maximizing value from biomass: developing pathways for the
TRANSCRIPT
NREL is a national laboratory of the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, operated by the Alliance for Sustainable Energy, LLC.
Maximizing value from biomass:
Developing pathways for the production of fuels
and products Mary J. Biddy, Ph.D.
Sr. Research Engineer
BioEnergy Symposium
May 14, 2015
NREL Participating Researchers:
Gregg Beckham, Mary Biddy, Ryan
Davis, Abhijit Dutta, Christopher
Kinchin, Jennifer Markham, Kim
Margini, Asad Sahir, Christopher
Scarlata, Michael Talmadge, Ling
Tao, Eric Tan, Yanan Zhang, Yimin
Zhang
NATIONAL RENEWABLE ENERGY LABORATORY
Outline
2
• Overview of NREL
• Techno-economic Analysis and Life Cycle
Assessment
• Hydrocarbon Biofuel Pathways
• Analysis considerations
• Market Pull
• Job Development
• Resource Assessment
NATIONAL RENEWABLE ENERGY LABORATORY
Snapshot of NREL
• Leading clean-energy innovation for 37
years
• 1500 employees with world-class facilities
• Campus is a living model of sustainable
energy
• Owned by the Department of Energy
(DOE)
• Biofuel/Bioproduct Partner Facilities
(IBRF and TCUF)
Only National Laboratory Dedicated Solely to Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy
3
NATIONAL RENEWABLE ENERGY LABORATORY
NREL’s Mission Covers
Energy Efficiency Renewable Energy Systems Integration Market Focus
Residential Buildings
Commercial Buildings
Personal and Commercial Vehicles
Solar
Wind and Water
Biomass
Hydrogen
Geothermal
Grid Infrastructure
Distributed Energy Interconnection
Battery and Thermal Storage
Transportation
Private Industry
Federal Agencies
Defense Dept.
State/Local Govt.
International
4
NATIONAL RENEWABLE ENERGY LABORATORY
Thermochemical Process Development Unit (TCPDU)
Pilot scale system for scaling-up and testing technologies and catalysts
developed at the lab scale. • Flexible system design - configurable unit
operations
• Three reformer configuration options for
gasification
• Full stream fluidized bed reformer
• Full stream FBR + full stream packed bed
reformer
• Circulating fluidized reforming system
(R-cubed)
• Equipment can be used for gasification and
pyrolysis with minimal changes
• R-cubed could be used as vapor-phase
upgrading of pyrolysis vapors OR as a
catalytic fast pyrolysis system
• Davison Circulating Reactor (DCR) for
upgrading of pyrolysis vapors to fuels and
chemicals
NATIONAL RENEWABLE ENERGY LABORATORY
Integrated Biorefinery Facility
– Feed milling and handling
– Three continuous pretreatment process trains
– Two enzymatic hydrolysis process trains
– Fermentation systems (30-L to 9000-L vessels)
– Fermentation labs
– Separation equipment
– Small batch and continuous pretreatment reactors
– Techno-economic and lifecycle modeling
– Compositional analysis laboratories
Enzymatic Hydrolysis Reactors
Fermentors Centrifuge
Horizontal-Tube Pretreatment Reactor
Pilot scale equipment for
integrated biomass processing
NATIONAL RENEWABLE ENERGY LABORATORY
NBC Partners
7
NREL is co-developing biofuel and chemical technologies with a large mix of leading bio-ethanol,
-butanol, -gasoline, -diesel, -jet and -chemical producers.
Technology development ranges from individual pieces of the process to fully integrated biomass to
biofuel demonstrations and from bench to pilot scale.
Collaborations range from a few weeks to multiple years in duration.
NREL engages in dozens of collaborative pilot scale research projects with industrial partners annually.
