master the ssat & isee...peterson’s master the ssat & isee was designed to be as...
TRANSCRIPT
Peterson’s
MastertheSSAT®&ISEE®
AboutPeterson’s
Peterson’sprovidestheaccurate,dependable,high-qualityeducationcontentandguidanceyouneedtosucceed.Nomatterwhereyouareonyouracademicorprofessionalpath,youcanrelyonPeterson’sprintanddigitalpublicationsforthemostup-to-dateeducationexplorationdata,experttest-preptools,andtop-notchcareersuccessresources—everythingyouneedtoachieveyourgoals.
Formoreinformation,contactPeterson’s,3ColumbiaCircle,Suite205,Albany,NY12203-5158;800-338-3282Ext.54229;orfindusontheWorldWideWebatwww.petersonsbooks.com.
©2014Peterson’s,aNelnetcompany
Previouseditions©2001,2002,2003,2004,2005,2007,2008,2009
SSATisaregisteredtrademarkoftheSecondarySchoolAdmissionTestBoard,whichdoesnotendorsethisbook.
ISEEisaregisteredtrademarkoftheEducationalRecordsBureau,whichdoesnotendorsethisbook.
ALLRIGHTSRESERVED.Nopartofthisworkcoveredbythecopyrighthereinmaybereproducedorusedinanyformorbyanymeans—graphic,electronic,ormechanical,includingphotocopying,recording,taping,Webdistribution,orinformationstorageandretrievalsystems—withoutthepriorwrittenpermissionofthepublisher.
Forpermissiontousematerialfromthistextorproduct,completethePermissionRequestFormathttp://www.petersonspublishing.com/spa/permissions.aspx.
e-ISBN:978-0-7689-3946-0
NinthEdition
PUBLISHINGUPDATES
Checkoutourwebsiteatwww.petersonspublishing.com/publishingupdatestoseeifthereisanynewinformationregardingthetestandanyrevisionsorcorrectionstothecontentofthisbook.We’vemadesuretheinformationinthisbookisaccurateandup-to-date;however,thetestformatorcontentmayhavechangedsincethetimeofpublication.
Contents
BeforeYouBeginHowtoUseThisBookWhattoStudySpecialStudyFeaturesAnImportantNoteforEighth-andNinth-GradersParents’GuidetoPrivateSecondarySchoolYou’reWellonYourWaytoSuccessGiveUsYourFeedbackTop10StrategiestoRaiseYourScore
PARTI:HIGHSCHOOLENTRANCEEXAMBASICS
1AllAbouttheTestsWhatAretheHighSchoolEntranceExams?HowDoIFindOutWhichExamIMustTake?IfIHaveaChoiceofExams,HowDoIChoose?WhatKindsofQuestionsAreAskedonHighSchoolEntranceExams?HowAretheExamsStructured?WhatDotheAnswerSheetsLookLike?HowAretheExamsScored?
2SSATQuestionsWhatCanYouExpectontheTest?HowDoestheSSATMeasureVerbalAbility?HowDoestheSSATMeasureQuantitativeAbility?HowDoestheSSATMeasureReadingAbility?WhatIstheWritingSample?
3ISEEQuestionsWhatCanYouExpectontheTest?HowDoestheISEEMeasureVerbalAbility?
HowDoestheISEEMeasureQuantitativeAbility?HowDoestheISEEMeasureReadingComprehension?HowDoestheISEEMeasureMathematicsAchievement?WhatIstheEssayQuestion?
PARTII:DIAGNOSINGSTRENGTHSANDWEAKNESSES
4PracticeTest1:DiagnosticTestSection1:Synonyms(SSATandISEE)Section2:VerbalAnalogies(SSATOnly)Section3:SentenceCompletions(ISEEOnly)Section4:ReadingComprehension(SSATandISEE)Section5:QuantitativeAbility(SSATandISEE)Section6:QuantitativeComparisons(ISEEOnly)AnswersandExplanationsEvaluatingYourScoreandPlanningYourStudyTime
PARTIII:VOCABULARYREVIEW
5WordArithmetic(SSATandISEE)WhyDoTheyTestMyVocabulary?HowAreWordsBuilt?HowDoWordPartsWork?ListofCommonWordPartsWordListExercises:WordArithmeticAnswersandExplanations
PARTIV:VERBALABILITYREVIEW
6Synonyms(SSATandISEE)WhatDoSynonymQuestionsLookLike?HowDoYouAnswerSynonymQuestions?TestYourselfQuizzesAnswersandExplanationsExercises:SynonymsAnswersandExplanations
7VerbalAnalogies(SSATOnly)WhatMakesaVerbalAnalogy?WhatDoVerbalAnalogyQuestionsLookLike?HowDoYouSolveVerbalAnalogies?WhatDoSmartTest-TakersKnow?AnswersandExplanationsExercises:MixedRelationshipsAnswersandExplanations
8SentenceCompletions(ISEEOnly)WhatMakesaSentenceCompletion?HowDoYouAnswerSentenceCompletionQuestions?WhatDoSmartTest-TakersKnow?TestYourselfQuizzesAnswersandExplanationsExercises:SentenceCompletionsAnswersandExplanations
PARTV:READINGREVIEW
9ReadingComprehension(SSATandISEE)WhyIsMyReadingAbilityBeingTested?WhatKindsofQuestionsWillBeAsked?HowDoYouAnswerReadingComprehensionQuestions?WhatDoSmartTest-TakersKnow?TestYourselfQuizzesAnswersandExplanationsExercises:MainIdeaAnswersandExplanationsExercises:DetailsAnswersandExplanationsExercises:VocabularyAnswersandExplanationsExercises:InferenceAnswersandExplanations
PARTVI:MATHEMATICSREVIEW
10Mathematics(SSATandISEE)WhatMathematicsMustIKnow?HowDoIEstimatetheAnswer?WhenMustICalculate?TestYourselfQuizzesAnswersandExplanationsExercises:MathematicsAnswersandExplanations
11QuantitativeAbility(SSATandISEE)WhatMakesMultiple-ChoiceMathEasier?HowDoYouSolveMultiple-ChoiceQuantitativeAbilityQuestions?WhatDoSmartTest-TakersKnow?TestYourselfQuizzesAnswersandExplanationsExercises:QuantitativeAbilityAnswersandExplanations
12QuantitativeComparisons(ISEEOnly)WhatAreTheseStrange-LookingQuestions?HowDoYouSolveQuantitativeComparisons?WhatDoSmartTest-TakersKnow?TestYourselfQuizzesAnswersandExplanationsExercises:QuantitativeComparisonsAnswersandExplanations
PARTVII:WRITINGSAMPLEREVIEW
13WritingMechanics(SSATandISEE)WhatAreWritingMechanics?WhatAretheRulesofSpelling?SpellingDemonsWhatAretheRulesofPunctuation?
WhatAretheRulesforCapitalization?WhatAretheRulesofGrammar?WhatIsCorrectEnglishUsage?HowCanIImproveMyWriting?Exercises:SpellingAnswersandExplanationsExercises:PrinciplesofGrammarAnswersandExplanations
14TheEssay(SSATandISEE)WhatIsthePurposeoftheEssay?HowDoYouWriteanEssayUnderTimePressure?WhatDoSmartTest-TakersKnow?Exercises:EssayWriting1Exercises:EssayWriting2SampleResponses1SampleResponses2
PARTVIII:FOURPRACTICETESTS
PracticeTest2:SSAT(UpperLevel)PartI:WritingSamplePartII:MultipleChoiceAnswersandExplanationsScoreYourself
PracticeTest3:SSAT(UpperLevel)PartI:WritingSamplePartII:MultipleChoiceAnswersandExplanationsScoreYourself
PracticeTest4:ISEE(UpperLevel)Section1:VerbalReasoningSection2:QuantitativeReasoningSection3:ReadingComprehension
Section4:MathematicsAchievementSection5:EssayAnswersandExplanationsScoreYourself
PracticeTest5:ISEE(UpperLevel)Section1:VerbalReasoningSection2:QuantitativeReasoningSection3:ReadingComprehensionSection4:MathematicsAchievementSection5:EssayAnswersandExplanationsScoreYourself
APPENDIXES
AppendixA:ListofSynonyms
AppendixB:Parents’GuidetoPrivateSchoolsWhyChooseanIndependentSchool?AnotherOption:IndependentDaySchoolsWhyBoardingSchool:ReasonsIChoseThisPathandWhyYouMight,TooWhyaTherapeuticorSpecialNeedsSchool?FindingthePerfectMatchPlanaSuccessfulSchoolSearchUnderstandingtheAdmissionApplicationFormAboutAdmissionTestsandtheSSATPayingforaPrivateEducation
AppendixC:PrivateSchoolsAt-a-Glance
Credits
ExcerptsfromAChristmasCarol,byCharlesDickens
ExcerptfromTheGoldenFleece,byNathanielHawthorne
ExcerptfromRipVanWinkle,byWashingtonIrving
ExcerptfromTheNightingale,byHansChristianAndersen
TheRhodora,byRalphWaldoEmerson
BeforeYouBegin
HOWTOUSETHISBOOKCongratulations!You’vejustpickedupthebesthighschoolentranceexaminationpreparationguideyoucanbuy.ThisbookhasalltheanswerstoyourquestionsabouttheSSATandtheISEE.Itcontainsup-to-dateinformation,hundredsofpracticequestions,andsolidtest-takingadvice.Here’showyoucanuseittogetyourbesthighschoolentranceexamscore...andgetintothesecondaryschoolofyourchoice.
