materialsevaluation201511 dl
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Materials evaluation magazine for NDT personnelTRANSCRIPT
NOVEMBER 2015VOL. 73 • NO. 11ASNT… CREATING A SAFER WORLD!™
T H E A M E R I C A N S O C I E T Y F O R N O N D E S T R U C T I V E T E S T I N GT H E A M E R I C A N S O C I E T Y F O R N O N D E S T R U C T I V E T E S T I N G
ELECTROMAGNETICTESTINGElectric Field LeakageEFI ApplicationsSteel Surface Strain
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NOVEMBER 2015VOLUME 73 • NUMBER 11
N O V E M B E R 2 0 1 5 • M A T E R I A L S E V A L U A T I O N 1407
FEATURE
1438 Field TestElectric Field Leakage Nondestructive TestingPrinciple and its SimulationDonglin Li, Yanhua Sun, Zhijian Ye, and Yihua Kang
TECHNICAL PAPERS
1479 Electric Potential and Electric FieldImaging with ApplicationsE.R. Generazio
1490 Electromagnetic Measurement ofApplied and Residual Surface Strainin SteelOtto Henry Zinke
1479
1438
COMING IN MARCH
1463 25th ASNT Research Symposium
1463
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1408 M A T E R I A L S E V A L U A T I O N • N O V E M B E R 2 0 1 5
PERSPECTIVE
1413 President’s Letter“to ensure our success wemust work much like a strongteam of mountaineers”
1417 Director’s Letter“we will see amazing thingscome from our members, ourBoard, and our officers”
WHAT’S NEW
1446 Product Gallery1447 Spotlight: Visual Testing
1450 New MediaZetec Launches New Website,“Non-destructive TestingEquipment Market,”“Intelligent PiggingServices Market”
1455 NDT Pics
1456 Industry NewsGE Inspection TechnologiesOpens Second ComputedTomography Plant, Arctic SlopeRegional Acquires Arctic PipeInspection, Rockwood ServiceAcquires Applied Inspection,3sun Group Launches AssetIntegrity Service
1461 New Patents1418
departments
RESOURCES
1421 Contact ASNT
1434 Exam Schedule
1436 Editorial Calendar
1464 Corporate Partners
1469 Calendar
1497 Employment Service
1498 Service Directory
1508 Coming Attractions
1508 Ad Index
IN THIS ISSUEElectromagnetic Testing
Subscription Questions?ASNT membership includes a one-yearsubscription to Materials Evaluation.Institutions, or others who wish to havea subscription without becoming anASNT member, may simply subscribe tothe journal through ASNT. To become amember or subscribe to the journal,contact ASNT at (800) 222-2768 or see www.asnt.org/membershipoptions.
Back Issues & Article CopiesBack issues of Materials Evaluationare available for purchase. Seewww.asnt.org/shop/periodicals.ihtmlfor details, or call (800) 222-2768.Copies of individual articles may also be obtained through ASNT: contact thelibrarian at (800) 222-2768 for moreinformation.
Comments & SuggestionsLetters to the editor are welcome at anytime. Letters that are timely and signifi-cant may be published in an issue ofMaterials Evaluation. Not all letters aresuitable for publication, and ASNTmakes no claim regarding publication of a given letter. Letters should be sent to Editor Nathaniel Moes [email protected].
Digital Materials Evaluation content is also available online atwww.asnt.org/materialsevaluation/access.
ASNT SCOPE
1418 Section News
1419 Society Notes
1420 Awards and Honors
1422 Presidential Profile2015–2016 ASNTPresident Kevin D. Smith
1426 People
1428 Staff News
1430 Society News
1432 New ASNT CertificateHolders
1447
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VOLUME 73 • NUMBER 11
JOURNAL STAFFPUBLISHER: Dr. Arnold BeresonPUBLICATIONS MANAGER: Timothy E. JonesEDITOR: Nathaniel Moes ASSOCIATE EDITOR: Toni Kervina ADVERTISING SUPERVISOR: Jessica MillerPRODUCTION/LAYOUT: Joy Grimm
REVIEW BOARDTECHNICAL EDITOR
Richard H. Bossi, The Boeing Company(retired)
TECHNICAL EDITOR (emeritus)
Emmanuel P. Papadakis, Quality SystemsConcepts
ASSOCIATE TECHNICAL EDITORS
John C. Aldrin, Computational ToolsAli Abdul-Aziz, NASA Glenn Research CenterNarendra K. Batra, Naval ResearchLaboratory (retired)
William C. Chedister, Chedister AssociatesJohn Chen, SchlumbergerJohn C. Duke, Jr., Virginia PolytechnicTrey Gordon, The Boeing CompanyMani Mina, Iowa State UniversityWilliam E. Mooz, Met-L-Chek CompanyYicheng Peter Pan, Therm-O-Disc/Emerson, Inc.William H. Prosser, NASA Langley ResearchCenter
S.I. Rokhlin, The Ohio State UniversityDonald J. Roth, GE AviationRam P. Samy, NDE Information ConsultantsRobert E. Shannon, Siemens Energy, Inc.Steven M. Shepard, Thermal Wave ImagingRoderic K. Stanley, NDE InformationConsultants
Mike C. Tsao, University of Connecticut –Avery Point
Lalita Udpa, Michigan State UniversitySharon I. Vukelich, University of DaytonResearch Institute
Lianxiang Yang, Oakland UniversityReza Zoughi, Missouri University of Scienceand Technology
CONTRIBUTING EDITORS
Bruce G. Crouse, Inspection ServicesDietmar Henning, Vector TUBFrank A. Iddings, Louisiana State University(emeritus)
Robert E. Shannon, Siemens Energy, Inc.Ripudaman Singh, Pratt & Whitney
Materials Evaluation (ISSN 0025-5327) ispublished monthly by the American Society forNondestructive Testing, Inc. Periodical postagepaid at Columbus, Ohio, and additional mailingoffices. Posted under Canadian IPM #0312819.
POSTMASTER: Send address changes toMaterials Evaluation, 1711 Arlingate Lane, PO Box 28518, Columbus, OH 43228-0518.
Materials Evaluation is an archival journal in nondestructive testing/evaluation/inspection. The journal’stechnical articles are refereed by experts in their fields and the papers are abstracted by major technicalabstracting services, including: Acoustic Abstracts; Alloys Index; Aluminum Industry Abstracts; Applied MechanicsReview; Applied Science and Technology Index; Cadscan; Corrosion Abstracts; Current Contents; Energy Science &Technology; Engineered Materials Abstracts; Engineering Index; Exploration and Production Health, Safety andEnvironment; Gas Processing and Pipelining; Highway Research Info Service; INIS Atomindex; INSPEC, Institution ofElectrical Engineers; ISMEC, Mechanical Engineering Abstracts; Index to Scientific Reviews; International AerospaceAbstracts; Leadscan; Metals Abstracts; Metals Information; Nondestructive Testing Information Analysis Center;Nonferrous Metals Alert; Offshore Technology; PASCAL; PIRA; Petroleum Abstracts; Polymers, Ceramics, CompositesAlert; Science Abstracts (Physics Abstracts, Electrical and Electronics Abstracts and Computer and ControlAbstracts); Science Citation Index; Solid State and Superconductivity Abstracts; Steels Alert; and Zincscan.
Subscriptions to Materials Evaluation (noncommissionable) to other than members of the Society: $135 peryear domestic; $245 (prepaid) per year international, which includes special handling outside the USA. Singlecopy price: $9 for members ($12 for nonmembers), except for Buyers Guide issue in June ($21.25 for members,$26.50 for nonmembers). Claims for replacement of lost or damaged copies must be made in writing, receivedwithin 60 days of the date of publication. No more than two claims for replacement copies will be honored in asingle year. Printed in the United States of America. Copyright © 2015 by the American Society forNondestructive Testing, Inc.
The American Society for Nondestructive Testing, Inc. (ASNT) is not responsible for the authenticity or accuracy ofthe information herein. Published opinions and statements do not necessarily reflect the opinions of ASNT.Products or services that are advertised or mentioned do not carry the endorsement or recommendation of ASNT.
IRRSP, NDT Handbook, The NDT Technician and www.asnt.org are trademarks of the American Society forNondestructive Testing, Inc. ACCP, ASNT, Level III Study Guide, Materials Evaluation, Nondestructive TestingHandbook, Research in Nondestructive Evaluation and RNDE are registered trademarks of the American Societyfor Nondestructive Testing, Inc.
Authorization to photocopy fee-coded items for internal or personal use or the internal or personal use ofspecific clients, is granted by the American Society for Nondestructive Testing, Inc., for libraries and other usersregistered with the Copyright Clearance Center (CCC) Transactional Reporting Service, provided that the base feeof $2.50 per copy plus $1.00 per page is paid directly to CCC, 27 Congress St., Salem, MA 01970; websitewww.copyright.com. A fee code (0025-5327/97/$2.50/0) should be used in transactions with CCC and coversall material to be photocopied beyond that photocopying permitted by Section 107 or 108 of the US CopyrightLaw. This consent does not extend to other kinds of copying, such as copying for general distribution, for adver-tising or promotional purposes, for creating new collective works or for resale.
The American Society for Nondestructive Testingwww.asnt.org
ASNT MISSION STATEMENT
ASNT exists to create a safer world by promoting the profession andtechnologies of nondestructive testing.
SOCIETY OFFICERS CHAIR: L. Terry Clausing, Drysdale & Associates, Inc., 2016PRESIDENT: Kevin D. Smith, Pratt & Whitney, 2016VICE PRESIDENT: David R. Bajula, Acuren Group, Inc., 2016SECRETARY/TREASURER: David A. Mandina, Mandina’s Inspection Services, Inc., 2016
DIRECTORS Mohammed A. Abufour, Saudi Aramco, 2018Marwan Basrawi, Saudi Aramco, 2016Tsuchin “Philip” Chu, Southern Illinois University, 2016Brenda L. Collins, Magnaflux, 2016B. Boro Djordjevic, Materials and Sensors Technologies, Inc., 2018Cindy Finley, UTEX Scientific Instruments, Inc., 2016David O. Hall, ETM, Inc., 2016Michael V. McGloin, NDT Enterprises, 2018William Plumstead, Jr., PQT Services, 2016Robert L. Saunders, Ellwood City Forge Co., 2017David E. Savoy, Versa Integrity Group, 2016Flynn Spears, Laser Technology, 2017John Turner, FlawTech, Inc., 2017
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N O V E M B E R 2 0 1 5 • M A T E R I A L S E V A L U A T I O N 1413
I’D LIKE TO BEGIN by making an honest confession toyou: I embrace challenges. It’s true. I take joy in over-coming obstacles and hardship while discovering thecreative diligence it takes to get there. I live byPresident John F. Kennedy’s words, as he announcedthe lunar exploration program, that we choose to dothings “not because they are easy, but because theyare hard.” While there is no doubt that my projects atPratt & Whitney present intellectual challenges, I havethroughout my life also sought more external, physicalchallenges that test not only the body, but the mindand spirit as well.
For a time, I was a mountaineer. For those of younot familiar, it boils down to traveling with a team intohigh and treacherous terrain. Not only are you hikingwith a team, but you are roped together. Yes, whenclimbing into the face of danger, you are tied toanother person you may not even know and, as thechallenge goes, you must trust him or her with yoursurvival as you move in tandem toward your goal.
In such a situation, planning, executing, andadapting are critical to finishing the trip alive. Youmust know how to use the tools and skills at yourdisposal, plan your route accordingly, and know howto work with your teammates, listening and trusting, tochange course or adapt to potentially fatal dangers asthey present themselves. Persistence, above all, is thetie that binds these together.
These same principles apply to our Society today.ASNT is constantly moving forward into new,sometimes uncharted territory, and to ensure oursuccess we must work much like a strong team ofmountaineers. We must move together consistently,making intelligent decisions based on communityinput, as well as our existing knowledge and accom-plishments, and persist through difficult times.
In the past several years, we have identified andacted upon three necessary areas that have set thestage for our current position and prospects for thefuture.
First, there has been a concerted effort to invest inand encourage volunteer and member engagementand involvement at all levels of the Society. Ouroutgoing chair, Roger Engelbart, had remarked in hispresidential address that, “Involvement createssuccess and ensures a future for ASNT.” Such wordsstill ring true today as we begin focusing our effortstowards new challenges. The energy for such successis palpable. It is inspiring.
Secondly, we have identified the need for aglobal nondestructive testing (NDT) community andhow ASNT can lead in that structure while embracingmembership not as “domestic” or “international”members, but as ASNT members. My predecessor, L. Terry Clausing, along with a number of Boardmembers and member volunteers, have madetremendous in-roads with sister societies and organi-zations with which we have previously let our rela-tionships fade. There is a renewed sense of energyand enthusiasm for what ASNT has done and whatwe can accomplish moving forward.
Thirdly, ASNT now has a tremendous and valuableasset: our Strategic Plan. This plan, forged through thetireless work of the Board of Directors, member volun-teers, and International Service Center (ISC) staff, willbe the focal point for the decisions that we make as aSociety for the foreseeable future. Where we previouslyacted passively, we now have a roadmap withdirection for achieving our goals. We are poised to be active and engage our challenges.
We Are ASNT
PRESIDENT’Sletter
to ensure our success wemust work much like a strongteam of mountaineers
This is the text of the speech delivered by ASNT President Kevin D.Smith at the Annual Awards Banquet at the 2015 ASNT AnnualConference in Salt Lake City, Utah, as edited for publication.Opinions stated here are Smith’s own and may not reflect ASNTpolicy.
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Now, with an engaged volunteer base,healthy relationships developing aroundthe globe, and comprehensive, powerfulplan, we are in a position to make ourvisions and aspirations a reality.
As we move forward on a path that isforged by growth, cooperation, and mutualunderstanding between ASNT and ourpartners around the globe, it is critical thatwe identify the needs of those who do notreap the full harvest of our labor and workour hardest to meet their needs. It is now
our time to begin working to fully serve allsegments of the NDT community—not onlythose we count as our members, but thosewho yet we have not.
We must consider the Level III andinspector community. We currently servethis community well with our educationalmaterials and certification programs.Members who volunteer their time to workon these activities are critical in providingthis service to our members and theindustry. We can see the positive impact ofour efforts, as 54% of those who are ASNTcertified are also members. However, thatmeans 46% are not. We must communi-cate the value of an ASNT membership toinspectors worldwide.
We must concern ourselves with TheNDT research community. Currently, thisgroup is served primarily by our ResearchCouncil, which works to produce thejournal Research in NondestructiveEvaluation and the spring ResearchSymposium. While these have beenvaluable assets, we have been losingparticipation in the Research Council to
other entities, which could in turn weakenour ability to serve our researchers. TheResearch Council is working to regain andexceed the reputation of ASNT as thepremier organization for the NDTresearcher. Strengthening the ResearchSymposium to be the conference of choicefor NDT researchers to present their mostrecent findings is the goal.
We must also recognize the NDTengineer, the third and youngest leg of thecommunity. We have huge opportunities to
add value to this element of thecommunity, particularly in the area oflifelong learning and development. Wehave started to provide support for theNDT engineer through remote participationin the methods committees; this remoteparticipation worldwide is a key area thatwe must achieve. We also need to expandlifelong learning opportunities in otherways. In the near term we need to makeeducational materials such as presenta-tions and short courses available to thosewho cannot join us at the conferences.
We must identify the needs of thosewho have not yet joined ASNT but willbenefit tremendously by the support andopportunity that this Society provides. In aneffort to understand the global scope of ourprofession, we know that ASNT memberscomprise but a small fraction of this profes-sional population. When there are a signifi-cant number of NDT professionals who arenot members of this Society, it suggests thatwe need to challenge ourselves to under-stand and address the needs of theworldwide NDT community more thoroughly
and act on the highest priority items thatwill add the most value.
Knowing the needs and desires of ourfellow professionals to bring them into theSociety is the first step. We must in turnact. We have excellent opportunities infront of us to actively engage our membersthroughout the world to become active inidentifying ways we can add value to theNDT community and execute on theseinitiatives. Currently only a small fractionof our members are actively engaged in
doing the work of the Society. The officers,the rest of the Board, and staff at ISC cancarry out some aspects, but we all recognizethat none of this will happen without theactive engagement of the councils, commit-tees, and individual members.
For the coming year and those tofollow, we must embrace our hard chal-lenges as a Society and, like that strongteam of mountaineers, work in rhythmtowards our goals with all of theknowledge and skills we have at ourdisposal. My friends, there is no bettertime than now. If we stand still, we fallbehind—and we do this together. Becausetogether, we are the NDT community,constantly striving to create a safer world.
Together, we are the pioneers of ourprofession: inventing, creating, evolving.Together, we are the future. Together, weare ASNT.
Thank you.
KEV IN D. SMITH
2015–2016 ASNT [email protected]
Together, we are the pioneers of our profession:inventing, creating, evolving. Together, we arethe future. Together, we are ASNT.
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DIRECTOR’Sletter
Changing of the CollarFIRST, THANK YOU. Thank you for making the 2015 ASNT Annual Conference such aninspiring event. It was inspiring to see the great number of international members repre-senting their respective countries and organizations taking part in the nondestructive testing(NDT) industry’s largest conference. It was inspiring to see the collaboration and excitementthat filled each meeting and conversation. It was inspiring to see the potential for greatnessthat we as a Society have in the years to come.
While at the Annual Conference, I, along with hundreds of members and delegates, hadthe opportunity to witness the “changing of the collar,” a ceremonial act in which theoutgoing president graciously transfers his or her position to the person elected to next servethe office.
As the ceremony progressed and outgoing President L. Terry Clausing placed the collarover incoming President Kevin Smith’s shoulders, I took note of the past ASNT presidentswho stood to recognize and accept this new officer, not only as the next ASNT president, butas a new member of their family for having held such a prestigious position. I could not helpbut take a moment to admire the importance and respect for dedicated leadership that ASNTplaces upon itself. After all, the strength of the Society commands its future in NDT.
Without such respect, we would end up doing things only for the sake of doing them.We’d go through the motions. We would simply maintain. But we realize our Society’s impor-tance. We are moving forward and we are moving forward aggressively and with purpose. Itruly believe in the coming year, we will see amazing things come from our members, ourBoard, and our officers. I believe we will see ASNT emerge as a strong leader.
I am excited to work with Kevin as our new president, Terry as our chair of the Board, andthe entire Executive Committee. They have all made clear that their passions are for contin-uing the work of those before them: strengthening bonds with our international partners,invigorating and growing an active volunteer base, identifying the needs of those who requireASNT’s service more than ever, and utilizing our new strategic plan to its full capabilities. Iencourage you to also read Kevin’s message this month to learn more about his vision for thecoming year.
I hope that those of you who attended the Annual Conference felt the same energy andenthusiasm, and I hope that those of you who could not be there can see the opportunitiesfor engagement and involvement that are abundantly presenting themselves to you.
I challenge each and every one of you reading this message to find a way to contributeand help ASNT achieve its goals, to find a committee or council to join, to find a section tostrengthen, and to find colleagues and members to join this awesome Society.
I want to again thank everyone who attended and helped prepare the 2015 ASNT AnnualConference in Salt Lake City. I am proud to be part of an organization with active membersand staff who work for the good of their colleagues and their profession by creating suchexceptional experiences and opportunities.
DR. ARNOLD “ARNY” BERESON
ASNT Executive [email protected]
we will seeamazing thingscome from ourmembers, ourBoard, and ourofficers
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North Carolina StudentC H A R L O T T E , N O R T H C A R O L I N A
The North Carolina Student Section heldits beginning of semester meet and greeton 20 August in the nondestructive testing(NDT) lab at the Harper campus of CentralPiedmont Community College. The meetingallowed the new and continuing studentsto get to know one another and gave thenew students the opportunity to becomeacquainted with the Section officers andhow the Section operates. Thirty-four
students, faculty, and guests enjoyed pizza and sandwiches provided by IvoryWilson, senior recruiter for the nuclearpower visual inspection section of the NDTprogram. The meeting was a huge successwith senior students offering their help to the newer students and the Sectionofficers outlining the needs for the eighth annual George Pherigo MemorialGolf Tournament that took place on 24 September. The meeting was enjoyedby all.
The North CarolinaStudent Sectiondiscussed theannual GeorgePherigo MemorialGolf Tournament atits August meeting.The importance ofthe tournament wasexplained as theproceeds go towardsending students tothe ASNT AnnualConference.
North Carolina Student Section meeting attendees included a mix of old and new membersas the autumn semester began.
section newsASNT Scopeprovides readers withupdates on ASNTmembers, sections andactivities. We depend onmember contributionsfor this section. Sendupdates, announce-ments and photosregarding your Section,people, awardees, obituaries, etc., [email protected] include ScopeNews in the subject line,and your name andcontact information.
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SECTION HIGHLIGHT
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Pacific NorthwestS E A T T L E , W A S H I N G T O N
The traditional Pacific Northwest Sectiongolf scramble and barbecue banquet eventwas the successful kickoff event for theSection year. This year the scramble washeld on 1 August to raise funds for theSection’s nondestructive testing (NDT)student scholarship program. It was aresounding success once again thanks toa great team. Forty-four golfers enjoyedbeautiful weather and barbecue at the Golf Club at Hawks Prairie in Lacey,Washington. There were many awardsgiven, along with a raffle prize drawing.
The Section board of directors thanksall of the players who participated andthereby contributed to the cause ofproviding NDT education through thestudent scholarship program. This year’sscholarship winner was Lakai Fairbanks, ofClover Park Technical College. He received a$1000 check at the 14 September meeting.
The Section also thanks the manygenerous sponsors who contributed tomaking this a fantastic event. Specialthanks goes out to platinum sponsor MPMProducts, Inc., for making it possible forthe Clover Park student team to play forfree. Western Instruments, Inc. and theASNT International Service Center providedraffle items. Western Instruments alsodonated a clear magnetic particle yoke toClover Park Technical College, as well as apersonalized pit and welding gage for weldinspection.
A thank you to the event organizingcommittee, ASNT Director Flynn Spears,Jeff Siegel, Trey Gordon, Luke Puckett, andEmery Roberts, for contributing so much oftheir time and energy towards making surethat this event went smoothly and thateveryone had a good time. Special thanksgo out to the Dylan Thorp’s wife andmother-in-law for running the puttingcontest and assisting Spears and Siegelduring registration and sign-in.
Saudi ArabianD H A H R A N , S A U D I A R A B I A
The Saudi Arabian Section held its secondtechnical dinner meeting for the fiscal year2015–2016 on 10 August at the Carlton al Moaibed Hotel in Al Khobar, SaudiArabia. The Section-sponsored meetingwas attended by 51 members and guests.
Section Chair Fathi E. Al Qadeebwelcomed everyone and made announce-ments, including about the Level III examsto be held 4–5 December. Anyone interested is instructed to contact M.J. Anjum. Al Qadeeb also spoke on the7th Middle East Nondestructive TestingConference that occurred in Bahrain 13–16 September. wx
Society Notes
Student Travel Grant
ASNT is offering travel reimburse-ments up to $1000 each for up to 15 students to attend the 25thAnnual Research Symposium 11–14 April 2016 in New Orleans,Louisiana. If you are a researcher oruniversity professor, please makeyour students aware. Students candownload instructions and applica-tion for the grant requirements atwww.asnt.org/studenttravelreimbursement. Applications and briefessays are due 31 December 2015.For more information contactProgram Coordinator JessicaVanDervort at [email protected].
Submit NDT Pics
Submissions are now beingaccepted for NDT Pics, a new depart-ment in Materials Evaluation thatallows members of the NDT industryto share their work and experiencesvisually. See p. 1455 in this issue foran example. Large, high-qualityphotos or images (page sized, 300 dpi) or questions about theprocess can be submitted [email protected].
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Mike White, of Met-L-Chek, watched the ballduring the Pacific Northwest Section’sannual golf scramble.
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George L. Pherigo TutorialCitationIn view of the important role of educationin advancing the purpose of ASNT, theGeorge L. Pherigo Tutorial Citation givesrecognition to outstanding contributors tothe field of NDT education. Recipients ofthe citation are selected for their accom-plishments in, or furtherance of, educa-tional activities designed to increase thedepth and breadth of scientific, engi-neering, and technical knowledge in thefield of NDT. In 2010, the award wasrenamed in honor of George L. Pherigo,who dedicated his life to NDT education.
Selection is based on originality,organization, technical content, methods,and practical usefulness of educationalactivities during the period of Januarythrough December of the preceding year.No more than one such award may bemade in a single year. If, in the opinion ofthe Awards Committee, no one qualifiesfor the award, the committee has theprivilege of not conferring the citation forthat year. The citation is presented to therecipient during the ASNT AnnualConference.
2015 winner Michael McGloin is the ownerof NDT Enterprises. Prior to that, he workedas a Level II for The Boeing Co., ArrowheadProducts, Ultrasonic Field Services, andDavis Quality Engineering, as well as aLevel III for Prime Wheel. McGloin is amember of the 75th AnniversaryCommittee and Technical and EducationCouncil’s Leak Testing Committee. He hasserved on all the officer positions of theGreater Los Angeles Section and waselected 2015–2016 ASNT director at large.McGloin attended Golden West Collegeand has earned certificates through hisSection in PT, MT, RT, and UT. He iscertified ASNT NDT, Corporate, and ACCPProfessional Level III in LT, PT, RT, UT, MT,ET, and VT.
Young NDT Professional Award
The purpose of the Young NDT ProfessionalAward is to recognize individuals whoseinitial career contributions exemplify highstandards of excellence in the areas ofprofessional achievement and meritoriousservice. The award is given to supervisors,educators, managers, researchers, consult-ants, developers, and others who are
awards & honorsEach month, M.E. highlights selectedhonorees from the most recent ASNT awardprograms. The department also featuresbackground on the highlighted award, plusannouncements of award applications,award winners and deadline information.
Michael McGloin
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ASNT members with five to ten years ofinvolvement in the NDT industry. Awardapplicants must be sponsored by a localASNT section, council, or nationalcommittee. The Awards Committee has theoption of not conferring an award if itdecides that no individual qualifies in agiven year.
There was no 2015 recipient.
ASNT Fellow AwardNominations SolicitedASNT is seeking nominees for the 2016ASNT Fellow award. The title is awarded toASNT members of unusual professionaldistinction who have made continuedsignificant contributions to the advance-ment of nondestructive testing (NDT) inareas such as management, engineering,science, education, or administration.Fellows must have at least 15 years ofprofessional NDT experience and 10 yearsof ASNT membership with no more thantwo interruptions not exceeding a total oftwo years.
A person may be nominated by his orher local ASNT section chair, an ASNTFellow or a member of ASNT’s nationalboard of directors. Each nominationshould consist of a Fellow applicationform, with required supporting documenta-tion. Completed application forms must bepostmarked by 1 February 2016. ContactProgram Coordinator Jessica VanDervort atthe ASNT International Service Center formore information at (800) 222-2768 X233;e-mail [email protected]. Application formscan also be downloaded from ASNT’swebsite at www.asnt.org. wx
Write UsWe Want to Hear from YouASNT Scope covers events, celebra-tions and achievements in our NDTcommunity. Materials Evaluationwelcomes your news and photos.(Please use the high quality settingon your digital camera!) Send contri-butions to [email protected].
Contact ASNTThe ASNT International Service Center is open from 8:30 a.m. to 5:00 p.m. Eastern time, Mondaythrough Friday. Voicemail messages can be left 24 hours a day by following the recorded prompts. Inthe U.S. and Canada, call toll free (800) 222-2768 or (614) 274-6003; fax (614) 274-6899. E-mailaddresses for individual staff members are given below. If you prefer, write ASNT, 1711 Arlingate Lane,P.O. Box 28518, Columbus, OH 43228-0518. ASNT’s website is available at www.asnt.org.
AREA OF INQUIRY CONTACT (EXTENSION) E-MAIL
Executive OfficesExecutive Director Arny Bereson (201) [email protected] Assistant Michelle Thomas (223) [email protected] participation Michelle Thomas (223) [email protected]
Accounting DepartmentChief Financial Officer Mary Potter (203) [email protected] balance inquiries Angie Guzzo (228) [email protected] and collections Trina Coakley (220) [email protected] payment inquiries Margaret Leonard (229) [email protected]
Book DepartmentBook and catalog orders Sandy Simpson (215) [email protected]
Curtis Smith (214) [email protected] service supervisor Trina Coakley (220) [email protected]
Certification Services DepartmentSenior Manager of Certification Services Mike Boggs (218) [email protected] requests Tricia Davis (219) [email protected] NDT Level III examinations (International) Tricia Davis (219) [email protected] NDT Level III examinations (U.S.) Lisa Law (226) [email protected] NDT Level III recertification Tricia Davis (219) [email protected] Specialist Kimberly Donaldson (242) [email protected] inquiries Lisa Law (226) [email protected]/radiation safety Jennifer Harris (237) [email protected]
Conference DepartmentSenior Manager of Conferences Christine Schnitzer (202) [email protected] registration Angie Guzzo (228) [email protected] and event coordination Ruth Staat (227) [email protected] III refresher courses Alicia LeMasters (213) [email protected] program Angie Guzzo (228) [email protected] coordination Alicia LeMasters (213) [email protected]
InternetASNT website Stephen Schaefer (222) [email protected]
Advertising Jessica Miller (209) [email protected]
Marketing Communications DepartmentSenior Manager of Marketing Communications Garra Liming (211) [email protected] Supervisor Jessica Miller (209) [email protected] Manager Matt Monta (239) [email protected] Relations and Brand Manager Dana Sims (244) [email protected] design services Paul Conley (232) [email protected]
Member Relations and Services DepartmentSenior Manager of Member Relations and Services Heather Cowles (216) [email protected] Jessica VanDervort (233) [email protected] Coordinator Debbie Segor (235) [email protected] Coordinator Jessica VanDervort (233) [email protected]’s Award points Pat White (217) [email protected]
Publications DepartmentSenior Manager of Publications Tim Jones (204) [email protected] Toni Kervina (205) [email protected] Evaluation
Advertising Jessica Miller (209) [email protected] Nat Moes (207) [email protected] Guide Jessica Miller (209) [email protected] Toni Kervina (205) [email protected] Service Toni Kervina (205) [email protected] Reference Guide Nat Moes (207) [email protected] Toni Kervina (205) [email protected] News Pat White (217) [email protected]
NDT Handbook inquiries Patrick Moore (224) [email protected] inquiries Toni Kervina (205) [email protected]
Advertising Jessica Miller (209) [email protected] publications authors Cynthia Leeman (225) [email protected]
Bob Conklin (245) [email protected] inquiries Hollis Humphries (206) [email protected] NDT Technician (TNT) inquiries Toni Kervina (205) [email protected]
Technical Services DepartmentSenior Manager of Technical Services Jim Houf (212) [email protected] Services Supervisor Charles Longo (241) [email protected]
If you are having trouble locating who should handle your inquiry, please ask the operator at extension200 to direct your call to the appropriate department personnel.