Hydrocarbon and Alcohol Fuel Producers Technology Developers & Providers
NATIONAL RENEWABLE ENERGY LABORATORY
TEA: Assess technical & economic feasibility of biofuels conversion processes
– Detailed process analysis with mass and energy balances
– Impact of major cost drivers (sensitivity studies)
– Set research targets & use them as measure of research progress
LCA: Overall environmental impacts of the technology (supporting ANL)
– Quantification of impacts and areas of improvement (focus on CONVERSION)
– Track research progress (economic & sustainability criteria)
Biorefinery Analysis
Process Model in Aspen Plus
Flow rates
Process from Capital and Operating Costs
Fuel Product Yield
Cost
Minimum Fuel Selling Price
(MFSP)
gal
$
Feedstock Logistics • Land Use Change • Feedstock Logistics
• Biomass Conversion • Product Distribution • Fuel Utilization
• GHG Emissions • Water Use • Net Energy Use • Criteria Air
Emissions
Feedstock Composition
Operating Conditions
Conversion Yields
NATIONAL RENEWABLE ENERGY LABORATORY
Hybrid Saccharification & Fermentation - HSF
Pretreatment Conditioning
Co- fermentation of C5 & C6 Sugars
Product Recovery Ethanol
By-products
Enzyme Production
Enzymatic Hydrolysis
Residue Processing
•Conceptual design of a 2,000 tonnes/day commercial plant – one possible tech package, not optimized
•NREL pilot plant based on this process •Basis for connecting R&D targets to cost targets •Has undergone rigorous peer review •Basis for comparison against other technology options
2011 Biochem Design Report for Cellulosic Ethanol
NATIONAL RENEWABLE ENERGY LABORATORY
$0.00
$1.00
$2.00
$3.00
$4.00
$5.00
$6.00
$7.00
$8.00
$9.00
$10.00
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Min
imu
m E
than
ol S
ell
ing
Pri
ce (
200
7$
per
gall
on
)
Conversion Feedstock
$3.85
$3.64 $3.57
$3.18
$2.77 $2.56
$2.15
$4.27
$5.33
$6.90
$9.16
Target
Bench Scale - Enzymes
Scale Up Pretreatment
Saccharification Improvement
Fermentation Improvement
Historic State of Technology
NATIONAL RENEWABLE ENERGY LABORATORY
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Targets
2011
Washed
Solids
2011
Whole
Slurry
2012
Targets
Minimum Ethanol Selling Price ($/gal) $3.64 $3.56 $3.19 $2.77 $2.62 $2.56 $2.37 $2.15
Feedstock Contribution ($/gal) $1.12 $1.04 $0.95 $0.82 $0.76 $0.76 $0.82 $0.74
Conversion Contribution ($/gal) $2.52 $2.52 $2.24 $1.95 $1.86 $1.80 $1.55 $1.41
Yield (Gallon/dry ton) 69 70 73 75 78 78 71 79
Feedstock
Feedstock Cost ($/dry ton) $77.20 $72.90 $69.65 $61.30 $59.60 $59.60 $59.60 $58.50
Pretreatment
Solids Loading (wt%) 30% 30% 30% 30% 30% 30% 30% 30%
Xylan to Xylose (including enzymatic) 75% 75% 84% 85% 88% 88% 78% 90%
Xylan to Degradation Products 13% 11% 6% 8% 5% 5% 6% 5%
Conditioning
Ammonia Loading (mL per L Hydrolyzate) 50 50 38 23 25 25 25 25
Hydrolyzate solid-liquid separation Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No
Xylose Sugar Loss 2% 2% 2% 2% 1% 1% 1% 1%
Glucose Sugar Loss 1% 1% 1% 1% 1% 1% 1% 0%
Enzymes
Enzyme Contribution ($/gal EtOH) $0.39 $0.38 $0.36 $0.36 $0.36 $0.34 $0.38 $0.34
Enzymatic Hydrolysis & Fermentation
Total Solids Loading (wt%) 20% 20% 20% 17.5% 20% 17.5% 17.5% 20%
Combined Saccharification & Fermentation Time (d) 7 7 7 5 5 5 5 5
Corn Steep Liquor Loading (wt%) 1% 1% 1% 1% 0.60% 0.25% 0.25% 0.25%
Overall Cellulose to Ethanol 86% 86% 84% 86% 86% 89% 80% 86%
Xylose to Ethanol 76% 80% 82% 79% 85% 85% 85% 85%
Arabinose to Ethanol 0% 0% 51% 68% 80% 47% 47% 85%
Technical Target Table
NATIONAL RENEWABLE ENERGY LABORATORY
Hydrocarbon Design Reports
Design reports of 8 representative pathways for the conversion of biomass to hydrocarbon fuels and products.