•Top10StrategiestoRaiseYourScoregivesyoutried-and-truetest-takingstrategies.•PartIcontainsanswerstoallyourquestionsabouttheSSATandtheISEE.You’lllearnwhatkindsofquestionstoexpect,howthetestsarescored,whatthequestionslooklike,andhowyoucankeepyourcoolontestday.
•PartIIgivesyouyourfirstchancetotryyourhandatsamplequestionsfrombothexams.PracticeTest1:Diagnosticcanshowyouwhereyourskillsarestrong—andwheretheyneedsomeimprovement.
•PartsIII,IV,V,andVIleadyouthroughthesubjectsoftheexams.Hereyouwillreviewwordanalysisandbasicmathematics.Skim,scan,orstudythesereviews,dependingonyourownneeds.You’llalsolearnabouteachquestiontypeyouwillseeonyourexam,andyou’llfindthedetailed,step-by-stepmethodsthattaketheguessworkoutofansweringthosequestions.Thesechaptersletyouinonthesecretssmarttest-takersknow—secretsthatcanaddvaluablepointstoyourtestscore.
•PartVIItakesyourhandasyoufacethepartoftheexamthatsomestudentsfindterrifying—theessay.You’lllearnhowtoorganizeandexpressyourideasundertimepressure.
•PartVIIIcontainsfourpracticetests.Takeatleastoneofyourexams.Takebothiftimeallows.Remember:practicemakesperfect!
•AppendixAgivesyoualistofhelpfulsynonyms.KnowingthewordsonthislistwillprepareyounotonlyforthesynonymsquestionsontheSSATandISEE,butwillalsoimproveyouroverallverbalskills.
•AppendixB:Parents’GuidetoPrivateSchoolsincludesusefularticlesonchoosingprivateschools,understandingadmissionapplicationforms,andpayingforprivateschools.Thearticlesarewrittenbyteachers,administrators,deans,andothereducationalprofessionals.
•AppendixC:PrivateSchoolsAt-a-GlancegivesyouvaluabledataonprivatesecondaryschoolsfromPeterson’sPrivateSecondarySchools.These“snapshots”willhelpguideyoursearchandalsoprovideinformationaboutAdvancedPlacement(AP)subjectareas
andsports.
WHATTOSTUDYPartsIIIthroughVIIofthisbookprovidecontentforyoutoreview.Usethetablebelowtodeterminewhichchapterstostudyforyourtest.
No. Chapter SSAT ISEE
PartIII:VocabularyReview
5 WordArithmetic X X
PartIV:VerbalAbilityReview
6 Synonyms X X
7 VerbalAnalogies X
8 SentenceCompletions X
PartV:ReadingReview
9 ReadingComprehension X X
PartVI:MathematicsReview
10 Mathematics X X
11 QuantitativeAbility X X
12 QuantitativeComparisons X
PartVII:WritingSampleReview
13 WritingMechanics X X
14 TheEssay X X
SPECIALSTUDYFEATURESPeterson’sMastertheSSAT&ISEEwasdesignedtobeasuser-friendlyasitiscomplete.Itincludesseveralfeaturestomakeyourpreparationeasier.
Overview
Eachreviewchapterbeginswithabulletedoverviewlistingthetopicsthatwillbecoveredinthechapter.Youknowimmediatelywheretolookforatopicthatyouneedtoworkon.
SummingItUp
Eachchapterendswithapoint-by-pointsummarythatcapturesthemostimportantpoints.
TestYourselfQuizzesandExercises
EachchapteroffersTestYourselfQuizzesand/orExercisesattheendofthechapter.Takeasmanyquizzesanddoasmanyexercisesasyoucan.Usetheresultstodeterminewhereyoustill
needwork.
BonusInformation
Inaddition,besuretolookinthepagemarginsofyourbookforthefollowingtest-preptools:
Note
NoteshighlightcriticalinformationabouttheformatoftheSSATandtheISEE.
Tip
Tipsdrawyourattentiontovaluableconcepts,advice,andshortcutsfortacklingthetests.
Alert!
Wheneveryouneedtobecarefulofacommonpitfallortest-takertrap,you’llfindanAlert!Thisinformationrevealsandhelpseliminatethewrongturnsmanypeopletakeontheexam.
ANIMPORTANTNOTEFOREIGHTH-ANDNINTH-GRADERSYoumayfindthatsomeofthetestquestionsthatappearontheSSATorISEEareextremelydifficultorcovermaterialthatyouhavenotyetbeenexposedto.Thisisintentional.Keepinmindthatthesameupper-levelexamisadministeredtostudentsingrades8,9,10,and11.However,yourfinalscorewillonlybecomparedtothescoresofotherstudentsinyourgrade.WhentheSecondarySchoolAdmissionTestBoardandtheEducationalRecordsBureausendadmissionofficersyourscores,they’llincludeinformationthatallowsyourscoretobecomparedtoallstudentsinyourgradewhohavetakenthetestinthepastthreeyears.Nooneexpectsyoutocompeteagainstolderstudents,sodon’tworryifyouencountervocabularyquestionsthatseemtooadvancedormathconceptsthatyouhaven’tmasteredyetinschool.Itwon’tbeheldagainstyou.Besides,becauseyou’reworkingwiththisbook,you’llbebetterpreparedtodealwiththosetoughquestionswhenyoutaketherealtest!
PARENTS’GUIDETOPRIVATESECONDARYSCHOOLParents—here’stheinformationyouneedtonavigatethroughtheprivatesecondaryschoolchoiceandadmissionprocess.We’veputtogethervaluableadvicefromadmissionexpertsaboutchoosingandapplyingtotheschoolthat’srightforyourchildandyourfamily.You’llbeabletogetanswerstoyourquestionsaboutindependentdayschools,findingtheperfectmatch,theadmissionapplicationform,andhowtopayforyourchild’sprivateschooleducation.
YOU’REWELLONYOURWAYTOSUCCESS
Rememberthatknowledgeispower.ByusingPeterson’sMastertheSSAT&ISEE,you’llbestudyingwiththemostcomprehensivepreparationguideavailableandyou’llbecomeextremelyknowledgeableaboutthetestyou’retaking.Welookforwardtohelpingyouscorehigher.Goodluck!
GIVEUSYOURFEEDBACKPeterson’spublishesafulllineofbooks—testprep,educationexploration,financialaid,andcareerpreparation.Peterson’spublicationscanbefoundatyourlocalbookstoreandlibrary,highschoolguidanceoffices,collegelibrariesandcareercenters,andatwww.petersonsbooks.com.Peterson’sbooksarenowalsoavailableasebooks.
Wewelcomeanycommentsorsuggestionsyoumayhaveaboutthispublication.Yourfeedbackwillhelpusmakeeducationaldreamspossibleforyou—andotherslikeyou.
TOP10STRATEGIESTORAISEYOURSCORE
1.Youdon’treallyneedtoreadthedirectionswhenyoutakeyourtest.Bythetimeyouactuallysitdowntotakeyourexam,you’vereadthisbook,you’vetakenallofthepracticetestsyoucouldfind,andyou’vereadenoughtestdirectionstofillalibrary.Sowhentheexamclockstartsticking,don’twastetimerereadingdirectionsyoualreadyknow.Instead,godirectlytoQuestion1.If,however,youdon’tfeelasconfidentaswedoaboutyourabilities,thenreadthedirections.
2.Questionsetsusuallygofromeasiesttomostdifficult—youshould,too!Exceptforthereadingcomprehensionquestions,testquestionsfollowthispattern.So,workyourwaythroughtheearlier,easierquestionsasquicklyasyoucan.
3.Theeasyanswerisn’talwaysthebest.Remember,thehardestquestionsareusuallyattheendofasectionandthatalsomeanstheanswersaremorecomplex.Lookcarefullyatthechoicesandreallythinkaboutwhatthequestionisasking.
4.Aneducatedguessisalwaysbest.Theprocessofeliminationisthebestwaytoimproveyourguessingodds.Checkouttheanswerchoicesandtrytocrossoutanythatyoudefinitelyknowarewrong.Ifyou’reansweringaquestionwithfiveanswerchoicesandyou’reableto
knockouttwochoices,theoddsgoupto33¹⁄3percentthatyouwillbecorrect.
5.It’ssmarttokeepmoving.It’shardtoletgo,butsometimesyouhaveto.Don’tspendtoomuchtimeonanyonequestionbeforeyou’vetriedallofthequestionsinasection.
6.FortheISEE,donotleaveanyblanksattheendofatest.Keeptrackofyourtimeandifyouhavequestionsremainingwhentimeisalmostup,trytoanswertherestofthequestions.
