materials day ‘09

Materials for Energy

October 7, 2009

Materials Day ‘09

Batteries, Solar, Lighting

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Materials Day 2009

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Massachusetts InstItute of technology

MATERIALS PROCESSING CENTER

Materials Processing CenterMassachusetts Institute of Technology

77 Massachusetts AvenueRoom 12-007

Cambridge, MA 02139http://mpc-web.mit.edu/

email: [email protected]

Materials Day at MIT


October 7, 2009

Materials Day will focus on new material playing critical roles in the development of new sources for renewable and clean energy, as well as in energy conservation. Wide ranging activities include development of new lighting and high-efficiency photovoltaic technology; lighter, stronger, and greener materials for transportation and construction; and new materials for energy harvesting, storage, and transport. Materials Day 2009 will explore a number of these themes with presentations by MIT faculty and industry associates. Immediately following the symposium will be our annual graduate student poster session and the day will conclude with a reception, dinner and keynote speaker.

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Materials Day 2009

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Materials Day Agenda

8:00 am Registration (Kresge Auditorium)

8:30 am Welcome Professor Carl V. Thompson Director, Materials Processing Center Materials Science & Engineering, MIT

Session I: 9:00 am New Materials for PV Modules: Cost, Performance and Reliability

Dr. Daniel Cunningham Module Technology Manager BP Solar

9:40 am Nanostructured Heat Transfer and Energy Conversion Materials Professor Gang Chen Solid State Solar-Thermal Energy Conversion Center (S3TEC) Mechanical Engineering, MIT

10:20 am Break

10:30 am Progress and Challenges in Solid State Lighting Dr. Andrew Kim Epitaxy Transfer Manager Philips Lumileds

11:10 am What’s Exciting about Excitonics? Professor Marc Baldo Director, Center for Excitonics Electrical Engineering & Computer Science, MIT

12:00 - 1:00pm

Lunch Student Center, 3rd floor, Twenty Chimneys /Mezzanine Lounge (Bldg. W20)

Session 2: 1:00 pm Nano-structured Materials for Next Generation Fuel Cells

Professor Harry L. Tuller Materials Science & Engineering, MIT

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1:40 pm The “Materials Genome” Project at MIT: Accelerated and Large-Scale Ma-terials Discovery in the Energy Field Professor Gerbrand Ceder Materials Science & Engineering, MIT

2:20 pm Break

2:30 pm A123 Systems Li-ion Batteries: From Nanotech to Reality Dr. Bart Riley CTO & VP of Research & Development A123 Systems

3:10 pm Creating and Funding Startups: A Venture Capital Perspective Mr. Sean Dalton General Partner Highland Capital Partners

3:50 pm Wrap-up and Discussion with Attendees

Materials Research Review Poster Session

4:00 - 5:30 pm

Poster Session and Social La Sala De Puerto Rico, 2nd Floor Stratton Student Center (Bldg. W20)

5:30 pm Poster Awards

6:30 pm Registration and Reception Marriott Hotel (Kendall Square) Two Cambridge Center, 50 Broadway Cambridge, MA 02142

7:00 pm Dinner and Keynote Speaker Financial Crisis, Energy and World Sustainability Professor Roberto Rigobon Sloan School of Management, MIT

8:30 pm Questions and Discussion

9:00 pm Adjourn

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Professor Carl V. ThompsonDirector, Materials Processing Center Stavros Salapatas Professor of Materials Science and Engineering, MIT

Materials Day 2009

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Biography

Professor Thompson received his SB in Materials Science and Engineering from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1976. He received his SM and PhD degrees in Applied Physics from Harvard Uni-versity in 1977 and 1982 respectively. He was an IBM postdoctoral fellow in the Research Laboratory of Electronics at MIT in 1982 and joined the faculty of the Department of Materials Science and Engineering in 1983. He is currently the Stavros Salapatas Professor of Materials Science & Engineering. Professor Thompson spent the 1990-91 academic year at the University of Cambridge Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, where he was awarded a United Kingdom Science and Engineering Research Council Visiting Fellowship. He spent the 1997-98 academic year at the Max-Plank Institute fur Metallforschung in Stuttgart, Germany as a result of having received an award for Senior U.S. Scientist from the Alexander Von Humboldt Foundation. He was the President of the Materials Research Society in 1996. At MIT, Prof. Thompson currently Co-Chairs the Singapore-MIT Alliance program in Advanced Materials for Micro and Nano-Systems and is the Co-Director of the Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory-MIT Program. He became the Director of the Materials Processing Center in 2008.