NATIONAL RENEWABLE ENERGY LABORATORY
Hydrocarbon Biofuels Technology Pathways
Fast Pyrolysis With Upgrading
In-Situ Catalytic Pyrolysis With Upgrading
Ex-Situ Catalytic Pyrolysis With Upgrading
NATIONAL RENEWABLE ENERGY LABORATORY
CORN LEAF HEIGHT
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Treatment
Le
af
he
igh
t (c
m)
Day 21
Day 35
Treatment
1 Potting soil (PS)
2 PS + NPK (Miracle Grow)
3 PS + 5 wt% char 1
4 PS + 5 wt% char 1 + NPK
5 PS + 10 wt% char 1
6 PS + 5 wt% N-amendment 1- char 1
7 PS + 5 wt% N-amendment 2 -char 1
8 PS + 5 wt% N-amendment 3 -char 1
9 PS + 5 wt% char 2
10 PS + 5 wt% N-amendment 4 -char 2
11 PS + 5 wt% char 3
12 Top Soil
Biomass Char
C-storing,
designed soil
amendment
(PS)
400C
Char as biomass-derived soil amendment
NATIONAL RENEWABLE ENERGY LABORATORY
PS + 10% Char PS + 5% Char Potting soil (PS)
Harvested Corn after 35 Days
• 5 and 10% char improved plant mass and root growth similarly
NATIONAL RENEWABLE ENERGY LABORATORY
Fast Pyrolysis
Biomass
HydrogenCatalytic
Reforming
Aqueous Fraction
Blend Stocks
CatalyticUpgrading
TEA
Valorizing Aqueous Pyrolysis Waste Streams
Robust reforming catalysts for H2 production
Oxygenate upgrading catalyst to hydrocarbons
Biological upgrading to chemical products
Comprehensive fraction analysis
Catalyst Targets Coking < 10% Hydrogen > 90%
In Situ 2022 cost target from NREL/TP-5100-62455, 2015. Assumes thermal oxidation of aqueous carbon.
Project rationale:
Waste water management
from a pyrolysis plant
likely a significant cost
Work on valorization
instead of loss of carbon
in the aqueous phase.
NATIONAL RENEWABLE ENERGY LABORATORY
DIAPHRAGM PUMP
AIR COOLING
2” FLUIDIZED - BED REACTOR
CYCLONE
HOT FILTER
WARM ELECTROSTATIC PRECIPITATOR
5 ° C CONDENSER
DRY - ICE FINGER
NITROGEN MASS FLOW
CONTROLLERS
COALESCING FILTER
DRY TEST
METER
MICRO GC
NDIR H2 TCD
VENT
RUPTURE DISK
BIO - OIL
2-inch Diameter Fluidized-Bed Reactor System.
The first catalyst had high initial H2 production which decreased to a lower steady level. Not all of the COD could be accounted for, suggesting the formation of char, coke or heavy tars.
The second catalyst had a lower initial H2 yield but was more stable and all of the COD could be accounted for, suggesting that this material is resistant to coking.
Future work will 1) combine the two formulations to achieve higher stable H2 conversion and 2) add a downstream WGS catalyst to shift to maximize H2 yield (approach used for naphtha reforming to H2).