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Kevin D. Smith, the 2015–2016 ASNTpresident, has worked in nondestructivetesting (NDT) as an engineer and managerfor his entire career. Along with continuingASNT’s recent work to build inter-societyand international relationships, Smith’sgoal as president is to expand ASNT’scoverage to engineers, providing thembenefits like continuing education andcareer support, similar to those providedfor technicians and researchers.
Starting a CareerKevin Smith has lived in Oklahoma City,Oklahoma; Baton Rouge, Louisiana; andAtlanta, Georgia but was most influencedby his time spent in Austin, Texas. Heattended the University of Texas at Austin,graduating with honors in 1980 with aB.S. in mechanical engineering. He washired by Pratt & Whitney immediately out of college to be a structural analyst;however, Smith never started in that role,as he was quickly assigned to the newlyformed nondestructive evaluation (NDE)research and development group in engineering
Smith had no direct experience withNDT coming out of university but pointedout that “mechanical engineering providesa good background for NDT with classesand labs in instrumentation, stressanalysis, fracture mechanics, mechanicaldesign, electrical engineering, heattransfer, and fluid dynamics. I was going tobe using those skills to calculate the life ofprimary structures in aircraft engines.”
The NDE group that Smith joined wascomposed of two technicians, twoengineers, and a supervisor. When one ofthe engineers left the group, Smith—onlythree months out of college—was movedup, taking over the principle investigatorrole on an Air Force research and develop-ment contract.
As his career progressed, Smith tookadvantage of opportunities to learn moreabout the science and practice of NDE. Atthe time his resources were limited totechnical papers, textbooks, and indi-vidual experiments on the weekends, aswell as discussions with experts in thefield. A key mentor was Bruce Thompson,
whom Smith met when working onresearch with the Center forNondestructive Evaluation (CNDE) at IowaState University. Thompson was not onlyvery intelligent and highly educated in thescience that underpins NDT, but he wasable to connect the highly varied pieces ofinformation for unique solutions topractical problems. Thompson’s leadershipin the field was accomplished with subtlepersistence such that he persuadedpeople to consider new ways of thinking ina nonconfrontational manner. Thompsonwas not afraid to say so when he did notknow something, though it was seldomnecessary. These are qualities Smith triedto emulate.
Through promotions and relocationfrom West Palm Beach, Florida, Smithcontinued his climb, becoming themanager of the NDE organization withinPratt & Whitney Engineering, located inEast Hartford, Connecticut.
“I’m responsible for the developmentof NDT methods and their applications tomilitary and commercial engines,” Smithsaid. “We do research and development aswell as developing and deploying applica-tions starting from problem definitionthrough deployment, including developinga technique, tooling, creating procedures,quantifying probability of detection,training, and implementation.” Heroutinely works with electromagnetictesting, ultrasonic testing, infrared andthermographic testing, liquid penetranttesting, and radiographic testing.
presidential profile2015–2016 ASNT President Kevin D. Smithby Materials Evaluation Editor Nathaniel Moes
2015–2016 ASNT President Kevin D. Smith.
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Nondestructive Testing EngineeringOver his career, Smith has achievedseveral technology oriented goals toensure that “anybody who gets into anairplane that we have anything to do withdoesn’t have a bad day.” In his work atPratt & Whitney he was able to helpdevelop and implement thermal acousticimaging, improve practical detection ofmaloriented cracks in turbine disks, anddevelop model assisted probability ofdetection (POD) technology.
Quantifying POD is important for NDTengineering since it helps indicate whichnew technologies are better than theirpredecessors and by how much. “Wequantify POD for every inspection we put out,” said Smith, noting that is notstandard practice for everyone. “We utilizemockups that are as realistic as possibleto create a specific quantitative under-standing of each inspection. Sometimes it suggests that the inspection needsimprovement in specific areas to providethe desired benefit to the customer.”
“Ideally we want to develop tests that are fast and reliable with economicviability,” Smith continued. “NDTengineers take the fundamental pieces ofresearch and figure out how to apply thenew technology. To address specific appli-cations in a timely way, this approachpulls new research forward and puts it inthe hands of technicians quickly and withpurpose.”
Much of the work Smith does is propri-etary, but he provided as an example thework he and the NDE team did on theFederal Aviation Administration (FAA)Engine Titanium Consortium.
When an airplane crash in Sioux City,Iowa in 1989 led to an FAA determinationthat failure of rotating engine componentswere an aerospace industry problem, Pratt& Whitney and other major engine manu-facturers were brought alongside the CNDEat Iowa State University to researchpotential NDT techniques that couldidentify flaws as part of determining theremaining life for the components.
Smith and his team developed aneddy current automated scanning device,
which could more reliably detect cracks in engine turbine disks. Smith said thatthe commercially available, low cost, semi-automated eddy current scannerdeveloped from this program “changed
the way motors are inspected by commer-cial airlines at overhaul. It replaced manualscanning with low-cost automation ofcritical components at overhaul bydecreasing the cost of scanning hardware
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by an order of magnitude.” Many aircraftoverhaul shops use this device as part ofthe routine engine overhaul process.
This kind of work is satisfying to Smith.“Working in aircraft propulsion, the conse-quences of making a mistake—an inspec-tion miss or lack of engineering rigor, forexample—can cost many people theirlives,” he said. “I desire the responsibilityfor making sure commercial passengersand military pilots make it home safely—like being the guard on the wall whileeveryone else sleeps soundly.”
ASNT InvolvementSmith first became involved with ASNT bypresenting at conferences. “The Air Forcerequested that its contractors present theresults of research and developmentcontracts. The first presentation I gave atan ASNT conference was at the AnnualConference in Boston, Massachusetts in1982,” he said. “Over the years we mademany presentations of our work.” Smithsat in on a few committee meetings duringthis period but at first could not attendconferences regularly.
With more time, experience, and avail-ability, soon Smith was chairing sessions,coordinating speakers, and getting papers.This led to more involvement in commit-tees, serving on the NDT/NDE Reliabilityand Aerospace committees, among others,and several conference program commit-tees. Later he served as the Technical and
Education Council Chair in 2009 and the Research Council Chair in 2013.
Joe Mackin served as an ASNT mentorto Smith. “He encouraged me to getinvolved at the Board level,” said Smith. “I used his experience as a soundingboard for ideas and advice.” Smith waselected to the Board as a director at largein 2009. He was elected secretary/treasurerin 2013, beginning his ascent to the ASNTpresidency.
Smith looks at ASNT as more than justthe “home Society for the technology I’vespent my career in,” citing the importanceof the Society’s certification programs and involvement in industry leadership.“Getting involved in ASNT leadershipmeans working for better resources for thepeople who want to make a career ofNDT,” he said.
Part of this means improving the avail-ability of information for ASNT membersand NDT industry personnel of all kinds.Smith has a particular focus on improvingsupport for NDT engineers as well. “I havebeen an NDT engineer my entire career,and education resources were largelynonexistent at the engineering level when Istarted,” he said. Smith wants toencourage more distance learningprograms that allow NDT personnel to takeengineering courses and deepen theirknowledge while working. ASNT membersin general should have greater access tothe body of knowledge, with more short
presidential profile
“Getting involved in ASNTleadership means working forbetter resources for thepeople who want to make acareer of NDT.”
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courses and better access to conferencepresentations, for example.
Smith also wants to continue the workstarted by 2014–2015 ASNT President L.Terry Clausing with regards to the interna-tional NDT community. “We need to serveall members of the NDT communityworldwide including working with othersocieties,” he said. “Working internation-ally and with engineers makes the piebigger. Currently, technicians andresearchers are being served, but there areadditional potential members amongengineers and internationally who look atASNT and wonder, ‘What’s in it for me?’We should be answering that withmembership benefits.”
Outside the SocietySmith lives in Connecticut, but still hasconnections to Texas, where his motherand sister reside, as well as to SouthFlorida. In his spare time, he enjoys“physical and challenging” activities like short triathlons and backpacking as well as cultural activities like readingPulitzer Prize winning books and viewingmodern art.
Some of Smith’s mountaineering expe-ditions have taken him to WashingtonState and up Mt. Rainier, Mt. Baker, and
Mt. Shuksan in the Cascade Range. Helikened some of the aspects of glacierclimbing to the work of the Society toadvance ASNT and the cause of NDT. Hecited the importance of working togetherand considering the varied perspectivesand experiences of team members tomake the best decisions. Smith looksforward to this kind of challenge andteamwork as the 2015–2016 ASNTpresident. wx
Members Become Involved with ASNTCommitteesAll ASNT members are encouraged tobecome active in those committeeswhich are of interest to them.Committee rosters are published inthe February Ready Reference Guide,as is contact information formembers of committees. Contact thecommittee’s chair for more informa-tion on getting involved and makingyour voice heard.
As ASNT secretary/treasurer, Kevin Smith presented the treasurer’s report at the AnnualBusiness Meeting at the 2014 Annual Conference in Charleston, South Carolina.
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James Hakos Recognized asProfessional of the Year byCapital Who’s WhoJames Hakos, of Yatala, QLD, Australia,was honored by the Capital Who’s WhoBranding for his distinguished accomplish-ments and contributions in the field ofnondestructive testing for MaterialsEvaluation and Testing Services Pty., Ltd.(METS). Hakos is the CEO of METS.
An expert in his field with over 35 yearsof experience, Hakos, with his team ofprofessionals and analysts, is recognizedfor delivering the highest technical caliberof services to clients. METS focuses onmetallurgical failure investigations, routinequality control tests for the ferrous andnon-ferrous metals industry, consultation,and material selection, and also special-izes in liquid penetrant testing, magneticparticle testing, radiography, ultrasonictesting, visual inspections, and weldinginspections in the mining, construction,and manufacturing sectors.
With an already storied career dealingwith high-rises and bridges, Hakos hasgrown to also be recognized as anauthority on high pressure pipe work,fiberglass reinforced plastic pipes,
pipelines, cranes, aircraft, vessels,liquefied petroleum gas vessels, tanks,offshore structures, power stations, coal handling facilities, and miningcomponents.
Hakos is accredited by the InternationalOrganization for Standardization (ISO) and the National Association of TestingAuthorities (NATA). ISO ensures thatproducts and services are safe, reliable,and of good quality. NATA provides ameans of determining, formally recog-nizing, and promoting the competence of facilities to perform specific types oftesting, inspection, calibration, and otherrelated activities. NATA’s accreditation isbased on a peer-review process madepossible by some 3000 volunteer expertswho assist with the assessment of facili-ties and sit on NATA’s various technicalcommittees.
Hakos is valued by his professionalpeers for his exceptional expertise in allaspects of safety, quality, and client satis-faction. Throughout his career, he hasconsistently demonstrated his dedicationto clients, excellence, innovation, vision,and interpersonal skills. wx
Write UsBack to Basics Articles NeededMaterials Evaluation is soliciting submissions for its “Back to Basics” department.“Back to Basics” are tutorial articles written to introduce the reader to the fundamen-tals of an NDT method, application or technology, or to act as a refresher for thosealready experienced in the subject. Articles or ideas may be sent to: MaterialsEvaluation, ASNT, 1711 Arlingate Lane, P.O. Box 28518, Columbus, OH 43228-0518;(800) 222-2768 X207; fax (614) 274-6899; e-mail [email protected].
people
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ASNT Staff
As part of ASNT’s goal of providing andmanaging services and programs formembers, Programs Coordinator JessicaVanDervort and Sections CoordinatorDebbie Segor were added to the staff atthe International Service Center. Their firstday was 14 September 2015. Mary Potterwas also promoted to Chief FinancialOfficer for her dedicated work for theSociety.
Programs CoordinatorJessica VanDervort has a unique back-ground in customer service, having workedin the field for more than nine years. Shebegan her career in the hotel industrywhere she first worked in the front office,
focusing on guest satisfaction andretention. Her attention to detail andorganizational skills allowed her to tran-sition to the meeting and events side ofthe industry, where she thrived in thefast-paced, ever-changing coordination of onsite events. VanDervort attendedOhio University in Athens, Ohio, whereshe earned her B.S. in human andconsumer sciences and was heavilyinvolved in the coed community servicefraternity Alpha Phi Omega. Her partici-pation in this organization solidified herdecision to seek a career that wouldallow her to make a difference in theworld, and what better place to do thatthan ASNT? VanDervort is also a CertifiedTourism Ambassador for the City ofColumbus.
staff news
Jessica VanDervort Debbie Segor Mary Potter
Participate
Participate in AmericanNational StandardsDevelopment
ASNT’s Standards Development
Committee (SDC) develops ASNT’s
standards, including proposed ASNT
CP-107: ASNT Standard for
Performance Based Qualification
and Certification of Nondestructive
Testing Personnel, ANSI/ASNT
CP-106: Nondestructive Testing –
Qualification and Certification of
Personnel, ANSI/ASNT CP-105:
ASNT Standard Training Outlines of
Nondestructive Testing Personnel,
ANSI/ASNT CP-189: ASNT Standard
for Qualification and Certification of
Nondestructive Testing Personnel,
and ANSI/ASNT ILI-PQ: In-line
Inspection Personnel Qualification
and Certification.
If you wish to join the SDC and
participate in the development of
American National Standards,
contact SDC Secretary Charles
Longo at [email protected]. More
information is available at
www.asnt.org/publications
/standards/standards.htm.
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Sections CoordinatorDebbie Segor comes to ASNT withmembership development, marketing, andrelationship management experience.Recently, she directed membership devel-opment and retention programs and culti-vated client relationships for a chamber ofcommerce and a small law firm. She alsoserved in a variety of marketing capacitieswhile working for various technologyconsulting firms. Segor attended theUniversity of Missouri in Columbia,Missouri, where she earned a B.A. inEnglish literature. She has served on theboards of local community organizations inColumbus, Ohio, including the PleasureGuild of Nationwide Children’s Hospitaland the Upper Arlington Women’s Club. Inaddition, she is a founding member ofUpper Arlington – Kids Identified withDyslexia and served as a coach for a localgroup of Girls on the Run.
Chief Financial OfficerMary Potter was promoted to the positionof chief financial officer (CFO) of the organ-ization. Potter, who began her career withASNT in 1994, previously served as thesenior manager of finance and accounting.As CFO, Potter manages the ASNT invest-ment portfolio, valued at $23 million, andsets the financial policy and direction. Inthis position, she will lead the financialadministration, business planning, invest-ments, and budgeting.
“This promotion recognizes both the professionalism that Mary brings tothis position as well as her boundlessenergy and enthusiasm,” noted Dr. ArnyBereson, ASNT executive director. “Shehas helped guide the organizationthrough some challenging times andcontinues to exercise that same diligenceas we move ASNT forward into new andexciting horizons.”
Potter earned a B.A. in businessadministration from the Ohio StateUniversity and also holds qualifications asa Certified Public Accountant and CertifiedGlobal Management Accountant. wx
Write UsWe Want to Hear from YouASNT Scope covers events, celebrations and achievements in our NDT community.Materials Evaluation welcomes your news and photos. (Please use the high qualitysetting on your digital camera!) Send contributions to [email protected].
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society newsCertification ManagementCouncil Seeks Applicants
The Certification Management Council(CMC), which is responsible for the devel-opment and management of ASNT’s certification programs, is looking forqualified individuals to serve three-yearterms as full or associate CMC membersand as task group members. Newmembers will serve on one or more of the CMC committees, based on their qualifications.
Qualification and CommitmentRequirementsFull CMC Member l Have at least ten (10) years of experience
in NDT and must possess a current ASNTNDT Level III certificate and have done sofor at least the past five (5) years at thetime his or her application is considered;
l Have experience in managing or monitoring compliance to an NDTQualification/Certification program; and
l Provide a letter of support from his orher employer agreeing to support the
member for the required travel to attendfour (4) meetings per year and to allowreasonable time to complete assign-ments between meetings.
Associate CMC Member l Have at least seven (7) years of experi-
ence in NDT and must possess a currentASNT NDT Level III certificate and havedone so for at least the past two (2)years at the time his or her applicationis considered;
l Have current or previous involvement in an NDT qualification/certificationprogram; and
l Provide a letter of support from his orher employer agreeing to support themember for the required travel to attendtwo (2) meetings per year and to allowreasonable time to complete assign-ments between meetings.
Task Group Memberl Provide a résumé documenting qualifi-
cations that would allow him or her to be considered a subject matterexpert (SME) in the test method ortechnique(s) for which the task grouphas been formed. (SMEs are individualswho, by virtue of education, training, orexperience, exhibit the highest level ofexpertise in performing a specializedjob, task, or skill. The SME possessesgreater than normal expertise or insightrelative to a particular technical or oper-ational discipline, system, or processand has been selected or appointed to use his or her expertise to solve aparticular problem);
l Provide a letter of support from his orher employer agreeing to support themember for the required travel to attendtwo (2) meetings per year and to allowreasonable time to complete assign-ments between meetings.
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Fax, mail, or e-mail a résumé, a copy ofyour current ASNT NDT Level III certificate,a signed corporate letter of support, andyour preferred member type to: Jim Houf,Senior Manager, ASNT Technical ServicesDepartment, 1711 Arlingate Lane, P.O. Box28518, Columbus, OH 43228-0518; fax(614) 274-6899; e-mail [email protected] are accepted continuously.
Secretary/Treasurer EligibilityRequirements AnnouncementIn accordance with ASNT Policy G-1F, 4.1, the eligibility requirements for theposition of ASNT secretary/treasurermust be published in the Novemberissue of Materials Evaluation. Theminimum requirements for the ASNTsecretary/treasurer position as set out inthe ASNT Bylaws (Article IV, Section 4)are as follows:l The candidate must be a current ASNT
member.l The candidate must have been an ASNT
member for at least ten (10) years.l The candidate must have at least five (5)
years of ASNT national involvement.l The candidate must have served as a
Board of Directors member for at leastone full term.Eligible candidates must submit the
following, in writing, to 2016 SelectionCommittee Chair Raymond Morasse andtwo additional members of the SelectionCommittee, to be submitted online atwww.asnt.org by 1 February 2016:l A letter of intent indicating desire and
qualifications.l Employer’s letter of support for a four-
year commitment.l Résumé indicating candidate’s experi-
ence in business management, NDT,and ASNT, including both national andlocal ASNT activities and contributions,with emphasis on executive leadershipexperience and accomplishments.The 2016 Selection Committee member-
ship will be announced on the ASNTwebsite in late November and will alsoappear in the December issue ofMaterials Evaluation. The Selection
Committee shall consist of the three (3)most recent living past presidents, with themost senior present serving as chair, andfour (4) members at large selected by the
Section Operations Council (SOC). Thesemembers shall serve for a term of one (1)year and may not serve again until at leasttwo (2) years have passed. wx
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New ASNT Certificate Holders
ACCP Level IINicholas E. BantzJanis L. BlakesleyGreg W. BurlingameMarcelo S. CalmonRay S. ChestangMariano Concepción Condori CosiLee Santana CoronadoJohn E. DeVerterGlen A. DraganoMiguel GutierrezTimothy D. HillOscar Fernandez HuertaJames A. IrizarryKenny G. JohnTodd JohnsonSean Conrad JohnstonEugene C. JordanTerry W. KempGabriel KirshbergerBryan C. MacAskillLazaro MaganaLuis Dante Melendez MoralesJames MontgomeryThomas L. MyersRobert J. NelsonOliverson Tita NjiDaniel OrrJuan Alvaro Perez MolinaJoel Perez PinaEric PhyeNicholas T. PondeColby H. PowellTroy A. RainesChris RankinAlfonso E. RodriguezJuan RodriguezNicholas S. RodriguezEric J. RohrscheibLester J. RossJason Lee ShaferAndrew William StoeverZachary H. TaylorRichard B. TimminsFreddy Enrique Villalobos GonzalezJose Villarroel Velasco
Donald WeaverJim WempleSpencer WhynauchtMichael A. Wright
ACCP Professional Level IIISugianto Tan
ASNT NDT Level IIDave E. Husted
ASNT NDT Level IIIHamdy Mohamed Abdelmoneim Arafa John Howard Atkinson Daniel Antonio Bella James Robert Bennett Jeffery J. Breinling David M. Campbell Liangjun Cao Cihan Yalgin Cazgir Lianfang Chen Liu Chi Timothy A. Colonel Liu Dafu Dhinakaran Davis Tyler L. Deschaine Corey Dunn Wang Gen Fa Edgar Alberto Fajardo Garcia James Foster Troy A. Fox Satheesh Kumar G. Scott W. Garrett Stefan Glinski Larry F. Gochnauer Daniel Gomez Jimenez Qi Chao Gu Liu Haibin Robert C. Hathorn Wi Jay C. Heinemann Wang Hong Yin Hongqi Bao Lin Hou Peter J. Hynes Bin Jiang Zhe Lin Jiang
Pan Jiejun Wang Junsheng Peng Kang Wenjie Kang Adam R. Leger Meng Li Zhenhui Li Ji Hong Lin Ronald Lind Mingdong Liu Tuanjie Liu Zhang Ting Lu Wanguang Luo David Markland IILeandro Silva Melo Yong Qiang Meng Huang Chun Ming Li Ming Marco Antonio Moreno Roque James Michael Pack Christopher J. Plemons Deon S.G. Randell Brian M. Rawlings Ernesto Saldana Bobadilla Wen-Hwan Shiang Fung Kwan Shing Rony Prayitno Simeon Billy Dustin J. Smith Alvaro Max Soto Yanqui Richard Cody Stallter Lujun Tan Chan Siu Wa Guang Ji Wang Qizhi Wang Jeffrey M. Wright Hai Tao Xia Lifang Xia Liu Li Xia Jiawei Yao Xie Yingkui He Zhuang Yu Pan Yunzhong Haihua Zhang Jian Zhang
Below are personnel who have recently obtained their initial ASNT certifications. This list includes new certificate holders thatwere added to the ASNT database through 1 October 2015. Each certificate holder’s current certification information can befound on the ASNT website at www.asnt.org/certlist.
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EXAM SCHEDULE
Trust the leader in NDT certification—the American Society for Nondestructive Testing. Shape your future with ASNT's ANSI/ISO 17024Accredited Certification Programs. Be certified by ASNT and carry one of the most globally recognized NDT certificates.
shapeyour future
INTERNATIONAL EXAMS ASNT NDT Level II, ASNT NDT Level III, ACCP Level II, PdM Level III
DOMESTIC EXAMS ASNT NDT Level II, ASNT NDT Level III, PdM Level III, and IRRSP
DOMESTIC EXAMS: All applications for domestic exams are available only from ASNT. For examination application packages at U.S. sites, contact the Technical Services Department, ASNT, 1711 Arlingate Lane, P.O. Box 28518, Columbus, OH43228-0518; (800) 222-2768 or (614) 274-6003; fax (614) 274-6899; visit our website at www.asnt.org and click the “Certification” tab at the top of the page. Applications must be postmarked by deadline. Deadlines are firm. No exceptions aremade. Log onto www.asnt.org for a list of Authorized Exam Centers. For information and applications, contact the sponsor for the exam sessions listed. It is mandatory that all persons applying for international examinations at a National SponsoringOrganization have applications processed through the NSO or SES. Do not send your application or fees to ASNT International Service Center for processing. They will be returned to you.
KSNT635-4, Yeoksam-dong, Gangnam-guSeoul, 135-703, South Korea Contact: Hong Joo Chung Phone: 82 2 5837564 Fax: 82 2 5822743E-mail: [email protected]
Changwon, Korea16–18 November 2015APPLICATION DEADLINE: 24 August 2015
ISNTModule No. 60 & 61, Garment ComplexSidco Tiru-Vi-Ka Industrial EstateGuindy, Chennai 600 032, IndiaContact: M.T. ShyamsunderPhone: 91 44 42038175 Fax: 91 44 52038176E-mail: [email protected], [email protected]
Pune, India27–29 January 2016APPLICATION DEADLINE: 4 November 2015
Mumbai, India23–25 May 2016APPLICATION DEADLINE: 29 February 2016
5 November 2015 APPLICATION DEADLINE: 25 September 2015 IRRSP Only, St. Paul, MN
7 January 2016 APPLICATION DEADLINE: 20 November 2015 IRRSP Only, St. Paul, MN
9 January 2016 APPLICATION DEADLINE: 13 November 2015 IRRSP Only, Somserset, NJ
30 January, 6, 13 February 2016APPLICATION DEADLINE: 18 December 2015Columbus, OH6 February 2016 APPLICATION DEADLINE: 18 December 2015 IRRSP Only, Coudersport, PA
NATLc/o CNDT 36 Gretton Rd.Huyton, Merseyside, L14 9NXUnited KingdomContact: Eddie HarperPhone: 44 0 782 813 8295E-mail: [email protected], [email protected]
Stockton-on-Tees, England9–10 November 2015APPLICATION DEADLINE: 17 August 2015
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Editorial Calendar Month Issue Topic Spotlight Other Notes
December 2015 Liquid Penetrant and Liquid Penetrant and Magnetic NDTMarketplace
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Currently, we are looking ahead to 2016 topics for features and technical papers. In particular, we are asking for papers on visualtesting, liquid penetrant testing, magnetic particle testing, and infrared and thermal testing, as well as Back to Basics features inall methods. If you have an idea or any questions about submitting content for any of these upcoming issues, please contact M.E.editor Nat Moes at [email protected] for more information.
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Nowadays, nondestructive testing (NDT) plays an increasingly importantrole in ensuring safety, improving production quality, and reducing cost.Although more than 70 NDT techniques have been developed so far,
only some of them have great practical value and are widely used for disconti-nuity detection because most of them have limitations in certain circumstances.
Among the conventional NDT methods, ultrasonic testing is one of the mostwidely used in civil, aerospace, and medical applications. However, the use ofwater or gel as a couplant may not always be suitable for certain inspection situ-ations (Hinsley, 1959; Kang et al., 2011). Radiographic testing has always beenpopular for difficult materials, but this method uses ionizing radiation and sorequires proper screening to protect the users. In addition, its equipment iscomparatively expensive and often not portable (Cartz, 1995; Hinsley, 1959).Eddy current testing (ECT) makes use of the skin effect connected with eddycurrents, so any discontinuities in the surface of the conducting material can bedetected by measuring the impedance of the exciting coil. Although thistechnique is capable of noncontact inspection for all conducting materials byportable equipment, it is limited to detecting surface discontinuities because ofthe skin effect (Hedegren et al., 1988; McNab and Thomson, 1990). Magneticflux leakage testing (ML) can detect external and internal discontinuities becauseof its powerful magnetic refraction in saturated conditions; this method is appro-priate only for ferrous materials instead of nonferrous metals (Sun and Kang,2010a; Sun and Kang, 2010b).
In recent years, many new electromagnetic NDT techniques have beendeveloped, such as alternating current field measurement, direct currentpotential drop (DCPD), alternating current potential drop (ACPD), and capacitive
wx ME FEATURE
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Electric Field LeakageNondestructive TestingPrinciple and its Simulationby Donglin Li, Yanhua Sun, Zhijian Ye, and Yihua Kang
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1440 M A T E R I A L S E V A L U A T I O N • N O V E M B E R 2 0 1 5
imaging. However, like the aforementioned ECT, alter-nating current field measurement is suitable only forthe inspection of surface discontinuities (Knight et al.,2004). DCPD and ACPD are based on the principle ofusing a type of contact probe to touch the testedobject and form an electric circuit, leading to ameasured value of the potential difference betweenthe two touch points. Therefore, it becomes invalid inthe case where the tested object is covered by insu-lating materials or the electric contacts are not verystable (Lee et al., 1997; Yu et al., 1993). Capacitiveimaging is useful in detecting both surface and hiddenfeatures in insulators and materials with very lowconductivity, such as composites and concrete, whilethis technique is focused on the detection of surfacefeatures on conductors (Yin and Hutchins, 2012; Yin etal., 2012).
Considering the drawbacks and limitations ofexisting NDT techniques for the inspection ofconducting materials, a new electric field leakage (EFL)testing principle is presented. The aim of this paper isto theoretically demonstrate its potential for inspec-tion of external and internal discontinuities inconducting materials (particularly for nonferrousmetals) by injecting a direct current into the testedobject and measuring the electric field leaking fromthe discontinuity. Firstly, the principle of EFL testing isillustrated based on the boundary conditions of anelectric field. Then, the electric field characteristicsoutside a direct current carrying conductor aredescribed. Last, simulations are carried out to furtherdiscuss the possibility of the EFL testing principle.
The Principle of Electric Field Leakage TestingIt is well known that the magnetic flux will leak from adiscontinuous surface if a ferrous material is saturatedwith magnetization. According to this physicalphenomenon, the magnetic flux leakage principle isproposed. Based on the boundary conditions ofmagnetic fields, the magnetic mechanism of magneticflux leakage is analyzed deeply and the magneticrefraction theory is elaborated in an outside work
(Guru and Hiziroglu, 2004; Sun and Kang, 2013).Although the ML method has the capability ofdetecting external and internal discontinuities, it isinvalid for nonferrous materials, such as stainlesssteel, copper, and aluminum. Herein, supposing aconducting metal is injected with a direct current, EFLwill theoretically be produced by any external orinternal discontinuities, combined with the fairanalogy between electricity and magnetism.
On the basis of the boundary conditions of electricfields, the principle of EFL generation from a disconti-nuity is indicated in Figure 1, where the subscripts 1and 2 stand for two media of conductivities, g1 and g2;q is the angle with the normal to the interface; j is thecurrent density; E is the electric field intensity; and tand n imply the tangential and normal components ofthe field quantity, respectively.