7.You’regoingtoneedawatch.Ifyou’regoingtopaceyourself,youneedtokeeptrackofthetime—andwhatifthereisnoclockintheroomoriftheonlyclockisoutofyourlineofvision?Awordofwarning:Don’tuseawatchalarmoryourwatchwillendupontheproctor’sdesk!
8.Keepingyourplaceontheanswersheetsavestimeandtestpoints.Keepyourplaceontheanswersheetbylayingyourtestbookletontopofitsoitactsasalinemarker,movingthetwoasyoumarkananswer.Thiswayyouwon’tlosepointsbymarkingtherightanswerinthewrongrow.
9.Checkandrecheckifyouhavetime.Ifyoufinishapartbeforetimeisup,usetheremainingtimetocheckthateachquestionisansweredintherightspaceandthatthereisonlyoneanswerforeachquestion.
10.Relax,andgoodluck!
PARTIHIGHSCHOOLENTRANCE
EXAMBASICS
CHAPTER1:AllAbouttheTests
CHAPTER2:SSATQuestions
CHAPTER3:ISEEQuestions
Chapter1
AllAbouttheTests
OVERVIEW
•Whatarethehighschoolentranceexams?•HowdoIfindoutwhichexamImusttake?•IfIhaveachoiceofexams,howdoIchoose?•Whatkindsofquestionsareaskedonhighschoolentranceexams?•Howaretheexamsstructured?•Whatdotheanswersheetslooklike?•Howaretheexamsscored?•Summingitup
WHATARETHEHIGHSCHOOLENTRANCEEXAMS?Thehighschoolentranceexamsarestandardizedtests.Independent,parochial,church-affiliated,andspecializedpublichighschoolsusescoresontheseexamstohelpthemmaketheiradmissionsdecisions.
Thereareanumberofwidelyusedstandardizedhighschoolexams.Thebestknownofthesearethefollowing:
•SSAT,theSecondarySchoolAdmissionTest,whichisadministeredbytheSecondarySchoolAdmissionTestBoardlocatedinPrinceton,NewJersey.Scoresareacceptedbymorethan900schools.SchoolsthatacceptSSATscoresincludeindependentunaffiliatedprivatedayandboardingschools,non-diocesanCatholicschoolsorCatholicschoolsoperatedbyreligiousorders,andnon-Catholicreligious-affiliatedschools.TheSSATisofferedatthreelevels—ElementaryLevelforstudentsenteringgrades4and5,MiddleLevelforstudentsenteringgrades6through8,andUpperLevelforstudentsentering
grades9andabove.ThisbookconcentratesonpreparingyoufortheUpper-Levelexam.•ISEE,theIndependentSchoolEntranceExamination,whichisadministeredbyEducationalRecordsBureauofNewYorkCity.TheISEEisacceptedbyallEducationalRecordsBureaumemberindependentschoolsintheUnitedStatesandabroad.TheISEEisofferedatfourlevels—PrimaryLevelforstudentsenteringgrades2through
4,LowerLevelforstudentsenteringgrades5and6,MiddleLevelforstudentsenteringgrades7and8,andUpperLevelforstudentsenteringgrades9andabove.ThisbookislimitedtopreparationfortheUpper-Levelexam.
•HSPT®,theHighSchoolPlacementTest,oneofthetwomostcommonlyusedCatholichighschoolentranceexams(theotheristheCOOP).Itisafive-part,multiple-choicetestofverbal,quantitative,reading,mathematics,andlanguageskills,andittakesapproximately hourstocomplete.Theexamcontains298questionsthataredesignedtoindicatehowwellastudentperformstasksthatcanbeexpectedofaneighth-grader.TherearetwodifferentHSPT®exams:theClosedHSPT®andtheOpenHSPT®.TheClosedHSPT®isadministeredbytheschool,butitisscoredbytheScholasticTestingService(STS).ClosedHSPT®scoresarecomparedtonationalstandarddistributionnorms,sonationwidepercentilescanbecompared.Scoringinformationissenttothehighschoolsindicatedonthestudent’sanswersheet,andit’suptotheschooltodeterminetheacceptablescoreforadmissiontoitsninthgradeclass.TheOpenHSPT®,whichusesoldversionsoftheClosedHSPT®,isadministeredandscoredbytheschool,soSTSdoesnotdealdirectlywithstudentresults.YoucanfindfullpreparationfortheHSPT®inPeterson’sMastertheCatholicHighSchoolEntranceExams.
•COOP,theCooperativeEntranceExam,publishedbyCTB/McGraw-HillofMonterey,California.TheCOOPisadministeredonlytostudentsplanningtoenterninthgrade.ItistheexclusiveentranceexaminationoftheArchdioceseofNewark,NewJerseyandtheDioceseofPaterson,NewJersey.Useinothersystemsorinindependentschoolsisscattered.BecausetheCOOPisusedalmostexclusivelybyCatholichighschools,fullpreparationisofferedinPeterson’sMastertheCatholicHighSchoolEntranceExams.
•SHSAT,theNewYorkCitySpecializedHighSchoolsAdmissionsTestadministeredbytheNewYorkCityDepartmentofEducation.ThisexamisonlyforeighthandninthgraderswholiveinNewYorkCityandwhowishtoattendBronxHighSchoolofScience,BrooklynTechnicalHighSchool,StuyvesantHighSchool,HighSchoolforAmericanStudiesatLehmanCollege,QueensHighSchoolforSciencesatYorkCollege,orHighSchoolforMath,ScienceandEngineeringatCityCollege.BecausetheuseofSHSATissolimited,thisbookoffersnopreparationforit.IfyouwillbetakingtheSHSAT,purchasePeterson’sMastertheNewYorkCitySpecializedHighSchoolsAdmissionsTest.
Thereareanumberoflesser-knownorindividuallyconstructedexams,assomeschoolsconstructtheirownexamsorpurchasestandardizedexamsfromsmallcompanies.Thesubjectsandquestionstylesoftheseexamscoverawiderangeofpossibilities,butverbal,reading,and
mathematicsskillsaresuretobeincluded.Youshouldfindthisbookhelpfulforanyentranceexam.
HOWDOIFINDOUTWHICHEXAMIMUSTTAKE?Calltheadmissionsofficesofallschoolstowhichyouareapplyingandaskwhichexameachschoolrequiresorwhichexamresultstheschoolwillaccept.Askalsoforthecutoffdatesbywhichyourscoresmustbereceivedbytheschool.Findoutiftheschoolhasmadespecialarrangementsfortestingitsapplicantsonaspecificdateataconvenientlocation.
IFIHAVEACHOICEOFEXAMS,HOWDOICHOOSE?IfallyourschoolswillacceptscoresfromeithertheSSATortheISEE,youcanchooseonthebasisofconvenienceoftestingdateandlocation.Or,ifyoubeganyourpreparationsearlyenoughandhavetriedasampleofeachexaminthisbook,youcanchoosetheexamwithwhichyoufeelmorecomfortable.
Youcangetlistsoftestinglocations,dates,registrationdeadlines,andfeesalongwithofficialtestdescriptions,officialsamplequestions,andregistrationformsbywritingorcallingorbyvisitingthefollowingwebsites:
SSATBCN5399Princeton,[email protected]
EducationalRecordsBureau470ParkAvenueSouthSecondFloor,SouthTowerNewYork,NY10016800-989-3721(toll-free)[email protected]
WHATKINDSOFQUESTIONSAREASKEDONHIGHSCHOOLENTRANCEEXAMS?
ThescopeofquestionsisprettylimitedforboththeSSATandISEE.Youwillnotfindsubject-specificquestions—nogrammarorspelling,nogeographyorscience.Butyouwillfindquestionstestingyourverbal,reading,andmathskills—skillsyou’vebeenworkingonsinceyouwere6yearsold.
Asidefromtheessay,whichisnotscored,allofthequestionsaremultiple-choice—foreachquestion,youhavefivechoicesontheSSATandfourchoicesontheISEE.Multiple-choicequestionsmakethetestseemeasierbecauseyou’llalwayshavethecorrectanswerinfrontofyou—youjusthavetofindit!
NOTEOnboththeSSATandtheISEEallquestiontypescountthesame.Youdon’tneedtoworryaboutsomequestionsbeingmoreimportantthanothers.
TheVerbalAbilitySections
Theverbalabilitysectionscontainquestionsthattestvocabularyandverbalreasoning.BoththeSSATandISEEusesynonymquestionstotestyourvocabulary.TheSSATtestsyourverbalreasoningwithanalogyquestionswhiletheISEEtestsverbalreasoningwithsentencecompletions.
Synonyms
Synonymquestionspresentasinglewordandaskyoutochoosethewordwiththesameormostsimilarmeaning.Thisisapuretestofvocabulary,thoughword-buildingskillsmayhelpyoufigureoutmeaningsofsomeunfamiliarwords.
Analogies(SSATonly)
Analogiespresentapairofwordsthathavesomelogicalrelationshiptooneanother.Thecorrectanswerconsistsofapairofwordswiththesamekindofrelationshipasthefirstpair.