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Dr. Daniel CunninghamModule Technology Manager BP Solar

Biography

Dr. Daniel Cunningham has been Module Technology Manager at BP Solar since 2004. His activities include module as-sembly process and product design plus product reliability testing and IEC/UL certification. Before this, he was Director of Technology for BP Solar’s CdTe activity where his R&D team produced a record module efficiency of 11%. He received a 2001 Research Partnership Award from the US Department of Energy for his activities in this area. He also has extensive experience in silicon solar cell processing and crystal growth in which he has numerous publications. Dr Cunningham graduated from Southampton University, UK with a B.Sc (Hons) in Chemistry and a PhD in Physical Chemistry.

New Materials for PV Modules: Cost, Performance and Reliability

Abstract Within the Solar Industry the drive to guaranteeing long term performance of PV systems has led to a growing interest in products with improved energy efficiency. This has been driven by defined energy purchases as described in power purchase agreements. In the past, the performance metric for solar systems was based on STC performance or rated power alone. More and more, PV systems especially at the utility scale need to determine the competitiveness of their energy generation cost with that of other sources. In determining the total levelized cost of electricity (LCOE), system design aspects such as component reliability, power plant capacity factor, depreciation benefit, etc, will affect the over-all cost of electricity. However, the single most important driver for the performance of any system is its energy pro-duction when deployed in a real world scenario. This talk describes the approach BP Solar has taken to maximize the energy output from their products by tailoring module electrical, optical, and thermal properties. By reducing series resistance losses, reducing light reflection from the glass surface, and improving heat flow through the module back, energy production of the assembly package has been increased by 7%. As a result, the impact of these improvements on the total lifetime energy yield and on the total efficiency of the product is very significant.


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Materials Day 2009

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Professor Gang ChenDirector Solid State Solar-Thermal Energy Conversion Center Mechanical Engineering, MIT

Nanostructured Heat Transfer and Energy Conversion Materials

Abstract

Heat transfer and energy conversion phenomena at nanoscale can differ significantly from that in macroscale. In this talk, I will start with a general discussion of nanoscale heat transfer and energy conversion processes, followed by a few examples of developing better heat transfer and energy conversion materials exploiting nanoscale effects. The first example will be how nanostructures can be exploited to reduce the thermal conductivity of materials for more efficient thermoelectric energy conversion. In an opposite example, I will discuss how we engineer heat conduction to turn poly-mers from poor thermal conductors to highly thermally conductive materials. I will conclude by introducing our newly established DOE Solid-State Solar-Thermal Energy Conversion Center (S3TEC Center).

Biography

Dr. Gang Chen is currently the Carl Richard Soderberg Professor of Power Engineering at Massachusetts Institute of Technology. He obtained his Ph.D. degree from UC Berkeley in 1993 working under then Chancellor Chang-Lin Tien. He was an assistant professor at Duke University from 1993-1997, and associate professor at University of California at Los Angeles from 1997-2001, and moved to MIT in 2001. He is a recipient of an NSF Young Investigator Award, a Guggenheim Fellow, an ASME Fellow, an ASME Heat Transfer Memorial Award, a R&D100 Award, and the first holder of the Warren and Towneley Rohsenow Professorship at MIT. He has published extensively in the area of nanoscale energy transport and conversion and nanoscale heat transfer. He serves on the editorial boards for four journals in heat transfer and nanotechnology and chairs the advisory board of ASME Nanotechnology Institute. He is the director of Solid-State Solar-Thermal Energy Conversion Center funded by the US DOE’s Energy Frontier Research Centers program.

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Abstract Continuing development of high-power white InGaN LEDs is enabling never before possible applications in displays and illumination. Adoption of white LEDs in solid-state lighting applications is increasingly driven by social and en-vironmental forces, where the long operating life, high efficiency, and absence of lead and mercury of the most ad-vanced LEDs are very attractive. While precise requirements vary by application, the key goals continue to be to gener-ate maximum flux per package with high wall-plug efficiency, excellent reliability, and flexible packaging and optics at a competitive cost. Progress in each key goal is increasingly dependent on sophisticated materials development, both in continuous evolutionary improvement and in the conception of novel new materials solutions.

In this presentation, I will describe a few key technologies deployed in LUXEON products from Philips Lumileds and discuss examples of epitaxy challenges and opportunities on the path toward ubiquitous application of solid-state white lighting.

Dr. Andrew KimEpitaxy Transfer ManagerPhilips Lumileds

Biography

Andrew Kim is the Epitaxy Transfer Manager at Philips Lumileds and an alumnus of the Department of Materials Science and Engineering at MIT (SB ’95, PhD ’00).