It is known that a steady current generates asteady electric field (Guru and Hiziroglu, 2004).According to the continuity feature of the steadyelectric field at the interface, the boundary conditionscan be written as the equations E2t = E1t and j2n = j1n.In accordance with Ohm’s law of j = gE, the equationg2E2n = g2E2n can be given. For the equations
Figure 1. The principle of electric field leakage generation.
the principle of EFL testing isillustrated based on the boundaryconditions of an electric field
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Et = E sin q and En = E cos q, the boundary continuouscondition can be described as follows.
(1)
Then, the refraction angle of the electric field linein the second medium is obtained as follows.
(2)
Considering the second medium to be air and thefirst medium to be the conductor, thereafter g1 >> g2 isassumed. When a discontinuous interface appears, thereis the condition of q1 < 90°. In terms of Equation 2, thereexists Equation 3.
(3)
It is apparent that the electric field line trends tothe air region and finally forms an EFL, which implies a discontinuity. As a consequence, it can be theoreti-cally concluded that a discontinuity will produce itsEFL in its vicinity. Furthermore, this principle can beused as the basis for a new NDT technique, namely,EFL testing using a noncontact electric field sensor toidentify the EFL signals of discontinuities inconducting materials.
The Electric Field Characteristics Outside aConductor Carrying Direct Current When a conductor without discontinuities carries adirect current, I, the current density, j1, and the electricfield, E1, in the conductor are uniform because theinterface between the conductor and air is continuous,as shown in Figure 2. Where the first medium is theconductor and the second medium is air, t and nimply the tangential and normal components of thefield quantity, respectively. Since the conductivity ofair, g2, is 0, there is no current flowing in the airregion, and the equation j2 = j2t = j2n = 0 is given.
For the boundary continuous condition of j2n = j1n,the equation j1n = 0 is obtained. In accordance withOhm’s law, it is easy to obtain the equation E1n = j1n / g1 = 0 because the conductor conductivity, g1,does not equal 0. Then, the equation E1t = E1 = j1/ g1can be deduced. Therefore, there is only a constanttangential electric field in the conductor. Using aboundary continuous condition of E2t = E1t, theequation E2t = j1/ g1 is obtained, which indicates that
the tangential electric field outside the conductor isconstant. The normal electric field outside theconductor, E2n, has a relationship with the distributionof the surface charge on the conductor and its formuladerivation is complicated, which is given in literature(Assis et al., 1999). Because the surface charge distri-bution is a linear function of current flowing length,the normal electric field outside the conductor linearlydeclines in the current direction. Generally, the normalelectric field is larger than the tangential one;therefore, the electric field outside the conductor isalmost perpendicular to the interface and linearlydeclines in the current direction. Electric field charac-teristics inside and outside the conductor wereverified by outside theoretical analysis and experi-mental results (Assis et al., 1999; Assis et al., 2001;Jefimenko, 1962).
Electric Field Leakage Simulations To further investigate the potential of EFL, simulationswere performed using finite element software. In simu-lation models, the specimens were three aluminumpipes with the same dimensions: 30 mm (1.18 in.)diameter; 4 mm (0.16 in.) thickness; and 100 mm(3.94 in.) length. The discontinuities in the pipesurface were circumferential notches of the same 2 mm (0.08 in.) width and 2 mm (0.08 in.) depth.Figure 3 shows three types of simulation models,where Figure 3a is the pipe model without notches,and Figure 3b and Figure 3c are the pipe model with a notch in the outer surface and inner surface, respec-tively. A direct current, I, of 200 A was injected fromone end of the pipes and the zero potential was set
θθ
=γγ
tantan
1
2
1
2
θ =γγ
θ
arctan tan2
2
11
?θ θ1 2
N O V E M B E R 2 0 1 5 • M A T E R I A L S E V A L U A T I O N 1441
Figure 2. The current density and electric field intensityat the interface.
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1442 M A T E R I A L S E V A L U A T I O N • N O V E M B E R 2 0 1 5
up at the other end. In this work, 2D axial symmetrymodels were used to simplify the finite elementmodel.
Figure 4 shows the simulation results of theelectric field distributions when the pipe has nonotches. The electric field in the pipe is uniform andits constant value is 0.0173 V/m, as illustrated inFigure 4a. The electric field in air and its normalcomponent are not uniform and changes gradually inboth axial and radial directions, as shown in Figure 4band Figure 4c. The tangential component of theelectric field in air shown in Figure 4d is nearly
uniform in the axial direction and gradually changes inthe radial direction. The normal component at the samepoint is larger than the tangential one in Figure 4c andFigure 4d. Consequently, the normal electric fielddistribution is the same as the resultant one, and itsdirection is almost vertical to the pipe surface. Thesesimulation results are consistent with the previoustheoretical analysis and experiments, which verifiesthat the simulation of the electric field inside andoutside a direct current carrying conductor is reliableusing the finite element software and the 2D axialsymmetry model (Jefimenko, 1962). In addition,
Figure 3. Three types of aluminum pipe model: (a) no notches; (b) a notch in the outer surface; and (c) a notch in theinner surface.
(a) (b) (c)
Figure 4. The electric field distributions of an aluminum pipe with no notches: (a) the electric field in the pipe; (b) the resultant electric field inair; (c) the normal component; and (d) the tangential component of the electric field in air.
(a) (b) (c) (d)
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the results indicate that EFL does not occur, as acurrent carrying conductor has no discontinuities.
In the case of the notch in the pipe outer surface,the simulation results of the electric field distributionare illustrated in Figure 5. Compared with Figure 4, theelectric field both in the pipe and in air scarcelychanges except for its prominent variation in thevicinity of the notch. The electric field in the pipe isapproximately uniform, while it is not uniform only inthe vicinity of the notch as seen from Figure 5a. Theresultant electric field, and its normal and tangentialcomponents—as shown in Figure 5b, Figure 5c, and
Figure 5d, respectively—are nearly the same as thecase of no notches in pipe, and they change only inthe spatial region near the notch. The variations ofelectric field distribution induced by the outer notchimply that EFL occurs when a direct current carryingconductor has outer surface discontinuities.
In the case of the notch in the pipe inner surface,the simulation results of the electric field distributionare indicated in Figure 6. Resembling the case of thenotch in the pipe outer surface, the electric field distri-butions both in the pipe and air scarcely changeexcept for their prominent variations in the vicinity of
Figure 5. The electric field distributions of an aluminum pipe with an outer notch: (a) the electric field in the pipe; (b) the resultant electric fieldin air; (c) the normal component; and (d) the tangential component of the electric field in air.
(a) (b) (c) (d)
Figure 6. The electric field distributions of an aluminum pipe with an inner notch: (a) the electric field in the pipe; (b) the resultant electric fieldin air; (c) the normal component; and (d) the tangential component of the electric field in air.
(a) (b) (c) (d)
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the notch. The variations of electric field distributioninduced by the inner notch imply that EFL occurs whena direct current carrying conductor has inner surfacediscontinuities.
In order to analyze EFL deeply, scan paths were setup outside the pipe models at distances of 0.5 mm(0.02 in.) from the pipe outer surface, as shown inFigure 4, such that the notches in the outer surfaceand inner surface could be represent an external flawand internal flaw, respectively. According to the extrac-tion data of the electric field intensity along the scanpaths, the variation curves of the electric field areplotted in Figure 7. It can be seen that the normalelectric field increases linearly and the tangential onehas remained constant except for its prominent varia-tions in the spatial regions near the notches. Thevariation shape of the normal electric field is bipolar,and that of the tangential electric field is unipolar.Although the curved shape of the outer notch andinner notch are similar, the peak values of the innernotch are smaller than those of the outer notch
because the scan distance from the inner notch isgreater than that of the outer notch. The variations ofthe electric field outside the pipe induced by both theouter notch and inner notch indicate that EFL wouldoccur when the direct current carrying conductor hasnot only an external discontinuity but also an internalone. Therefore, the EFL testing principle has thepotential of inspecting both external and internaldiscontinuities in conducting materials by usingnoncontact electric field sensors.
ConclusionsThis paper presents a new EFL NDT principle, withwhich it is possible to detect both external andinternal discontinuities in conducting materials bymeasuring the variation of electric field outside theconductor. In order to theoretically investigate thepotential of EFL, simulations were performed usingthree pipe models, one with no notches, one with anouter notch, and one with an inner notch, respectively.Variations of the electric field distribution in thespatial region near the notches imply that EFL occurswhen a direct current carrying conductor has outer orinner surface discontinuities. The prominent variationsof the electric field outside the pipe induced by bothouter notches and inner notches indicate that EFL hasthe ability to identify not only external flaws butinternal flaws as well.
Although the simulations of EFL are theoreticalanalysis, the simulation results are helpful for futureexperimental research, such as estimating the sensorsensitivity, determining the probe liftoff values, andidentifying discontinuity signals with more informationabout size and location. In addition, the presentationof the EFL testing principle offers a new way forconducting NDT research, especially for electromag-netic testing.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The authors thank the support of the National NaturalScience Foundation of China (grant no. 51475194), theNational Key Basic Research Program of China (grant no. 2014CB046706), and the Natural Science Foundation of Hubei Province (grant no. 2012FFB0063).
AUTHORS
Donglin Li: M.E., School of Mechanical Science and Engi-neering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology,Wuhan, 430074 China; and School of Mechanical Engi-neering, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, 430068China.
Yanhua Sun: Ph.D., School of Mechanical Science and Engi-neering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology,Wuhan, 430074 China; e-mail [email protected].
Zhijian Ye: Ph.D., School of Mechanical Science and Engi-neering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology,Wuhan, 430074 China.
ME FEATURE wx electric field leakage
Figure 7. The variation curves of the electric field: (a) the normal component; and(b) the tangential component.
(a)
(b)
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Yihua Kang: Ph.D., School of Mechanical Science and Engi-neering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology,Wuhan, 430074 China.
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Assis, A.K.T., W.A. Rodrigues, Jr., and A.J. Mania, ‘‘TheElectric Field Outside a Stationary Resistive Wire Carrying aConstant Current,’’ Foundations of Physics, Vol. 29, No. 5,1999, pp. 729–753.
Cartz, L., Nondestructive Testing, ASM International Press,New York, New York, 1995.
Guru, B.S., and H. R. Hiziroglu, Electromagnetic Field TheoryFundamentals, second edition, Cambridge University Press,New York, New York, 2004.
Hedengren, K.H., J.D. Young, and R.O. McCary, “Use ofImaging Techniques for Eddy Current NDE,” Review ofProgress in Quantitative Nondestructive Evaluation, Vol. 7A,1988, pp. 357–365.
Hinsley, J.F., Non-destructive Testing, Macdonald & Evans,Ltd., London, England, 1959.
Jefimenko, O., “Demonstration of the Electric Fields ofCurrent-carrying Conductors,” American Journal of Physics,Vol. 30, No. 1, 1962, pp. 19–21.
Kang, Y.H., J. Tu, J.B. Wu, and Y.H. Sun, “The High-speedUltrasonic Testing Method for Steel Pipes Based on LinearReciprocating Probes,” Advanced Materials Research, Vol. 301, No. 303, 2011, pp. 919–923.
Knight, M.J., F.P. Brennan, and W.D. Dover, “Effect ofResidual Stress on ACFM Crack Measurements in Drill CollarThreaded Connections,” NDT&E International, Vol. 37, No. 5, 2004, pp. 337–343.
Lee, J.H., M. Saka, and H. Abé, “Loading Effect on ACPD of aCrack in Ferromagnetic Material,” Experimental Mechanics,Vol. 37, No. 2, 1997, pp. 132–136.
McNab, A., and J. Thomson, “Measurement Technique forEddy-current Arrays,” IEEE Proceedings A: Physical Science,Measurement, and Instrumentation, Vol. 137, No. 3, 1990,pp. 147–154.
Sun, Y., and Y. Kang, “Magnetic Compression Effect inPresent MFL Testing Sensor,” Sensors and Actuators A:Physical, Vol. 160, Nos. 1–2, 2010a, pp. 54–59.
Sun, Y., and Y. Kang, “Magnetic Mechanisms of MagneticFlux Leakage Nondestructive Testing,” Applied PhysicsLetters, Vol. 103, 2013.
Sun, Y., and Y. Kang, “A New MFL Principle and MethodBased on Near-zero Background Magnetic Field,” NDT&EInternational, Vol. 43, No. 4, 2010b, pp. 348–353.
Yin, X., and D.A. Hutchins, “Non-destructive Evaluation ofComposite Materials using a Capacitive Imaging Tech-nique,” Composites Part B: Engineering, Vol. 43, No. 3,2012, pp. 1282–1292.
Yin, X., D.A. Hutchins, and G. Chen, “Detecting SurfaceFeatures on Conducting Specimens through an InsulationLayer using a Capacitive Imaging Technique,” NDT&E Inter-national, Vol. 52, November 2012, pp. 157–166.
Yu, J., J.C. Barker, and R. Brook, “Optimization of CrackLength Measurement by DCPD in DCB Specimens,”Proceedings of the Third International Offshore and PolarEngineering Conference, Singapore, 6–11 June 1993.
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Basic Spatial ResolutionAdvancementThe more delicate a work piece is and thehigher the testing requirements forintricate components (especially from theaerospace sector), the higher the required
resolution of the overall system. To date,the highest achievable scan resolution was 40 µm, but as of June, Dürr NDT has started providing a BAM certificateconfirming a basic spatial resolution of 30 µm. The combination of the proprietaryTreFoc technology in the HD-CR 35 NDTwith new ultra-high resolution imageplates (UH-IPs) is responsible for thisdistinct difference. Now, for the first time,the HD-CR 35 NDT provides an image platescanner that can satisfy the highest testingrequirements, using UH-IPs. All HD-CR 35NDT devices are supplied on the basis ofthe new certificate. Because of its sophisti-cated design, the HD-CR 35 NDT has the
ability to reliably scan image plates withan even higher resolution, when theybecome available, without requiring anyretrofitting work. This ensures compatibilityfor future advancements. Dürr NDT, GmbH & Co. KG, Bietigheim-Bissingen, Germanywww.duerr-ndt.com
Metal Alloy SortersOxford Instruments has introduced a newmodel to its range of ultra-fast handheldmetal alloy sorters. The mPulse andmPulse+ enable users to identify a widevariety of metal alloys at the press of thetrigger and quickly measure light and
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Push CameraThe Kombi push camera system includes two separate push rods with different diametercamera heads. Interchangeable camera heads can be 16, 18, 23, and 32 mm (0.63, 0.71,0.91, and 1.26 in.) depending on the requirements. The Kombi has a portable and industrialdesign that is perfect for a variety of inspections such as heat exchanger/boiler tubes,process lines, steam lines, and oil lines. The system includes video and still imagerecording, a removable SD card, distance counter, and a high-resolution 142 mm (5.6 in.)thin film transistor display. The Kombi push camera includes a stainless steel tubular framewith powder coated cable cage and a 30 m/4.5 mm (98.43 ft/0.18 in.) fiberglass cable for a23 or 32 mm (0.91 or 1.26 in.) camera head. An outer reel contains a 20 m (65.62 ft)Varioflex cable for a 16 or 18 mm (0.63 or 0.71 in.) camera head. Additional camera headscan be fitted easily. Available on the Varioflex cable is a 16 mm (0.63 in.) complementarymetal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) and an 18 mm (0.71 in.) CMOS color camera. Advanced Inspection Technologies, Melbourne, Floridawww.aitproducts.com
High-speed Camera SystemPhotron, Inc. has announced the Fastcam Multi flexible, multi-head camera system,which is tethered to a remote processor—current cable lengths are 5 and 10 m(16 and 33 ft). The small, sealed camera heads and unique configuration allow theuser to capture images in confined spaces with megapixel resolution up to 6000 fps.Full, high-resolution at 1280 × 1024 pixels is provided at 4800 fps, and 720 HD (1280 × 720 pixels) to 6000 fps. Other frame rates are available up to 750 000 fps at reduced resolution. The Fastcam Multi permits high resolution, excellent frame rateperformance, and high-speed imaging in limited spaces that are not large enough to use a traditional one-piece, standalone high-speed camera. Fastcam Multi’s cameraprocessor is separate from the camera heads. This ensures that data are safely retainedin the processor in the event the camera heads or cables are damaged or destroyedduring the capture of an explosive high-speed event. Photron’s camera system is idealfor applications such as off-board automotive safety testing, detonation and explosivestesting, and for any high-speed image capture in confined, yet demanding environments. Photron, Inc., San Diego, Californiawww.photron.com
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Line Scan CameraTeledyne DALSA, a Teledyne Technologies company, has announced its highresolution 8 k line scan camera—the latest addition to its Linea series of low-cost,high-value cameras. The feature-rich Linea cameras address the mainstreammarket for machine vision applications and deliver high speed and responsivity atan exceptional price point. Like the 2 and 4 k models, the Linea 8 k monochromemodel is built on the same powerful platform and acquires images at incrediblyfast line rates of up to 80 kHz. Features of the Linea single line camera seriesinclude: high responsivity in the visible and near infrared wavelengths; multipleuser coefficient and flat-field calibration sets; programmable and flexibletriggering; and support of Camera Link cables up to 10 m (32.8 ft).Teledyne DALSA, Waterloo, Ontario, Canadawww.teledynedalsa.com
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Three-chip Video CameraToshiba Imaging Systems Division has announced the IK-4K, UltraHD 4K three-chip video camera with an 8 MP,3840 × 2160 pixel output. The versatile camera deliversextraordinary detail with up to 1600 television lines ofresolution and switchable formats, from 4K at 50/59.94 Hz,to 1080p and 1080i. The improved sharpness and fineedge details when compared with 1080p systems isastonishing and has applications anywhere increasedresolution is important. Even when operated in 1080pmode the resolution is improved over dedicated 1080pcamera systems. The ultra-compact and lightweightcamera head can be easily integrated into new or existingimaging systems for applications such as scientificimaging, defense/military, process and quality control,live tissue imaging, and broadcast. The UltraHD 4K two-piece system design combines Toshiba’s proprietaryprism block technology and advanced image processingcapabilities to deliver unprecedented color accuracy andexceptional resolution with 12-channel color adjustmentfor optimal control. The 4× 3G/HD-SDI output offersmaximum signal fidelity. Five user-configurable settingsfiles are available to support various operating modes andambient conditions. The camera incorporates ToshibaImaging’s advanced three-complementary metal-oxidesemiconductor sensor technology with an image flip andmirror function, freeze frame, and gen-lock for 3D andmulti-camera use. Other features include remote controlvia RS232 and a C-mount lens mount for addedconvenience and versatility.Toshiba America Information Systems, Inc., Irvine, Californiawww.toshibacameras.com
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heavy elements. With no costly detector orlimited-lifetime X-ray tube to replace, main-tenance and repair costs are low. ThemPulse analyzer has been designed forthe rapid identification and sorting ofheavier alloys such as stainless steels andnickel, copper, cobalt, and titanium alloys.The mPulse makes measurements in justone second regardless of alloy type. ThemPulse+ is able to separate even the closegrades such as aluminum 6061 and 6063in just one second. Likewise, the mPulse+is designed for ultra-fast sorting of a widerange of metal alloys including magnesiumand aluminum alloys, stainless steels, andnickel, copper, cobalt, and titanium alloys.The mPulse and mPulse+ are powered byinduced breakdown spectroscopy tech-nology, which means that costly and time-consuming radiation safety trainingclasses and user certifications are notrequired. Both models feature a strongsapphire window in the analyzer’s nose,protecting the analysis head, safeguardingagainst the need for costly repairs, andpreventing contamination of the optics.The mPulse analyzers are ready to usewith no setup required; skilled or unskilledstaff can be up and running in minutes.Minimal training is required for optimaluse and maximum throughput.Oxford Instruments, Abingdon, United Kingdomwww.oxford-instruments.com
Automated Ultrasonic TestingInstrumentBased on its patented tire material tech-nology, Sonatest has introduced theWheelProbe 2 (WP2), which allows fasterand more efficient scan mapping of large
composite, aluminum, and other metalsurfaces. As the best alternative toimmersion inspection, the WP2 offers a 1 mm (0.04 in.) near surface resolution inthe latest composite materials using a 5 MHz array. Available also with 10, 3.5,and 2 MHz versions, the WP2 is capable ofmeasuring discontinuities in other moreattenuating materials. Weighing only 1 kg(2.2 lb) and 45% lighter than the earliergeneration, this more versatile modeloffers distinct advantages for the operator,especially when scanning large areasupside down. The WP2 is configurable andflexible, offering unique features such asadaptable handles, adjustable laserguidance, light-emitting diodes for alarmfeedback, remote control with start/stop,and indexing and reset buttons as well asthe on-probe remote display. The WP2 alsohas a detachable connection making
cabling an economic and convenient“spare part” that can be replaced inseconds, reducing downtime andincreasing equipment utilization. This alsomakes it easy to select the best cablelength to suit the inspection task at hand.Designed for both manufacturing andmaintenance applications and environ-ments, the WP2 makes exhaustivescanning of large areas more efficient,saving time and providing comfort andconfidence to its operator.Sonatest, Milton Keynes, United Kingdomwww.sonatest.com
Modular Tool Microscope SystemTitan Tool Supply, Inc. has introduced the AME-5M angle model measuringgoniometer eyepiece. The AME-5Mmeasures over 360° to an accuracy of 5’(minutes) using a rotary vernier caliper and crosshair eyepiece. It features aneasy-to-read white scale on a black background and can be enlarged by a 10� magnifier. It is ideal for checkingcutting tool geometry and angular meas-urement. An optimal use for the new AME-5M eyepiece is in conjunction with theTitan Tool modular tool microscope system.The modular concept enables the user to attain magnifications from 3 to 800×
using a choice of three body styles, threemounting brackets, two illuminators, and two video adapters. All images areoptically correct, and parts may be usedindividually or assembled together to createan inexpensive measuring microscope.Three basic microscope frames (straightinline, 90 and 45°) are offered with variablemagnifications from 10 and 20×� at 20.24 cm(7.97 in.) working distance to 800×. Threedifferent rack-and-pinion mounting fixturesfeature X-Y-Z adjustments. Two styles of illu-minators, including a cold light, fiber opticring model that eliminates shadows andblind spots are available. In addition,either of the two video adapters can beused to allow convenient viewing of theimage on a video monitor. These sturdy,well-designed components permit the userto build a microscope-video system assimple or sophisticated as needed. Thetoolscope building block concept allowscomplete alignment capabilities for manyfixturing adaptations and in microelec-tronics for assembly and alignment ongrinders. Titan Tool Supply, Inc., Buffalo, New Yorkwww.titantoolsupply.com wx
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Zetec Launches New WebsiteZetec released a new look, still anchoredwith the company’s traditional blue brandname, with a new tagline, “The InspectionAdvantage,” and a new graphic image aspart of the logo. The new branding waspart of the project that completelyredesigned the company website’s look,content, and structure. Zetec’s redesignedwebsite represents the company’s broadproducts, services, and global manufac-turing capabilities.www.zetec.com
“Non-destructive TestingEquipment Market – GlobalIndustry Analysis, Size, Share,Growth, Trends, and Forecast2015–2021”Nondestructive testing (NDT) equipment isused to evaluate or inspect materials,assemblies, or components for discontinu-ities in their characteristics withoutaffecting the serviceability of the part orsystem. NDT equipment is also used todetermine the physical properties ofmaterials such as ultimate tensilestrength, ductility, impact resistance,fatigue strength, and fracture toughness.In addition, NDT equipment lowers thecost of production and sustains a uniformquality level. Furthermore, stringentgovernment safety regulations for qualitycontrol, safety, and reliable performance ofthe machines, and increasing demand toimprove quality and longevity of themachines are the major factors that drivethe NDT equipment market globally.
Among all end-use industry segments,the power generation industry holds thelargest market share at present in the NDTequipment market. The main factorsdriving this growth of the power generationindustry are an increasing number ofnuclear power plants and the subsequentdemand for machines used in powergeneration plants. In 2014, the oil and gasindustry was the second largest end-useindustry in the NDT equipment marketglobally. NDT equipment is utilized in oiland gas operations on critical assets suchas tanks, vessels, heat exchangers andcondensers, and piping and rotatingequipment to identify potential damagemechanisms. The increasing number offailures of oil and gas equipment and tools,especially of pipes, spur the need for NDTequipment in this industry.
This market research study analyzes theNDT equipment market on a global level and provides estimates in terms of revenue (USD billion) from 2015 to 2021. The reportidentifies the drivers and restraints affectingthe industry and analyzes their impact overthe forecast period. Moreover, it identifiesthe significant opportunities for marketgrowth in the coming years.
The report segments the market on thebasis of geography as North America,Europe, Asia Pacific, and Rest of the World,and these have been estimated in terms ofrevenue. Furthermore, the report segmentsthe market based on technology as ultra-sonic testing, radiographic testing, electro-magnetic testing, visual testing, and others(including magnetic particle testing andliquid penetrant testing). In addition, themarket is segmented on the basis of end-use industry, which includes power genera-tion, oil and gas, aerospace and defense,automotive, and others (including plasticand polymer, and medical). All thesesegments have also been estimated on thebasis of geography in terms of revenue.
North America represents the largestmarket share of the NDT equipmentmarket. In 2014, North America accounted
for largest revenue share in the global NDTequipment market. Large investments inenergy verticals such as oil and gas arechief drivers of market growth in NorthAmerica. Europe holds the second largestmarket share in the NDT equipmentmarket followed by Asia Pacific and Rest ofWorld, respectively.
For better understanding of the NDTequipment market, the study also includescompetitive landscape and market attrac-tiveness analysis, wherein applications arebenchmarked based on their market scope,growth rate, and market attractiveness. www.researchandmarkets.com
“Intelligent Pigging ServicesMarket: Global Industry Analysisand Opportunity Assessment2015– 2025”Future Market Insights (FMI) delivers keyinsights on the global intelligent piggingservices market in its latest report, titled“Intelligent Pigging Services Market:Global Industry Analysis and OpportunityAssessment 2015–2025.” According tothe report, the global intelligent piggingservices market is expected to register a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 6.3% during the forecast period (2015–2025). Pipeline inspection gages,also known as pigs, are devices used forinspection and maintenance operations ofoil and gas pipelines. Intelligent pigs havean onboard electronic chip, which is usedto record the data about the condition ofthe pipeline. Intelligent pigs are widelyused for corrosion and cracks detection.
Assessing various factors drivingmarket growth, an FMI analyst said,“Stringent government and industry regu-lations, expected economic revival, andtechnological advancements in piggingservices are surging demand for globalintelligent pigging services market.” Theanalyst added that increasing awarenessamong pipeline operators about thebenefits of regular inspection and mainte-nance of pipelines is expected to further fuel
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market growth. This is also expected toprompt original equipment manufacturers(OEMs) and vendors of intelligent pigs tointroduce innovation in inspection tech-nologies such as magnetic flux leakagetesting (ML) and ultrasonic testing (UT) toimprove efficiency of services.
The global intelligent pigging servicesmarket is segmented on the basis of tech-nology into ML and UT. Among these,demand for ML is significant, accountingfor 66.6% share of the global intelligentpigging segment market in 2014. As perFMI estimates, this segment is projected toregister a CAGR of 6.5% during theforecast period.
On the basis of end-use industry, theglobal intelligent pigging service market issegmented into gas industry and oilindustry. The gas industry segment in theglobal intelligent pigging servicesaccounted for 80.4% market share in2014. FMI estimates the gas industry
segment expected to register a CAGR of6.2% between 2015 and 2025, to accountfor $657 million by 2025. The oil industrysegment is estimated to account for 19.8%share by the end of 2015 and is forecastto increase at a CAGR of 6.7% through2025. Currently, the gas pipeline networkis larger than that of oil, and this trend isexpected to continue during the forecastperiod as well. Thus, the gas industrysegment is projected to dominate theglobal intelligent pigging services marketover the forecast period.
Increasing consumption of petroleumproducts and natural gas is expected tofuel demand for intelligent pigging servicesglobally. In addition, economic revival inregions such as Eastern Europe, WesternEurope, and North America, as well aseconomic growth in regions such asAsia/Pacific Excluding Japan (APEJ) andLatin America, are expected to propelgrowth of the global intelligent pigging
services market over the forecast period.
The global intelligent pigging servicesmarket is segmented on the basis of regionsinto North America, Eastern Europe,Middle East and Africa, Western Europe,Latin America, and Japan. North Americaaccounted for 48.9% revenue share in theglobal intelligent pigging services market in2014, and is expected to continue todominate the global market over theforecast period. One of the smaller intelli-gent pigging services markets, LatinAmerica is expected to register the highestCAGR during the forecast period. The APEJmarket is projected to register a CAGR of7.1% over the forecast period.
Key players across the supply chain inthe global intelligent pigging servicesmarket include OEMs and vendors of intel-ligent pigging services, as well as and oiland gas explorers and producers. MajorOEMs and vendors operating in the global
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market are focused on adopting advancedinspection technologies to enhance efficiencyof services. Pipeline operators are enteringinto long-term supply contracts with OEMsand vendors to minimize effect of increasingcosts of intelligent pigging services.
In the future, OEMs and vendors shouldcontinue investing in the North America andEastern Europe market. At the same time,APEJ and Latin America are expected togenerate significant demand for intelligentpigging services. OEMs and vendors shouldfocus on improving combinational technolo-gies, as these are more effective andadvanced that individual technologiescurrently used for pigging services.www.futuremarketinsights.com
ARSA Launches AeroJobs.orgOn 26 August, the Aeronautical RepairStation Association (ARSA) announcedthe launch of AeroJobs.org, a web-basedrecruitment tool that will help theaviation community find technically
skilled applicants to keep the worldsafely in flight.
The site is the product of a new partner-ship between ARSA and RealMatch, anonline-recruiting services provider. ThroughTheJobNetwork, North America’s largestnetwork of job sites, AeroJobs.org will allowaviation businesses to reach millions of jobseekers on the web and through socialmedia. Unlike many other job sites,AeroJobs.org matches jobs and candidatesbased on their technical skills, which willopen the door for technicians from otherindustries to find and begin careers inaviation.
“ARSA’s members have consistentlycited the skilled worker shortage as thegreatest strategic threat to the mainte-nance industry,” ARSA Executive VicePresident Christian Klein said. “As theaviation market keeps expanding—Boeing’s 2015 outlook forecasts morethan one million new jobs to fill in the next20 years—AeroJobs.org will help repair
stations and other aviation employerscompete for technical talent.”