SentenceCompletions(ISEEonly)
Sentencecompletionquestionsaskyoutochooseawordorwordsthatfillintheblanksinagivensentence.Theytesthowwellyoucanusecontextcluesandwordmeaningstocompleteasentence.
ReadingComprehension
Readingcomprehensionquestionsrelatetoapassagethatisprovidedforyoutoread.SSAT
passagescanbeaboutalmostanything.ISEEpassagesarebasedonsocialstudies,humanities,orsciencereadings,buttheydonottestyourknowledgeinthesesubjects.Regardlessofthesubjectmatterofthereadingpassage,thequestionsafterittesthowwellyouunderstoodthepassageandtheinformationinit.
MathematicsSections
ThemathsectionsontheSSATandtheISEEarestructuredsomewhatdifferently,butbothexamsseektomeasureyourunderstandingandapplicationofquantitativeconcepts—thatis,arithmetic,algebraic,andgeometricconcepts.It’simportanttoknowthatthesequestionsrequireeithersimplecalculationsornoneatall.OntheSSAT,youwillseeonlystandardmultiple-choicequestions.TheISEEusesacombinationofmultiple-choicequestionsandquantitativecomparisons.
NOTECalculatorsarenotallowedoneitherexam,butyoureallydon’tneedone.Leaveyourcalculatorandscratchpaperathomeanddoanyfiguringinyourheadorinthemarginsofyourtestbooklet.
StandardMultiple-ChoiceQuestions
Standardmultiple-choicequestionsgiveyouaprobleminarithmetic,algebra,orgeometry.Thenyouchoosethecorrectanswerfromthechoicesoffered.Manyoftheseproblemsinvolvenumberpatterns,asmallbodyofeasilymemorizedinformation,andresponsechoicesthatmakeitpossibleforyoutoestimatethecorrectanswer.Thesequestionscanoftenbesolvedwithoutpencilandpaper.
QuantitativeComparisons(ISEEonly)
Quantitativecomparisonquestionstestyourskillsincomparinginformationandinestimating.You’llseetwoquantities,oneinColumnAandoneinColumnB.Yourjobistocomparethetwoquantitiesanddecideifoneisgreaterthantheother,iftheyareequal,orifnocomparisonispossible.These,too,canoftenbedeterminedwithoutpencilandpaper,particularlyafteryouhavereviewedthebasicconceptsinthemathsectionshere.
HOWARETHEEXAMSSTRUCTURED?SSAT
TheSSATisadministeredinsixseparatelytimedsections.Thefirstsectionisthewritingsample.AmongtheotherfivesectionsyouwillalwaysfindtwoQuantitativesections,oneVerbal(synonymsandanalogies)section,andoneReadingComprehensionsection.ThereisalsoanExperimentalsection,whichisnotscored.ThissectioncontainssixVerbal,fiveQuantitative,andfiveReadingComprehensionquestions.Everyquestiononthemultiple-choicepartoftheSSAToffersfiveanswerchoiceslettered(A),(B),(C),(D),and(E).
HereistheSSATformatandtimetable:
TIPSetyourwatchtoexamtime.Atthebeginningofeachtestsection,setyourwatchto12o’clock,andlayitonthedeskinfrontofyou.Thenallyouhavetodoisglancequicklyatthehandstoseehowmuchtimehaspassed.
FormatofaTypicalSSAT
SectionNumberofQuestions TimeAllowed
WritingSample 25minutes
Multiple-Choice
Section1: Quantitative(Math) 25questions 30minutesSection2: ReadingComprehension 40questionsbased
onapproximately8–9readingpassages
40minutes
Section3: Verbal 60questions 30minutes30Synonymquestions30Analogyquestions
Section4: Quantitative(Math) 25questions 30minutesSection5: Experimental 16questions 15minutes
NOTEManytestproctorswillnotallowyoutowearadigitalwatchduringthetest.
ISEE
TheISEEisadministeredinfiveseparatelytimedsections.Thefirstfoursectionsofthetestaremultiple-choiceandcontainsomescoredandsomeunscoredquestions.Atotalof21multiple-choicequestionsonthetestarenotscored.Theessay,whichisthefinalsectionoftheISEE,isalsonotscored.Aphotocopyofyouressayisprovidedtoeachschoolasawritingsample.
Eachmultiple-choicequestionontheISEEoffersfouranswerchoices.Thesearelettered(A),(B),(C),and(D).
HereistheISEEformatandtimetable:
TIPKeepyourplaceontheanswersheetbylayingyourtestbookletontopofitsoitactsasalinemarker,movingthetwoasyoumarkananswer.Thiswayyouwon’tlosepointsbymarkingtherightanswerinthewrongrow.
FormatofaTypicalISEE
SectionNumberofQuestions TimeAllowed
Section1: VerbalReasoning 40questions 20minutesSynonymsSentenceCompletions
Section2: QuantitativeReasoning 37questions 35minutesNumbersandOperationsAlgebraicConceptsGeometryMeasurementDataAnalysisandProbabilityConcepts/UnderstandingApplications/HigherOrderThinkingQuantitativeComparisons
Section3: ReadingComprehension 36questionsbasedon6readingpassages
40minutes
HumanitiesPassagesSciencePassagesSocialStudiesPassages
Section4: MathematicsAchievement 47questions 40minutesNumbersandOperationsAlgebraicConceptsGeometricConceptsMeasurementDataAnalysisandProbability
Section5: Essay 30minutes
TIPMovequicklyontheeasyones.Thequestionsinasetusuallygofromeasiesttohardest.Trytogothroughtheeasyonesquickly.
WHATDOTHEANSWERSHEETSLOOKLIKE?Whenyougetthetestbooklet,you’llalsogetaseparatesheetonwhichyou’llmarkyouranswers.
ALERT!WhentakingtheSSAT,leavequestionsblankifyourunoutoftimeorhavenoideawhattheansweris.Takeaguessifyoucanruleout2ofthe5answerchoicesorifyouhaveaprettystrongfeelingaboutonechoice.Neverfillintheanswerbubblesrandomly—itwillcostyoupoints!
Foreachmultiple-choicequestion,you’llseeacorrespondingsetofanswerbubbles.Thebubblesarelabeledfrom(A)to(D)ontheISEEandfrom(A)to(E)ontheSSAT.Answersheetsarereadbymachines.Fillinyourchosenanswerbubblescompletelyandboldlysotherecanbenomistakeaboutwhichoneyouhavechosen.
HOWARETHEEXAMSSCORED?OK,you’veansweredallthequestions,timeisup(andnotamomenttoosoon),andyouturninyouranswersheet.Whatnext?Offitgoestothemachineatthecentralofficesofthetestingorganization.Themachinescansthesheetinsecondsandcalculatesascore.Howitcalculatesyourscoredependsonwhichexamyouweretaking.
SSAT
ThescoringoftheSSATisasfollows:Yougetonepoint(+1point)foreachcorrectanswer,andyouloseonequarterofapoint foreachincorrectanswer.Omittedanswershave
noeffect(0points)onyourscore.Calculationofrightanswersminusonefourthofwronganswersyieldsyourrawscore.Donotworrythatyourstandingontheexammaysufferincomparisontostudentsinothergradestakingthesameupper-levelexam.SSATscoresarescaledandreportedinpercentilesthatcompareonlystudentswithinthesameageandgradegroup.
ISEE
ScoringoftheISEEisuncomplicated.Youreceiveonepointforeveryquestionthatyouanswercorrectly.Thereisnopenaltyforawronganswer.Itreceivesnocredit,butthereisnodeductionfortheerror.AswiththeSSAT,scoringandpercentilerankingaredoneseparatelyformembersofeachgradegrouptakingthesameexam.Youwillbecomparedonlywithyourpeers.
SUMMINGITUP
•TheSSATisa3-hourtestofverbal,quantitative,andreadingability.•TheISEEisa3-hourtestofverbalandquantitativeability,readingcomprehension,andmathematicsachievement.
•TheSSATdeductsonefourthofapointfromyourscoreforeachincorrectanswer.Randomguessingwilldonogood.Acalculatedguessisalwaysworthwhile.
•TheISEEgivesyouonepointforeachcorrectanswer.Wronganswersdonotaffectyourscore.Leavenoblanks.
•AllSSATquantitativequestionsarestandardmultiple-choicequestions.•SomeISEEmathematicalquestionsarestandardmultiple-choice;somearequantitativecomparisons.
•Theessayisonlyawritingsample.Itisnotscored.•Onbothexamsallquestionswithineachset,exceptreadingcomprehension,arearrangedfromeasytohard.
•Useaprocessofeliminationtomakeeducatedguesseswhenyouarenotsure.•Yourpercentilerankingisbasedoncomparisonofyourscorewithstudentsinyourgradeonly.
•Youcangetaverygoodscoreevenifyoudon’tanswereveryquestion.•Don’tspinyourwheels.Don’tspendtoomuchtimeonanyonequestion.Giveitsomethought,takeyourbestshot,andmovealong.