Gas composition during aqueous phase reforming with various NREL catalysts as determined by rapid scan GC, balance nitrogen
a) b)
H2 Production Fluid Bed Reactor (300 g catalyst)
Work from
Kim Magrini’s
Team
NATIONAL RENEWABLE ENERGY LABORATORY
Waste stream valorization
Develop approaches for waste valorization in pyrolysis processes
• Focus on products with sufficient market size and growth potential to aid bioenergy industry
• Develop biological strategies for valorization of TC waste streams to fuels and chemicals
Growth on HMF Enhanced Furfural Utilization
KT2440 (wild type)
hmf:KT2440
Work from
Gregg Beckham’s
Team
NATIONAL RENEWABLE ENERGY LABORATORY
INL R&D
Primary focus for R&D and engineering optimization.
Leveraging gasification & syngas cleanup technologies.
Simplified Process Flow
Commercially available technologies.
Note: Syngas to DME (single-step) RD&D is funded through BETO (HT TIGAS).
Heat Integration & Power Generation
Gas Cleanup(Tar Reforming,
Syngas Scrubbing, Compression)
Gasification (Indirect
Circulating Dual Fluidized Beds)
Feed Handling & Preparation
Methanol Synthesis
(Acid Gas Removal, PSA, Methanol
Synthesis)
Methanol Recovery
(Syngas/Methanol Separation, Degassing)
Methanol to Dimethyl
Ether (DME)
Woody Biomass
Product Recovery
Cooling Water &
Wastewater Treatment
Fuel Gas
High-Octane Gasoline
Blendstock
H2
DME + C4 Recycle
Flue Gas
DME to High-Octane
Gasoline
Methanol Intermediate
NATIONAL RENEWABLE ENERGY LABORATORY 22
Spath, P. L.; Dayton, D. C. (2003). Preliminary Screening -- Technical and Economic Assessment of Synthesis Gas to
Fuels and Chemicals with Emphasis on the Potential for Biomass-Derived Syngas. 160 pp.; NREL Report No. TP-510-
34929. http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy04osti/34929.pdf
NATIONAL RENEWABLE ENERGY LABORATORY
Algal Lipid Extraction and Upgrading to Hydrocarbons (ALU)
Whole Algae Hydrothermal Liquefaction and Upgrading to Hydrocarbons (Algae HTL)
Hydrocarbon Biofuels Technology Pathways
NATIONAL RENEWABLE ENERGY LABORATORY
Background: Prior TEA Focus – Lipid-Only
Extraction (Benchmark as of 2013 Peer Review)
25
•Historical focus in public domain on traditional lipid extraction pathways; challenged by:
a) No definition of “traditional”: majority of TEA assumed a black-box lipid extraction process, but data largely lacking on high yield/wet extraction methods increased uncertainty
b) Asymptotic limits to cost reductions, dictated by achievable yields (<50% lipids = >50% unutilized biomass)
http://www.nrel.gov/docs/ fy12osti/55431.pdf
NATIONAL RENEWABLE ENERGY LABORATORY
New Approach: Biochemical Processing to Multiple
Products/ Co-Products (“ALU Fractionation”)
26
•Alternative approach: biochemical processing for selective conversion of multiple biomass components to multiple fuel products/coproducts
•Potential for similar fuel yields as HTL, but non-destructive conversion of biomass allows high selectivity towards numerous product options
• “Plug and play” flexibility for conversion of carbohydrate, lipid, and protein fractions
•Experimentally demonstrated high lipid extraction yield on wet biomass
NATIONAL RENEWABLE ENERGY LABORATORY
National Renewable Energy
Laboratory
Innovation for Our Energy Future
• Fractionation
• Lipids upgraded to a renewable diesel or
surfactants
• Carbohydrates converted to ethanol or
chemicals
• Protein to higher value products
Chemicals and Materials from Algae
NATIONAL RENEWABLE ENERGY LABORATORY
Hydrocarbon Biofuels Technology Pathways
Sugar Conversion to Hydrocarbons
NATIONAL RENEWABLE ENERGY LABORATORY