In addition to broader advocacy forimproving workforce policy—includingcollaboration with the Aviation TechnicianEducation Council and membership on theSTEM [science, technology, engineering, and mathematics] Education Coalition’sLeadership Council—ARSA is providingAeroJobs.org as a service to both employersand aspiring aviation professionals.
“Whenever you board a plane or pickup a loved one at the airport, you dependon the good work of countless men andwomen,” said Brett Levanto, ARSA’s vicepresident of communications. “Many of uswill never meet the aviation professionalsin whom we place our trust, but ARSA islaunching this site for them. AeroJobs.orgwill help aviation businesses and appli-cants spend less time searching for a joband more time doing one. It’s a worthycause, because we can’t fly without them.”www.arsa.orgwx
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NDTpics
Structural Health Monitoring of CompositesStructural health monitoring (SHM) is often based on nondestructive testing (NDT) methods. However, NDT instrumentation must betailored to meet the needs of stay-in-place sensory systems. This photo shows the laboratory setup for a project focused on SHM ofadhesively bonded composites, using permanent array sensors to generate and receive ultrasonic guided waves. In order to be sensitiveto discontinuities in the adhesive, wave modes with a large portion of their energy in the adhesive are selected and preferentiallygenerated with a phased array (top and bottom of left edge of plate). Array sensors (middle of left edge of plate) enable determination ofthe energy spectrum to assess modal content, which indicates the presence of defects that cause mode conversions. This SHM approachis relatively insensitive to changing environmental and operating conditions, and the multi-element sensors are low profile, lightweight,flexible, and inexpensive. No human intervention is necessary during data acquisition, freeing the analyst for interpretation of resultsand prognostics for maintenance decision making. wx
Photo cred
it: Baiyang Ren, P
ennsylvania State University
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GE Inspection Technologies OpensSecond Computed TomographyPlantGE’s Measurement & Control business hasopened a second GE manufacturing plantin Wunstorf, Germany. Founded in 1999,the phoenix|x-ray business of GEInspection Technologies has evolved intoan industrial computed tomography tech-nology leader, providing inspectionsolutions for quality labs as well as forprocess optimization on the productionfloor, including automotive and aerospaceproduction. The inauguration of thesecond production plant allows GE toincrease productivity, optimize logisticsand training capabilities, and accommo-date the fast growing service department.
“The opening of this new industrialcomputed tomography plant demonstratesGE’s investment in both infrastructure andhuman resources,” explained Omar Castillo,Wunstorf site leader. “This facility allows usto continue developing and deliveringadvanced 2D and 3D inspection solutionsto thousands of our current system users
and future customers to help them ensurequality and drive productivity.”
Because of the continued growth ofGE’s industrial phoenix|x-ray computedtomography portfolio and sales quantity,the former production plant reached itscapacity at 1.3 ha (0.005 mi2). With theaddition of the 0.6 ha (0.002 mi2) plant,the facility will increase capacity, poten-tially doubling GE’s production space andleaving room for future growth. Since allcore components, such as X-ray tubes,generators, detectors, and computedtomography software are proprietary GEtechnology, the new plant combinesmodern logistics and material stock withcomponent manufacturing of micro- andnanofocus tubes and generators, amongothers. It also houses 45 employees andincludes new test and repair facilities, anda new service training center, allowing theold plant to dedicate several thousandsquare meters to final X-ray inspection andcomputed tomography system cabinetassembly and delivery.
Arctic Slope Regional AcquiresArctic Pipe InspectionArctic Slope Regional Corp. (ASRC) hasacquired Arctic Pipe Inspection, Inc. ofHouston and Arctic Pipe Inspection, Inc.(collectively, API). Headquartered inHouston, Texas, API was founded morethan 40 years ago by Royce Roberts toprovide nondestructive testing of oilcountry tubular goods. API currentlyoperates facilities in Houston, Texas andDeadhorse, Alaska, providing electromag-netic, ultrasonic, weldline, and mill inspec-tion services to oil and gas producers andservice providers.
Concurrent with the retirement ofRoyce Roberts, Jim Hildebrandt, API’slongtime vice president of operations,assumed the role of API president andgeneral manager.
Rockwood Service Acquires AppliedInspectionRockwood Service Corp. has acquiredApplied Inspection, Ltd., which wasfounded in 1984 and operates from fourlaboratories in Burton, Chesterfield,Ossett, and Glasgow, United Kingdom.
Ted Peake will continue to overseeApplied as managing director, and PatSlater will continue to serve as technicaldirector.
Premier M&A Services acted asfinancial advisor, and hlw Keeble Hawsonacted as legal advisor to Applied in thetransaction. McGuireWoods served as legaladvisor to Rockwood.
3sun Group Launches AssetIntegrity Service3sun Group has further enhanced itsofferings by launching a fully comprehen-sive asset integrity service. The Group’s in-house capabilities for working at height
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Radiography General Manager Juan Mario Gomez spoke at the opening of the second GEproduction plant in Wunstorf.
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support the repair, maintenance, anddecommissioning of all on- and offshorestructures, both in oil and gas and renew-ables sectors. Skilled Industrial RopeAccess Trade Association approved ropeaccess technicians are utilized for workincluding welding, pipe and plate nonde-structive testing, painting, crane inspec-tion, blade repair, and fabric maintenance.
The service also covers detailedoffshore surveys, risk assessments, anddesign, through to the implementation ofstructural and piping modifications andthe decommissioning of redundantequipment.
Commenting on the importance ofasset integrity, Graham Hacon, CEO, said:“Safe operation of aging assets is one ofthe biggest challenges facing the energyindustry, particularly in the North Sea, andeven more so in the current climate whenidentifying streamlined and cost effectivesolutions is key. A well-managed assetintegrity program can play a major role inextending the life cycle of fundamentalassets.”
Hacon added: “Assets can deterioratein many ways through corrosion, structuralfatigue, impact damage, and general wearand tear. Our integrity management teamworks with operators to ensure assets areeffectively maintained to be safe, reliable,and efficient across their lifecycle.
“With our recent acquisition of AIDIndustrial, we can now offer complemen-tary capabilities to the renewable energyand oil and gas sectors, allowing us toprovide a full turnkey solution to ourcustomers. Our services are adaptable aswell as comprehensive and allow us tooffer bespoke solutions for projects of any scale and specification.”
The acquisition of AID Industrial(specialist personal protective equipmentprovider and expert in industrial ropeaccess, work at height, and Global WindOrganisation safety courses) marked asuccessful first quarter of the year for theGroup. This follows major contract wins, a top-20 position on The Sunday TimesHSBC International Track 200 league table,and a £10 million investment from theBusiness Growth Fund last year.
Sonomatic Breaks Ground on NewFacility in AberdeenClearbell has announced that Sonomatic is the latest occupier to join The Core,Aberdeen, Scotland.
Global organization Sonomatic, whichprovides services to customers in the oil
and gas industry, will create a brand-newmultidiscipline facility that will allow it tocover its entire range of nondestructivetesting inspections. The state-of-the-artpremises, comprising a 929 m2 (10 000 ft2)office and a 1301 m2 (14 000 ft2)workshop with associated parking and
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yard space, will house radiography andhydro testing bays and will have the abilityto perform heat-treatment on itscustomers’ equipment.
Construction is expected to commenceby November 2015, with Sonomatic likelyto relocate from its current site in Bridge ofDon in April 2016. The Core is a businesspark that offers bespoke office, industrial,workshop, warehouse, and leisure facili-ties located in a coastal setting in theBridge of Don. It aims to be one of themost energy efficient, low carbon businesscommunities in the U.K.
Tracy Anderson, Rope Access andInspection Services division manager andSonomatic U.K. business developmentmanager, said: “The location has beenvery carefully selected with considerationgiven to our customers’ logistical require-ments. We want to be situated in close
proximity to our customers, to reduce thetime taken to turnaround inspections andensure we meet environmental commit-ments. Consequently we have chosen toinvest in a new site at The Core.
“Another very important factor in thedecision to move to The Core is theplanned location of the Aberdeen WesternPeripheral Route (AWPR). In addition toserving customers in Aberdeen, we arehoping to meet customers’ requirementsfrom all over Scotland by taking fulladvantage of the A90 and the AWPR.”
Versa Integrity Group Acquires CWTechnical ServicesVersa Integrity Group, Inc. has announcedthat on 31 July, it completed a transactionto acquire CW Technical Services, Inc.(CWT) of Lafayette, Louisiana. CWT special-izes in project management, coating and
corrosion surveys, and inspection duringcoating preparation and application. Manyof CWT’s projects support customersoffshore in the Gulf of Mexico, but itsservices will be extended to Versa’srefining, chemical, and manufacturingcustomers.
Brian Walley and Martin Narido havejoined Versa from CWT and will be respon-sible for the daily operations of theseservices. Walley and Narido are both NACEInternational Coating Inspector ProgramLevel 2 certified, and combined they bringmore than 30 years of experience inplanning, management, and inspection of coating programs. Christine White willsupport them and Versa in an administrativerole. Their offices will be based in theLafayette Division of Versa, under thedirection of Vice President Theron Vincent.wx
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Magnetostrictive sensor array foractive or synthetic phased arrayfocusing of guided waves(J. Rose, J.K. Van Velsor, S.E. Owens, and R.L.Royer, Jr.)
Nondestructive testing (NDT) and structuralhealth monitoring (SHM) techniques arefrequently used to test or inspect amaterial without causing damage. Forexample, such NDT/SHM techniques maybe used to inspect welds or identifydiscontinuities in pipes, airplane compo-nents, and other devices or materials inwhich maintaining the integrity of (that is,not damaging) the device or material isdesirable. For the purposes of the presenttechnology, NDT refers to the noninvasiveinspection of a structure or component,usually in regular time intervals, and SHMrefers to the permanent installation of asensor for long-term monitoring of thestructure or component.
Guided wave testing is a specificmethod for the NDT/SHM of structures or components in which low frequency(generally <1 MHz) ultrasonic waves areintroduced into the structure and subse-quently interact with the local boundariesof the structure to form a coherent propa-gating wave packet that then follows thestructure. Such boundaries may be theexternal surfaces of a particular material oran interface between two materials. Thepropagation characteristics of the wavepacket are dictated by the dimensions andmaterial properties of the structure. Unliketraditional ultrasonic waves that may beused to perform localized testing orinspection, guided waves may be used toperform remote testing or inspection of amaterial through various NDT/SHM tech-niques. In the pulse-echo guided wavetechnique, appurtenances such as welds,structural attachments, cracks, or metal
loss reflect portions of the wave packetback toward the generating sensor,where they are received by the gener-ating sensor or by a separate receivingsensor and then amplified, digitized,processed, and displayed. These reflec-tions may be analyzed to determine theextent and location of the abnormality or discontinuity.
Magnetostrictive guided wave tech-niques refer to the utilization of themagnetostrictive effect to generate guidedwaves or the inverse magnetostrictiveeffect to receive them directly in thestructure being inspected or in a piece of magnetostrictive material temporarily or permanently attached to the structurebeing inspected. The magnetostrictiveeffect refers to the tendency of a ferromag-netic material to change shape whensubjected to a magnetic field. By control-ling the time-varying properties of themagnetic field, the magnetostrictivematerial can be made to oscillate so as to generate a propagating guided wave.Current magnetostrictive techniques usedfor pipe inspection generally consist of a non-segmented dual-element sensorcapable of directional control only.Conventional magnetostrictive pipe inspection techniques suffer from severalsignificant disadvantages. For example,conventional magnetostrictive techniquesdo not allow separation of wave modesdistributed evenly around the pipe circum-ference (axisymmetric modes) from thosethat are unequally distributed around thepipe circumference (flexural modes). Manystructural features, such as welds andclamps, produce axisymmetric wave reflections, while metal-loss discontinu-ities generally produce flexural wave reflections. Consequently, the inability todistinguish between axisymmetric modesand flexural modes render these structuralfeatures indistinguishable from corrosionand other metal-loss discontinuities.
Another significant drawback ofconventional techniques is that they donot enable information regarding thecircumferential extent or location of ametal-loss discontinuity to be determined.For example, it is impossible to determinewhether a 15% loss in the cross-sectionalarea of a pipe at a specific axial locationoccurs over 25% of the pipe circumferenceor over 80% of the pipe circumference—two different conditions that would lead totwo entirely different integrity states. Theimproved NDT systems and techniquesdescribed in this patent enable the genera-tion and reception of flexural guided wavemodes using segmented magnetostrictivesensors for the inspection of hollow cylin-drical structures as well as plate and plate-like structures. These plate-like structuresmay include, but are not limited to, struc-tures with some curvature, for example,where the ratio of inner curvature to that of the outer curvature is less than 0.8. The segmentation of the magnetostrictivesensors makes it possible to distinguishreflections generated by structuralfeatures, such as welds, from reflectionsgenerated by material discontinuities, such as metal loss. Phased array andsynthetic guided wave focusing conceptscan be employed using the segmentedmagnetostrictive sensor to determine theapproximate circumferential location andextent of a reflection source therebyproviding significantly improved sizingcapabilities compared to conventionalmagnetostrictive sensors. By employingthe described focusing concepts with the segmented magnetostrictive sensor,improved signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) canbe achieved through constructive interfer-ence of the wave energy generated orreceived by the individual segments of thesensor. This improvement in SNR can leadto improved sensitivity and penetrationpower.
NEWpatentsROBERT E . SHANNONAssociate Technical Editor
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US 8919202
System and technique formonitoring health of stator vanes(B.R. Keely, A. Bhattacharya, R.Y. Babu, andN. Tralshawala)
This patent generally relates to systemsand techniques for monitoring health ofstationary blades or stator vanes. A gasturbine may include an axial compressor atthe front, one or more combustors aroundthe middle, and a turbine at the rear.Typically, an axial compressor has a series ofstages with each stage comprising a row ofrotor blades or airfoils followed by a row ofstatic blades or static airfoils. Accordingly,each stage comprises a pair of rotor bladesor airfoils and static airfoils. Typically, therotor blades or airfoils increase the kineticenergy of a fluid that enters the axialcompressor through an inlet. Furthermore,the static blades or static airfoils generallyconvert the increased kinetic energy of thefluid into static pressure through diffusion.Thus, the rotor blades or airfoils and staticairfoils play a vital role to increase thepressure of the fluid.
Furthermore, the rotor blades or airfoilsand the static airfoils are vital for the wideand varied applications of the axialcompressors that include the airfoils. Axialcompressors, for example, may be used in anumber of devices, such as land-based gasturbines, jet engines, high-speed shipengines, small-scale power stations, orother similar applications. In addition, axialcompressors alone may be used in variedapplications, such as large volume air sepa-ration plants, blast furnace air, fluid catalyticcracking air, propane dehydrogenation, orother important industrial uses.
Moisture or humidity, high tempera-tures, and other properties of the inletgases lead to corrosion of various airfoilsand other structures inside the gasturbine. These, in combination with lowcycle fatigue and high cycle fatigue duringoperation of the turbine, lead to stress-corrosion cracking especially if extremestress is experienced due to abnormalresonances or impact of foreign objects.Additionally, the airfoils operate for longhours under extreme and varied operatingconditions, such as high speed, pressure,
and temperature, which affect the healthof the airfoils. In addition to the extremeand varied conditions, certain other factorslead to fatigue and stress of the airfoils.The factors may include inertial forces,pressure, excitation of the resonantfrequencies of the airfoils, vibrations in theairfoils, vibratory stresses, temperaturestresses, reseating of the airfoils, load ofthe gas or other fluid, or the like. Aprolonged increase in stress and fatigueover a period of time leads to cracks andother discontinuities in the airfoils. One ormore of the cracks may widen with time toresult in liberation of all or a part of anairfoil. The liberation may be hazardous forthe device and may lead to enormouseconomic losses. In addition, it may createan unsafe environment for people near thedevice. Conventional systems and tech-niques exist to monitor the performance andoperation of compressors and the airfoils.For example, vibration sensors may be usedto monitor vibrations from the compressorsand the airfoils during operations. A changein the frequency or magnitude of existingvibrations may indicate excessive wear orcrack formation. However, vibration sensorsmay detect only cracks and other anomalieslarge enough to cause an imbalance andvibration in the compressor. They may notdetect small cracks that do not result in adetectable vibration. Accordingly, it isdesirable to develop the present systemsand techniques that monitor the health ofthe airfoils.
This patent describes a nondestructivetesting system including a number of sensingdevices configured to generate acousticemission signals that represent acousticemission waves propagating through anumber of stator vanes. The system furtherincludes a processing subsystem that is inoperational communication with the multiplesensing devices, and the processingsubsystem is configured to generate adynamic threshold based on an initialthreshold and the acoustic emission signals,determine whether multiple signals ofinterest exist based on the dynamicthreshold, extract the signals of interestbased upon the dynamic threshold,determine one or more features correspon-ding to the signals interest, and analyze a
variety of the features of the signal to monitorand validate the health of the stator vanes.The processing of the acoustic signalsdescribed in the patent includes steps ofdetermining both time-domain features andfrequency-domain features. The time-domainfeatures include ring down count (RDC),amplitude, event duration, peak amplitude,rise time, and energy. “RDC” is used to referto a number of times an acoustic emissionsignal crosses a dynamic threshold. “Eventduration” is used to refer to durationbetween the first time an acoustic emissionsignal crosses a dynamic threshold and thelast time. “Rise time” is used to refer to thetime taken by an acoustic emission wave totravel from its first threshold crossing till peakamplitude in a given waveform. Similarly,frequency-domain features may includefrequency distribution of the power spectraldensity of the signals, the variations in thesedistributions, wavelets, and the like. Also,the determination of the features isfollowed by analysis of the features. Theanalysis of the features may be performedusing cumulative data analysis techniquesand other processes explained in detail inthe detailed description of the patent. wx
PatentsHave you been awarded apatent?If you have recently been granted anew patent by a government patentoffice, we invite you to let us knowabout it. We are looking for patentsthat describe innovations in thescience and practice of nondestruc-tive testing. You can send a fewparagraphs describing the inventionand its range of applications, and acopy of the patent document (or if itwas issued by the United StatesPatent and Trademark Office, you can just give us the patent number).E-mail to [email protected] with “ASNT M.E. New Patents”in the subject line.
For more information on thepatents, go to the U.S. Patent andTrademark Office website atwww.uspto.gov.
NEWpatents
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1464 M A T E R I A L S E V A L U A T I O N • N O V E M B E R 2 0 1 5
3angles, Inc. (Albany, NY)3D Engineering Solutions(Cincinnati, OH)
3E NDT, LLC (La Porte, TX)
AAbdallah I Al Tamimi IndustrialServices (Khobar, Saudi Arabia)
ABM Franchising Group(Canonsburg, PA)
Access Plug Flange, Inc. (Houston, TX)
ACNDT, Inc. (Middleburg, FL)Acoustic Technology Group(Grandville, MI)
AcousticEye, Ltd. (Tel Aviv, Israel)Acuren Group, Inc. (Edmonton, Canada)Ademinsa (Lima, Peru)Advanced Corrosion Technologies &Training, LLC (Sulphur, LA)
Advanced Inspection Technologies(Melbourne, FL)
Advanced Material Solutions(Phoenix, AZ)
Advanced NDT Solutions, Inc.(Sunset, LA)
Advanced OEM Solutions(Cincinnati, OH)
Advanced Test Equipment Rentals(San Diego, CA)
Advantest (Princeton, NJ)AEIS (Rahway, NJ)Aerocentro De Servicios, C.A. (Doral, FL)
Aerofab NDT, LLC (Kent, WA)Aerojet Rocketdyne (RanchoCordova, CA)
Aerotest Operations, Inc. (SanRamon, CA)
AES Destructive & NDT, Ltd. (KwaiChung, Hong Kong)
African NDT Centre Pty., Ltd.(Centurion, South Africa)
AGD Inspection Services, LLC(Stafford, TX)
AGR Inspection, Inc. (Burleson, TX)AIP (Houston, TX)AIP Global Strategies (Pelham, NH)Air Force NDI Program Office (TinkerAFB, OK)
Air Services (Middleburg Heights, OH)Aircraft Inspection Services (GrandRapids, MI)
Aircraft X-Ray Labs, Inc. (HuntingtonPark, CA)
Akura Bina Citra (Bekasi, Indonesia)Al Mansoori Inspection Services(Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates)
Al Othman Trading & ContractingCo. (Dammam, Saudi Arabia)
AllPro NDT (Melville, NY)Alpha NDT (Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam)Alpha Star Aviation Services(Riyadh, Saudi Arabia)
Alta Vista Solutions (Richmond, CA)AMA Consultants Corp. (Braselton, GA)AME International (Singapore)Amerapex Corp. (Houston, TX)American Inspection Services, Inc.(Grand Bay, AL)
American Institute of NondestructiveTesting (Baxter, MN)
American Marine Corp. (Anchorage, AK)
American NDT, Inc. (Lancaster, OH)American Piping Inspection (Tulsa, OK)American Testing Services(Miamisburg, OH)
Amo & Partners Engineering Co.(Khobar, Saudi Arabia)
AMOSCO (Eastleigh, United Kingdom)Amotus Solutions, Inc. (Québec,Canada)
AMS Store and Shred, LLC (Lake inthe Hills, IL)
Analisis END (Antofagasta, Chile)Andire and Co., Ltd. (Port Harcourt,Nigeria)
Apex NDT Training Services(Lafayette, LA)
Applied Technical Services(Marietta, GA)
Applus RTD (Edmonton, Canada)Applus RTD Valley Industrial X-ray &Inspection Services, Inc.(Bakersfield, CA)
Aqua Communications, Inc.(Waltham, MA)
Aqualified, LLC (Atlanta, GA)Aral General Trading, LLC (Dubai,United Arab Emirates)
Arcadia Aerospace Industries (PuntaGorda, FL)
Arcmart Indonesia (Bandung,Indonesia)
Arditec Ingenieria, S.A. de C.V.(Mexico City, Mexico)
Argyll Ruane, Ltd. (South Yorkshire,United Kingdom)
Aria Azmoon Sanat Co. (Tehran, Iran)Arrow-Tech, Inc. (Rolla, ND)Artis NDT (Pasig City, Philippines)Arya Fould Gharn (Ahwaz, Iran)Asian Institute of Petroleum andConstruction Technology (Cochin,India)
Aspire Institute of Technology(Calicut, India)
Associated X-Ray Corp. (East Haven, CT)
Atlantic Inspection Services (St. Johns, Canada)
Atlas Inspection Technologies(Clinton, LA)
Aurora Institute & InspectionServices (Coimbatore, India)
AUT Solutions (Fulshear, TX)Automated Inspection Systems(Martinez, CA)
Avonix Imaging (Plymouth, MN)Axionz Petroleum Institute(Kozhikode, India)
Aycan Data Management (Rochester, NY)
AZTech Training & Consultancy(Dubai, United Arab Emirates)
BBaker Testing Services, Inc.(Rockland, MA)
Balteau NDT (Hermalle sousArgenteau, Belgium)
Base Line Data, Inc. (Portland, TX)BCI Morocco (Casablanca, Morocco)Beijing Dragon Electronics Co.(Beijing, China)
Bercli Corp. (Berkeley, CA)Best NDT (Springfield, VA)Betz Engineering & Technology Zone(Chennai, India)
BG Detection Services/LA X-Ray, Inc.(Sun Valley, CA)
Bighorn Inspection, Inc. (Laurel, MT)Biomet, Inc. (Fair Lawn, NJ)BKS Consulting & Training Institute(Tehran, Iran)
Blastline Institute of SurfacePreparation & Painting (Kochi,India)
Blatek, Inc. (State College, PA)Blueveld Nigeria, Ltd. (Port Harcourt,Nigeria)
Boeing (Seattle, WA)Bosello High Technology (Warsaw, IN)Bossier Parish Community College(Bossier City, LA)
BP America (Houston, TX)Branch Radiographic Labs, Inc.(Cranford, NJ)
BRL Consultants, Inc. (San Antonio, TX)Bruker Elemental (Kennewick, WA)BTEC, LLC (Pueblo, CO)Bureau Veritas (Bunkapi, Thailand)
CCadillac Casting, Inc. (Cadillac, MI)Cadorath Aerospace (Broussard, LA)Callington Haven Pty., Ltd.(Rydalmere, Australia)
Can USA, Inc. (Harvey, LA)Canadian Engineering & Inspection,Ltd. (Edmonton, Canada)
Canyon State Inspection (Tucson, AZ)Carbon Steel Inspection, Inc.(Pittsburgh, PA)
Carestream NDT (Rochester, NY)Carl Zeiss Industrial Metrology(Maple Grove, MN)
Caterpillar, Inc. (Peoria, IL)CATSI, Inc. (Valparaiso, IN)CDA Technical Institute (Jacksonville, FL)
CDI Marine (Virginia Beach, VA)Cenergy International Services, LLC(Houston, TX)
Central Flying Service (Little Rock, AR)CentroTest Asia, Inc. (Mandaluyong,Philippines)
Centura X-Ray NDT (Cleveland, OH)CFS Inspections (Searcy, AR)
Chemetall US, Inc. (New Providence, NJ)
Chesapeake Testing (Belcamp, MD)Chevron (Picayune, MS)Churchill Steel Plate, Ltd.(Twinsburg, OH)
Cimetrix, Ltd. (Seattle, WA)Circle Systems, Inc. (Hinckley, IL)Clover Park Technical College(Lakewood, WA)
CNS Pantex (Amarillo, TX)Coast to Coast Inspection Services,Inc. (Portland, OR)
College of the North Atlantic(Stephenville, Canada)
Comet Technologies USA, Inc.(Shelton, CT)
Comibassal (Alexandria, Egypt)Commodity Resource &Environmental, Inc. (Burbank, CA)
Computerised InformationTechnology, Ltd. (Milton Keynes,United Kingdom)
Condition Monitoring &Maintenance Institute (Vega Baja,Puerto Rico)
Connect NDT, Ltd. (Aberdeenshire,United Kingdom)
Cooperativa Metalurgica eInspecciones ND, R.L.(Barquisimeto, Venezuela)
Cooperheat Saudi Arabia Co., Ltd.(Jubail, Saudi Arabia)
CoreStar International Corp. (Irwin, PA)Cotech IRM Services, Inc. (Houston, TX)Creaform, Inc. (Lévis, Canada)Crosby Group McKissick ProductsDivision (Tulsa, OK)
Crossroads Institute (Oklahoma City, OK)
Curtis Industries, Inc. (Cowansville, PA)Curtiss Wright Anatec-LMT (Irvine, CA)Cutech Group (Singapore)Cuyahoga Community College(Cleveland, OH)
CWB Group (Milton, Canada)CXR Corp. (Kure, Japan)Cygnus Instruments, Inc.(Annapolis, MD)
DDakota Ultrasonics (Scotts Valley, CA)Danatronics (Danvers, MA)Danco Inspection Service, Inc.(Oklahoma City, OK)
Dantec Dynamics, GmbH (Ulm,Germany)
Dantec Dynamics, Inc. (Holtsville, NY)Dares, Srl. (Casamarciano, Italy)DBI, Inc. (Lincoln, NE)Decibel NDE Inspections & TrainingInstitute (Patambi, India)
Demmer Corp. (Lansing, MI)Detection Technology, Inc. (Billerica, MA)
Detek, Inc. (Temple Hills, MD)Diamond Technical Services, Inc.(Blairsville, PA)
Dixon Hard Chrome (Sun Valley, CA)DJA Inspection Services, Inc. (Reno, PA)DK Shah NDT Training Institute(Baroda, India)
CORPORATEpartnersThank You
ASNT is proud to present these NDT manufacturers, usersand suppliers who support the Society. This list is currentas of 1 October 2015.