•Guessingisalwayspermissible,butisitalwayswise?Thatdependsonwhetherornotyouhaveaclueastothepossibleanswer,anditdependsonwhichexamyouaretaking.Ifyou’retakingtheSSAT,youwillgetpenalized forincorrectanswers.Guessonlyifyoucaneliminatebetween2or3choices.Youwon’tbepenalizedforguessingontheISEE,sogoaheadandtakethechance.Youhavenothingtolose!
Chapter2
SSATQuestions
OVERVIEW
•Whatcanyouexpectonthetest?•HowdoestheSSATmeasureverbalability?•HowdoestheSSATmeasurequantitativeability?•HowdoestheSSATmeasurereadingability?•Whatisthewritingsample?•Summingitup
WHATCANYOUEXPECTONTHETEST?TheSSATusesfourquestiontypestotestyourverbalandquantitativeabilitiesandyourreadingcomprehension.Thischapterwilldescribeeachoftheminturnandshowyousamples.LearningthesequestiontypesinadvanceisthebestwaytopreparefortheSSAT.Theyneverchange,soyou’llknowwhattoexpectwhenyoutakethetest.TheSSATalsoasksyoutowriteashortessayonanassignedtopic.Thischapterwillintroduceyoutotheessayrequirement.
HOWDOESTHESSATMEASUREVERBALABILITY?TheSSATmeasuresyourverbalabilitywithtwoquestiontypes:
SynonymsAnalogies
Averbalsectionconsistsof60questions;30ofthesequestionsaresynonymsand30areanalogies.
SynonymQuestions
Asynonymisawordwiththesamemeaningornearlythesamemeaningasanotherword.SSATsynonymquestionsaskyoutochoosethebestsynonymforaquestionwordthatiswrittenincapitalletters.
ThedirectionsforSSATsynonymquestionslooksomethinglikethis:
Directions:ChoosethewordorphrasewhosemeaningismostsimilartothemeaningofthewordinCAPITALletters.
HerearetwosampleSSATsynonymquestions.Tryeachoneonyourown;thenreadtheexplanationthataccompaniesit.
1.NOVICE
(A)competitive
(B)clumsy
(C)aged
(D)beginner
(E)impulsiveThecorrectansweris(D).ANOVICEisabeginner,someonewithoutexperience.Youmayrecognizetherootofnovel,meaningnew,acluetothedefinition.
2.CONVOY
(A)hearse
(B)thunderstorm
(C)group
(D)jeep
(E)journeyThecorrectansweris(C).ACONVOYisagrouptravelingtogetherforprotectionorconvenience.Youhaveprobablyseenconvoysofmilitaryvehiclestravelingsinglefilealongthehighwaytowardsummerreservecamp.
AnalogyQuestions
Analogyquestionsaskyoutomatchuppairsofwordsthatarerelatedinthesameway.Eachquestionstartswithawordpair.Yourjobistofindorcreateanotherpairofwordsthatisrelatedinthesamewayasthefirstpair.
ThedirectionsforSSATanalogyquestionslooksimilartothis:
Directions:Findtherelationshipbetweenthewords.Readeachquestionandthenchoosetheanswerthatbestcompletesthemeaningofthesentence.
HerearetwosampleSSATanalogyquestions.Tryeachoneonyourownbeforereadingtheexplanationthataccompaniesit.
3.Lidistoboxascorkisto
(A)float
(B)bottle
(C)wine
(D)blacken
(E)stopperThecorrectansweris(B).Therelationshipisoneofpurpose.Thepurposeofalidistocloseabox;thepurposeofacorkistocloseabottle.Corkiseasilyassociatedwithallthechoices,soyoumustrecognizethepurposefulrelationshipoftheinitialpairtochoosethecorrectanswer.
4.Poisonistodeathas
(A)bookistopages
(B)musicistoviolin
(C)kindnessistocooperation
(D)lifeistofamine
(E)nothingistosomethingThecorrectansweris(C).Thisisacause-and-effectrelationship.Poisonmayleadtodeath;kindnessmayleadtocooperation.Neitheroutcomeisaforegoneconclusion,butbothareequallylikely,sotheparallelismaintained.Choice(B)offersareversedrelationship.
ALERT!Notethatthedirectionsaskyoutochoosethebest
answer.Theremaybeseveralanswersthatarepartiallycorrect,butonlyonethatiscompletelycorrect.That’swhyyoushouldalwaysreadalltheanswerchoicesbeforeyoumakeyourfinalselection.
HOWDOESTHESSATMEASUREQUANTITATIVEABILITY?TheSSATtestsyourquantitativeabilityintwo25-questionmathematicssections,thatis,with50mathematicsquestionsinall.Thequestionsineachsectionmeasureyourknowledgeofnumberconceptsandoperations,algebra,geometry/measurement,anddataanalysis/probability.
Thedirectionsarethesameforbothquantitativesections.Theyaresimilartothis:
Directions:Calculateeachprobleminyourheadorinthescratchareaofthetestbookletandchoosethebestanswer.
HerearefoursampleSSATquantitativeabilityquestionsshowingtherangeofmathematicalquestions.Tryeachoftheseonyourownbeforeyoureadtheexplanationthataccompaniesit.
5. %of1500=
(A)60
(B)15
(C)7.50
(D)3.75
(E)1.50
Thecorrectansweris(D). %writtenasadecimalis0.0025.(1500)(0.0025)=3.75.
Youcouldhavedonethisprobleminyourheadbythinking:10%of1500is150;1%of
1500is15; of1%=15÷4=3.75.
6.IfpsychologicalstudiesofjuveniledelinquentsshowKpercenttobeemotionallyunstable,thenumberofjuveniledelinquentsnotemotionallyunstableper100juveniledelinquentsis
(A)100–K
(B)1–K
(C)K–100
(D)100÷K
(E)K÷100Thecorrectansweris(A).“Percent”meansoutof100.IfKpercentareemotionallyunstable,thenKoutof100areemotionallyunstable.Theremainder,100–K,arenotunstable.
NOTELeaveyourcalculatorathome.Youwon’tbeabletouseitonanyofthetests.Instead,usethespaceprovidedinthetestbookletforscratchwork.
7.Apieceofwood35feet,6incheslongwasusedtomake4shelvesofequallength.Thelengthofeachshelfwas
(A)9feet,1 inches.
(B)8feet,10 inches.
(C)8feet,1 inches.
(D)7feet,10 inches.
(E)7feet,1 inches.
Thecorrectansweris(B).Firstconvertthefeettoinches.35feet,6inches=420inches+6
inches=426inches.426÷4=106.5inchespershelf=8feet,10 inchespershelf.
8.AngleABDisa(n)
(A)straightangleandcontains180º.
(B)acuteangleandcontains35º.
(C)obtuseangleandcontains360º.
(D)rightangleandcontains45º.
(E)rightangleandcontains90º.Thecorrectansweris(E).AngleABCandangleABDaresupplementaryangles.SinceangleABC=90º,angleABDmustalsoequal90º(180º–90º=90º).Arightanglecontains90º.
Youmayhavenotedthatonlynumber7ofthesamplemathquestionsrequiredapencil-and-papercalculationbecausethenumberswereabitdifficulttomanipulatementally.Theothersrequiredapplicationofamathematicalconceptandverylittlecalculation.
NOTETheSSATreadingcomprehensionsectionisanopen-booktest.Theanswerswillalwaysbedirectlystatedorimpliedinthegivenpassage.
HOWDOESTHESSATMEASUREREADINGABILITY?TheSSATmeasuresyourabilitytoreadquicklyandtounderstandwhatyoureadbyaskingyouquestionsaboutpassagesyoumustread.The40questionsinareadingcomprehensionsectionarebasedonabouteightorninereadingpassages.
ThedirectionsforSSATreadingcomprehensionquestionslooksimilartothis:
Directions:Carefullyreadeachpassageandthequestionsthatfollowit.Choosethebestanswertoeachquestiononthebasisoftheinformationinthe
passage.
HereisasampleSSATreadingpassagefollowedbyfourquestions.Readthepassageandtryansweringthequestionsonyourownbeforereadingtheexplanations.
CottonfabricstreatedwiththeXYZProcesshavefeaturesthatmakethemfarsuperiortoanypreviouslyknownflame-retardant-treatedcottonfabrics.XYZProcess-treatedfabricsaredurabletorepeatedlaunderinganddrycleaning;areglowresistantaswellasflameresistant;whenexposedtoflamesorintenseheatformtough,pliable,andprotectivechars;areinertphysiologicallytopeoplehandlingorexposedtothefabric;areonlyslightlyheavierthanuntreatedfabrics;andaresusceptibletofurtherwetanddryfinishingtreatments.Inaddition,thetreatedfabricsexhibitlittleornoadversechangeinfeel,texture,andappearanceandareshrink-,rot-,andmildew-resistant.Thetreatmentreducesstrengthonlyslightly.Finishedfabricshave“easycare”propertiesinthattheyarewrinkle-resistantanddryrapidly.
9.Itismostaccuratetostatethattheauthorintheprecedingselectionpresents
(A)factsbutreachesnoconclusionconcerningthevalueoftheprocess.
(B)aconclusionconcerningthevalueoftheprocessandfactstosupportthatconclusion.
