matter and measurement mrs. alvarez. definition: mass per unit volume of a substance formula: d =...
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AP ChemistryPreface and Chapter
1Matter and Measurement
Mrs. Alvarez
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Definition: Mass per unit volume of a substance
Formula: D = m/V ; units: g/mL, g/cm3, kg/L
Density
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Sample Problem A piece of copper has a mass of 57.54 g. It is 9.36 cm long, 7.23 cm wide, and 0.95 mm thick. Calculate density (g/cm3).
Sample Problem
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2. Use of density as a conversion factor:
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Sample Problem: Mercury (Hg) has a density of 13.6 g/cm3. What is the mass of 95 mL of Hg in grams? In pounds?
First, note that 1 cm3 = 1 mL Strategy1.Use density as a conversion factor to calculate mass (g)
from volume.
2.Convert mass (g) to mass (lb)
Need to know conversion factor; 454 g = 1 lb
Density as a conversion factor
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Density of water changes with temperature – why?
A last thought on density
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Intensive property - is a physical property of matter that does not depend on the system size or the amount of material in the system
Examples: density, color hardness, melting point, boiling point
Extensive property – any property that depends on the size of the system. A property that changes as the amount of matter changes.
Examples: mass, volume, temperature, energy released/absorbed
Extensive & Intensive Properties
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Temperature Discussion
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State of matter: gas, liquid, solid
Kinetic Molecular Theory: A theory of the behavior of matter at the molecular level
Kinetic Energy: The energy of a moving object, dependent on its mass and velocity
K.E. = 1/2mv2
Classification of Matter
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Solid - Liquid - Gas
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Matter has both _______ and _________
Macroscopic –measurable and observable to the naked eye
Macroscopic properties - color, length
Submicroscopic or particulate –not measurable with a microscope
Particle size, chemical bond length
Matter at the Macroscopic and Particulate Levels
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3 examples 2 forms of energy Is energy a form of matter
Matter Q’s
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A. Measurement Systems – Definition and use of SI (metric) system
Metric: English:
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B. Prefixes (see page 25 in textbook) also on white board
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Measurement System – in summer work
C. Length base unit – meter
Conversions: 2.54 cm = 1 inch
Units of Measurement
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D. Mass ◦ base unit – kilogram
Conversions: 453.5 g = 1 pound (only on earth!)
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E. Time base unit – second
Conversions: 1 hour = 60 minutes; 1 minute= 60 seconds (NOTE THESE ARE EXACT
NUMBERS)
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A value that is calculated from other measured values; not directly measured
◦ Volume – L x W x H
Derived units
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G. A problem solving method
Definition: used to convert one or more units to other units
◦ Example: how many seconds in a day ??
◦ 1 day 24 hours 60 min 60 sec = 1 day 1 hour 1 min
Dimensional analysis, Unit conversion, Factor-Label method
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2. Using Dimensional Analysis A. Express the quantity 1.00 ft in different
dimensions (inches, meters).
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B. Conversion Factors 100 cm = 1m 454 g = 1 lb Exact and don’t impact significant figures
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C. Example Problems Simple conversion: How many cm3 in 2.57
L?
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Multiple conversion: How many inches are equal to 4.00km?
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Combined Units: A speed of 80. km/hr is equivalent to how
many inches per minute?
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Area conversions: 150.0km2 = ? mm2
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Volume conversions: Convert 3.50 g/km3 to kg/m3
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Accurate – close to the true value Precision – reproducibility of the
measurement
Percent Error:
Accuracy vs. Precision
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Significant Figures: Why are they important? Numbers in math
Vs.
Numbers in chemistry
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State the problem◦ Organize the information◦ Determine what you know & what you need to know
Determine the strategy◦ May stem from prior knowledge
Write down each step◦ NO WORK NO CREDIT!!
Check your answer◦ Is it reasonable????
Problem Solving
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Chapter 1◦ Density p. 39 # 21, 23, 25, 55, 57◦ Unit Conversions p. 40 31, 33, 35, 37, 53, 59◦ Problem solving p. 40 45, 47, 49, 61, 63, 77◦ Dimensional Analysis Worksheets◦ Sig fig review worksheet
HOMEWORK ASSIGNMENTS