Biological Conversion to Hydrocarbon Fuels
30
Key to meeting cost target will be maximizing biomass utilization
Investigating routes for chemicals production and lignin conversion
NATIONAL RENEWABLE ENERGY LABORATORY
Deacetylation and Mechanical Refining Process (DMR)
Deacetylation Disc Refining
HDO
Published in:
ChemSusChem
Super Capacitors
NREL, WSU PNNL, NREL,WSU
Boiler fuel
Work from
Melvin Tucker and
Xiaowen Chen
NATIONAL RENEWABLE ENERGY LABORATORY
Lignin Deconstruction via Alkaline Pulping
32
Work from
Gregg Beckham’s Team
NATIONAL RENEWABLE ENERGY LABORATORY
Biological Funneling
Linger, Vardon, Guarnieri, Karp et al., PNAS, 2014
0
20
40
60
80
100
Hydroxy acids
Co
mpo
sitio
n (
wt.%
)
HA6 HA14
HA-12
HA-10
HA-8
Biological Funneling Cultivations on APL
Biological Funneling enables conversion of lignin-
derived aromatics into value-added compounds
• Significant versatility in lignin stream, organism, and
target product
• Demonstrated mcl-PHA production in Pseudomonas
putida KT2440 on alkaline pretreated liquor
• Higher-solids pretreatment will enable more efficient
biological conversion step
• Examining mcl-PHA separation and cleanup strategies
Work from
Gregg Beckham’s Team
NATIONAL RENEWABLE ENERGY LABORATORY
Adipic acid production from lignin
Vardon, Franden, Johnson, Karp
et al., Energy Env. Sci., 2015
Adipic acid identified as a primary target from
lignin from a TEA and LCA perspective
• Combined metabolic engineering, fermentation,
separations, and catalysis
• Demonstrated muconic acid production in engineered
P. putida KT2440 on alkaline pretreated liquor
• Purity is a key cost driver; examining separations
options and downstream polymer properties
Separations
Catalysis
Work from
Gregg Beckham’s Team
NATIONAL RENEWABLE ENERGY LABORATORY
High-level TEA estimate for lignin coproduct pathways
35
Product
World
Production
(thousand
tons/year)
Price
($/ ton)
Projected
growth rate Primary Usage
1,3 Butadiene >12,000 3200 5% Synthetic rubber
1,4 Butanediol >1,000 3170 5%
Tetrahydrofuran,
specialty chemicals
Adipic Acid >3,000 1700 4-4.5% Nylon-6,6
Cyclohexane >5,700 1000 2.5% Nylon-6,6 precursors
• We selected a small subset of chemical coproducts among many more possibilities
• Some coproducts show the potential to achieve $3/GGE target, others do not
• Critical to consider market volume capacity for coproducts from a high-volume industry such as biofuels
*Plot is based on % lignin
conversion, of the 80%
solubilized upstream in
deconstruction
Addition of lignin
deconstruction/conversion
process equipment increases
MFSP
NATIONAL RENEWABLE ENERGY LABORATORY
High-level GHG estimate for lignin coproduct pathways
36
• High-level analysis shows that oxygenated products can improve MFSP and GHGs • Adipic acid and 1,4 butanediol provide increased GHG offset credit vs lignin combustion
to power coproduct
• Conventional adipic acid production is very carbon-intensive, note x0.1 multiplier on plot (large GHG credit)
• Minimization and eventual loss of power coproduct, replaced by increasing offsets from chemical coproduct as more lignin diverted away from the boiler
-8
-6
-4
-2
0
2
4
6
$5 Base
0% Lig Conv
25 50 75 100 25 50 75 100 25 50 75 100 25 50 75 100
GH
G E
mis
sio
ns
(kg
CO
2-e
q/G
GE)
Lignin conversion to products (%)
Direct refinery emission
Other chemicals
Enzyme production
Bioconversion (nutrients)
Pretreatment chemicals
Hydrogen
Anthraquinone
Electricity
Lignin-derived chemicals
Net GHG Emissions
Adipic acid 1,3 Butadiene 1,4 Butanediol Cyclohexane
adipic acid x 0.1
NATIONAL RENEWABLE ENERGY LABORATORY
