Fossil Museum A Tree of Life Suitable to Organize
Fossil Record:
http://www.fossilmuseum.net/Evolution/Darwin.htm
BREAK DOWN OF KINGDOMS