(C)aconclusionconcerningthevalueoftheprocessunsupportedbyfacts.
(D)neitherfactsnorconclusions,butmerelydescribestheprocess.
(E)thecaseformakingallfabricsflame-retardant.Thecorrectansweris(B).Thisisaquestionthatrequiresyoutoevaluatetheauthor’sapproachtothepassage.Ifyoucannotanswerthisquestionreadily,rereadtheselection.TheauthorclearlythinksthattheXYZProcessisterrificandsayssointhefirstsentence.Therestoftheselectionpresentsawealthoffactstosupporttheinitialclaim.
10.ForwhichoneofthefollowingarticleswouldtheXYZProcessbemostsuitable?
(A)Nylonstockings
(B)Woolenshirt
(C)Silktie
(D)Cottonbedsheet
(E)PolyesterslacksThecorrectansweris(D).Atfirstglanceyoumightthinkthatthisisaninferencequestionrequiringyoutomakeajudgmentbaseduponthefewdrawbacksoftheprocess.Closerreading,however,showsyouthatthereisnocontestforthecorrectanswerhere.
Thisisasimplequestionoffact.TheXYZProcessisatreatmentforcottonfabrics.
11.ThemainreasonfortreatingafabricwiththeXYZProcessisto
(A)preparethefabricforotherwetanddryfinishingtreatment.
(B)renderitshrink-,rot-,andmildew-resistant.
(C)increaseitsweightandstrength.
(D)reducethechancethatitwillcatchfire.
(E)justifyapriceincrease.Thecorrectansweris(D).Thisisadetailquestion.Youmustidentifythefact,giveninthefirstsentence,thatXYZProcesscreatesflame-retardantfabrics.
12.WhichoneofthefollowingwouldbeconsideredaminordrawbackoftheXYZProcess?
(A)Formscharswhenexposedtoflame
(B)Makesfabricsmildew-resistant
(C)Addstotheweightoffabrics
(D)Iscompatiblewithotherfinishingtreatments
(E)DoesnotwashoutofthefabricThecorrectansweris(C).Obviouslyadrawbackisanegativefeature.Theselectionmentionsonlytwonegativefeatures.Thetreatmentreducesstrengthslightly,anditmakesfabricsslightlyheavierthanuntreatedfabrics.Onlyoneofthesenegativefeaturesisofferedamongtheanswerchoices.
NOTEForthewritingsample,givespecificexamplestosupportyourposition.
WHATISTHEWRITINGSAMPLE?AtthebeginningofeachSSATtestingsession,youmustwritea25-minuteessayonagiventopic.Youwillhaveachoiceoftwotopics,acreativewritingtopicandanessay-typetopic.Thisessayisnotscored.Itisduplicatedandsenttoeachschoolasasampleofyourabilitytoexpressyourselfinwritingunderthesameconditionsasallothercandidatesforadmissiontotheschool.
ThedirectionsfortheSSATwritingsamplelooksimilartothis:
Directions:Readthetopics,choosetheoneyoufindmostinteresting,andorganizeyouressaybeforewriting.Writealegibleessayonthepaperprovided.
HereisasampleSSATessaytopic.Trytoorganizeandwriteanessayonthistopic.
Topic:Badthingsalwayshappeninthrees.
Doyouagreeordisagree?Supportyourpositionwithexamplesfromyourownexperience,theexperienceofothers,currentevents,oryourreading.
SUMMINGITUP
•TheSSATmeasuresverbalabilitywithtwoquestiontypes:synonymsandanalogies.•TheSSATmeasuresquantitativeabilityintwosectionscoveringnumberconceptsandoperations,algebra,geometry/measurement,anddataanalysis/probability.
•Calculatorsarenotpermitted.Instead,usethespaceprovidedinthetestbookletforscratchwork.
•Theanswerstothereadingcomprehensionquestionsarebasedoninformationeitherdirectlystatedorimpliedinthepassages.
•AtthebeginningofeachSSATtestingsession,youmustwritea25-minuteessayononeoftwogiventopics.
Chapter3
ISEEQuestions
OVERVIEW
•Whatcanyouexpectonthetest?•HowdoestheISEEmeasureverbalability?•HowdoestheISEEmeasurequantitativeability?•HowdoestheISEEmeasurereadingcomprehension?•HowdoestheISEEmeasuremathematicsachievement?•Whatistheessayquestion?•Summingitup
WHATCANYOUEXPECTONTHETEST?TheISEEusesfivequestiontypestotestyourverbalandquantitativeabilitiesandyourachievementinmathematicsandreadingcomprehension.Thischapterwilldescribeeachoftheminturnandshowyousamples.LearningthesequestiontypesinadvanceisthebestwaytopreparefortheISEE.Theyneverchange,soyou’llknowwhattoexpectandyouwon’thaveanyunpleasantsurpriseswhenyoushowuptotakethetest.TheISEEalsoasksyoutowriteashortessayonanassignedtopic.Thischapterwillintroduceyoutotheessayrequirement.
HOWDOESTHEISEEMEASUREVERBALABILITY?TheISEEmeasuresyourverbalabilitywithtwoquestiontypes:
SynonymsSentencecompletions
Theverbalabilitytestconsistsof40questions.Atotalof19ofthesequestionsaresynonyms
and21aresentencecompletions.Fiveofthequestionsareunscored.
SynonymQuestions
Asynonymisawordwiththesamemeaningornearlythesamemeaningasanotherword.ISEEsynonymquestionsaskyoutochoosethebestsynonymforacapitalizedword.
ThedirectionsforISEEsynonymquestionslooklikesomethingthis:
Directions:ChoosethewordthatismostnearlythesameinmeaningasthewordinCAPITALletters.
HerearetwosampleISEEsynonymquestions.Tryeachoneonyourown;thenreadtheexplanationthataccompaniesit.
1.TENANT
(A)occupant
(B)landlord
(C)owner
(D)farmerThecorrectansweris(A).ThemostcommonsenseofthewordTENANTisrenter.Assuch,thetenantisneverthelandlord.Theownermaywellbeanoccupant,butunlessheorsheoccupiesonaverytemporarybasis,heorsheisnotconsideredatenant.Atenantfarmerlivesonandcultivatesthelandofanother.
2.CALCULATED
(A)multiplied
(B)added
(C)answered
(D)figuredoutThecorrectansweris(D).CALCULATINGmaywellincludemultiplyingoraddinginordertoarriveattheanswer,butnotallcalculationsneedbemathematical.Itisthefiguringoutthatisthecalculating.
ALERT!Notethatthedirectionsaskyoutochoosethebestanswer.Theremaybeseveralanswerchoicesthatarealmostright,butonlyonethatiscompletelycorrect.That’swhyyoushouldalwaysreadalltheanswerchoicesbeforeyoumakeyourfinalselection.
SentenceCompletionQuestions
Justasthenameimplies,sentencecompletionsare“fill-in-the-blank”questions.ISEEsentencecompletionquestionsmayhaveoneortwoblanks.Yourjobistochoosefromamongtheanswerchoicesthewordorwordsthatbestfiteachblank.
ThedirectionsforISEEsentencecompletionquestionslooklikethis:
Directions:Theblanksinthefollowingsentencesindicatethatwordsaremissing.Ifthereisoneblank,onlyasinglewordismissing.Iftherearetwoblanks,apairofwordsismissing.Choosetheonewordorpairofwordsthatwillbestcompletethemeaningofthesentenceasawhole.
HerearetwosampleISEEsentencecompletionquestions:aone-blankquestionandatwo-blankquestion.Tryeachoneonyourownbeforereadingtheexplanationthataccompaniesit.
3.Utilityisnot__________,fortheusefulnessofanobjectchangeswithtimeandplace.
(A)planned
(B)practical
(C)permanent
(D)understandableThecorrectansweris(C).Iftheusefulnessofanobjectchanges,thenthatusefulnessisbydefinitionnotpermanent.
4.Astringoflieshadlandedherinsuchahopeless__________thatshedidn’tknowhowto__________herself.
(A)status...clear
(B)pinnacle...explain
(C)confusion...help
(D)predicament...extricateThecorrectansweris(D).“Hopelesspredicament”isanidiomaticexpressionmeaning“impossiblesituation.”Thisisareasonablepositionforonetobeinafterastringoflies.Thesecondblankiscorrectlyfilledwithatermthatimpliesthatshecouldn’tgetoutofthemessshehadcreated.
HOWDOESTHEISEEMEASUREQUANTITATIVEABILITY?TheISEEtestsyourunderstandingofquantitativeconceptsandyourabilitytoapplythoseconceptswithtwoquestiontypes:
Standardmultiple-choicequestionsQuantitativecomparisons
Thequantitativereasoningtestconsistsof37questions.Abouthalfofthesearestandardmultiple-choicequestions,andtheremainderarequantitativecomparisons.Fivequestionsonthissectionareunscored.
MultipleChoice
Thedirectionsforthestandardmultiple-choicequestionslooksimilartothis:
Directions:Workeachprobleminyourheadoronthespaceavailableonthepagesofthetestbookletandchoosethecorrectanswer.Allfiguresareaccuratelydrawnunlessotherwisenoted.Alllettersstandforrealnumbers.