Market analysis report for the production of bio-derived chemicals ● Focus of the report is on products that will
have near-term market impact ● Understand the key drivers and challenges to
move biomass-derived chemicals to market o Low-cost natural gas has allowed for
opportunities for C3/C4 products o Push by large companies to utilize
renewable materials o Growth in the functional replacements
market ● Assess ways in which chemicals production
can be leveraged to accelerate the growth of biofuels
● Planned publication in FY16
Chemicals Market Analysis
NATIONAL RENEWABLE ENERGY LABORATORY
Jobs estimates using JEDI
Development of a suite of Jobs and Economic Development Impact (JEDI) models
o Publically available tools found at http://www.nrel.gov/analysis/jedi/
The model represents the entire economy as a system of linkages between subsectors of the economy
o The linkages are represented by multipliers (derived from IMPLAN, 2014) that determine the impact of construction and operation of a new project on employment, earnings, and output in other sectors
o Uses input-output analysis to capture the impacts throughout the supply chain
Biomass Other Inputs Steel
Biofuels + Products
Raw Materials Refinery
Labor (Direct) Project
Development Labor
On-site Labor
Local Economy
Local Economy (Induced)
NATIONAL RENEWABLE ENERGY LABORATORY
Overview of JEDI Models
• Publicly available Excel-based, user friendly models
• JEDI tools include
• Biopower
• Starch and cellulosic ethanol
• Hydrocarbons from fast pyrolysis
• Each JEDI model has a user guide that summarizes input requirements, interpretation of results and limitations of the tool
NATIONAL RENEWABLE ENERGY LABORATORY
Biomass Resources Assessment –
United States Crop residues
– Harvesting residues – Processing residues
Wood residues – Forest residues – Primary mill residues – Secondary mill residues – Urban wood waste
Lipid-based feedstock – Vegetable oils – Animal fats – Greases – Algae
Biogas/Biomethane – Landfills – Animal manure – Wastewater treatment – Industrial, institutional, and commercial
organic waste (e.g. food waste).
More information available at http://www.nrel.gov/gis/biomass.html
NATIONAL RENEWABLE ENERGY LABORATORY
Acknowledgements • Thank you to…
o Bioenergy Technologies Office: • Alicia Lindauer, Kristen Johnson, Zia Haq (Strategic Analysis and
Sustainability Platform) • Kevin Craig, Jay Fitzgerald, Nichole Fitzgerald, Prasad Gupte, Bryna
Guriel, Liz Moore (Conversion)
o UNC Charlotte EPIC and BioEnergy Symposium Organizers: • Regina C. Guyer, David Causey, Karyn Williamson-Coria
o NREL researchers: • Adam Bratis, Gregg Beckham, Ryan Davis, Abhijit Dutta, Daniel
Inman, Chris Kinchin, Kim Magrini, Jennifer Markham, Anelia Milbrandt, Asad Sahir, Christopher Scarlata, Michael Talmadge, Eric Tan, Ling Tao, Yimin Zhang, Yanan Zhang, Helena Chum, Mark Davis, Rick Elander, Tom Foust, Philip Pienkos, and NREL researchers
oNational Laboratory Partners (PNNL, INL, ORNL)
o Industrial and Academic Partners
NATIONAL RENEWABLE ENERGY LABORATORY
Questions?
Please contact
Mary Biddy
– 303-384-7904 (office)
Abhijit Dutta
– 303-384-7782 (office)
NATIONAL RENEWABLE ENERGY LABORATORY
Design Report Publications
Humbird, D.; Davis, R.; Tao, L.; Kinchin, C.; Hsu, D.; Aden, A.; Schoen, P.; Lukas, J.; Olthof, B.;
Worley, M.; Sexton, D.; Dudgeon, D. (2011). Process Design and Economics for Biochemical
Conversion of Lignocellulosic Biomass to Ethanol: Dilute-Acid Pretreatment and Enzymatic
Hydrolysis of Corn Stover. 147 pp.; NREL Report No. TP-5100-47764.