Andrew started his career in 2000 as a scientist in the newly formed joint venture of Agilent and Philips that is now Philips Lumileds. He served as a project leader and then program manager in InGaN epitaxy process development and characterization, developing several new technologies that helped Philips Lumileds become a leader in LED per-formance and reliability. Since 2006, Andrew has managed the introduction of new InGaN and AlInGaP processes into production, bringing together R&D, product development, manufacturing, and marketing areas.

Progress and Challenges in Solid State Lighting

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Professor Marc BaldoDirector Center for Excitonics Electrical Engineering & Computer Science, MIT

What’s Exciting about Excitonics?

Abstract

Conventional electronic devices can be difficult to manufacture; their con-stituent materials require very high levels of order and achieving such low

entropy in a semiconductor requires expensive and energy intensive fabrication. For example, the energy payback time for a crystalline silicon solar cell is on the order of 2 years, and at current manufacturing growth rates, it is expected to take at least 20 years to produce enough silicon-based solar cells to make a significant impact on the world energy supply. Similarly, epitaxial growth constraints are likely to limit solid state lighting sources to a small fraction of the overall demand for lighting.

There is an alternate approach that is more suitable for large scale production. In the new Energy Focused Research Center (EFRC) for Excitonics, we address materials with only short-range order. Such nanostructured materials are com-positions of nano-engineered elements such as organic molecules, polymers, or quantum dots and wires, in films bound together by weak van der Waals bonds. These materials are characterized by excitons that are localized within the ordered nanostructures. Excitons provide a unique means to transport energy and convert between photons and electrons. Due to localization of excitons, the optical properties of the films are relatively immune to longer-range structural defects and disorder in the bulk. And in contrast with the painstaking growth requirements of conventional semiconductors, weak van der Waals bonds allow excitonic materials to be readily deposited on a variety of materials at room temperature. We address two grand challenges in excitonics: (1) to understand, control and exploit exciton transport, and (2) to understand and exploit the energy conversion processes between excitons and electrons, and excitons and photons.

Biography

Marc Baldo is the Esther and Harold E. Edgerton Career Development Associate Professor of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science. Marc received his B.Eng. from the University of Sydney in 1995 with first class honors and university medal. He received his Ph.D. from Princeton University in 2001, where he helped develop phosphorescent organic light emitting devices – now the efficiency standard for organic displays and solid state lighting. He has been at MIT since 2002. At MIT he has worked on the spin dependence of exciton formation in organic light emitting devices, demon-strating that selective use of spin orbit coupling can increase fluorescent efficiencies. He has also investigated the use of photosynthetic materials and architectures in organic solar cells.

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Professor Harry L. TullerDirector Crystal Physics and Optical Electronics Laboratory Materials Science and Engineering, MIT

Biography

Harry L. Tuller is Professor of Ceramics and Electronic Materials, Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Head of the Crystal Physics and Electroceramics Laboratory at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.

He received B.S. and M.S. degrees in Electrical Engineering and Eng.Sc.D. in Solid State Science & Engineering from Columbia University, NY; served as Postdoctoral Research Associate; Physics, Technion, Israel 1974-5; MIT Assistant Professor 1975-9, Associate Professor 1979-86 and Full Professor 1986-present. His research focuses on sensors, fuel cells; solar energy, electroceramic thin films; microphotonics; organic transistors and MEMS devices. He has published over 335 articles, co-edited 14 books and awarded 22 patents. He is Editor-in-Chief of the Journal of Electroceramics and Series Editor of Electronic Materials: Science and Technology published by Springer.

His honors include: elected fellow of the American Ceramic Society –ACERS- (1984); recipient of Fulbright (1989-1990) and von Humboldt (Germany) Awards (1997-2002); docteur honoris causa, University Provence, Marseilles (2004); ACERS F.H. Norton Award (2005); elected to World Academy of Ceramics (2006); ACERS Edward Orton Jr. award (2007); The Joseph Meyerhoff Visiting Professor, Weizmann Institute of Science (2008); Honorable Guest Professor (HGP) of Shizuoka University, Japan (2009); technices doctor honoris causa, University of Oulu, Finland (2009); The John F. McMahon Award Lecture, Alfred University (2009).

Dr. Tuller is co-founder of Boston MicroSystems, a pioneer in silicon carbide-based MEMS technology and devices.