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DolphiTech (Raufoss, Norway)Dominion NDT Services, Inc.(Chesterfield, VA)
Doppler Electronic Technologies Co.,Ltd. (Guangzhou, China)
Dürr NDT, GmbH & Co. KG(Bietigheim-Bissingen, Germany)
EEcho Ultrasonics (Bellingham, WA)Eclipse Scientific Products, Inc.(Ontario, Canada)
ECS, Inc. (Kennesaw, GA)Eddyfi (Québec, Canada)Edison Welding Institute (Columbus, OH)
Edwards, Inc. (Spring Hope, NC)Eishin Kagaku Co., Ltd. (Minato-Ku,Japan)
Elcometer NDT (Rochester Hills, MI)Elmag NDT, Ltd. (Santiago, Chile)Enerfab, Inc. (Cincinnati, OH)EQV Technologies (Granite Falls, NC)ETher NDE, Ltd. (St. Albans, UnitedKingdom)
ETM, Inc. (Newark, CA)Euroteck Systems U.K., Ltd.(Tamworth, United Kingdom)
Evraz North America (Portland, OR)EXEL North America, Inc.(Streamwood, IL)
Exodrill (Keswick, Australia)Exova (Linkoping, Sweden)Extende (Ballston Spa, NY)ExxonMobil (Baytown, TX)
FFirst Alert Sling Testing, LLC(Lafayette, LA)
First College (West Kelowna, Canada)First Due Training & SafetyConsultants, LLC (Brielle, NJ)
Fish & Associates, Inc. (Middleton, WI)Flathead Valley Community College(Kalispell, MT)
FlawSpec Manufacturing, Inc.(Edmonton, Canada)
FlawTech, Inc. (Concord, NC)Foerster Instruments, Inc.(Pittsburgh, PA)
Fong’s National Engineering Co.,Ltd. (Guangdong, China)
Force Inspection Services, Inc.(Nisku, Canada)
Force Technology (Broendby, Denmark)Formweld Fitting, Inc. (Milton, FL)Frontics America, Inc. (Schaumburg, IL)FujiFilm NDT Systems (NorthKingstown, RI)
Full Service NDT, S.A. de C.V.(Monterrey, Mexico)
G G&G Technical Services, Ltd.(London, United Kingdom)
Gamesa Innovation & Technology(Sarriguren, Spain)
Gamma Petroleum Services (Basra,Iraq)
Gamma Rad (Tehran, Iran)Gammatec Middle East GeneralTrading, LLC (Dubai, United ArabEmirates)
GE Measurement & Control(Lewistown, PA)
GE Power Generation Services(Niskayuna, NY)
Gems Technologies (Hyderabad, India)General Dynamics NASSCO Norfolk(Norfolk, VA)
Genesis Systems Group (Davenport, IA)Geophysical Survey Systems, Inc.(Nashua, NH)
George Consulting Services, Inc.(Monaca, PA)
Gilardoni, SpA. (Mandello Del Lario,Italy)
Gladd Solutions (Plymouth, MI)Global Academy of QualityControlling (Kochi, India)
Global Diving & Salvage, Inc.(Anchorage, AK)
Global Engineering Documents(Englewood, CO)
Global Inspections NDT, Inc.(Kelowna, Canada)
Global Lifting Services, Ltd. (PortHarcourt, Nigeria)
Global Pipe Co. (Jubail, SaudiArabia)
Global X-Ray & Testing Corp.(Morgan City, LA)
Globe X-Ray Services, Inc. (Tulsa, OK)Glomacs Fz, LLC (Dubai, United ArabEmirates)
Golden Engineering, Inc. (Richmond, IN)Goolsby Testing Laboratories(Humble, TX)
Gradient Lens Corp. (Rochester, NY)Gravitech Inspection Services(Ernakulam, India)
Grupo Simples Oil, Lda. (Luanda,Angola)
Guangdong Goworld Co., Ltd.(Shantou, China)
Guided Ultrasonics, Ltd. (Brentford,United Kingdom)
Guided Wave Analysis, LLC (SanAntonio, TX)
Gulf Quality Control Co., Ltd.(Khobar, Saudi Arabia)
Gulf X-Ray Services, Inc. (Gretna, LA)Gulmay (Suwanee, GA)
HH Scan International, Inc. (Torrance, CA)Haks Engineers Architects & LandSurveyors (New York, NY)
Halifax International, Fze. (Erbil, Iraq)Hamamatsu Corp. (Bridgewater, NJ)Heli-One Colorado (Fort Collins, CO)Helium Leak Testing, Inc.(Northridge, CA)
Hellier (Houston, TX)Herzog Services, Inc. (St. Joseph, MO)High Technology Sources, Ltd.(Didcot, United Kingdom)
Hi-Spec Systems, Ltd. (Nantwich,United Kingdom)
Hi-Tech NDT Training Consultancyand Services (Nashik, India)
HMT Inspection (Houston, TX)Hobart Institute of WeldingTechnology (Troy, OH)
Hocker, Inc. (Houston, TX)Hodges Transportation, Inc. (CarsonCity, NV)
Honeywell Aerospace Servicios(Chihuahua, Mexico)
Honeywell Federal Manufacturing &Technologies (Kansas City, MO)
Houston Community College System(Houston, TX)
Hull Inspection Services, Ltd. (IjaiyeOjokoro, Nigeria)
II&T Nardoni Institute, Srl. (Brescia,Italy)
Idaho National Laboratory (IdahoFalls, ID)
Ideh Azma Iranian International Co.(Roswell, GA)
Imperium, Inc. (Beltsville, MD)IMS Cochin (Eranakulam, India)Industrial Inspection Systems, Ltd.(Vaughan, Canada)
Industrial Testing LaboratoryServices, LLC (Pittsburgh, PA)
Innerspec Technologies, Inc. (Forest, VA)
Inquest, Inc. (Houston, TX)Insight, K.K. (Tokyo, Japan)Inspec Testing, Inc. (National City, CA)Inspectest Pvt., Ltd. (Lahore,Pakistan)
Inspection Plug Strategies, LLC(Houston, TX)
Inspection Point Seals, LLC(Prairieville, LA)
Inspection Technologies, Inc.(Pomona, CA)
Inspection Technology, WLL (Doha,Qatar)
Inspectioneering (The Woodlands, TX)Institute of Nondestructive Testingand Training (Mumbai, India)
Integrated Inspection & Surveying(Dubai, United Arab Emirates)
Integrated Petroleum Services, Ltd.(Khobar, Saudi Arabia)
Integrated Quality Services (Ontario, CA)
Integrity & NDT Solutions (Cajica,Colombia)
Integrity Scientific Laboratory(Dubai, United Arab Emirates)
Integrity Smart Services, LLC(Muscat, Oman)
International Corp. of Safety inDrilling (Quito, Ecuador)
International Inspection (Santa FeSprings, CA)
International Leak Detection, LLC(Des Plaines, IL)
International Quality Systems(Concepcion, Chile)
International Testing & Inspection,LLC (Onaway, MI)
Intertek (Amelia, LA)Intertek Industry Services Japan,Ltd. (Tokyo, Japan)
Intron Plus (Moscow, Russia)Inuktun Services, Ltd. (Nanaimo,Canada)
IPSI (Courbevoie Cedex, France)Iranian Engineering Inspection(Tehran, Iran)
Iranian Society of NondestructiveTesting (Tehran, Iran)
IRED Thermal Group, Ltd.(Edmonton, Canada)
Iris Inspection Services, Inc.(Baytown, TX)
IRISNDT (Houston, TX)IRM Services, Ltda. (Macae, Brazil)Ironscan Institute ofNon-Destructive Testing andServices (Madurai, India)
IS Industrie Thailand, Ltd. (Bangkok,Thailand)
IVC Technologies (Lebanon, OH)IveyCooper Services, LLC (SoddyDaisy, TN)
JJan Kens Co., Inc. (Monrovia, CA)JANX (Parma, MI)JB Testing, Inc. (Blaine, MN)JC International, Ltd. (Port Harcourt,Nigeria)
Jentek Sensors, Inc. (Waltham, MA)JES Pipelines, Ltd. (Willemstad,Netherlands Antilles)
JETS, Inc. (Carrollton, TX)JG&A Metrology Center (Windsor,Canada)
Jindal Tubular USA, LLC (Bay St.Louis, MS)
Jireh Industries, Ltd. (Ardrossan,Canada)
Joemarine Nautical Co., Ltd.(Effurun, Nigeria)
Johnghama International Services,Ltd. (Warri, Nigeria)
Joint Technology Pakistan Pvt., Ltd.(Karachi, Pakistan)
Jubail Industrial College (Jubail,Saudi Arabia)
Juva-Oil Services, Ltd. (PortHarcourt, Nigeria)
JZ Russell Industries, Inc.(Nederland, TX)
KKakivik Asset Management, LLC(Anchorage, AK)
Kalva Engineers Pvt., Ltd.(Hyderabad, India)
Karl Storz Industrial Group (El Segundo, CA)
KB Inspection Services (Elkton, FL)Keiyu NDT Supply (Taipei, Taiwan)Keltron Kerala State ElectronicsDevelopment Corp., Ltd.(Trivandrum, India)
Keville Enterprises, Inc. (Boston, MA)Kheeran Inspection Services, Inc.(Edmonton, Canada)
Kimtron, Inc. (Oxford, CT)Kinetic Solutions, LLC (Fort Ripley, MN)Kunkel Oilfield Inspection, LLC(Victoria, TX)
Kuwait Pipe Industries & OilServices Co. (Kuwait City, Kuwait)
KXR Inspection, Inc. (Barker, TX)
LLabino AB (Solna, Sweden)Laboratory Testing, Inc. (Hatfield, PA)LACO Technologies (Salt Lake City, UT)Landmark Aviation (Greensboro, NC)Laser Technology, Inc. (Norristown, PA)Lavender International NDTConsultants (Sheffield, UnitedKingdom)
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Leland Saylor & Associates, Inc.(San Francisco, CA)
Lion Inspection Services, Inc.(Houston, TX)
Lloyds British (Cairo, Egypt)Loadcraft Industries, Ltd. (Brady, TX)Loenbro, Inc. (Great Falls, MT)
MM2M (Les Ulis, France)MAC NDT Services, LLC(Montgomery, TX)
Magnaflux (Glenview, IL)Magnetic Analysis Corp. (Elmsford, NY)Magwerks Corp. (Danville, IN)Maintenance & Inspection Services,Inc. (Morganton, NC)
Mandina’s Inspection Services, Inc.(Belle Chasse, LA)
Marietta Nondestructive Testing,Inc. (Marietta, GA)
Marktec Corp. (Tokyo, Japan)Martin Testing Laboratories, Inc.(McClellan, CA)
Matcom Inspection Services, Ltd.(Port Harcourt, Nigeria)
Matec Instrument Cos., Inc.(Northborough, MA)
Material Inspection Technology, Inc.(Houston, TX)
Mayo Consulting Services, LLC(Opelousas, LA)
Merrick Group, Inc. (West Hazleton, PA)Merrill Technologies Group(Saginaw, MI)
Metalcare Group, Inc. (FortMcMurray, Canada)
Metals Testing Co. (South Windsor, CT)Metalscan Inspection Services(Chennai, India)
Met-L-Chek (Santa Monica, CA)Meyer Tool, Inc. (Cincinnati, OH)MFE Enterprises, Inc. (DrippingSprings, TX)
MFE Rentals (Pasadena, TX)Middle East Industrial Training Institute(Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates)
Milan Tool Corp. (Cleveland, OH)MIR Engineering (Tangerang, Indonesia)Mistras Group, Inc. (PrincetonJunction, NJ)
Mitchell Laboratories (Pico Rivera, CA)Modal Shop, Inc. (Cincinnati, OH)Moraine Valley Community College(Palos Hills, IL)
Morex 71, Ltd. (Even Yehuda, Israel)Motabaqah Brand of SaudiSpecialized Laboratories Co.(Riyadh, Saudi Arabia)
Mountain Pressure Testing(Longview, TX)
moviTherm (Irvine, CA)Mozzat Enterprise, Sdn. Bhd. (KualaBelait, Brunei)
MPM Products, Inc. (Ontario, CA)MR Chemie, GmbH (Unna, Germany)MSPEC (Abu Dhabi, United ArabEmirates)
NNASSCO (Jacksonville, FL)National Marine Consultants, Inc.(Parlin, NJ)
National Oilwell Varco Pte., Ltd.(Singapore)
National University PolytechnicInstitute (San Diego, CA)
Naya Engineering Services (Basra, Iraq)NDE Center Indonesia (Surabaya,Indonesia)
NDE Professionals, Inc. (Portland, OR)NDE Solutions, LLC (Bryan, TX)NDT & Corrosion Control Services(Dammam, Saudi Arabia)
NDT Academy Pte., Ltd. (Chennai, India)NDT Classroom, Inc. (Buffalo, NY)NDT Italiana, Srl. (Concorezzo, Italy)NDT Seals, Inc. (Houston, TX)NDT Solutions, Inc. (New Richmond, WI)NDT Solutions, Inc. (Hollywood, FL)NDT Supply.com, Inc. (ShawneeMission, KS)
NDT Systems, Inc. (HuntingtonBeach, CA)
NDT Technical Solutions (San Jose,Costa Rica)
NDT Testing, Srl. (Odobesti, Romania)NDT Training & Testing Center(Houston, TX)
NDT-PRO Services (Houston, TX)Nersten Services, Ltd. (PortHarcourt, Nigeria)
New Horizons Oilfield Services(Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia)
Newco, Inc. (Florence, SC)Newport News Shipbuilding(Newport News, VA)
Non Destructive TestingProfessionals, LLC (Pueblo, CO)
Nondestructive Inspection Service,Inc. (Hurricane, WV)
Nordco Rail Services & InspectionTechnologies (Beacon Falls, CT)
Nordsee Petroleum Service (Cairo,Egypt)
Norfolk Naval Shipyard (Portsmouth, VA)
North Idaho College/AerospaceTechnology (Hayden, ID)
North Star Imaging, Inc. (Rogers, MN)Northeast Testing & Manufacturing,LLC (Beverly, MA)
NOVO DR, Ltd. (Yehud, Israel)Novostroy Control, Ltd. (Sofia,Bulgaria)
NQS Inspection, Ltd. (Corpus Christi, TX)
OOcean Corp. (Houston, TX)Oceaneering (Panama City, FL)Ogden Weber Applied TechnologyCollege (Ogden, UT)
OKOS Solutions, LLC (Manassas, VA)Olympus Scientific SolutionsAmericas (Waltham, MA)
Omni Energy, Ltd. (Accra North, Ghana)Omni Metal Finishing, Inc. (FountainValley, CA)
Optim, LLC (Sturbridge, MA)Orbit Industries, Inc. (Cleveland, OH)OSG Testing Pty., Ltd. (Alberton,South Africa)
PPac Testing Services, Ltd. (PortHarcourt, Nigeria)
Pacific Island Inspection (Kapolei, HI)Pacsess (Seattle, WA)PaneraTech, Inc. (Chantilly, VA)Paragon Industries, Inc. (Sapulpa, OK)
Parker Research Corp. (Dunedin, FL)PCA Engineering, Inc. (PomptonLakes, NJ)
PdM Consultores Internacional, Srl.(El Tejar, Costa Rica)
Pearls Institute of Petroleum(Ernakulam, India)
Pegasus Inspections & Consulting,LLC (Houston, TX)
Perennity EMEA (Brussels, Belgium)Performance Review Institute(Warrendale, PA)
Petro Base, Ltd. (Richmond, TX)PetroKnowledge (Dubai Media City,United Arab Emirates)
PetroScanalog International, Ltd.(Port Harcourt, Nigeria)
Petrotech Calicut (Calicut, India)Pfinder KG (Boeblingen, Germany)PFL Engineering Services, Ltd.(Lekki, Nigeria)
PH Tool Reference Standards(Pipersville, PA)
Phased Array Co. (West Chester, OH)Phasors Tech, Sdn. Bhd. (ShahAlam, Malaysia)
Phateco Technical Services JointStock Co. (Haiphong, Vietnam)
Phoenix Inspection Systems, Ltd.(Warrington, United Kingdom)
Phoenix Nuclear Labs (Monona, WI)Pine (Windsor, NJ)Pinnacle X-Ray Solutions (Suwanee, GA)Pipe & Well O&M Services Est.(Dammam, Saudi Arabia)
Plant Integrity, Ltd. (Cambridge,United Kingdom)
PM Testing Laboratory, Inc. (Fife, WA)Poco Graphite (Decatur, TX)Pooya Sanat Moshaver Espadan(Isfahan, Iran)
Portsmouth Naval Shipyard(Portsmouth, NH)
Power Plant Institute (Kollam, India)PPL Susquehanna, LLC (Berwick, PA)PQNDT, Inc. (Arlington, MA)Pragma (Québec, Canada)Precise NDT Pte., Ltd. (Taxila, Pakistan)Precision Flange & Machine, Inc.(Houston, TX)
Premier NDT Services, Inc.(Farmington, NM)
Premier Tubular Inspection ServicesPte., Ltd. (Karachi, Pakistan)
Premium Inspection & Testing(Houston, TX)
Premium Inspection Co.(Bakersfield, CA)
Prime NDT Services, Inc. (Whitehall, PA)PRINDT Corp. (Toa Baja, Puerto Rico)PRL Industries, Inc. (Cornwall, PA)Pro Mag Inspection, LLC (Houma, LA)Proceq (Gurnee, IL)Professional Inspection Services,Ltd. (Couva, Trinidad and Tobago)
Professional NDT Services(Broussard, LA)
Promotora de Servicios enIngenieria, S.A. de C.V. (DistritoFederal, Mexico)
PSSI NDT (Houston, TX)PT Karsa Kencana Indonesia(Tangerang, Indonesia)
PT Radiant Utama Interinsco Tbk.(Jakarta, Indonesia)
QQA Systems Pte., Ltd. (Singapore)Qatar Engineering & ConstructionCo., WLL (Doha, Qatar)
QC Square (Trichy, India)QinetiQ NDT Pty., Ltd. (SouthMelbourne, Australia)
QNDT Services, LLC (Signal Hill, CA)QTech (Khobar, Saudi Arabia)QTI, LLC (Lindon, UT)Qualimation (Ernakulam, India)Qualitek, LLC (Houston, TX)Quality Control Co. (Cairo, Egypt)Quality Control Council U.S. (KansasCity, KS)
Quality Control Iraq (Cairo, Egypt)Quality Control Services Co., Ltd.(Khobar, Saudi Arabia)
Quality Equipment Distributors, Inc.(Orchard Park, NY)
Quality Material Inspection, Inc.(Huntington Beach, CA)
Quality NDE, Ltd. (Mercier, Canada)Quality Network, Inc. (Sparta, NJ)Quality Systems International, Inc.(Russellville, AR)
Quality Testing Services, Inc.(Maryland Hts., MO)
Quality Testing Services, Inc.(Linden, NJ)
QualSpec (Torrance, CA)Quest Integrity Group, LLC (Kent, WA)
RRadiaBeam Technologies (SantaMonica, CA)
Ram Design (Broussard, LA)Ray-Check Manufacturing, Inc.(Clovis, CA)
R-CON NDT, Inc. (Menomonie, WI)Real Educational Services, Inc.(Ellijay, GA)
Regional Utility Services(Spartanburg, SC)
Reinhart & Associates, Inc. (Austin, TX)Resplendence Technology, Ltd.(Tainan, Taiwan)
RF System Lab (Traverse City, MI)Riccardelli Consulting Services, Inc.(Lehi, UT)
Ridgewater College (Hutchinson, MN)Ritec, Inc. (Warwick, RI)Rohmann Eddy Current Instruments& Systems (Spartanburg, SC)
Rokaysan Engineering, Ltd. Co.(Bursa, Turkey)
Rolls-Royce (Williamson, NY)Rosen (Stans, Switzerland)RTW Roentgen-Technik(Neuenhagen, Germany)
Russell NDE Systems, Inc.(Edmonton, Canada)
RusselSmith Nigeria, Ltd. (Lagos,Nigeria)
Rusyal Institute, LLC (Muscat, Oman)
SSafe Inspection Technology(Dammam, Saudi Arabia)
Safe Ocean Service, Inc. (Houston, TX)SAI Global (Paramus, NJ)Salt Lake Community College (SaltLake City, UT)
CORPORATEpartners
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Sarl 3MECS Engineering &Consulting Services (Laghouat,Algeria)
SB Enterprises Pvt., Ltd. (Karachi,Pakistan)
ScanMaster IRT, Inc. (Greenville, SC)ScanTech Instruments, Inc.(Longview, TX)
Schlumberger (Houston, TX)School of Applied Non DestructiveExamination (Boksburg, South Africa)
SCI Control & Inspeccion (Ajalvir, Spain)SE International, Inc. (Summertown, TN)
SeaReach Engineering (Scituate, MA)Second Adams International, Ltd.(Sabo Yaba, Nigeria)
Secu-Chek, GmbH (Kleinblittersdorf,Germany)
Senne Technical Services (Sunland, CA)Sense of Siam International TradingCo., Ltd. (Sattahip, Thailand)
Sensor Networks (Boalsburg, PA)Sensors & Software, Inc.(Mississauga, Canada)
Sentinel QSA Global, Inc. (BatonRouge, LA)
Setcore Arabia Petroleum Services(Dammam, Saudi Arabia)
SGS Group Industrial Services(Geneva, Switzerland)
Shale Flow Specialties (Kilgore, TX)Shanghai CHiNDT Systems andServices (Shanghai, China)
Shanghai Fengjie Valve Service Co.,Ltd. (Shanghai, China)
Sherwin, Inc. (South Gate, CA)Siemens Energy, Inc. (Pittsburgh, PA)Siemens Sensors (Rubbestadneset,Norway)
Sigma NDT Services Pvt., Ltd.(Chennai, India)
Sikorsky Aircraft (Stratford, CT)SILA Kalite (Bursa, Turkey)Silean (Tremonton, UT)Silverwing (Swansea, United Kingdom)SIS Institute of NDT (Chennai, India)SIUI (Shantou, China)SKF Latin America, Ltda. (Bogota,Colombia)
Sletten Construction Co. (Great Falls, MT)
Snell Group (Barre, VT)Soaring High, Inc. (Islamabad, Pakistan)SODIP, Sarl. (Douala, Cameroon)Son Set Consultants, LLC (Owasso, OK)Sonartech (Kempton Park, South Africa)Sonaspection International, Inc.(Concord, NC)
Sonatest, Ltd. (San Antonio, TX)Sonic Systems International(Houston, TX)
Sonomatic, Inc. (Mooresville, NC)Soundwel Technology Corp., Ltd.(Monterey Park, CA)
Source Production & Equipment Co.,Inc. (St. Rose, LA)
Southern Inspection Services(Chennai, India)
Southwest Research Institute (SanAntonio, TX)
Sowsco Inspection Services, Ltd.(Port Harcourt, Nigeria)
Sparrows (Bridge of Don Aberdeen,United Kingdom)
Spartan College of Aeronautics &Technology (Tulsa, OK)
Special Oilfield Services Co., LLC(Ruwi, Oman)
Specpro (Santiago, Chile)Spectronics Corp. (Westbury, NY)Spellman High Voltage ElectronicsCorp. (Hauppauge, NY)
Springleaf Integrated Links, Ltd.(Port Harcourt, Nigeria)
ST Aerospace Engineering Pte., Ltd.(Singapore)
St. Johns NDT Training & Services(Pathanamthitta, India)
Stalion-Primi (Port Harcourt, Nigeria)Standard Testing and InspectionServices, Ltd. (Port Harcourt, Nigeria)
Stanley Inspection (Houston, TX)Star Pipe Service, Inc. (Moore, OK)State Energy Inspection Services,Inc. (Crosby, TX)
Stroud Systems, Inc. (Houston, TX)Structural Diagnostics, Inc.(Camarillo, CA)
Structural Integrity Associates(Huntersville, NC)
Sullivan & Associates, Inc. (Ladson, SC)
Superior Inspection Services, LLC(Broussard, LA)
System One Services (Cheswick, PA)
T TCA Ingenieros, Ltda. (Medellin,Colombia)
TCR Arabia Co., Ltd. (Dammam,Saudi Arabia)
Team Industrial Services (Alvin, TX)Tech Service Products, Inc.(Harahan, LA)
Tech Team Associates (CarateBrianza, Italy)
Techinco (Tehran, Iran)Techna NDT (Kent, WA)Technical Loadarm, Ltd. (Guelph,Canada)
Technisonic Research, Inc. (Fairfield, CT)
Technology Design Ltd. (Winsford,United Kingdom)
Technoscan Inspection Services(Pathanamthitta, India)
Techshore Inspection Services(Cochin, India)
Techstreet (Ann Arbor, MI)Tecnatom, S.A. (Madrid, Spain)Teledyne ICM (Andrimont, Belgium)Tesco Corp. (Yokohama, Japan)Test Equipment Distributors, LLC(Troy, MI)
Test NDT, LLC (Brea, CA)Testek (Bogota, Colombia)Testex, Inc. (Pittsburgh, PA)Testing Service Group SAC (Lima, Peru)
Texas Research International(Austin, TX)
Thermal Wave Imaging, Inc.(Ferndale, MI)
Thermographie GG, Inc. (Granby,Canada)
TIBA Oil Tools (Cairo, Egypt)Tilt Inspection and Consulting, Inc.(Sherwood Park, Canada)
Total NDT, LLC (Longview, TX)TP Group, S.A. (Bogota, Colombia)Trainee World Institute (Baghdad, Iraq)Triade Industries (Houston, TX)Trident Refit Facility (Kings Bay, GA)Trinity NDT Engineers (Bangalore, India)Trisakti Protektama Dits (Batam,Indonesia)
Tru Amp Corp. (Jackson, MS)TTAsia Co., Ltd. (Ho Chi Minh City,Vietnam)
Tulsa Tech (Tulsa, OK)Tulsa Welding School (Tulsa, OK)Turbo Nondestructive Testing, Inc.(Kemah, TX)
Turnco, LLC (Houston, TX)Turner Specialty Services, LLC(Pasadena, TX)
TWI, Ltd. (Cambridge, United Kingdom)
UUltracon Service, LLC (Kiev, Ukraine)Ultrasonics & Magnetics Corp.(Harvey, LA)
Uniclimb Services Pte., Ltd.(Singapore)
UNICO (Cairo, Egypt)United NDT Training and InspectionCentre (Cochin, India)
Universiti Sains Malaysia (KualaLumpur, Malaysia)
University of Alaska Anchorage(Anchorage, AK)
UniWest (Pasco, WA)URS Energy & Construction, Inc.(Princeton, NJ)
U.S. Army Yuma Proving Ground(Yuma, AZ)
U.S. Photon Service (Hayward, CA)U.S. Underwater Services, LLC(Mansfield, TX)
UT Technology (Edmonton, Canada)Utex Scientific Instruments, Inc.(Mississauga, Canada)
VV2 Consulting, Ltd. (Tuen Mun, HongKong)
VAAL University of Technology(Vanderbijlpark, South Africa)
Valley Inspection Service, Inc.(Allentown, PA)
Vandergriff Technologies NDTServices (Haltom City, TX)
Varian Security & Industrial ImagingComponents (Las Vegas, NV)
Vector TUB, GmbH (Hattingen, Germany)
Velosi, Sdn. Bhd. (Kuala Belait, Brunei)Venture Inspection, Ltd. (Derby,United Kingdom)
Verichek Technical Services, Inc.(Bethel Park, PA)
Veri-tech International (New Cairo,Egypt)
Vibspectrum International, LLCTrading & Electromechanical(Dubai, United Arab Emirates)
Vidisco, Ltd. (Or Yehuda, Israel)Vincotte International Algeria (Alger,Algeria)
Virtual Media Integration(Pensacola, FL)
VisiConsult X-ray Systems & Solutions,GmbH (Stockelsdorf, Germany)
Vision Financial Group, Inc.(Pittsburgh, PA)
Vizaar Industrial Imaging (Gibsonia, PA)VJ Technologies, Inc. (Bohemia, NY)VMX Confiabilidad Integrada, S.A.de C.V. (Monterrey, Mexico)
Volkswagen Group of America, LLC(Chattanooga, TN)
Volume Graphics, Inc. (Charlotte, NC)Volunteer NDT Corp. (Chattanooga, TN)
WWalt Disney World Co. (Lake BuenaVista, FL)
Warren Associates (Pittsburgh, PA)Washita Valley Enterprises, Inc.(Oklahoma City, OK)
Welding Technology & NDT ResearchApplication Center (Ankara, Turkey)
Weldtest (Bir Khadem, Algeria)WENS Quality Assurance Pvt., Ltd.(Singapore)
WesDyne Amdata (Windsor, CT)West Penn Testing Group (NewKensington, PA)
Whertec Boiler Inspection Services,LLC (Jacksonville, FL)
Williams Bridge Co. (Richmond, VA)Willick Engineering Co., Inc. (SantaFe Springs, CA)
Wohler USA, Inc. (Danvers, MA)World Testing, Inc. (Mt. Juliet, TN)WorldSpec Group (Houston, TX)Wyle (Dayton, OH)
XX-Ray Associates, LLC (San Dimas, CA)X-Ray Industries, Inc. (Troy, MI)X-Scan Imaging Corp. (San Jose, CA)
YYxlon (Hudson, OH)
ZZagros Tatbigh Kala Engineering andTechnical Inspection Co. (Tehran, Iran)
Zamil Lifting & Industrial Supports(Dammam, Saudi Arabia)
Zeppelin Systems Gulf Co. IndustrialServices (Jubail, Saudi Arabia)
Zetec, Inc. (Snoqualmie, WA)Zhengzhou Runde Dellonscope Co.,Ltd. (Zhengzhou, China)
Zuuk International, Inc. (Charleston, SC)wx
Join UsBeing a part of the Society links your business to the worldwideNDT community and puts your business on the front lines of theindustry. To learn more about becoming a Corporate Partner, seethe Membership section of the ASNT website at www.asnt.org.
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meetingsMeetings are events at whichpaper and/or poster presentationsare made and recent developmentsin technology, research and devel-opment are discussed by those inattendance. These are generallysponsored by academic or profes-sional technical associations. Thesponsor is the same as the contactexcept where noted.
For ASNT meetings and events(highlighted in red) contact theASNT Conference Department,1711 Arlingate Lane, P.O. Box28518, Columbus, OH 43228-0518; (800) 222-2768 or (614)274-6003; fax (614) 274-6899;e-mail [email protected].
201510–13 NOVWorld Conference on AcousticEmission – 2015, HiltonHawaiian Village Waikiki BeachResort, Waikiki, Oahu, Hawaii.Contact: Zhanwen Wu, ChinaSpecial Equipment Inspectionand Research Institute; 86 10 59068313, fax 86 1059068023; e-mail [email protected]; websitewww.wcacousticemission.org.
13–19 NOVASME 2015 InternationalMechanical EngineeringCongress & Exposition, Hiltonof the Americas and George R. Brown Convention Center,Houston, Texas. Contact: Jimmy Le; (212) 591-7116, fax: 212-591-7856; [email protected]; websitewww.asmeconferences.org.
20169–12 FEB6th Conference on IndustrialComputed Tomography,University of Applied SciencesUpper Austria, Wels, Austria.Contact: Elena Sell; 43 5080444452; fax 43 50804 944452;e-mail [email protected];website www.3dct.at/ict2016.
11–14 APR25th ASNT ResearchSymposium, Astor CrownePlaza, New Orleans, Louisiana.Contact: ASNT.
6–7 JUNNondestructive Evaluation ofAerospace Materials &Structures IV, Crowne PlazaHotel St. Louis Airport, St,Louis, Missouri. Contact: ASNT.
25–26 JULDigital Imaging XIX, FoxwoodsResort and Casino,Mashantucket, Connecticut.Contact: ASNT.
27–29 JULUltrasonics for NondestructiveTesting, Foxwoods Resort andCasino, Mashantucket,Connecticut. Contact: ASNT.
29–31 AUGNDE/NDT For Highways andBridges: Structural MaterialsTechnology, DoubleTree byHilton Hotel Portland, Portland,Oregon. Contact: ASNT.
24–27 OCT75th ASNT Annual Conference2016, Long Beach ConventionCenter, Long Beach, California.Contact: ASNT.
coursesCourses are events where partici-pants are instructed in the tech-nologies and methodologies of aparticular technical area and whichgenerally conclude with the studentbeing evaluated to determine thestudent's retention of the materialpresented. These events often offersome form of course credit orcontinuing education units tothose participants successfullycompleting the course. For ASNTrefresher courses, see page 1476.
ASNT neither approves nordisapproves of any program ortraining course claiming to meetthe recommendations of ASNT’sRecommended Practice No. SNT-TC-1A. The following arecontacts for only those organiza-tions that offer public courseslisted in this month’s Calendar.
The following courses are listedwithout necessarily giving their fulltitles.