http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy11osti/47764.pdf
Dutta, A.; Talmadge, M.; Hensley, J.; Worley, M.; Dudgeon, D.; Barton, D.; Groendijk, P.; Ferrari,
D.; Stears, B.; Searcy, E. M.; Wright, C. T.; Hess, J. R. (2011). Process Design and Economics for
Conversion of Lignocellulosic Biomass to Ethanol: Thermochemical Pathway by Indirect
Gasification and Mixed Alcohol Synthesis. 187 pp.; NREL Report No. TP-5100-51400.
http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy11osti/51400.pdf
Link to NREL public TEA models: http://www.nrel.gov/extranet/biorefinery/aspen_models/
NATIONAL RENEWABLE ENERGY LABORATORY
Design Report Publications
Biochemical Pathways Catalytic Conversion of Sugars -- 2015
Davis, R.; Tao, L.; Scarlata, C.; Tan, E. C. D.; Ross, J.; Lukas, J.; Sexton, D. (2015). Process Design
and Economics for the Conversion of Lignocellulosic Biomass to Hydrocarbons: Dilute-Acid and
Enzymatic Deconstruction of Biomass to Sugars and Catalytic Conversion of Sugars to
Hydrocarbons. 133 pp.; NREL Report No. TP-5100-62498.
http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy15osti/62498.pdf
Biological Conversion of Sugars -- 2013
Davis, R.; Tao, L.; Tan, E. C. D.; Biddy, M. J.; Beckham, G. T.; Scarlata, C.; Jacobson, J.; Cafferty,
K.; Ross, J.; Lukas, J.; Knorr, D.; Schoen, P. (2013). Process Design and Economics for the
Conversion of Lignocellulosic Biomass to Hydrocarbons: Dilute-Acid and Enzymatic
Deconstruction of Biomass to Sugars and Biological Conversion of Sugars to Hydrocarbons. 147 pp.;
NREL Report No. TP-5100-60223.
http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy14osti/60223.pdf
NATIONAL RENEWABLE ENERGY LABORATORY
Design Report Publications
Thermochemical Pathways Indirect Liquefaction -- 2015
Tan, E. C. D.; Talmadge, M.; Dutta, A.; Hensley, J.; Schaidle, J.; Biddy, M.; Humbird, D.; Snowden-
Swan, L. J.; Ross, J.; Sexton, D.; Yap, R.; Lukas, J. (2015). Process Design and Economics for the
Conversion of Lignocellulosic Biomass to Hydrocarbons via Indirect Liquefaction: Thermochemical
Research Pathway to High-Octane Gasoline Blendstock Through Methanol/Dimethyl Ether
Intermediates. 189 pp.; NREL Report No. TP-5100-62402; PNNL-23822.
http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy15osti/62402.pdf
In Situ and Ex Situ Pyrolysis -- 2015
Dutta, A.; Sahir, A.; Tan, E.; Humbird, D.; Snowden-Swan, L. J.; Meyer, P.; Ross, J.; Sexton, D.; Yap,
R.; Lukas, J. (2015). Process Design and Economics for the Conversion of Lignocellulosic Biomass
to Hydrocarbon Fuels: Thermochemical Research Pathways with In Situ and Ex Situ Upgrading of
Fast Pyrolysis Vapors. 275 pp.; NREL Report No. TP-5100-62455; PNNL-23823.
http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy15osti/62455.pdf
Updated Fast Pyrolysis Design -- 2013
Jones SB, PA Meyer, LJ Snowden-Swan, AB Padmaperuma, E Tan, A Dutta, J Jacobson, and K
Cafferty. 2013. Process Design and Economics for the Conversion of Lignocellulosic Biomass to
Hydrocarbon Fuels: Fast Pyrolysis and Hydrotreating Bio-Oil Pathway . PNNL-23053; NREL/TP-
5100-61178, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA.