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Abstract

For the past decade, much excitement has been generated within the field of nano-ionics, given the expectation that decreasing dimensions could lead to breakthroughs in energy conversion and storage technologies. While nanostruc-tured electrodes have been implemented with much success in Li-ion battery technologies, the impact of nano-ionic materials on fuel cell technology remains less clear. The fundamentals of nano-ionics are introduced, with a view towards practical implications for the functioning of solid electrolytes and electrodes. Important phenomena such as ionic conduction, device degradation, and surface reactions are discussed with respect to the increasing role of space charge and strain effects in these small scale devices. Implications for future research and development relating to intermediate-temperature and micro Solid Oxide Fuel Cells will be addressed.

Nano-structured Materials for Next Generation Fuel Cells

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Professor Gerbrand Ceder Materials Science and Engineering, MIT

The “Materials Genome” Project at MIT: Accelerated and Large-Scale Materials Discovery in the Energy Field

Biography

Gerbrand Ceder is the R.P. Simmons Professor of Materials Science and Engineering at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. He received an engineering degree in Metallurgy and Applied Materials Science from the University of Leuven, Belgium, in 1988, and a Ph.D. in Materials Science from the University of California at Berkeley in 1991 at which time he joined the MIT faculty. Dr. Ceder’s research interests lie in computational modeling of material properties and the design of novel materials. Currently, much of the focus of his work is on materials for energy generation and storage, including battery materials, hydrogen storage, thermoelectrics, electrodes for fuel cells and photovoltaics. He has published over 220 scientific papers in the fields of alloy theory, oxide phase stability, high-temperature supercon-ductors, and Li-battery materials, and holds 5 current or pending U.S. patents. His most recent scientific achievement has been the development of materials for ultra fast battery charging. He has received the Battery Research Award from the Electrochemical Society, the Career Award from the National Science Foundation, and the Robert Lansing Hardy Award from The Metals, Minerals and Materials Society for “exceptional promise for a successful career.” He has also received three awards from the graduate students at MIT for best teaching. He is the founder of Computational Modeling Consultants.

Abstract

The need for novel materials is the technological Achilles Heel of our strategy to address the energy and climate problem facing the world. The large-scale deployment

of photovoltaics, photosynthesis, storage of electricity, thermoelectrics, or reversible fuel catalysis cannot be realized with current materials technologies. The “Materials Genome” project, started at MIT, has as its objective to use high-throughput first principles computations on an unparalleled scale to discover new materials for energy technologies. Several key problems such as crystal structure prediction and accuracy limitations of standard Density Functional Theory methods have been overcome to perform reliable, large scale materials searching.

Successful examples of high-throughput calculations in the field of lithium batteries and radiation detectors will be shown and developments in other fields will be discussed.

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Dr. Bart RileyCTO & VP of Research & DevelopmentA123 Systems

A123 Systems Li-ion Batteries: From Nanotech to Reality

Biography

Currently CTO of A123Systems, Bart has spent over 20 years in the advanced materials industry focused on develop-ing new products and processing technologies. After receiving a PhD at Cornell University in what turned out to be experimental geology, Bart joined American Superconductor in 1990 to work on making flexible wire from ceramic superconductors. In 2001, he co-founded A123Systems to develop next generation batteries based on nanotechnol-ogy. With commercial success of its first set of battery products, A123Systems is now poised to play an important role in the greening of the transportation and electric utility industries.

Abstract

A123Systems has developed a new generation of Li-ion batteries based on a novel nanophosphate chemistry. The resulting batteries give unprecedented levels of power, safety and life, and are currently being used in a number of portable power, automotive, and grid applications. The development and capability of this new class of batteries will be reviewed. Following on the technical review, the current challenges facing battery developers will be presented and discussed in the context of the rapidly growing transportation and energy markets.

Abstract

Venture capital plays a crucial role in moving innovation from laboratories into the marketplace; yet, it tends to be misunderstood in many research environments. In this talk, we will attempt to explain the basic tenets of venture capital, why it is useful, and what venture capitalists look for in an investment. We will also address the impact of the financial crisis on the venture industry, as well as the increasingly important role of “Cleantech” in venture capital at large. In addition, we will provide some general advice, based on our own experience, to materials science companies looking to commercialize their technology.

