The Development of EuroNCAP AEB test procedures for Car and

Vulnerable Road Users

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Advanced Driver Assistance Systems

•  ESC is an established life saver •  Other ADAS systems show potential •  ESC saves lives; an ESC equipped

vehicle is 25% less likely to be involved in a serious or fatal crash in the UK

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AEB -Autonomous Emergency Braking

•  Forward looking sensors (RADAR, LIDAR, Camera) •  System detects an imminent collision •  Some systems issue driver warnings (acoustic, visual, haptic) •  Automatic application of the brakes if driver is unresponsive or

distracted  

Car-to-Car Rear (CCR) Car-to-Pedestrian (CP)

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Unique in-depth study commissioned by Thatcham investigating real world crashes and their causation factors to formulate realistic test scenarios that drive AEB functionalities

Procedures developed from real world data

Test Procedure Development

Example: Cluster 1 •  30% of cases •  Lower speeds •  At junction •  Daylight •  Fine weather •  Veh A going ahead •  Veh B stop/starting •  Following traffic

Aim for 4-6 clusters

≥75% of cases

Report available at: www.thatcham.org/AEB

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•  Assessment with Camera radar fusion system •  Target attributes correlate strongly with those of real vehicle for RADAR and vision based sensor

systems •  Reflective elements added in typically highly

reflective areas (light clusters and number plate) for LIDAR sensor performance

Distance from target m Avoidance distance m

Driver braking for safety

Touran 98.2

Golf 1.5 60.2

Balloon  Car 2.7 52.5

Assessor 0.8 15.7Assessor  tyres 0.8 22.7Rabbit  &  Assessor 1.2 64.4Rabbit  &  Suzuki 1.7 50.6

ABsessor 1.5 78.8

ADAC 2.6 95.5AEB target

Touran

EVT – Test Target development

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§ Tests performed with driving robots controlling vehicle § Consistent and repeatable steering and accelerator inputs

replicating inattentive driver giving tight control of approach speed and target alignment

§ Precise timing and control for FCW braking input

Antony Best Dynamics (ABD) Steer robot (SR) Combined accelerator and

brake robot (CBAR) Oxford Technical Solutions (OxTS)

RT3002 motion packs RT Range system (relative motion)

Warning recognition system

AEB testing - equipment

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Euro NCAP AEB Test Scenarios

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Inter-Urban AEB Scenarios

"   Precondition: AEB and/or FCW operate up to at least 80km/h

Stationary Moving Braking

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Inter-urban HMI Preconditions

Activation "   AEB system default

ON at start of every journey

Forward Collision Warning (FCW) "   Loud and clear

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Inter-urban HMI Points

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0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50

Poin

ts

Test speed (km/h)

CCR low speed stationary (City) - Example

Not scored

AEB mitigation

AEB avoidance

3Points 3Points

Adult Occupant Protection

Safety Assist

Final AEB Points Scoring

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AEB VRU Test scenarios

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Night time collisions?

Combining accident data from international

sources

UK UK Germany USA STATS 19 n=10,574 cluster analysis frontal collisions

OTS n=175 cluster analysis frontal collisions

UDV n=234 (N=18,571) 3rd party vehicle claims 2002-2006 frontal collisions

IIHS 1997-2006 FARS & GES all car-pedestrians

Pedestrian walks along in the dark

3%

5%

8%

9%

Non-fatal Fatal

"   Longitudinal collision scenario – rural darkness "   Low frequency high severity – FCW, active lighting, steering etc.

"   Night time crossing – urban street lighting, not darkness

"   Initial 2016 implementation "   Daylight testing only "   VM verification of low light level

performance for additional HMI points •  Potential to develop full darkness testing – 2018?

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Propulsion and Dummy system

"   Platform based system to be used "   Magnetic dummy fixation with auto-release "   4a Fixed Pose Adult and Child

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"   Radar signature confirmation

"   VM confirmation that dummy RCS is acceptably representative of a typical human to trigger AEB systems

"   VM confirmation of realistic IR return (40-60%) "   Dummy Visuals

"   Issue with dummy blending into test track background

"   Various clothing solutions tried – best compromise

Dummy tuning – Radar and Visuals

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EuroNCAP Pedestrian AEB Test Prerequisites

"  Prerequisites for scoring AEB VRU points – VM to prove: "  System must at least be able to detect pedestrians with

walking speeds of 3-8km/h

•  System must be active from vehicle speed of 10km/h (verified in Adult 75%)

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0 1 2 3 4

20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60

AEB Pedestrian Points

"   Avoidance required for full score up to 40km/h "   Scoring proportional to speed reduction as per Car-to-car

"   Over 40km/h, minimum speed reduction 20km/h "   Pass/fail check all tests speeds separately

"   Applies to all four test scenarios (equally weighted) "   Future testing to look at cyclists and darkness (2018)

Minimum speed reduction of 20km/h at each test speed

PASS/FAIL

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"  HMI points "  Prerequisite for HMI points

"   AEB system default ON

"  FCW, when issued before auto-brake at speeds >40km/h

"  Not switching off in low ambient lighting conditions

AEB Pedestrian Assessment

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§  LDW/LKA systems widespread in the market § Crash reduction unclear §  20% of KSI relate to single vehicle crashes – mostly on straight, well

marked roads §  Sophisticated Lane Guidance Systems available (Infiniti Q50 – Mercedes

E-Class) § New Research looking at Run-off-Road Tests – Straight and Radius § Off Road and Across Lane -    

Future Research – Run Off Road

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§  Intersection Crashes – create severe side impacts – high KSI

§ New 180 degree protection – Side looking Radar or Camera could prevent many crashes

§ Ability to protect vulnerable road users – motorised two wheelers

§ Will require new 3D soft crash target § Will require development of 3D soft crash target – suitable

for all AEB testing    

Intersection Crashes