http://www.pnnl.gov/main/publications/external/technical_reports/PNNL-23053.pdf
NATIONAL RENEWABLE ENERGY LABORATORY
Design Report Publications
Algae Pathways Algal Lipid Upgrading – 2014
Davis, R.; Kinchin, C.; Markham, J.; Tan, E.; Laurens, L.; Sexton, D.; Knorr, D.; Schoen, P.; Lukas,
J. (2014). Process Design and Economics for the Conversion of Algal Biomass to Biofuels: Algal
Biomass Fractionation to Lipid- and Carbohydrate-Derived Fuel Products. 110 pp.; NREL Report
No. TP-5100-62368.
http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy14osti/62368.pdf
Whole Algal Hydrothermal Liquefaction and Upgrading – 2014
Jones SB, Y Zhu, DB Anderson, RT Hallen, DC Elliott, AJ Schmidt, KO Albrecht, TR Hart, MG
Butcher, C Drennan, LJ Snowden-Swan, R Davis, and C Kinchin. 2014. Process Design and
Economics for the Conversion of Algal Biomass to Hydrocarbons: Whole Algae Hydrothermal
Liquefaction and Upgrading . PNNL-23227, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA.
http://www.pnnl.gov/main/publications/external/technical_reports/PNNL-23227.pdf
NATIONAL RENEWABLE ENERGY LABORATORY
Technical Memo Publications
Biddy, M.; Dutta, A.; Jones, S.; Meyer, A. 2013. Ex-Situ Catalytic Fast Pyrolysis Technology
Pathway 9 pp.; NREL Report No. TP-5100-58050; PNNL-22317.
http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy13osti/58050.pdf
http://www.pnl.gov/main/publications/external/technical_reports/PNNL-22317.pdf
Biddy, M.; Davis, R.; Jones, S. 2013. Whole Algae Hydrothermal Liquefaction Technology Pathway.
10 pp.; NREL Report No. TP-5100-58051; PNNL-22314.
http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy13osti/58051.pdf
http://www.pnl.gov/main/publications/external/technical_reports/PNNL-22314.pdf
Biddy, M.; Dutta, A.; Jones, S.; Meyer, A. 2013. In-Situ Catalytic Fast Pyrolysis Technology
Pathway. 9 pp.; NREL Report No. TP-5100-58056; PNNL-22320.
http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy13osti/58056.pdf
http://www.pnl.gov/main/publications/external/technical_reports/PNNL-22320.pdf
Biddy, M.; Jones, S. 2013. Catalytic Upgrading of Sugars to Hydrocarbons Technology Pathway. 9
pp.; NREL Report No. TP-5100-58055; PNNL-22319.
http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy13osti/58055.pdf
http://www.pnl.gov/main/publications/external/technical_reports/PNNL-22319.pdf
NATIONAL RENEWABLE ENERGY LABORATORY
Technical Memo Publications
Davis, R.; Biddy, M.; Jones, S. 2013. Algal Lipid Extraction and Upgrading to Hydrocarbons
Technology Pathway. 11 pp.; NREL Report No. TP-5100-58049; PNNL-22315
http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy13osti/58049.pdf
http://www.pnl.gov/main/publications/external/technical_reports/PNNL-22315.pdf
Davis, R.; Biddy, M.; Tan, E.; Tao, L.; Jones, S. 2013. Biological Conversion of Sugars to
Hydrocarbons Technology Pathway. 14 pp.; NREL Report No. TP-5100-58054; PNNL-22318.
http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy13osti/58054.pdf
http://www.pnl.gov/main/publications/external/technical_reports/PNNL-22318.pdf
Talmadge, M.; Biddy, M.; Dutta, A.; Jones, S.; Meyer, A. 2013. Syngas Upgrading to Hydrocarbon
Fuels Technology Pathway. 10 pp.; NREL Report No. TP-5100-58052; PNNL-22323.
http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy13osti/58052.pdf
http://www.pnl.gov/main/publications/external/technical_reports/PNNL-22323.pdf