Acoustic Emission Testing10–12 NOVPACwin Suite, PrincetonJunction, New Jersey. Mistras.
7–11 DECLevel II, Princeton Junction,New Jersey. Mistras.
Electromagnetic Testing2–6 NOVLevel I, Atlanta, Georgia. ATS.
9–13 NOVLevel I, Sulphur, Louisiana. ACTT.Level II, Atlanta, Georgia. ATS.
16–20 NOVEddy Current Level I,Wexford,Pennsylvania. Odyssey.Level II, Sulphur, Louisiana.ACTT.
22–27 NOVEddy Current Level II, Dubai,United Arab Emirates. GE.
21–30 NOVLevel II, Kerala, India. Decibel.Level II, Trivandrum, India.Decibel Remote.
26–30 NOVEddy Current Level II,Bangalore, India. Trinity.
30 NOV–4 DECEddy Current Level I, Anaheim,California. Hellier Pacific.Eddy Current Level I, NewLondon, Connecticut. HellierNortheast.
7–10 DECEddy Current Level II, NewLondon, Connecticut. HellierNortheast.
7–11 DECEddy Current Level II (Aero),Anaheim, California. HellierPacific.
13–18 DECEddy Current DIN 54161,Huerth, Germany. GE.
PLEASE NOTE:Materials Evaluation’s Calendar department isderived from information sent to our offices by the sponsoringorganizations. ASNT staff is not responsible for collecting orverifying the information contained herein: for more informationon meetings or courses, please contact the sponsoring organi-zation. The Calendar copy deadline is the first of the month, two months prior to the issue date: for example, 1 December for the February journal. Send your organization’s informationby e-mail, fax or mail to the Associate Editor, MaterialsEvaluation, 1711 Arlingate Lane, P.O. Box 28518, Columbus, OH43228-0518; fax (614) 274-6899; e-mail [email protected] in the Calendar runs for four months at a time.ASNT reserves the right to reject event listings for any reason.Listings will be edited to conform to ASNT’s editorial style.
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14–19 DECEddy Current Level I, Delhi,India. Satyakiran.
14–25 DECEddy Current Level II, Delhi,India. Satyakiran.
31 DEC–4 JANEddy Current Level II,Bangalore, India. Trinity.
25–29 JANLevel I, Houston, Texas. GE.
28 JAN–1 FEBEddy Current Level II,Bangalore, India. Trinity.
1–5 FEBLevel II, Houston, Texas. GE.
25–29 FEBEddy Current Level II,Bangalore, India. Trinity.
Infrared and ThermalTesting2–5 NOVLevel I, Phoenix, Arizona. ITC.
2–6 NOVLevel I ThermographicApplications, San Antonio,Texas. Snell.
1470 M A T E R I A L S E V A L U A T I O N • N O V E M B E R 2 0 1 5
calendar
Course Contacts The following are contacts for only those organizations that offer public courses listed in this month’s Calendar.
ACTT: Advanced Corrosion Technologiesand Training, LLC; 75 Center Cir.,Sulphur, LA; (337) 313-6038; websitewww.advancedcorrosion.com.
Atlantic: Atlantic NDT Training; Gary L.Chapman; 24 Flat Rock Rd., Branford, CT06405; (203) 481-4041; websitewww.atlanticndttraining.com.
ATS: Applied Technical Services; LisaHenry; 1049 Triad Ct., Marietta, GA30062; (888) 287-5227; (678) 444-2897; fax (770) 514-3299; [email protected]; websitewww.atslab.com/training.
BRL: BRL Consultants, Inc.; 219 W.Rhapsody Dr., San Antonio, TX 78216;(210) 341-3442; fax (210) 341-2844; e-mail [email protected]; websitewww.brlconsultants.com.
CINDE: Canadian Institute for NDE; 135W. Fennell Ave., Hamilton, ON L8N 3T2,Canada; (800) 964-9488; fax (905) 574-6080; e-mail [email protected]; websitewww.cinde.ca.
Decibel: Decibel NDE Training Institute;1st Floor Plainfield, Pattambi, Palakkad,Kerala, India 679303; 91 93 87674153,91 93 49122467, or 91 98 95027721; e-mail [email protected]; websitewww.decibelnde.com.
Decibel Remote: Decibel Remote Training Center; TC No. 1/1374(12), 2ndFloor, Kottakath Bldg., Poonthi Rd.,Kumarapuram, Trivandrum, India; 00918129508881; e-mail [email protected]; website www.decibelnde.com.
Extende: Extende, Inc.; P.O. Box 461,Ballston Spa, NY 12020; (518) 490-2376; fax (518) 602-1367; [email protected]; websitewww.extende.com.
Extende France: Extende, Inc.; LeBergson, 15 Ave. Emile Baudot, 91300Massy, France; 33 1 78 90 02 21; fax 3309 72 13 42 68; e-mail [email protected]; website www.extende.com.
GE: GE Inspection Academy, GeneralElectric, Oil & Gas: Measurement &Control; 50 Industrial Park Rd.,Lewistown, PA 17044; (855) 232-7470;e-mail [email protected];website www.geinspectionacademy.com.
Guidedwave: Guidedwave; Cody Borigo;450 Rolling Ridge Dr., Bellefonte, PA16823; (814) 234-3437; [email protected]; websitewww.gwultrasonics.com.
Hellier Northeast: Hellier; 1 Spar Yard St.,New London, CT 06320; (860) 437-1003;fax (860) 437-1014; e-mail [email protected]; websitewww.hellierndt.com.
Hellier Pacific: Hellier; 2051 E. CerritosAve., Ste. 8A, Anaheim, CA 92806; (714)956-2274; fax (714) 956-2277; [email protected]; websitewww.hellierndt.com.
Hellier South Central: Hellier; 16631 W.Hardy St., Houston, TX 77060; (888) 282-3887; fax (281) 873-0981; e-mail [email protected]; websitewww.hellierndt.com.
Infraspection: Infraspection Institute; 425 Ellis St., Burlington, NJ 08016; (609) 239-4788; fax (609) 239-4766; e-mail [email protected];website www.infraspection.com.
ITC: Infrared Training Center; KarenTierney; 9 Townsend W., Nashua, NH03063; (866) 872-4647; (603) 324-7883; fax (603) 324-7791; [email protected]; websitewww.infraredtraining.com.
Kraft: Kraft Technology Resources; Karl E.Kraft; 1377 Timshel St., Dayton, OH45440; (405) 819-7786; fax (405) 691-4342; e-mail [email protected]; websitewww.ndtbootcamp.com.
Lavender USA: Lavender InternationalNDT USA, LLC; University Business Park,Ste. F, 15200 Middlebrook Dr., Houston,TX 77058; (281) 913-9064; [email protected]; websitewww.lavender-ndt.com.
LTS: Leak Testing Specialists, Inc.; CyndiReid; 5776 Hoffner Ave., Ste. 304,Orlando, FL 32822; (407) 737-6415; fax (407) 737-6416; e-mail [email protected]; website www.leaktestingspec.com.
Mistras:Mistras Group, Inc.; ChristinaLibrandy; 195 Clarksville Rd., PrincetonJunction, NJ 08550; (609) 716-4020; fax (609) 716-0706; e-mail [email protected]; websitewww.mistrasgroup.com.
Moraine: Moraine Valley CommunityCollege; 9000 W. College Pkwy., PalosHills, IL 60465; (708) 974-5498; [email protected];website www.morainevalley.edu/ccce/ndt.htm.
NDT Connect: NDT Connect, Inc.; JeriMatza; 9902 E. 99th St., Tulsa, OK74133; (918) 740-0290; fax (267) 630-8805; e-mail [email protected];website www.ndtconnect.com.
NPI: NDE Professionals, Inc.; 13339 NEAirport Way, Ste. 100, Portland, OR97230; (503) 287-5255; fax (503) 287-5992; e-mail [email protected]; websitewww.qnpi.com.
Electromagnetic Testing, cont.
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Level II AdvancedThermographic Applications,San Antonio, Texas. Snell.
3–6 NOVLevel I Electrical, Nashua, NewHampshire. ITC.Level II, Orlando, Florida. ITC.
9–13 NOVLevel I ThermographicApplications, Johannesburg,Gauteng, South Africa. Snell.Level I ThermographicApplications, Orlando, Florida.Snell.Level II AdvancedThermographic Applications,Orlando, Florida. Snell.
Odyssey: Odyssey Technology Corp.; CarolSansieri; 3000 Village Run Rd., Unit 103, #149,Wexford, PA 15090; (724) 759-7784; [email protected].
PQT: PQT Services, Inc.; Kim Rosa; 806 BotanyRd., Greenville, SC 29615; (864) 292-1115; fax (864) 236-5127; e-mail [email protected].
QCTL: QCTL, Inc.; Rod Reinholdt or StephenBlack; 21112 Scott Park Rd., Davenport, IA52804; (800) 391-8500; fax (563) 391-0112; e-mail [email protected]; websitewww.testlab1.com.
Quality: Quality Testing Services; Melissa Rankin;2305 Millpark Dr., Maryland Heights, MO 63043;(314) 770-0607; (888) 770-0607; fax (314) 770-0103; e-mail [email protected];website www.qualitytesting.com.
Satyakiran: Satyakiran School of NondestructiveTesting; 487/76 Outer Ring Rd., Peeragarhi,Delhi, India 110087; 91 11 25278008 or 91 1125283030; e-mail [email protected];website www.ndttraining.in.
Snell: The Snell Group; 322 N. Main St., Ste. 8,Barre, VT 05641; (802) 479-7100; fax (802) 479-7171; e-mail [email protected]; websitewww.thesnellgroup.com.
Trinity: Trinity Institute of NDT Technology; RaviKumar T. or Shiva Kumar R.; Plot No. V-22a, 2ndStage, Peenya Industrial Estate, Bangalore, India560058; 91 99009 29439 or 91 98441 29439;e-mail [email protected]; website www.trinityndt.com.
WTTI:Welder Training and Testing Institute; TracyWiswesser; 1144 N. Graham St., Allentown, PA18109; (800) 223-9884; e-mail [email protected]; website www.wtti.edu.
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10–13 NOVLevel I Building Applications(French),Montreal, Quebec,Canada. Snell.
16–19 NOVLevel I, Nashville, Tennessee.ITC.Level I, Fort Walton Beach,Florida. ITC.Level I, Beaverton, Oregon. ITC.Level II, Fairfax, Virginia. ITC.
16–20 NOVLevel II AdvancedThermographic Applications,Toronto, Ontario, Canada.Snell.
17–18 NOVBuilding Applications, AnnArbor, Michigan. Snell.
30 NOV–4 DECLevel I ThermographicApplications, Edmonton,Alberta, Canada. Snell.
1–4 DECLevel I, Nashua, NewHampshire. ITC.Level I, Fairfax, Virginia. ITC.Level I, Austin, Texas. ITC.Level I, Phoenix, Arizona. ITC.Level II, Las Vegas, Nevada.ITC.
7–10 DECLevel I, Atlanta, Georgia. ATS.
7–11 DECLevel I Certified InfraredThermographer, Philadelphia,Pennsylvania. Infraspection.Level I ThermographicApplications, Phoenix, Arizona.Snell.Level I ThermographicApplications (French),Montreal, Quebec, Canada.Snell.Level II AdvancedThermographic Applications,Phoenix, Arizona. Snell.
8–10 DECOptical Gas Imaging, Houston,Texas. ITC.
8–11 DECLevel I, Las Vegas, Nevada. ITC.Level I, Secaucus, New Jersey.ITC.
Level I, Seattle, Washington.ITC.
14–18 DECLevel II, Atlanta, Georgia. ATS.
Leak Testing 9–13 NOVMass Spectrometer Level I/II,Orlando, Florida. LTS.
15–20 NOVLevel II, Kerala, India. Decibel.Level II, Trivandrum, India.Decibel Remote.
7–11 DECPressure ChangeMeasurement Level I/II,Orlando, Florida. LTS.
15–20 DECLevel II, Kerala, India. Decibel.Level II, Trivandrum, India.Decibel Remote.
21 DECBubble, Anaheim, California.Hellier Pacific.
Liquid Penetrant Testing2–4 NOVLevel II, Delhi, India.Satyakiran.
3–6 NOVLevel I/II (NAS-410),Greenville, South Carolina.PQT.
4–6 NOVLevel I/II, Greenville, SouthCarolina. PQT.
7–14 NOVLevel I/II, Palos Hills, Illinois.Moraine.
9–12 NOVLevel I/II, St. Louis, Missouri.Quality.
9–13 NOVLevel I/II, Hamilton, Ontario,Canada. CINDE.
12–13 NOVLevel I/II, New London,Connecticut. Hellier Northeast.
16–17 NOVLevel I/II, Atlanta, Georgia.ATS.Level I/II, Allentown,Pennsylvania. WTTI.
16–19 NOVLevel I/II (NAS-410), Anaheim,California. Hellier Pacific.
16–20 NOVLevel I/II (NAS-410), Branford,Connecticut. Atlantic.
17–20 NOVLevel II, Heath, Ohio. Mistras.
18–19 NOVLevel II, Bangalore, India.Trinity.
18–20 NOVLevel I/II, Jacksonville, Florida.PQT.
19–20 NOVLevel I/II, Houston, Texas.Hellier South Central.
21–25 NOVLevel I/II, Kerala, India.Decibel.Level I/II, Trivandrum, India.Decibel Remote.
26–30 NOVLevel I/II, Kerala, India.Decibel.Level I/II, Trivandrum, India.Decibel Remote.
30 NOV–3 DECLevel I/II (NAS-410), Houston,Texas. Hellier South Central.
1–2 DECLevel I/II, Palos Hills, Illinois.Moraine.
7–8 DECLevel I/II, San Antonio, Texas.BRL.
8–11 DECLevel I/II (NAS-410),Greenville, South Carolina.PQT.
9–11 DECLevel I/II, Greenville, SouthCarolina. PQT.
14–15 DECLevel I/II, Atlanta, Georgia.ATS.
14–17 DECLevel I/II, St. Louis, Missouri.Quality.
16–18 DECLevel I/II, Jacksonville, Florida.PQT.
17–18 DECLevel I/II, Houston, Texas.Hellier South Central.
Level I/II, New London,Connecticut. Hellier Northeast.
21–25 DECLevel I/II, Kerala, India.Decibel.Level I/II, Trivandrum, India.Decibel Remote.
23–24 DECLevel II, Bangalore, India.Trinity.
20–21 JANLevel II, Bangalore, India.Trinity.
17–18 FEBLevel II, Bangalore, India.Trinity.
Magnetic Particle andLiquid Penetrant Testing2–6 NOVLevel I/II, Greenville, SouthCarolina. PQT.
16–20 NOVLevel I/II, Atlanta, Georgia.ATS.Level I/II, Jacksonville, Florida.PQT.Level I/II, Allentown,Pennsylvania. WTTI.
7–11 DECLevel I/II, Greenville, SouthCarolina. PQT.
14–18 DECLevel I/II, Atlanta, Georgia.ATS.Level I/II, Jacksonville, Florida.PQT.
Magnetic Particle Testing2–4 NOVLevel I/II, Greenville, SouthCarolina. PQT.
2–5 NOVLevel I/II (NAS-410),Greenville, South Carolina.PQT.
2–6 NOVLevel I/II, St. Louis, Missouri.Quality.
9–11 NOVLevel I/II, New London,Connecticut. Hellier Northeast.
9–12 NOVLevel I/II (NAS-410), Anaheim,California. Hellier Pacific.
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10–13 NOVLevel II, Heath, Ohio. Mistras.
16–17 NOVLevel II, Bangalore, India.Trinity.
16–18 NOVLevel I/II, Houston, Texas.Hellier South Central.Level I/II, Jacksonville, Florida.PQT.Level I/II, Palos Hills, Illinois.Moraine.
16–20 NOVLevel I/II, Hamilton, Ontario,Canada. CINDE.
17–19 NOVLevel I/II, Palos Hills, Illinois.Moraine.
18–20 NOVLevel I/II, Atlanta, Georgia.ATS.Level I/II, Allentown,Pennsylvania. WTTI.
21–25 NOVLevel I/II, Kerala, India.Decibel.Level I/II, Trivandrum, India.Decibel Remote.
26–30 NOVLevel I/II, Kerala, India.Decibel.Level I/II, Trivandrum, India.Decibel Remote.
30 NOV–4 DECLevel I/II, Edmonton, Alberta,Canada. CINDE.
7–9 DECLevel I/II, Greenville, SouthCarolina. PQT.
7–10 DECLevel I/II (NAS-410), Houston,Texas. Hellier South Central.Level I/II (NAS-410), NewLondon, Connecticut. HellierNortheast.Level I/II (NAS-410),Greenville, South Carolina.PQT.
7–11 DECLevel I/II (NAS-410), Branford,Connecticut. Atlantic.
8–9 DECLevel I, Davenport, Iowa. QCTL.
9–11 DECLevel I/II, San Antonio, Texas.BRL.
10 DECLevel II, Davenport, Iowa.QCTL.
14–16 DECLevel I/II, Houston, Texas.Hellier South Central.Level I/II, New London,Connecticut. Hellier Northeast.Level I/II, Jacksonville, Florida.PQT.
16–18 DECLevel I/II, Atlanta, Georgia.ATS.
21–22 DECLevel II, Bangalore, India.Trinity.
18–19 JANLevel II, Bangalore, India.Trinity.
15–16 FEBLevel II, Bangalore, India.Trinity.
Radiographic Testing1–7 NOVFilm Interpretation, Kerala,India. Decibel.Film Interpretation,Trivandrum, India. DecibelRemote.
1–9 NOVLevel I/II, Kerala, India.Decibel.Level I/II, Trivandrum, India.Decibel Remote.
2–6 NOVDirect Radiography, Houston,Texas. GE.Digital Radiography Level I,New London, Connecticut.Hellier Northeast.Film Interpretation, SanAntonio, Texas. BRL.Level I, Jacksonville, Florida.PQT.Level II, New London,Connecticut. Hellier Northeast.Level II, Jacksonville, Florida.PQT.Radiation Principles, PalosHills, Illinois. Moraine.Radiation Safety, Anaheim,California. Hellier Pacific.Radiation Safety, Houston,Texas. Hellier South Central.
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8–13 NOVLevel II, Abu Dhabi, UnitedArab Emirates. GE.Level II, Houston, Texas. GE.
9–11 NOVRadiation Safety Worker,Greenville, South Carolina.PQT.
9–13 NOVComputed Radiography,Houston, Texas. GE.Film Interpretation, NewLondon, Connecticut. HellierNortheast.Level I, Houston, Texas. HellierSouth Central.Radiation SafetyRadiographer, Greenville,South Carolina. PQT.
11–13 NOVRadiation Safety Officer,Greenville, South Carolina.PQT.
16–17 NOVIRRSP Refresher, Atlanta,Georgia. ATS.
12–20 NOVLevel I/II, Kerala, India.Decibel.Level I/II, Trivandrum, India.Decibel Remote.
16–20 NOVDigital Radiography Level I,Houston, Texas. Hellier SouthCentral.Intermediate Digital X-rayLevel I, Atlanta, Georgia. ATS.Level II, Davenport, Iowa.QCTL.Level II, Houston, Texas. HellierSouth Central.Radiation Safety, San Antonio,Texas. BRL.Radiation Safety, St. Louis,Missouri. Quality.Radiation Safety, New London,Connecticut. Hellier Northeast.X-ray Computed Tomography,Lewistown, Pennsylvania. GE.
20–22 NOVLevel II, Bangalore, India.Trinity.
23–25 NOVRadiation Safety Officer,Anaheim, California. HellierPacific.
30 NOV–4 DECFilm Interpretation, Houston,Texas. Hellier South Central.Level II, Atlanta, Georgia. ATS.
30 NOV–11 DECFilm Interpretation andEvaluation, Delhi, India.Satyakiran.
1–7 DECFilm Interpretation, Kerala,India. Decibel.Film Interpretation,Trivandrum, India. DecibelRemote.
7–11 DECDigital Radiography Level I,Anaheim, California. HellierPacific.Level I, St. Louis, Missouri.Quality.Radiation Safety, Houston,Texas. Hellier South Central.Radiation Safety, Tulsa,Oklahoma. NDT Connect.Radiation Safety and CEDOPrep, Edmonton, Alberta,Canada. CINDE.
12–20 DECLevel I/II, Kerala, India.Decibel.Level I/II, Trivandrum, India.Decibel Remote.
14–18 DECDigital Film Interpretation,Houston, Texas. GE.Level I, Atlanta, Georgia. ATS.Level I, Houston, Texas. HellierSouth Central.Level I, Greenville, SouthCarolina. PQT.Level II, Greenville, SouthCarolina. PQT.Level II, St. Louis, Missouri.Quality.Radiation Safety, Anaheim,California. Hellier Pacific.
21–23 DECRadiation Safety Officer,Anaheim, California. HellierPacific.
25–27 DECLevel II, Bangalore, India.Trinity.
28–29 DECIRRSP Refresher, Atlanta,Georgia. ATS.
11–15 JANComputed Radiography,Houston, Texas. GE.
18–22 JANDirect Radiography, Houston,Texas. GE.
22–24 JANLevel II, Bangalore, India.Trinity.
1–5 FEBX-ray Computed Tomography,Lewistown, Pennsylvania. GE.
22–26 FEBIntermediate Digital X-rayLevel II, Lewistown,Pennsylvania. GE.
29 FEB–2 MARLevel II, Bangalore, India.Trinity.
Ultrasonic Testing1–6 NOVLevel I, Cincinnati, Ohio. GE.Level II (ISO 9712), Huerth,Germany. GE.
1–10 NOVLevel I/II, Kerala, India.Decibel.Level I/II, Trivandrum, India.Decibel Remote.
1–12 NOVPhased Array Level II, Kerala,India. Decibel.Phased Array Level II,Trivandrum, India. DecibelRemote.
2–6 NOVLevel I, Atlanta, Georgia. ATS.Level I, Houston, Texas. HellierSouth Central.Level II, Portland, Oregon. NPI.
8–13 NOVLevel II, Cincinnati, Ohio. GE.Level II (ISO 9712), Huerth,Germany. GE.
9–13 NOVLevel I, New London,Connecticut. Hellier Northeast.Level I, Palos Hills, Illinois.Moraine.Level II, Atlanta, Georgia. ATS.Phased Array Level I, Houston,Texas. Hellier South Central.
10–20 NOVLevel I/II, Kerala, India.Decibel.Level I/II, Trivandrum, India.Decibel Remote.
11–15 NOVLevel II, Bangalore, India.Trinity.
15–20 NOVLevel II (ISO 9712), Huerth,Germany. GE.
15–26 NOVTime of Flight Diffraction Level II, Kerala, India. Decibel.Time of Flight Diffraction Level II, Trivandrum, India.Decibel Remote.
16–20 NOVLevel II, New London,Connecticut. Hellier Northeast.Phased Array Level II, Houston,Texas. Hellier South Central.
16–21 NOVLevel I, Delhi, India.Satyakiran.
16–27 NOVLevel II, Delhi, India.Satyakiran.
23–25 NOVThickness, Houston, Texas.Hellier South Central.
23–27 NOVLevel I, Hamilton, Ontario,Canada. CINDE.
29 NOV–4 DECExam Level II (ISO 9712),Huerth, Germany. GE.Phased Array Level II (ISO 9712), Huerth, Germany.GE.
30 NOV–4 DECLevel I, Houston, Texas. GE.Level I, St. Louis, Missouri.Quality.Level I, Salt Lake City, Utah.GE.Level II, Houston, Texas. HellierSouth Central.Phased Array Level I, Houston,Texas. Hellier South Central.
30 NOV–11 DECLevel II, Hamilton, Ontario,Canada. CINDE.
30 NOV–12 DECPhased Array Level II, Houston,Texas. Lavender USA.
Radiographic Testing, cont.
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1–10 DECLevel I/II Kerala, India. Decibel.Level I/II, Trivandrum, India.Decibel Remote.
1–12 DECPhased Array Level II, Kerala,India. Decibel.Phased Array Level II,Trivandrum, India. DecibelRemote.
2–4 DECD1.1 Annex S, Allentown,Pennsylvania. WTTI.
6–11 DECPhased Array Week 1, AbuDhabi, United Arab Emirates.GE.
7–11 DECLevel I, Atlanta, Georgia. ATS.Level I, Heath, Ohio. Mistras.Level II, Salt Lake City, Utah.GE.Level II, Houston, Texas. GE.Level II, Palos Hills, Illinois.Moraine.Level II, St. Louis, Missouri.Quality.Phased Array Level II, Houston,Texas. Hellier South Central.Thickness, New London,Connecticut. Hellier Northeast.
11–12 DECPhased Array for Beginners,Delhi, India. Satyakiran.
13–18 DECLevel I, Huerth, Germany. GE.Phased Array Week 2, AbuDhabi, United Arab Emirates.GE.
14–18 DECLevel I, Houston, Texas. HellierSouth Central.Level I, Palos Hills, Illinois.Moraine.Level II, Atlanta, Georgia. ATS.Level II, Heath, Ohio. Mistras.
15–26 DECTime of Flight Diffraction Level II, Kerala, India. Decibel.
16–20 DECLevel II, Bangalore, India.Trinity.
17 DECThickness, Digital Level II, SanAntonio, Texas. BRL.
21–25 DECTime of Flight Diffraction,Kerala, India. Decibel.Time of Flight Diffraction,Trivandrum, India. DecibelRemote.
26–30 DECTime of Flight Diffraction,Kerala, India. Decibel.Time of Flight Diffraction,Trivandrum, India. DecibelRemote.
11–15 JANLevel I, Lewistown,Pennsylvania. GE.
13–17 JANLevel II, Bangalore, India.Trinity.
18–22 JANLevel II, Lewistown,Pennsylvania. GE.
9–12 FEBLevel I/II Hands On,Lewistown, Pennsylvania. GE.
10–14 FEBLevel II, Bangalore, India.Trinity.
15–19 FEBLevel I, Houston, Texas. GE.
22–26 FEBLevel II, Houston, Texas. GE.
Visual Testing2–4 NOVLevel I/II, Houston, Texas.Hellier South Central.
5–9 NOVLevel II, Delhi, India.Satyakiran.
8–14 NOVLevel I/II, Kerala, India.Decibel.Level I/II, Trivandrum, India.Decibel Remote.
10 NOVLevel I, Davenport, Iowa. QCTL.
11–12 NOVLevel II, Davenport, Iowa.QCTL.
16–18 NOVLevel I/II, St. Louis, Missouri.Quality.
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23–25 NOVLevel II, Bangalore, India.Trinity.
30 NOV–2 DECLevel I/II, New London,Connecticut. Hellier Northeast.
2–4 DECLevel I/II, Greenville, SouthCarolina. PQT.
7–9 DECLevel I/II, Anaheim, California.Hellier Pacific.
8–14 DECLevel I/II, Kerala, India.Decibel.Level I/II, Trivandrum, India.Decibel Remote.
14–16 DECLevel I/II, San Antonio, Texas.BRL.
28–30 DECLevel II, Bangalore, India.Trinity.
25–27 JANLevel II, Bangalore, India.Trinity.
22–24 FEBLevel II, Bangalore, India.Trinity.
Short Courses/TopicalSeminars1–10 NOVAPI 653 Prep, Kerala, India.Decibel.ISO Lead Auditor, Kerala,India. Decibel.
2–6 NOVDe-energized Motor and MotorCircuit Analysis, San Antonio,Texas. Snell.
2–13 NOVWeld Inspection and QualityControl Level I, Hamilton,Ontario, Canada. CINDE.
9–13 NOVEnergized Motor and MotorCircuit Analysis, San Antonio,Texas. Snell.
10–13 NOVCIVA NDE Simulation Software:Intro & Applications (UT, ET),Malta, New York. Extende.
11–20 NOVAPI 510 Prep, Kerala, India.Decibel.Welding Engineering, Kerala,India. Decibel.
13 NOVNDT 101, St. Louis, Missouri.Quality.
16–20 NOVAuditing NDT Systems,Houston, Texas. Hellier SouthCentral.
21–30 NOVAPI 570 Prep, Kerala, India.Decibel.Piping Inspector, Kerala, India.Decibel.
23–27 NOVCIVA NDE Simulation Software:Intro & Applications (UT, GWT),Massy, France. Extende France.
1–10 DECAPI 653 Prep, Kerala, India.Decibel.ISO Lead Auditor, Kerala,India. Decibel.
7–11 DECIntroductory Course inUltrasonic Guided Waves forNDE and SHM, Bellefonte,Pennsylvania. Guidedwave.
10–11 DECBolting Inspection, Allentown,Pennsylvania. WTTI.
11–20 DECAPI 510 Prep, Kerala, India.Decibel.Welding Engineering, Kerala,India. Decibel.
17–18 DECCIVA NDE Simulation Software:Intro & Applications (ET),Grenoble, France. ExtendeFrance.
21–30 DECAPI 570 Prep, Kerala, India.Decibel.Piping Inspector, Kerala, India.Decibel.
Level III ExaminationPreparation/Refreshers2–3 NOVMT Level III, Anaheim,California. Hellier Pacific.MT Level III, New London,Connecticut. Hellier Northeast.
2–6 NOVBasic Level III, St. Louis,Missouri. Quality.UT Level III, Houston, Texas.Kraft.
4–5 NOVPT Level III, Anaheim,California. Hellier Pacific.PT Level III, New London,Connecticut. Hellier Northeast.
7–9 NOVVT Level III, Houston, Texas.Kraft.
9–11 NOVBasic Level III, New London,Connecticut. Hellier Northeast.
9–13 NOVBasic Level III, Anaheim,California. Hellier Pacific.Basic Level III, Houston, Texas.Hellier South Central.RT Level III, St. Louis, Missouri.Quality.UT Level III, Houston, Texas.Hellier South Central.
16–20 NOVBasic Level III, Houston, Texas.Kraft.UT Level III, Anaheim,California. Hellier Pacific.
23–25 NOVVT Level III, Anaheim,California. Hellier Pacific.VT Level III, Houston, Texas.Hellier South Central.
30 NOV–4 DECET Level III, St. Louis, Missouri.Quality.RT Level III, Anaheim,California. Hellier Pacific.
1–2 DECMT Level III, Houston, Texas.Kraft.
3–4 DECPT Level III, Houston, Texas.Kraft.