HerearetwosampleISEEstandardmultiple-choicequantitativeabilityquestions.Tryeachoftheseonyourownbeforeyoureadtheexplanationthataccompaniesit.
5.IfA2+B2=A2+X2,thenBequals
(A)
(B)X2–2A2
(C)
(D)A2+X2
Thecorrectansweris(A).SubtractA2frombothsidesoftheequation:B2=X2,therefore.
6.Howmuchtimeistherebetween8:30a.m.todayand3:15a.m.tomorrow?
(A)17 hours
(B)18 hours
(C)18 hours
(D)18 hours
Thecorrectansweris(D).12:00=11:60From8:30a.m.untilnoontoday:11:60–8:30=3:30
3hrs.30min.
Fromnoonuntilmidnight:12hours
Frommidnightuntil3:15a.m.:3hrs.15min.
Total:3hrs.30min.+12hrs.+3hrs.15min.=18hrs.45min.=18 hours
QuantitativeComparisons
ISEEquantitativecomparisonsareprobablynotlikeanyothermathquestionyou’veeverseen.Thesequestionspresentyouwithtwoquantities,oneinColumnAandoneinColumnB.Yourjobistodecidewhetheronequantityisgreater,whetherthetwoquantitiesareequal,orwhethernocomparisonispossible.Therearealwaysfouranswerchoicesforthisquestiontype,andtheyarealwaysthesame.Thedirectionsonthispartofthetestaresimilartothis:
Directions:Foreachofthefollowingquestions,twoquantitiesaregiven—oneinColumnA,theotherinColumnB.Comparethetwoquantitiesandchoose:
(A)ifthequantityinColumnAisgreater
(B)ifthequantityinColumnBisgreater
(C)ifthequantitiesareequal
(D)iftherelationshipcannotbedeterminedfromtheinformationgiven
Rememberthefollowinginformationasyoutacklequantitativecomparisonquestions:•Forsomequestions,informationconcerningoneorbothofthequantitiestobecomparediscenteredabovetheentriesinthetwocolumns.
•SymbolsthatappearinbothcolumnsrepresentthesamethinginColumnAasinColumnB.
•Letterssuchasx,n,andkaresymbolsforrealnumbers.•Allfiguresareaccuratelydrawnunlessotherwisenoted.
HerearetwosampleISEEquantitativecomparisonquestions.Tryeachoftheseonyourownbeforeyoureadtheexplanationthataccompaniesit.
7.
NOTE:Figurenotdrawntoscale.
ColumnA ColumnB
180–a d+c–b
Thecorrectansweris(D).
Sincewedonotknowifa>bora<b,therelationshipcannotbedetermined.
ColumnA ColumnB
8.
Thecorrectansweris(B).
ColumnA<ColumnB
NOTEInISEEreadingcomprehensionquestions,theanswerswillalwaysbedirectlystatedorimpliedinthepassage.Youcanthinkofitasanopen-booktest!
HOWDOESTHEISEEMEASUREREADINGCOMPREHENSION?TheISEEmeasuresyourabilitytoreadquicklyandtounderstandwhatyoureadbyaskingyouquestionsaboutpassagesthatyoumustread.The36questionsinthereadingcomprehensionsectionarebasedonsixreadingpassages.Sixofthequestionsareunscored.BecausetheISEEisinterestedinbothyourlevelofreadingandyourabilitytocomprehendmaterialfromthesciencesandfromsocialstudies,someofthecontentofthereadingpassagesisbasedonsocialstudiesandscience.Youmayalsoseehumanitiespassagescoveringtheartsandliterature,aswellaspassagesoncontemporarylife.
ThedirectionsfortheISEEtestofreadingcomprehensionlooksimilartothis:
Directions:Eachpassageisfollowedbyquestionsbasedonitscontent.Answerthequestionsfollowingeachpassageonthebasisofwhatisstatedorimpliedinthepassage.
HerearesamplesoftwoISEEreadingpassages,eachfollowedbytwoquestions.Thefirstpassageisasocialstudiespassageandthesecond,ascience-basedpassage.Readeachpassageandtrytoanswerthequestionsonyourownbeforeyoureadtheexplanations.
Alargeproportionofthepeoplewhoarebehindbarsarenotconvictedcriminals,butarepeoplewhohavebeenarrestedandarebeinghelduntiltheirtrialincourt.Expertshaveoftenpointedoutthatthisdetentionsystemdoesnotoperatefairly.Forinstance,apersonwhocanaffordtopaybailusuallywillnotgetlockedup.Thetheoryofthebailsystemisthatthepersonwillmakesuretoshowupincourtwhenheissupposedtosinceheknowsthatotherwisehewillforfeithisbail—hewilllosethemoneyheputup.Sometimesapersonwhocanshowthatheisastablecitizenwithajobandafamilywillbereleasedon“personalrecognizance”(withoutbail).Theresultisthatthewell-to-do,theemployed,andthosewithfamiliescanoftenavoidthedetentionsystem.Thepeoplewhodowindupindetentiontendtobethepoor,theunemployed,thesingle,andtheyoung.
9.Accordingtotheprecedingpassage,peoplewhoareputbehindbars
(A)arealmostalwaysdangerouscriminals.
(B)includemanyinnocentpeoplewhohavebeenarrestedbymistake.
(C)areoftenpeoplewhohavebeenarrestedbuthavenotyetcometotrial.
(D)areallpoorpeoplewhotendtobeyoungandsingle.Thecorrectansweris(C).Theanswertothisquestionisdirectlystatedinthefirstsentence.Choice(B)mightbepossible,butitisneitherstatednorimpliedbythepassage.Thewordallinchoice(D)makesitanincorrectstatement.
10.Supposethattwomenwerebookedonthesamechargeatthesametimeandthatthesamebailwassetforbothofthem.Onemanwasabletoputupbail,andhewasreleased.Thesecondmanwasnotabletoputupbail,andhewasheldindetention.Thewriterofthepassagewouldmostlikelyfeelthatthisresultis
(A)unfair,becauseitdoesnothaveanyrelationtoguiltorinnocence.
(B)unfair,becausethefirstmandeservesseverepunishment.
(C)fair,becausethefirstmanisobviouslyinnocent.
(D)fair,becausethelawshouldbetougheronpoorpeoplethanontherich.Thecorrectansweris(A).Youshouldhavenodifficultyinferringthisattitudefromthetoneofthepassage.
Fireoftentravelsinsidethepartitionsofaburningbuilding.Manypartitionscontainwoodenstudsthatsupportthepartitions,andthestudsleaveaspaceforthefiretotravelthrough.Flamesmayspreadfromthebottomtotheupperfloorsthroughthe
partitions.Sparksfromafireintheupperpartofapartitionmayfallandstartafireatthebottom.Somesignsthatafireisspreadinginsideapartitionare:(1)blisteringpaint,(2)discoloredpaintorwallpaper,or(3)partitionsthatfeelhottothetouch.Ifanyofthesesignsispresent,thepartitionmustbeopeneduptolookforthefire.Findingcobwebsinsidethepartitionisonesignthatfirehasnotspreadthroughthepartition.
11.Firescanspreadinsidepartitionsbecause
(A)therearespacesbetweenstudsinsideofpartitions.
(B)firescanburnanywhere.
(C)partitionsaremadeoutofmaterialsthatburneasily.
(D)partitionsareusuallypaintedorwallpapered.Thecorrectansweris(A).Thisstatementoffactismadeinthesecondsentence.
12.Ifafirefighterseesthepaintonapartitionbeginningtoblister,heshouldfirst
(A)wetdownthepartition.
(B)checkthepartitionsinotherrooms.
(C)chopaholeinthepartition.
(D)closewindowsanddoorsandleavetheroom.Thecorrectansweris(C).Blisteringpaint(line6)isasignthatfireisspreadinginsideapartition.Ifthissignispresent,thefirefightermustopenthepartitiontolookforthefire(lines7–8).Thewaytoopenthepartitionistochopaholeinit.
NOTELeaveyourcalculatorandscratchpaperathome.Youcan’tusethemonthetest,buttherewillbespaceprovidedinthetestbookletforscratchwork.
HOWDOESTHEISEEMEASUREMATHEMATICSACHIEVEMENT?TheISEEmeasuresyourmathematicsachievementbyaskingyoutoanswermathquestionsthatrelateto:
•Numbersandoperations•Algebraicconcepts•Geometry•Measurement
•Dataanalysisandprobability
Themathematicsachievementtestconsistsof47questions,allofthemofthestandardmultiple-choicetype.Fiveofthesequestionsareunscored.
Thedirectionsforthemathematicsachievementtestlooksimilartothis:
Directions:Readeachquestionandchoosethebestanswerbasedoncalculationsinyourheadorinthemarginsofthetestbooklet.
HerearefoursampleISEEmathematicsachievementquestions.Tryeachoftheseonyourownbeforeyoureadtheexplanationthataccompaniesit.