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Mr. Sean DaltonGeneral Partner Highland Capital Partners

Creating and Funding Startups: A Venture Capital Perspective

Biography

Sean is a General Partner focusing on breakthrough opportunities in mobile technologies, semiconductors and advanced materials. He currently represents Highland on the boards of CHiL Semiconductor, Innovative Silicon, MokaFive, Movik Networks, QD Vision, Starent Networks (Nasdaq: STAR), Tatara Systems and Zoove and also actively works with ANDA Networks. Sean is a former director of AccessLan Communications (acquired by Advanced Fibre Communications), Altiga Networks (acquired by Cisco), Casero (acquired by Radialpoint), CCTV Wireless (acquired by TerreStar), Covergence (acquired by Acme Packet), Envoy Networks (acquired by Texas Instruments), Ocular Networks (acquired by Tellabs), Optasite (acquired by SBA Communications), P.A. Semi (acquired by Apple), Telcobuy.com (merged with World Wide Technology) and Telica (acquired by Lucent). The prestigious Forbes Midas List has recognized Sean as one of the top venture capitalists in the industry.

Prior to joining Highland, Sean was a Venture Associate at Fidelity Capital focusing on investments in communications and electronic commerce. Before Fidelity, Sean worked as a Product Manager - Internet Services for GTE where he developed remote access and other network services for ISPs and large business customers. While at GTE, Sean led the nation’s first ADSL trial for Internet access.

Sean has an M.S. from the University of Pennsylvania and an M.B.A. from the Harvard Business School.

Professor Roberto Rigobon Sloan School of Management, MIT

Abstract

The recent financial meltdown in the US questions our understanding on several dimensions. First, what does it truly mean to have a sustainable fi-nancial sector? The US was by far the most developed and best regulated market on earth, yet it went through this massive failure. Financial crisis have been happening regularly throughout the last 800 years in many countries. The issue of sustainability is not a trivial one.

Second, what are the relationships between this financial crisis and asset and commodity prices prior to the collapse? We tend to assume that markets are independent and/or isolated. This crisis has shown this is rarely the case. How do we deal with contagion? How can we measure it and can it be prevented?

Finally, the crisis indicates that our strategies toward improving standards of living in the world are severely flawed. In financial markets, we tend to believe improvements in one area lead to improvements in the world. These issues will be discussed and with relatively simple examples we will highlight why this is the wrong approach.

Biography

Roberto Rigobon’s areas of research are international economics, monetary economics, and development economics. Roberto focuses on the causes of balance-of-payments crises, financial crises, and the propagation of them across coun-tries - the phenomenon that has been identified in the literature as contagion. He studies properties of international pricing practices, how the Federal Reserve in the US determines its interest rate policy when there is a shock in the stock market index, and what is the impact of monetary policy shocks on asset prices.

Roberto is currently the Society of Sloan Fellows Professor of Applied Economics at the Sloan School of Management at MIT, a research associate of the National Bureau of Economic Research, and a visiting professor at IESA. He joined the business school in 1997 and has won the “Teacher of the Year” award and the “Excellence in Teaching” award three times at MIT. He got his Ph.D. in economics from MIT in 1997, an MBA from IESA (Venezuela) in 1991, and his BS in Electrical Engineer from Universidad Simon Bolivar (Venezuela) in 1984. He is married and has three children.

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Financial Crisis, Energy and World Sustainability

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Materials Resources:

Materials Processing Center provides an environment where students and professionals from industry, government, and academia collaborate to identify and address pivotal multidisciplinary issues in materials processing and manufacturing at MIT. http://mpc-web.mit.edu Microphotonics Center @ MIT builds interdisciplinary teams, focused on collaborative research for the ad-vancement of basic science and emerging technology pertaining to integrated photonic systems. http://mphotonics.mit.edu The Communications Technology Roadmap (CTR) is a project under the Microphotonics Industry Consortium, which in turn is part of the MIT Microphotonics Center. The purpose of this Roadmap is to understand the interaction between technology, industry, and policy dynamics and from there, formulate a vision for the future of the microphotonics industry. http://mph-roadmap.mit.edu/

The SolidState Solar-Thermal Energy Conversion Center (S3TEC) objective is to create novel solid-state materials for the conversion of sunlight and heat into electricity. http://s3tec.mit.edu

Materials@MIT is a portal website to all materials activities at MIT. http://materials.mit.edu Center for Materials Science & Engineering is devoted to the design, creation, and fundamental under-standing of materials that are capable of enhancing the human experience. http://mit.edu/cmse Department of Materials Science & Engineering is known as the world-wide leader in its field, pioneering advances in engineering sciences and technologies . http://dmse.mit.edu

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Thin Films and Coatings: Designed and Processed to Enhance Function and Performance

Materials Processing Center Massachusetts Institute of Technology

77 Massachusetts Avenue, Building 12-007 Cambridge, MA 02139

http://mpc-web.mit.edu/ e-mail: [email protected]

materials day ‘09

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