7–10 DECAdvanced Digital X-ray Level III, Houston, Texas. GE.IR Level III, Nashua, NewHampshire. ITC.
7–11 DECBasic Level III, Houston, Texas.Hellier South Central.Basic Level III, Houston, Texas.Kraft.RT Level III, Houston, Texas.Hellier South Central.
14–18 DECET Level III, Anaheim,California. Hellier Pacific.UT Level III, Houston, Texas.Hellier South Central.UT Level III, Houston, Texas.Kraft.
21–23 DECVT Level III, Anaheim,California. Hellier Pacific.
28–29 DECMT Level III, Houston, Texas.Hellier South Central.
30–31 DECPT Level III, Houston, Texas.Hellier South Central.
11–12 JANPT Level III, Branford,Connecticut. Atlantic.
12–13 JANMT Level III, Branford,Connecticut. Atlantic.
14–15 JANBasic Level III, Branford,Connecticut. Atlantic.
29 FEB–4 MARAdvanced Digital X-ray Level III, Lewistown,Pennsylvania. GE. wx
Visual Testing, cont.
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ME TECHNICAL PAPER wx
ABS T R A C T
The technology and techniques for remote quanti-tative imaging of electrostatic potentials and elec-trostatic fields in and around objects and in freespace is presented. Electric field imaging (EFI) tech-nology may be applied to characterize intrinsic orexisting electric potentials and electric fields, or an externally generated electrostatic field may beused for “illuminating” volumes to be inspected withEFI. The baseline sensor technology, electric fieldsensor (e-sensor), and its construction, optionalelectric field generation (quasi-static generator), and current e-sensor enhancements (ephemeral e-sensor) are discussed. Demonstrations for struc-tural, electronic, human, and memory applicationsare shown. This new EFI capability is demonstratedto reveal characterization of electric charge distri-bution, creating a new field of study that embracesareas of interest including electrostatic dischargemitigation, crime scene forensics, design andmaterials selection for advanced sensors, dielectricmorphology of structures, inspection of containers,inspection for hidden objects, tether integrity,organic molecular memory, and medical diagnosticand treatment efficacy applications such as cardiacpolarization wave propagation and electromyo-graphy imaging.KEYWORDS: nondestructive evaluation, nonde-structive testing, electric potential, electric field,charge distribution, triboelectric, electrostaticdischarge.
Introduction
Direct imaging of electrostatic potentials and electrostaticfields eluded researchers for many years. Prior general applica-tions used a series of potential measurements over a path ofresistance supporting a current (Sothcott, 1984; Yang andMacnae, 2002). One popular example uses conductive elec-trodes drawn on a resistive sheet that are held at some poten-tial difference. The voltage potential between points ismapped from which electric field lines may be drawn in aplane. Even for this simple case, the actual current path overthe resistive sheet is unknown, and the electric field exists inthree dimensions so the true electrostatic field is not quanti-fied. These techniques estimate the apparent resistivity ratherthan specifying the electrostatic field.
A basic problem when attempting to image electrostaticfields is that the measurement sensor is composed of materialsthat distort the electric field to be measured. Dielectric,conductive, semi-conductive, insulating, and triboelectricmaterials all distort the original true electric field to bemeasured. An earlier work discusses the complexities of meas-uring scalar potentials and electric fields and provides anoptical technique based on optical phase shift for determiningelectric field distributions (Zahn, 1994). Researchers havedemonstrated quantitative techniques to measure electronicsignatures of electrostatic fields (Blum, 2012; Dower, 1995;Hassanzadeh et al., 1990). However, measurement of theelectronic signature is not a quantitative metric of the trueelectric field, so correlations are made to identify objects ofinterest and so on. Inaccuracies in prior measurements arosedue to the lack in attention to detail describing the construc-tion of the sensor, the electronic components, and thesupporting structures.
This work describes techniques to measure the electrostaticpotential and electrostatic field emanating from an object orexisting in free space using the electric field sensor (e-sensor)design described elsewhere (Generazio, 2011). Subsequentwork describes the construction of a quasi-static electric fieldgenerator that “illuminates” large volumes with a uniform electrostatic field, including in U.S. patent application No. 13/800379, titled “Quasi-static Electric Field Generator,”filed by the author in 2013 (Melcher, 1981; NASA, 2014).
Electric Potential and Electric Field Imaging withApplicationsby E.R. Generazio*
* Ph.D., National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Hampton, Virginia23681.
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Specifically, these two inventions allow for the quantitativedetermination of the true metric of the electrostatic fieldemanating from or passing through or around objects andvolumes. The inventions provide quantitative metrics of theelectrostatic potential, electrostatic field strength, spatialdirection of the electrostatic field, and spatial components ofthe electrostatic field.
E-sensor Circuit ChallengesA field effect transistor (FET)-based e-sensor is described that uses a non-specified FET configuration, that is, anFET-based e-sensor circuit that uses a floating gate config-uration, which is contrary to all good circuit designs(Generazio, 2011). Good circuit designs that use FETsrequire a properly supported, but small, electrical currentto exist in the gate for the FET to function per manufac-turer specifications. There are three basic electronic FETconfigurations: common source, common drain, andcommon gate. FETs may be calibrated for common sourceand common drain configurations where the gate is physi-cally connected to a voltage source. In the common gateconfiguration, the gate is physically connected to ground.In all configurations, the electrical connections to the gateare at an electrical potential that is a direct physical elec-trical path for charged carriers. The e-sensor described heredoes not provide the required physical connection for thespecified gate current.
When an FET is used in a floating gate configuration, gainstability difficulties arise that inhibit calibration. Floating gate-based designs require unique calibration protocols. Twoaspects to this calibration are the voltage gain and timeresponse of the e-sensor circuit in the presence of a non-directstatic and quasi-static electric potential. The manufacturingtolerance of FET characteristics is well known, makinguniform calibration of multiple FET floating gate-basedsensors for array-based configurations even more challenging(Horowitz and Hill, 1989).
E-sensor ConstructionFigure 1 shows the basic e-sensor circuit elements. Otherfloating gate-based circuits may be used. In addition to theelectronic elements of the circuit, attention must be given toall materials used in the construction of the sensor for theproduction of a useful measurement system. It is preferableto avoid the occurrence of all surface charges (bound andfree) and image charges near the sensing gate of the FET,electronic connections, and supporting structures. The e-sensor components need to be triboelectrically neutral,have low electric susceptibility, and be non-conducting tominimize sensor distortions of the true electric field due tocharging, dielectric polarization, and free carrier polariza-tion. Further details of e-sensor design are available else-where (Generazio, 2011).
Figure 2 shows the measurement response of a 16-elemente-sensor array. Note that the measurement voltage is not theelectrostatic potential. The electrostatic potential is obtainedvia calibration, and calibration parameters vary for each e-sensor. In practice, all e-sensors are calibrated before everyscan by generating a slowly oscillating uniform potentialacross the e-sensor array. Typical electrical potentialsmeasured are a few volts with a noise level of ±5 mV, yieldinghigh signal-to-noise ratios that exceed 700. Here, the electro-static potential at the e-sensor gates is slowly varied at a 2 Hzrate by a remote rotating electrostatic dipole. If the potentialis held fixed at any point in time, the measured potential atthe e-sensor slowly drifts to an e-sensor equilibrium voltage.Each e-sensor has a different equilibrium voltage and a
LL
LL
LL
LL
LL
LDrainSource
G
Resistance load
Each gate (G) is a measurementelectrode
Field effecttransistor
To dataacquisitionsystem
V2
V1
Inductor (L)
Figure 1. Schematic diagram of an array of electric field sensor circuitelements.
Dipole rotation rate = 120 RPM
Quasi-static electric field frequency = 2 Hz
Data acquisition at minimums
Equilibrium potential
Time (s)
Volts
Figure 2. Example measured output from 16 electric field sensors inthe presences of a reference quasi-static electric field.
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different characteristic time to reach an equilibrium voltage.Typical times to reach equilibrium are a few to severalseconds and are dependant on how well the e-sensor designmeets the requirements identified earlier. The best designswill exhibit minimal drift. It is important to note here that theequilibrium potential value is independent of any externalpotential on the floating gate. The equilibrium potential forthe topmost signal in Figure 2 is shown. The effect of leakagecurrents may be recognized by the non-sinusoidal potentialresponse at the peaks of the e-sensor outputs. Each peakshape is different, where some are rounded and others are flat-tened or sloped. These slight variations are due to leakagecurrents making calibration efforts challenging. The origin ofthis effect is broadly described to be charging of the gate ofthe FET due to leakage currents. A more detailed discussionon leakage effects requires an evaluation of parasitic capaci-tances, inductances, and resistances of the entire e-sensor andstructural support system. It is defined here that the phrase“effects due to leakage currents” refers to all effects related tointrinsic electronic properties, including leakage of freecarriers across electronically insulated boundaries, free carrierbuildup, free carrier charging, and all parasitic capacitances,inductances, and impedances. Intrinsic refers to dimensionallychanging volumes of coverage. The volume of coverage startsat the solid state level, goes through the solid state mountingto reach the support structure levels, and advances to describean electrostatic potential and field sensor for general applica-tions. For example, the structural supports of the solid-stateelements have dielectric properties and therefore haveintrinsic parasitic capacitance, similarly for the structuralsupport of the structure supporting the solid-state element,and so on.
The quasi-static electric field generator is designed toprovide a controlled source or reference quasi-static electricfield for “illumination of objects and volumes” and to reverseand minimize the effects of sensor and support structure para-sitic leakage currents. At a quasi-static frequency of 3 Hz, theminimization is adequate so that gain is controlled and thecalibration of gain of the e-sensor in a quasi-static electric fieldis straightforward.
The quasi-static frequency range is defined where theelectric field is present at the gate electrode of the FET for along enough time for the e-sensor response to reach a steadystate for potential measurement, but not long enough forintrinsic and extrinsic leakage or oscillating currents todominate the measurement of the true static potential. In thedefined quasi-static frequency range, accurate metric measure-ments of the true static potentials are made from which thetrue static electric field is obtained.
The generator consists of a rotating electrostatic dipole(Figure 3) to generate a slowly varying electrostatic potential.The dipole is charged using a triboelectric process similar to avan de graaff generator. The dipole charging system is batterypowered and wirelessly controlled. All power, wireless
receiver, and speed controllers are contained within the struc-ture of the dipole element. A dry wood construction approachis used to maintain the uniformity of the electric field in thevicinity of the dipole. Wood having neutral triboelectricaffinity and low dielectric properties is used to limit straycharging and polarization of the structure of the generator andfor the rotational support of the dipole. A large conductingplate (see Figure 4) is used to establish an equipotentialsurface and uniform electrostatic field when used in a nearfield approximation configuration. The dipole is rotated by acomputer controlled stepper motor at quasi-static frequenciesto provide a slowly varying uniform electrostatic field. Otherapproaches may also be used to generate an electrostatic field.However, the approach described here is human safe oper-ating at 100 000 V while providing only microamperes ofcurrent and is isolated from building power supply systems.
Electric Field Imaging SystemThe electric field imaging (EFI) system configuration forinspections is shown in Figure 4. In this configuration, theobject being inspected is moved, via a conveyor, to passbetween the quasi-static generator and a linear array of e-sensors. During movement of the object, the dipole may be rotating at any desired speed. Speeds below the quasi-staticrange may be used to explore leakage effects of material andstructural configurations. Speeds just above the quasi-staticrange are extremely low frequency (ELF) electromagneticwaves (ITU, 2000). ELF and higher frequencies exhibit radia-tive electromagnetic propagation effects that need to beincluded in the analysis. Data acquisition of the e-sensorresponse may be performed when a preselected voltage,Vsurface, occurs on the conducting surface, or throughout the
Rotation stage(stepper monitor)
Positiveelectrode
Negativeelectrode
Triboelectricallyneutral rotationshaft
Insulatingassemblycomponents
Figure 3. Photograph of the rotating quasi-static dipole element.
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cycle of the dipole rotation. Data acquired at a preselectedvoltage correspond to a constant interrogation electric fieldstrength. Data acquired during the rotational period of thedipole correspond to a varying interrogating electric fieldmagnitude. For the image data shown here, the potential data are acquired at the times when the dipole is at the sameorientation so that Vsurface is at a constant value during meas-urements. The orientation at data acquisition corresponds tothe voltage minimums shown in Figure 2.
A 914 mm long vertical linear array of 192 e-sensors isplaced 457 mm from the conducting plate of the quasi-staticgenerator providing a uniform electric field. Plates havingdimensions of 60.96 × 121.92 cm and 121.92 × 243.84 cm areadequate to generate uniform electric fields of the inspectionregion. During inspection, the object, at a fixed position alongthe Z axis, is moved by the conveyor along the X axis. Theacquired data from the e-sensor array oriented along the Y axis may be processed to generate images of the electricfield from the object being inspected (Generazio, 2011). Thee-sensor array may be moved along the Z axis by computercontrol. Data obtained with the e-sensor array at two or morepositions along the Z axis provide sufficient information togenerate images of the electric field. Each scan measures theelectrostatic potential in the X-Y plane to generate an electro-static potential image. EFI reconstructions are produced using
the electrostatic potential images. Many other scanning and e-sensor array configurations are possible.
Examples of Electric Field Imaging ImagesThe capability to image the electrical potential and electricalfields emanating from objects opens a wide range of possibleapplications. In some EFI evaluations, only the electric poten-tial is needed, while other applications will benefit from deter-mining the electric field. The following describes the first EFIapplication on a human and the detailed analyses techniquefor determining the electric field. Representative EFI applica-tions are presented for evaluating complex structural compo-nents, construction materials, and for supporting crime sceneforensics, electrostatic discharge (ESD) mitigation, and forthe development of a molecular memory.
Human in a Uniform Electrostatic FieldFigure 5a shows the electrostatic potential of a human in auniform electrostatic field. The image linear gray scale repre-sents the electrostatic potential ranges from 0 V (dark shade)to –3.75 V (light shade). This is one of the first imagesobtained with the EFI system. It was originally thought thatthe dipole would need to be constantly triboelectricallycharged to maintain a constant potential on the electrodes ofthe dipole. The effect of that constant charging is shown as
Data acquisition,rotation, andwireless dipolevoltage controlsystems
Image processing
Quasi-static electric field generator
Equipotentialcontours, V
n
V2
V1
V0
Triboelectricallyneutral casing
Dipoleelement
Electric field lines(lines of force)
Electrical insulator
Object beinginspected
e-sensorarray
Conductingequipotentialsurface, V
surface
Uniform electricfield, E
Infinite plateapproximation
Conveyor
Maximum(black) = 0.97 V/cmMinimum(white) = –0.58 V/cm
X-component ofelectric field
Figure 4. Diagram of the setup for the electric field imaging (EFI) system. The EFI system consists of a linear array of electric field sensors (e-sensors), a quasi-static electric field generator, a conveyor, a data acquisition and image processing system, and an object to be inspected.
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vertical banding in this image. It is now known that, for thisstructural design, the dipole will hold a constant charge forseveral hours so constant charging is not needed, and thesevertical bands do not appear in subsequent images. Thehorizontal lines are due to variations in the individual e-sensor responses that are not fully removed by calibrationprocedures. The sensor-to-sensor variations are due toresidual gate charging and work to address this charging hasled to the development of a more accurate ephemeral e-sensorthat is presented later.
Figure 5a is presented here as the first image obtainedshowing the electrostatic potential of a human in a uniformelectrostatic field. A detailed physics-based imagingprocessing procedure was developed and subsequently usedfor the data to follow. A commercially available graphic filteris applied to the potential data (Figure 5a) and reveals (Figure 5b) a striking amount of information suggesting thepresence of a straight cut cotton shirt, cotton pants, legs, andstretchy (containing polymer materials) socks. The graphicfilter routine highlights image intensity and intensity gradientsand is not meant to be representative of an electric field image.
Hybrid Composite in a Uniform Electrostatic FieldThe electric potential of a hybrid composite compression testspecimen is shown in Figure 6. The test specimen has top andbottom support brackets and has a 3.0 cm thick crushedmetallic honeycomb core and cracked and buckled compositefaceplates. The EFI system reveals that the test sample is redi-recting the uniform electric field to change the originaluniform electrostatic potential (light gray shade in the upperedge of Figure 6c) so that electric potential is raised (darkshade) in the free space around the test specimen. In literalcontrast, the electric potential is raised (darker shade) overthe test object with some decreased (lighter shade) potential
variations existing horizontally across the central region of thetest specimen. The top and bottom support brackets have thelargest decrement in electrostatic potential (light shade). Theimage has a linear gray scale representing the electrostaticpotential ranges from 0.0 V (dark shade) to –3.73 V (lightshade). Polarization of the specimen is also revealed as decrements (light shades in Figure 6c) and increments (dark shades in Figure 6c). The 3D graphical representations(Figure 6d and 6e) of the gray scale plot of electrostaticpotential (Figure 6c) highlights how the object distorts theequipotential in which it is placed. The large horizontal bandsrepresent the electrostatic potential of the upper and lowerspecimen brackets. Figure 6e shows the 3D representation ofthe electric potential as viewed at a 45° angle.
Electrostatic Field ImagingThe generation of electric field images from the electrostaticpotential data is described. The electrostatic potentials of thehybrid composite test specimen at two different Z axis loca-tions spaced 1 cm apart (labeled near and away from the e-sensor array) are shown on the left hand side of Figure 7.The electric field, E→, and electric field spatial components, E→x, E
→y, and E
→z, are obtained using the relation:
(1)
whereV(X,Y,Z) is the measured electrostatic potential with X, Y,
and Z coordinates, i , j , and k are unit vectors in the X, Y, and Z directions,
respectively.
r r( ) ( )= −∇ =
−∂
∂+
∂ ∂
+∂
∂
E X Y Z V X Y Z
V X Y Z
xi
V X Y Z
yj
V X Y Z
zk
, , , ,
, , ˆ , , ˆ , , ˆ
Figure 5. Image of a human: (a) electrical potential image in a uniform electric field; and (b) commercially available graphics filter applied tothe potential data shown in Figure 5a.
Chest
Waist
Horizontalbanding
Knee
Calf
ShouldersVerticalbanding
914 cm
(a) (b)
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Electric potential
Near specimen
Away from specimen
Electric fieldcomponent images
Electric field magnitutde
Positive
Inverse
Discontinuities
X
Z
Y
Figure 7. The electrostatic potential of a hybrid composite specimen in a uniform electric field. The electrostatic potentials are measured at twodifferent distances from the specimen. Images of the X, Y, and Z components of the electric field and of the electric field magnitude are shown.
Discontinuity
15.24 cm
Front Back
Specimenbracket
Discontinuity
Figure 6. Hybrid composite compression test specimen: (a) front image; (b) back image; (c) electrostatic potential of a hybrid composite in auniform electric field; (d) electrostatic potential 3D graphical representation; and (e) electrostatic potential 3D graphical representationrotated 45°.
(c) (d)
(a) (b)
(e)
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Equation 1 is approximated for any point Xi, Yi, or Zi.
(2)
It is instructive to show images of the electric field compo-nents as an interim analysis step in Figure 7. Figure 7 showsplots on a gray scale of the components of the electric fieldalong the X, Y, and Z directions. The Y-component of theelectric field exhibits discrete horizontal banding that crossesthe entire image and is due to the incomplete sensor-to-sensorcalibration made more apparent by the approximation of theequation. The electric field is given by the vector sum of thecomponents, E→ = E→x + E
→y + E
→z, and has an electric field
magnitude, |E→| shown in Figure 7. The electrostatic fieldmagnitude positive image has a linear gray scale and rangesfrom 0 V/cm (dark shade) to 2.275 V/cm (light shade). Thepositive and inverse labels in Figure 7 refer to the imagereproduction for display visualization. It can be seen fromthe electric field magnitude positive image in Figure 7 thatthere are high electrostatic fields (light shade) present atthe perimeter of the test specimen brackets as well asbetween the brackets. The black areas of the electrostaticfield magnitude positive image represent low electrostaticfield intensity; there remains an electrostatic potential inthese areas, but the electrostatic gradients are minimal.High electrostatic fields are expected to occur at potentialarcing sites.
Insulated Connection Cabling and Integrated Circuit Componentin a Uniform Electrostatic Field
Next, the EFI capability on other systems is explored to showthe utility in other applications and for guidance in sensordesigns. The effect of cabling and shielding on measurementsis well known; however, little attention is paid to the effect onsensor capability. The electrostatic potential distortions of acoaxial cable and an integrated circuit are shown in Figures 8aand 8b. The range of linear gray scale shading is listed inFigure 8. Both of these standard circuit components dramati-cally distort electrostatic fields for large distances. The cableincreases the electrostatic potential while the integratedcircuit decreases the electrostatic potential. A comparison ofinsulation materials is shown in Figure 8c, where anungrounded #38 magnet wire does not distort the appliedelectrostatic potential, V0, to a measurable amount. Incontrast, polyvinyl chloride, cotton, rayon, and polyethyleneinsulation around the magnet wire all produce significant
changes in the potential. The apparent shading in this image isdue to surface charge on the insulation from handling and isdiscussed later. When developing advanced remote sensors,for example, those used in medical applications, the impact ofall the components of the sensor needs to be addressed.
rE X Y Z
V X Y Z V X Y Z
X Xi
V X Y Z V X Y Z
Y Yj
V X Y Z V X Y Z
Z Zk
, ,
, , , , ˆ
, , , , ˆ
, , , , ˆ
i i i
i i i i i i
i i
i i i i i i
i i
i i i i i i
i i
1
1
1
1
1
1
( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
≈ −
−−
+
−−
+
−−
+
+
+
+
+
+
Representation of 50 Ωcable showing orientation and0.256 cm outer jacket diameter
Amplifier location
100 cm 20 cm
#38 magnet wire
#38 magnet wire
Rayon
61 cm V0
Polyvinyl chloride
Cotton
Polyethylene
V0 + 0.55 VV0 – 0.55 V
Figure 8. Electrostatic potential image: (a) coaxial cable; (b) integratedcircuit in a uniform electric field; and (c) wire, having different insula-tion materials, in a uniform electric field. In Figure 8a the cable iscarrying no current and creates electrostatic potential distortions atextremely large spatial distances, compared to the cable diameter,from the cable. The electrostatic potential around the cable rangesfrom –3 V (lightest areas) to –2 V (darkest areas). In Figure 8b, thedual inline package (DIP) operational amplifier is oriented so that theDIP’s 10 × 20 mm top surface is normal to the reference electric fielddirection. The operational amplifier creates electrostatic potentialdistortions at extremely large spatial distances, compared to theamplifier dimensions. The electrostatic potential around the amplifierranges from –3 V (darkest areas) to –4 V (lightest areas).
(a)
(c)
(b)
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Construction Materials in a Uniform Electrostatic Field
ESD is a well-known field and there are substantial industrialinvestments in addressing and mitigating ESD issues in manu-facturing and product use. Electrostatic potential imagesgenerated by EFI of selected materials are shown in Figure 9and Table 1 along with the companion dielectric constantsand triboelectric affinities. Figure 9a shows the electrostaticpotential image for 25.4 mm diameter as received rods ofdifferent materials. Here again the strong effect thatconducting materials have on the electrostatic potential isrecognized by the increase in potential (large dark shadedarea on the right side of the image) near the copper rod. Thelinear gray scale ranges from 0.0 V (dark shade) to –4.79 V(light shade). The effect is so strong that the other rods areembedded in an electrostatic potential modified by thecopper rod.
The same rods were brushed once with a silk cloth. Theelectrostatic potential image in Figure 9b shows the electro-static potential image for the rods after being brushed by thesilk cloth. Here the polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), acrylic,nylon, and polyester rods are charged by the triboelectricinteraction with the silk cloth. The triboelectric charging is ofsufficient magnitude that the resulting electrostatic potentialsaturates the e-sensors. The charged gates of the e-sensorsrecover slowly during the scan and leave a record of thisrecovery by producing both an increased potential (darkshadow) and decreased potential (light shadow) adjacent tothe affected rods. Similar shadowing is observed in Figure 8c.
Electrostatic Field Imaging for the Development of OrganicMemory
The preceding results are quite interesting where it isobserved that the triboelectric charges on the rods lingeredfor long periods of time. PTFE had the largest magnitudecharge on the potential field as expected since PTFE has thelargest triboelectric affinity. During the setup of the rodsample set, it was noticed that the PTFE rod had a bright spot(decreased electrostatic potential) on the top on the rod’selectrostatic potential image. Given the observed long latencyor memory times of charges on PTFE, it became clear that thepreviously bright spot on the PTFE rod was from triboelectric
ME TECHNICAL PAPER wx electric field imaging
Polytetrafluoroethylene panel
Wood frame
30.38 cm
Figure 10. Evaluating the memory storage capability of organicpolymers: (a) photograph of the setup; (b) triboelectrically drawnletters, “NASA,” are revealed in the electrostatic potential image;(c) the electrostatic potential of the letter “N” triboelectricallyhand-drawn, on two sides on a polymer sheet; and (d) schematicof the image in Figure 10c. The sheet measured 0.64 × 30.38 ×30.38 cm.
(a)
(c)
60.96 cm
Figure 9. Electrostatic potential image of solid rods of differentmaterials in a uniform electric field: (a) as received; and (b) afterbeing brushed once with a silk cloth. The materials shown cover a wide range of dielectric constants and triboelectric affinities.
(a)
(b)
TABLE 1Dielectric constants of samples shown in Figure 9*
Dielectric constant Material Triboelectric affinityε2.0–2.1 PTFE† –1902.7 Acrylic –101.2–2.1 Wood +73 Nylon +304.5–5 Fiberglass-epoxy laminate +304–9 Mica ceramic –3.8 Borosilicate glass +25– Copper ~02.8–4.1 Polyester –40
* Samples are in order from left; † PTFE = polytetrafluoroethylene.
(b)
(d)
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charging, which occurred during handling and placement ofthe rod into the sample holder.
A memory storage device was constructed by mounting aPTFE panel in a wooden frame (Figure 10a). The letters“NASA” were drawn on the surface of the PTFE panel using afinger. The EFI potential image is shown in Figure 10b, wherethe letters NASA are visible. The last “A” had a large magni-tude potential and almost fully saturated the e-sensors. Severaltechniques were used to “erase” the charges from the panel;however, in a comic moment the author found himself gener-ating double and triple exposures over the same originalwriting. This image demonstrates that EFI is useful in charac-terizing charge distribution and EFI may also be used tomonitor changes in charge distribution. This memory storageapproach is an area of study that is opposite of that addressedfor ESD.
EFI methodology is able to measure the electric potentialfrom charges that are subsurface and not on the exposedsurface being imaged by the e-sensor. The electrostatic poten-tial of the letter “N” triboelectrically hand-drawn, using a fingeron a polymer sheet, is shown in Figure 10c. The drawing of theletter “N” leaves residual induced charges on the surfacedrawn. There are two “N” letters shown in Figure 10d. Oneletter “N” is drawn on the upper half of the front surface andthe second letter “N” is drawn on the lower half of the back
subsurface of the polymer sheet. The electrostatic potentialimage reveals both the “N” letters on the front and back sidesof the polymer sheet. This is an important result. Even thoughthere are no triboelectric surface charges on the front lowerhalf of the polymer sheet, an image of the electrostatic poten-tial of the letter “N” on the back surface is clearly observed.That is, subsurface charges may exist, and their electrostaticpotential can be measured by both single- and double-sidedEFI, even when the surface exposed to the e-sensor isuncharged.
The capability of EFI to characterize subsurface electricpotential variations has important implications. Figure 11shows an optical image of an acrylonitrile butadiene styrene(ABS) gun simulator in a container. The ABS gun simulatorhas no conducting metallic content or conducting compo-nents. The ABS gun simulator is packed, using typical foampacking materials, in a non-conducting container. The EFIelectrostatic potential image is shown as a gray scale plotoverlaid onto the optical image of the container. The gunsimulator is identified in the electrostatic potential image(Figure 11c). The body and the barrel of the gun are clearlydiscernable. The simple act of packing the gun simulatorchanges the electrostatic potential of the gun for an extendedperiod of time. The EFI shown in Figure 11c was obtained 24 h after packing.
Container
Electricpotential of gun
Electrical potentialimage of container
Packing material
ABS gun simulator inside
Figure 11. Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) gun simulator in a container: (a) exterior photograph of the setup; (b) interior photographshowing the ABS gun; and (c) electrostatic potential image.
(a)
(c)
(b)
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Subsequent modifications to the e-sensor design haveremoved the shadowing due to saturated charging and leakageeffects. The modified e-sensor functions in an ephemeral
mode (Generazio, 2015). The difference between the e-sensor and the ephemeral e-sensor is that the ephemeral e-sensor is intrinsically forced to return to an uncharged statebetween measurements. The construction of an ephemeral e-sensor has been described in detail (Generazio, 2015).Preliminary data from an ephemeral e-sensor are presentedhere. Figure 12 shows the electrostatic potential, measuredsimultaneously by both an e-sensor and an ephemeral e-sensor, of a cylindrically symmetric object that has beencharged to saturate the e-sensor. Effects due to leakagecurrents are absent in the potential measurements from the ephemeral e-sensor.
A solid-state ephemeral e-sensor was developed forenhanced single sided measurements and will reported in laterresearch. Forensic evaluations of surfaces may be performedusing ephemeral e-sensors. The electric potential of an officerug changes with footfalls. Figure 13 shows electrostaticpotential plots on a gray scale due to residual charges left byfootsteps on an anti-static rug. The rug potential varies by –4.46 V (lightest shade in Figure 13b) after being walked on.The individual left and right footsteps are clearly identified,indicating the travel direction, as well as the manufacturedtread patterns on the bottom of the shoes. Footfall imagingwas done up to 30 min after travel. However, it is expectedthat undisturbed paths may be imaged days later dependingon the materials in contact. Footfalls are only one example offorensic interest, and other forensic applications are possible.Future work in this area is needed to establish the residualcharge distribution as a function of time.
ConclusionIt is important to summarize the preceding results to form acomplete picture of what was learned. The construction of ane-sensor system that provides a true metric of the electricpotential needed for the generation of electrostatic potential
ME TECHNICAL PAPER wx electric field imaging
Equilibrium electrical potential
Equilibrium electrical potential
Position on X axis
Position on X axis
Elec
tric
al p
oten
tial
(–V)
Elec
tric
al p
oten
tial
(–V)
Figure 12. Electrostatic potential of a cylindrically symmetric objectcharged to saturate the electric field sensor (e-sensor) by: (a) an e-sensor; and (b) an ephemeral e-sensor.
(a)
(b)
Optical image ofrug surface
Electric field image(electrical potential)
Optical image ofbottom of right shoe
1.219 m
0.28 cm
ΔV = –4.46 V5 min
Figure 13. Forensic electrostatic potential image of footfalls on a static protection office rug: (a) photograph of rug surface; and (b) electricfield image.
(a)
(b)
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and EFI was presented. The construction materials of the EFIsystem are critical. Attention must be given to the dielectric,triboelectric, and conductivity properties of all elements usedin the EFI system where low dielectric, neutral triboelectric,and non-conductive materials are required. A slowly varyingelectrostatic reference field may be used to reverse andminimize effects of floating gate charging of the FET andleakage currents to facilitate accurate measurements and toprovide a very useful “illumination source” for the inspectionof objects and volumes.
EFI images reveal the topological nature of electric poten-tials and a demonstration on locating areas with high electricfield magnitudes was provided. EFI images of selected mate-rials provide guidance on materials selection for sensor appli-cations including circuitry, wiring, and structural supportsystems. EFI imaging of humans was demonstrated and EFItechnology was demonstrated showing the feasibility ofmolecular memory storage. EFI capability extends to subsur-face imaging for container inspections and for imaging ofhidden objects. Data from an ephemeral e-sensor werepresented highlighting its ability to minimize effects due tocharging and leakage.
This new EFI capability was demonstrated to reveal char-acterization of electric charge distribution creating a new fieldof study embracing areas of interest including ESD mitigation,crime scene forensics, design and materials selection foradvanced sensors, dielectric morphology of structures, inspec-tion of containers, inspection for hidden objects, tetherintegrity, organic molecular memory, and medical diagnosticand treatment efficacy applications such as cardiac polariza-tion wave propagation and electromyography imaging.
REFERENCES
Blum, D.W., Electric Field Signature Detection, U.S. Patent US20120092019,19 April 2012.Dower, R.G., Apparatus for Electrostatically Imaging the Surface of an ObjectLocated Nearby, U.S. Patent US5430381, 4 July1995.Generazio, E.R., Electric Field Quantitative Measurement System and Method,U.S. Patent 20120199755, 4 February2011.Generazio, E.R., Ephemeral Electric Potential and Electric Field Sensor, U.S. Patent US20150137825, 21 May 2015.Hassanzadeh, R., D.G. Funderburk, S.A. Schwartz, and E.T. Rock, Electro-static Field Gradient Sensor, U.S. Patent US4931740, 5 June 1990.Horowitz, P., and W. Hill, The Art of Electronics, second ed., CambridgeUniversity Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom, 1989.ITU, Recommendation B.15: International Telecommunications UnionNomenclature of the Frequency and Wavelength Bands Used in Telecommuni-cations, International Telecommunications Union, Geneva, Switzerland,2000.Melcher, J.R., Continuum Electromechanics, MIT Press, Cambridge, Massa-chusetts, 1981, p. 1.4.NASA, “Quasi-static Electric Field Generator,” NASA Tech Briefs, ed. T. Selinsky, Tech Briefs Media Group, New York, New York, 1 November2014. Sothcott, P., Buried Object Location, U.K. Patent GB 2132357, 4 July 1984.Yang, Y.P., and J. Macnae, An Apparatus and Method for Detecting an Objectin a Medium, World Intellectual Property Organization PatentWO2002067015, 29 August 2002.Zahn, M., “Transform Relationship Between Kerr-effect Optical PhaseShift and Nonuniform Electric Field Distributions,” IEEE Transactions onDielectrics and Electrical Insulation, Vol. 1, No. 2, 1994, pp. 235–246.
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ME TECHNICAL PAPER wx
ABS T R A C T
Complex-reluctance bridges are electromagneticdevices that are shown to be able to detect boththe angle of strain in steel and changes in themagnitude of applied strain with some sensitivity.Evidence is presented that they can also detect themagnitude of residual strain. Further research issuggested in this area. The residual straindetection technique is simple to use and easy tounderstand. Two new terms are introduced forcomplex-reluctance circuits: impermance, toparallel the impedance in alternating current elec-trical circuits; and reductance, to parallel reactancein alternating current electrical circuits.KEYWORDS: measurement, strain, steel, electro-magnetic.
IntroductionComplex-reluctance bridges (CRBs) offer an improvementover resistive strain gages in strain measurements in steelbecause they are more sensitive and do not need to bebonded to a surface (and, for that matter, do not even need totouch the surface). Nor do they require surface preparation.They can be used to measure both the direction and magni-tude of surface strain intrinsically in a steel sample, or they canbe used to measure changes produced by stress applied to thesample. For example, they could be used to determinewhether the magnitude and direction of strain in a civil struc-ture meets the design specifications of the structure. Theyindicate both transitory and oscillatory strain so use of a singleCRB replaces the present practice of using a combination of aresistive strain gage and an accelerometer.
An example in the present work is given of the response ofthe CRB in the applied range of 0 to 10 µe. This range ismuch smaller than that used in normal engineering, but it wasfound useful in thomson effect experiments and measure-ments of transient heat in metals at distances from 5 to 7 cmfrom the heat source (Canada and Zinke, 1978; Jacovelli andZinke, 1978). As a practical application of this sensitivity, thestrain pattern of two automobiles traversing a span of afreeway bridge was presented. In that measurement, the sensi-tivity of the CRB was found to be critically related to its orien-tation to the expected strain. The same effect was then notedin strain measurements made on tensile testers and oncantilevered beams. It is shown in the present work that ananalysis of this effect led to an understanding of how CRBscould be used to measure residual surface strain in steel.Examples are given of residual strain measurements on threegeometrically similar steel samples: hot-rolled, cold-rolled,and mild steel. The residual strain determination requires theCRB to be calibrated for the particular type of steel, and whenthe calibration is known, only two measurements, axial andlateral to the strain direction, need to be made on a sample.Calibration measurements were made by applied strain(stress).
There are a number of well-known techniques for meas-uring residual surface strain in steel. Among these techniquesare the following: hole drilling with the inspection of subse-quent cracks, X-rays, barkhausen noise, and ultrasonics. CRBsoffer an additional tool for this arsenal. The technique is inex-pensive, safe, easy to understand, and easy to use.
Electromagnetic Measurement of Applied andResidual Surface Strain in SteelBy Otto Henry Zinke*
* Ph.D., Department of Physics, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville,Arkansas; and International Validators, Inc., 817 N. Jackson Dr., Fayet-teville, Arkansas 72701; (479) 443-3682; e-mail [email protected].
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The assumptions associated with residual strain measure-ment are discussed in the following together with suggestionsfor future research.
Applied Strain MeasurementsTwo examples are given in this paper to show the sensitivityof the CRB to strain. In the first example, the strain is non-transient. In the second example, the strain is transient. Bothof these techniques involve using the CRB in the off-nullmode where a voltage proportional to the strain is produced.Orientation of the CRB with respect to the strain is impor-tant, and the reason for this is shown in the present work. Inall measurements here, the electromagnetic frequency atwhich the CRB was operated was approximately 40 kHz sothat the skin depth in the steel samples was approximately0.05 mm into the surface of 3 mm thick samples. The outputof the CRB can be adjusted to null by a combination of aresistor and a capacitor (Zinke et al., 2001).
Data from the first off-null example are shown here asFigure 1 and are a reaction to applied strain on a cantileveredbeam. The measurement was made on a cold-rolled steelsample, which was approximately 50 mm wide, 3 mm thick,and approximately 40 cm long. The strain was produced bygrounding one end and hanging weights on the free end. TheCRB was placed in the center of the 50 mm width, approxi-mately 3 cm from the grounded end. The liftoff was 0.27 mm.All subsequent measurements on all samples were made atthis point. Raw data appear in Figure 1 and are the unampli-fied root-mean-squared voltage outputs of the bridge togetherwith a linear curve fit. The 40 kHz signal was processed toremove harmonics. Strain was calculated by the usual equa-tions for a cantilevered beam. Each data point was the averageof three readings, and the standard deviations were too smallto represent on the graph. The linear least-squares fit has aslope of approximately 18 µV per microstrain (µe). These
short-range data are presented to illustrate sensitivity. Theslope could easily have been doubled by increasing inputampere-turns to the bridge. No data from other types of straintransducers could be found that operate in this range. Thelinear range observed in Figure 1 was found in other experi-ments to extend to approximately 200 µe. However, there was creep in the zero loading at larger values of microstrain.Thus, the CRB had to be re-zeroed at each point. This creepcould be minimized (but not eliminated) by cycling thesample approximately 10 times at microstrains greater than200 before data were obtained. A practical effect of the sensi-tivity exhibited in Figure 1 can be seen in transient measure-ments of the effect of automobiles on a freeway bridge.
The output of the CRB transitions smoothly from tran-sient to oscillatory, thus eliminating the need to have twotransducers (resistive strain gages and accelerometers) tomeasure the behavior of such structures as freeway bridges.An illustration of this can be seen in an experiment where aCRB was placed on the bottom of one of five I-beamssupporting the exit span. The placement was approximately 6 m from the grounded part of the exit span. The bridge hadfive such spans. Each I-beam was approximately 1.22 m tall.The liftoff of the CRB was 0.27 mm from the rusted surface ofthe beam. A trace of the CRB output was initiated at the timeat which the first of two automobiles entered the second span.Figure 2 shows the transient signals produced by two automo-biles, one following the other by approximately 3 s. The effectof the natural bridge oscillations can also be seen in Figure 2,although the amplitudes observed here were decreased by anaveraging technique used to bring the automobile signals outof the bridge-oscillation signals. Signals produced by trucksand busses were much larger than the unprocessed bridgeoscillations. The off-null data were gathered with the CRB inthe axial position (to be described). Attempts to gather datain the lateral position produced greatly reduced voltages.
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7–20
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Microstrain (με)
Mic
rovo
lts
(mV)
Figure 1. Output voltage of complex-reluctance bridge with micro-strain of a cold-rolled steel sample.
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12–0.10
–0.05
0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
Time (s)
Str
ain
(a.u
.)
Figure 2. Amplified output voltage of a complex-reluctance bridgeresponding to two automobiles crossing a freeway bridge.
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While use of the CRB in the off-null mode is convenient fordetection of transient and oscillatory strains, use of the devicein the renull mode can yield information about the magnitudeand direction of strain in steel. This information is pertinentto the integrity of civil structures, for example.
Two tests were carried out in the renull mode on a hot-rolled sample of steel of the same dimensions as those of thecold-rolled sample previously discussed. The renull modeproduces what were previously known as real and imaginaryreluctance. The first tests were to calibrate the CRB in termsof reluctance versus strain. The second test was a rotationaltest to show directional response. The purpose of these testswas to show the ability to detect the magnitude and directionof applied and residual strain in steel. A prior work showedthat the equation to be used for the renull mode of operationgives the change in complex reluctance, Dz%, as a function ofchanges in the values of capacitance, C, and resistance, R,coupled to the null coils and of the changes in real reluctance,DRe, and imaginary reluctance, Dx, of the sample (Zinke andSchmidt, 1993). That equation is as follows.
(1)
In the renull mode, the values C0 and R0 are measuredand recorded for the unperturbed state, and C and R arerecorded for each value of the perturbed state. In this case theperturbation is strain.
Here there is a need to digress for language. The theorythat produced this equation was formulated so that the alter-nating electrical current theory could be converted to alter-nating magnetic flux theory by simple substitution. Whenmagnetic flux is substituted for electrical current, magneto-motive force for voltage, complex reluctance for impedance,real reluctance for capacitive or inductive reactance, andimaginary reluctance for resistance, the equations of alter-nating electrical current theory convert to alternatingmagnetic flux theory. Only j(sqr[–1]) has to be reversed.However, the language that has been previously used for fluxcircuits is clumsy, and the term imaginary reluctance has beenfrequently misunderstood. Therefore, the following namesubstitutions are made: impermance is substituted for imped-ance, reluctance for real reluctance, and reductance for imagi-nary reluctance. Reluctance depends primarily on the relativepermeability of the non-discrete circuit elements. Reductancedepends primarily on the conductance of the non-discretecircuit elements, hence the term reductance. Others may findmore descriptive terms for the magnetic-circuit variables, butimpermance, reluctance, and reductance are used here. Inquadrature, impermance equals reluctance plus reductance.These terms are compared to those of electrical circuits inTable 1.
Before Equation 1 is applied, the ability of the CRB tomake a directional response should be discussed. The drawingof Figure 3 shows the footprint of the compound pole of theCRB that faces the surface of the sample. Two ferrite polesare separated by a copper piece that is called an “insert.” Froma very simple point of view, the oscillating magnetic flux goesexternally through the sample and the liftoff space from onepole to the other. The more complicated explanation hasbeen discussed at some length in prior work (Zinke, 2013).The arrow indicates the unidirectional magnetic field, B, (orof the flux) produced by the copper/ferrite configuration,although the field oscillates in parallel or anti-parallel to B. Inall the samples used here, the direction of strain whetherapplied or residual is the long (or axial) dimension of thesample, which was also the direction of rolling of the sample.When the long dimension of the insert is perpendicular to theaxial dimension of the sample (which was also the direction ofthe expected tensile strain), B is parallel (or anti-parallel) tothe tensile strain. Using Lenz’s law it can be seen that thecurrent loop in the sample (which is a distorted mirror imageof the current loop in the insert) is then perpendicular to thetensile strain. This position of the CRB is called the axialposition. The reductance changes associated with the strainare primarily affected by the interaction of the conductance ofthe sample with the current loop. When the sensor is rotated90° to the above position, the same argument holds for thecompressive (or lateral) strain, the magnitude of which is
N C C jN R R
Re j
% 1 12 20
20ζ ω ω
ξ( ) ( )∆ = − − + −
= ∆ + ∆
B
10 mm Copper
Ferrite
Figure 3. Footprint of a complex-reluctance bridge showing directionof electromagnetic field B, which intersects the sample.
TABLE 1Comparison of variables of transient electric current to transientmagnetic flux circuits
Transient electric Transient magnetic
Voltage, V Magnetomotive force, mmfCurrent, I Magnetic flux, φResistance, R Reductance, ξReactance, X Reluctance, ReImpedance, Z Impermance, ζZ% = R + jX ζ% = Re + jξ
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predicted by the Poisson’s ratio. This position of the CRB iscalled the lateral position.
Calibration data were obtained in the axial position usingthe cantilever geometry in the renull mode and using appliedstrain (weights on the end of the cantilevered beam). Whenthe CRB is on top of the sample, applied strain is tensile;when the CRB is on the bottom, the applied strain iscompressive. Both strains add in a plus-minus sense to theresidual tensile strain in the sample. The CRB was fastened tothe sample, and the sample was simply rotated about its hori-zontal axis to produce the over and under positions. Thereduced off-null voltage sensitivities seen in the lateral posi-tions, which were previously mentioned, were predictable bythe Poisson’s ratio.
It is clear that conductance (associated with the reduc-tance) changes with strain. That is the principle of the resis-tive strain gage. Lesser known is that permeability (associatedwith reluctance here) also changes with strain (Jiles, 1991).Equation 1 was used for the renull calibration tests. Becausereluctance develops creep over large strain values, C, C0, R,and R0 were recorded for each weight added at the end of the cantilevered beam. The hot-rolled sample previouslymentioned was used. As it developed, reluctance resultsdemonstrated nonlinearity as well as creep. Therefore, only the reductance data were processed and the results areshown in Figure 4. The compressive data are represented by x’s and the tensile data are represented by dots. Both were axial. The straight lines are least-fit calculations, and their slopes, kC and kT, respectively, fall into the range 2.79 ± 0.03 × 10–4 MA/(µe Wb). Thus, for the reductance of hot-rolled steel:
(2)
and
(3)
In these experiments, the two unperturbed values, x0C andx0T, were obtained on the same spot of the sample, but thetwo values differ slightly because of the tensile strain intro-duced by the weight of the sample itself, which adds to thestrain of the tensile curve and subtracts from the data of thecompressive curve. These two equations can be used toquantify both applied and residual strain within the steel.However, to quantify residual strain, more information isneeded and directional measurements are involved.
Residual Strain MeasurementsThe hot-rolled sample used for directional measurements wasthe same sample used in the preceding section. It was notloaded. The CRB was in exactly the same position with thesame liftoff used for the renull calibration curves, which was0.27 mm. Equation 1 was used, except that now C0 and 1 / R0were not used, those data not being applicable to this experi-ment. Thus, DRe and Dx become Re and x, the latter beingthe intrinsic strain in the sample. The CRB was rotated in 10°increments and renulled at each position. The values of C andR were recorded, and the reluctance and reductance werecalculated from Equation 1. The 0° designation was used forthe axial position, that is, when the copper insert was perpen-dicular to the rolled dimension of the sample. The lateralpositions occur at ±90°. An angular sweep was conductedfrom –120 to +120°. The reductances at 0 and ±90° (the axialand lateral positions) were designated respectively as xT andxC, indicating tensile and compressive. Since there was a slightdiscrepancy in the lateral (compressive) data at ±90°, theywere averaged to yield xC.
The reluctance variations with angle are recorded inFigure 5, where ReT and ReC indicate the reluctance in theaxial and lateral directions. The fact that ReT does not occur atthe maximum is yet another reason to discard the reluctancedata. Additionally, there seems to be a sort of angular modula-tion on the reluctance curve. The reductance data of Figure 6
kC C C C C0ξ ξ ξ ε∆ = − = ∆
kT T T T T0ξ ξ ξ ε∆ = − = ∆
0–200–400–600–800–0.20
–0.15
–0.10
–0.05
0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
200 400 600 800Applied microstrain (με)
Redu
ctan
ce (M
A/W
b)
Compressive Tensile
Figure 4. Reductance changes of hot-rolled steel sample withcompression and tension produced by a cantilevered beam.
ReT
ReC
–140 –100 –60 –20 20 60 100 1404.9
5.0
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4
Angle (˚)
Relu
ctan
ce (M
A/W
b)
Figure 5. Reluctance changes with angle measured by a complex-reluctance bridge rotated on a hot-rolled steel sample.
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both minimizes at the expected point and shows a smoothcurve with rotation. The minimum xT is in the direction ofthe intrinsic tensile strain and the maxima at ±90° are in thedirection of the intrinsic compressive strain. This rotationtechnique could be used to demonstrate the direction ofstrain within steel incorporated in standing civil structures tosee if subsequent strain met initial design specifications.However, there is another use for it.
The Poisson’s ratio, n, which relates the tensile strain,DeT, to the accompanying compressive strain, DeC, is asfollows.
(4)
The Poisson’s ratio for steel is probably within the limits2.8 ±0.2 and is positive since DeC is negative. If Equations 2,3, and 4 are combined and solved for DeT, it producesEquation 5.
(5)
The intrinsic quantity (DxT – DxC) can be obtained fromFigure 6. With this information and the values of kT and kCfrom Equations 2 and 3, it is now possible to determine themagnitude of the residual tensile strain, DeT.
Incorporating k= kT= kC= 2.79 ±0.03 × 10–4MA/(µeWb),the difference xT – xC = –0.271 from the graph, and n = 2.8into Equation 5 yields a value of 732 residual, tensile micro-strain for hot-rolled steel. However, there is a problem: thevalue of kC is wrong because the strain is applied axial strainand not the strain within the sample, the intrinsic strain. If thevalue of residual, tensile microstrain is correct, that is, 732 µe,both the tensile and compressive curves were obtained in thetensile region of the intrinsic strain. Thus, adding the applied
strain, which is 50 to 650 µe for the tensile data and –50 to –650 µe for the compressive data, gives a residual strain rangefor the applied calibration curve of 782 to 1437 µe and a rangeof 82 to 682 µe for the compressive calibration curve. Both ofthese axial ranges are tensile.
To obtain a compressive range for the compressive curve,lateral data must be obtained. Since the applied stress is axial,the data range now yields a compressive range of (1 / n)(650to 50 µe). This applied strain will be negative when the bridgeis above the sample and positive when the bridge is below thesample. However, before these results are presented, Equation5 will be modified for the situation where (kC / nkT) = 1.Under these circumstances:
(6)
wherekC / nkT is very small (which will be seen to be the situa-
tion here), and
(7)
The value of microstrain calculated through Equation 7 is(–0.271 / –2.79 × 10–4) = 971 µe. If the approximation thatproduces Equation 7 holds, the measurement of residualstrain will be particularly easy since it would involve twomeasurements with a CRB and one calibration series of meas-urements with a tensile tester (or cantilevered bridge) for thetype of steel involved. The Poisson’s ratio would not enter thecalculation at all.
The experiment was repeated with the cold-rolled sampleand mild steel sample of the same dimension. The values oftensile microstrain obtained are summarized in Table 2.
Directional scans were not carried out for the mild steeland cold-rolled steel samples. Only the data at 0 and ±90°were read. Ten readings of the data were obtained for eachaxial and lateral position for each of the two samples. Theobserved variation for the difference (xT – xC) for each of thetwo samples was ±5%. If the rolling direction of samples isknown, only the axial and lateral measurements need bemade. Otherwise, directional data must be taken. If the reduc-tance strain calibration of the particular steel and the rollingdirection of the sample is known, only two simple measure-ments have to be made to determine residual strain.
T Cν ε ε= −∆ ∆
kkk
1T
T C
TC
T
εξ ξ
ν
( )∆ =−
+
k
k
k
1T
T C
T
C
T
ε ξ ξν
∆ ≅ −
−
kTT C
T
ε ξ ξ∆ ≅ −
0–20–60–100–140 20 60 100 140Angle (˚)
Redu
ctan
ce (M
A/W
b)
–2.00
–1.95
–1.90
–1.85
–1.80
–1.75
–1.70
–1.65
–1.60
ξT
ξC
Figure 6. Reductance changes with angle measured by a complex-reluctance bridge rotated on a hot-rolled steel sample.
TABLE 2Measured residual microstrain for three types of steel
Sample Residual microstrain
Hot-rolled steel A36 732Mild steel 1018 959 Cold-rolled steel 1008 2794
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For the mild steel sample, Equation 5 was used with bothkT and kC, which were –1.66 × 10–4 and –1.93 × 10–4, respec-tively. For cold-rolled steel, the value kC was used for kT sincethe tensile curve showed marked nonlinearity. The reason forthe nonlinearity can be understood from inspection of Figure 4 for hot-rolled steel. This figure shows plots againstapplied strain. The intrinsic range of the tensile curve is theapplied plus the residual microstrain, which is approximately732 + 50 to 732 + 650 µe for the hot-rolled sample. For thecompression curve this range is approximately 732 – 50 to731 – 650 µe. In fact, intrinsically, the entire applied,compressive curve is in the intrinsic tensile range as weresimilar compressive curves for mild steel and cold-rolled steel.Thus, the intrinsic tensile curve of cold-rolled steel is betweenthe ranges of 2794 + 50 and 2794 + 650 µe. It would beremarkable if a tensile curve in this strain range were linear,and it definitely is not. The mean-square deviation of theapplied-compression curve from a straight line is only ±4%,which also seems remarkable.
DiscussionCRBs are shown here to be very sensitive to changes in strainproduced in steel by external stress. Further, they are shownhere to detect transient and oscillatory strain and thus couldreplace the combination of resistive strain gages andaccelerometers, which are presently used. They detect strainwithin the steel samples so they react more rapidly to oscilla-tory strain than accelerometers, which are driven systems andtake time to come to their final state. They operate at largeliftoff values and thus can be used through paint and rustwithout disturbing such surfaces. No bonding to the surface isnecessary. Their ability, as demonstrated, to detect the direc-tion of strain in steel that is already incorporated in existingstructures such as buildings and bridges should add anothertool to the trade of nondestructive testing (NDT).
As for using CRBs for the detection of magnitude ofresidual strain, the author could find no residual strain resultsin the literature for direct comparison to those presented inTable 2. However, assuming that the results presented hereare consistent with those of other techniques, they present away to measure residual strain that is both easy to carry outand easy to understand. However, steel is a mixture anduniformity is not a given. Fifteen measurements of (xT – xC)on the same hot-rolled sample at 2 cm intervals showed a 16%standard deviation. It would have been gratifying to develop
similar information on kT and kC values, the slopes of thereductance versus strain curves. This would have been diffi-cult if not impossible to do with cantilevered samples of thesize used here. Also, other techniques will have to beemployed to determine the linear calibration range for hardersteels. There is an implicit assumption here that compressivecalibration constants determined in intrinsic tensile regions(as they were here) hold in compressive regions. Thisassumption will have to be tested.
ConclusionFor use in in-place structures, the use of CRBs can presentlyfurther the art of NDT of strain in steel with their increasedsensitivity, ability to determine direction of strain, and abilityto detect transient and oscillatory strain. They can be used onpainted or rusted surfaces without surface preparation at rela-tively large values of liftoff.
The use of such devices for determining magnitude ofresidual strain in steel shows promise and should be furtherinvestigated because of the ease of application and ease ofunderstanding and safety. However, there are a number ofcaveats that should be investigated before the technique iswidely accepted. The relation between the reductance straincalibration constants for compression and tension has to beestablished. Whether these calibration constants are osten-sibly the same for the same type of steel within an acceptableerror should also be established. The effects of variations ofthe measured quantities from place to place in the same steelsamples should be investigated. Much of this work would beeased by correlation with measurements made by other tech-niques. While there is a great deal of work yet to be done, thistechnique shows promise of being more universally availableto NDT laboratories than previous techniques.
REFERENCES
Canada, C.E., and O.H. Zinke, “Transient Determinations of ThermalDiffusivities and Emissivities of Metal Foils,” Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 49, 1978, pp. 289–296.Jacovelli, P.B., and O.H. Zinke, “Evidence of an Anomalous ThomsonEffect,” Thermoelectricity in Metal Conductors, edited by F.J. Blatt and P.A. Schroeder, Plenum Press, New York, New York, 1978.Jiles, D., Introduction to Magnetism and Magnetic Materials, Chapman andHall, London, United Kingdom, 1991, pp. 171–172.Zinke, O.H., and W.F. Schmidt, “Linear AC Magnetic Circuit Theory,”IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, Vol. 29, No. 5, 1993, pp. 2207–2212.Zinke, O.H., W.F. Schmidt, and J.T. Lovett, “Thickness, Alloy Content andCracks in Aluminum Measured by an Alternating Current MagneticBridge,” Materials Evaluation, Vol. 59, No. 4, 2001, pp. 537–542.
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Get the Word OutFor a copy of our Media Planner, or to discuss your advertising
strategy, contact the AdvertisingSupervisor at [email protected] or by phone at (800) 222-2768.
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New & Reconditioned Equipment • Portable & Stationary • Real Time & Digital Imaging Systems • Sale – Rental – LeaseIn-House or On-Site Service For:• Andrex • Philips • Sperry/Stavely• XMAS • Balteau • Tubes/H.V. Cables• TFI • Scanray • Seifert/Eresco• Gemini • ICM • Magnaflux• Rigaku • Gulmay • Pantak• Faxitron • Comet • Astrophysics
ASSOCIATED X-RAY246 Dodge AveE. Haven, CT 06512Ph: (203) 466-2446Email: [email protected]
X-RAY Sales & Service
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SERVICEdirectory • Real Time & Digital Imaging Systems • Portable & Stationary Equipment • Cabinet X-Ray Systems • Micro focus equipment • Radiation safe rooms and cabinets • Safety interlock switches • Room alarms/portable warning units • Automatic film processors • X-Ray film and chemicals • High intensity illuminators • Dark room supplies • US & Export sales and service
ASSOCIATED X-RAY246 Dodge AveEast Haven, CT 06512Ph: (203) 466-2446Email: [email protected]
X-RAY • NDT
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comingattractıons l In December, MaterialsEvaluation will feature papers
on Radiographic Testing. Findout how your company can be
included by contacting the
advertising supervisor. This
issue will also include the
semi-annual NDTMarketplaceproduct guide!
l The January issue of
Materials Evaluation will be a
Technical Focus Issue on
Microwave Testing. Several
papers have already been
collected looking at this
advancing technology. Contact
the advertising supervisor to
be part of the issue!
Looking for a low cost, highlyvisible advertising program?Consider placing a directory ad
in Materials Evaluation. Buildproduct or service recognition
with this popular program.
Use the Coming Attractions
information to help plan youradvertising schedule. Contact
Advertising Supervisor Jessica
Miller at (800) 222-2768 X209
or by e-mail at [email protected].
ADindex
November 2015
Bolded listings in the ad index below indicate platinum and gold advertisers.
Advanced OEM Solutions www.aos-ndt.com 1451
AllPro NDT www.allpro-imaging.com 1459
Curtis Industries www.curtis-test.com 1458
CWB Group www.cwbgroup.org 1448
Dürr NDT, GmbH & Co. KG www.duerr-ndt.com 1429, 1431
Eclipse Scientific, Inc. www.eclipsescientific.com 1446
Eddyfi www.eddyfi.com 1427
FEI www.fei.com 1415
Fuji www.fujindt.com IFC
GE Measurement & Control www.gemeasurement.com 1423
Guangzhou Doppler www.cndoppler.cn 1406
Hellier www.hellierndt.com 1412
Labino AB www.labino.com 1409
Lavender www.lavender-ndt.com 1452
Matec www.matec.com 1471
MFE Enterprises www.mfescan.com 1463
MFE Rentals www.mferentals.com 1445, 1448, 1468
Mistras Group, Inc. www.mistrasgroup.com IBC
NDT Boot Camp www.ndtbootcamp.com 1468
NDT Classroom www.ndtclassroom.com 1437
NDT Mart www.ndtmart.com 1452
Olympus www.olympus-ims.com BC
SE International www.seintl.com 1430
Sentinel/QSA Global www.sentinelndt.com 1453
Sonatest www.sonatest.com 1416
Spectronics www.spectroline.com 1454
TecScan www.tecscan.ca 1437
Test NDT www.testndt.com 1420
TesTex www.testex-ndt.com 1405
University of Ultrasonics www.universityofultrasonics.com 1426
UniWest www.uniwest.com 1433
Virtual Media Integration www.starrview.com 1411
Zetec www.zetec.com 1445
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