13.If ofaclassisabsentand ofthosepresentleavetheroom,whatfractionofthe
originalclassremainsintheroom?
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
Thecorrectansweris(C).If areabsent, arepresent.If ofthe presentleave,
ofthe remain. remainintheroom.
14.Acogwheelhaving8cogsplaysintoanothercogwheelhaving24cogs.Whenthesmallwheelhasmade42revolutions,howmanyhasthelargerwheelmade?
(A)10
(B)14
(C)16
(D)20Thecorrectansweris(B).Thelargerwheelis3timesthesizeofthesmallerwheel,soitmakes therevolutions:42÷3=14.
15.75%of4isthesameaswhatpercentof9?
(A)25
(B)33
(C)36
(D)40Thecorrectansweris(B).75%of4=3
of9
16.If cupofspinachcontains80caloriesandthesameamountofpeascontains300
calories,howmanycupsofspinachhavethesamecaloriccontentas cupofpeas?
(A)
(B)1
(C)2
(D)2
Thecorrectansweris(D). cupspinach=80calories
cuppeas=300calories
1cuppeas=600calories
cuppeas=400calories
400÷80=5halfcupsofspinach
=2 cupsofspinach
WHATISTHEESSAYQUESTION?AttheendofeachISEEtestingsession,youmustwritea30-minuteessayonanassignedsubject.Thisessayisnotscored.Itisduplicatedandsenttoeachschoolasasampleofyourabilitytoexpressyourselfinwritingunderthesameconditionsasallothercandidatesforadmissiontotheschool.
ThedirectionsfortheISEEessayquestioncanbesummarizedasfollows:
Directions:Readtheessaytopicanddecidewhatyouwanttosay.Organizeyourthoughtscarefully,thenwritealegible,coherent,andgrammaticallycorrectessayonthetopic.
HereisasampleISEEessaytopic,alsocalleda“prompt.”Trytoorganizeandwriteanessayonthistopic.
Topic:AnexchangestudentfromChinahasjustenteredyourschool.Whatwillyoutellthisstudentaboutstudentlifeatyourschool?
SUMMINGITUP
•TheISEEmeasuresverbalabilitywithtwoquestiontypes:synonymsandsentencecompletions.
•TheISEEtestsquantitativeabilitywithtwoquestiontypes:standardmultiple-choiceandquantitativecomparisons.
•TheISEEmeasuresreadingabilitywithreadingcomprehensionquestionsbasedoninformationthatiseitherdirectlystatedorimpliedinthepassages.
•TheISEEmeasuresmathematicsachievementinfiveareas:numbersandoperations,algebraicconcepts,geometry,measurement,anddataanalysisandprobability.
•Calculatorsarenotpermitted.Instead,usethespaceprovidedinthetestbookletforscratchwork.
•AttheendofeachISEEtest,youmustwritea30-minuteessayonanassignedsubject.
PARTIIDIAGNOSINGSTRENGTHS
ANDWEAKNESSES
CHAPTER4:PracticeTest1:Diagnostic
PracticeTest1:DiagnosticTest
PartIIcontainsaDiagnosticTesttohelpyouseewhereyoustand.TaketheDiagnosticTestfirst,tolearnyourstrengthsandweaknesses.Thenuseyourresultstodevelopastudyplan.
Usethetablebelowtodeterminewhichsectionsofthetesttotake.
No. Section SSAT ISEE
1 Synonyms X X
2 VerbalAnalogies X
3 SentenceCompletions X
4 ReadingComprehension X X
5 QuantitativeAbility X X
6 QuantitativeComparisons X
TheDiagnosticTestdoesnotcontainanessayquestion.However,youwillhavechancestopracticeyourwritingskillsinPartVII.
ThesectionsonthisDiagnosticmaydifferfromyourtestincertainways.Forinstance,theDiagnosticsectionsmaybeshorterthanthesectionsonyourtest.ThoughtheDiagnosticwillnotbeidenticaltothetestyouwilltake,itwillstillhelpyouassesyourskilllevels.Onceyouknowwhereyouneedwork,youcanbettertargetyourstudying.
SECTION1:SYNONYMS(SSATANDISEE)20Questions•10Minutes
Directions:ChoosethewordorphraseclosestinmeaningtotheCAPITALIZEDword.
1.INTERMITTENTLY
(A)constantly
(B)annually
(C)usingintermediaries
(D)atirregularintervals
2.DECEPTION
(A)secrets
(B)fraud
(C)mistrust
(D)hatred
3.ACCLAIM
(A)amazement
(B)laughter
(C)booing
(D)applause
4.ERECT
(A)paint
(B)design
(C)destroy
(D)construct
5.RELISH
(A)care
(B)speed
(C)amusement
(D)enjoy
6.FORTNIGHT
(A)twoweeks
(B)oneweek
(C)twomonths
(D)onemonth
7.IMPOSE
(A)disguise
(B)escape
(C)require
(D)tax
8.ALIAS
(A)enemy
(B)sidekick
(C)hero
(D)othername
9.ITINERANT
(A)traveling
(B)shrewd
(C)insurance
(D)aggressive
10.AMPLE
(A)plentiful
(B)enthusiastic
(C)well-shaped
(D)overweight
11.STENCH
(A)puddleofslimywater
(B)pileofdebris
(C)foulodor
(D)deadanimal
12.SULLEN
(A)grayishyellow
(B)soakingwet
(C)verydirty
(D)angrilysilent
13.TERSE
(A)pointed
(B)trivial
(C)nervous
(D)lengthy
14.INCREMENT
(A)animprovisation
(B)anincrease
(C)feces
(D)specification
15.MISCONSTRUED
(A)followeddirections
(B)ledastray
(C)actingtosupervise
(D)interpretederroneously
16.VESTIGE
(A)design
(B)trace
(C)strap
(D)robe
17.CAPITULATE
(A)surrender
(B)execute
(C)finance
(D)retreat
18.EXTENUATING
(A)mitigating
(B)opposing
(C)incriminating
(D)distressing
19.SUBSERVIENT
(A)underestimated
(B)underhanded
(C)subordinate
(D)evasive
20.COLLUSION
(A)decision
(B)insinuation
(C)connivance
(D)conflict
SECTION2:VERBALANALOGIES(SSATONLY)20Questions•10Minutes
Directions:Findtherelationshipsamongthewords.Selecttheanswerchoicethatbestcompletesthemeaningofthesentence.
1.Redistopinkasblackisto
(A)beige
(B)white
(C)dark
(D)gray
(E)brown
2.Youthistoyoungasmaturityisto
(A)people
(B)parents
(C)grandmother
(D)old
(E)child
3.Oneistotwoasthreeisto
(A)two
(B)five
(C)six
(D)thirty
(E)nine
4.Lightistolampasheatisto
(A)furnace
(B)light
(C)sun
(D)room
(E)hot
5.Weekistomonthasseasonisto
(A)holiday
(B)spring
(C)harvest
(D)planting
(E)year
6.Squareistocircleasrectangleisto
(A)round
(B)triangle
(C)oval
(D)cube
(E)angle
7.Choiristodirectorasteamisto
(A)sport
(B)coach
(C)player
(D)athlete
(E)winner
8.Sandistobeachasblackdirtisto
(A)earth
(B)plants
(C)water
(D)farm
(E)soil
9.Tableistolegasautomobileisto
(A)wheel
(B)axle
(C)door
(D)fuel
(E)car
10.Arouseistopacifyasagitateisto
(A)disrupt
(B)ruffle
(C)understand
(D)ignore
(E)smooth
11.Margarineistobutteras
(A)creamistomilk
(B)laceistocotton
(C)nylonistosilk
(D)eggistochicken
(E)mapleistosyrup
12.Woodsmanistoaxeas
(A)carpenteristosaw
(B)mechanicistowrench
(C)soldieristogun
(D)draftsmanistoruler
(E)cowboyistolasso
13.Worriedistohystericalas
(A)hotistocold
(B)sadistonervous
(C)lonelyistocrowded
(D)happyistoserious
(E)happyistoecstatic
14.Controlistoorderas
(A)jokeistoclown
(B)teacheristopupil
(C)disorderistoclimax
(D)anarchyistochaos
(E)classroomistodiscipline
15.Horseistofoalas
(A)donkeyistoass
(B)cowistocalf
(C)bullistosteer
(D)whinnyistomoo
(E)apeistochimpanzee
16.Sleepistofatigueas
(A)wateristothirst
(B)restistoweary
(C)pillowistoblanket
(D)fatigueistorun
(E)hungeristoeat
17.Islandistooceanas
(A)hillistostream
(B)forestistovalley
(C)oasisistodesert
(D)treeistofield
(E)hillistomountain
18.Dramaistodirectoras
(A)classistoprincipal
(B)movieistoscenario
(C)actoristoplaywright
(D)magazineistoeditor
(E)studentistoteacher
19.Requestistodemandas
(A)replyistorespond
(B)inquireistoask
(C)wishistocrave
(D)seekistohide
(E)desireistoneed
20.Woodistocarveas
(A)treeistosway
(B)paperistoburn
(C)lightistoshine
(D)pipeistoblow
(E)clayistomold
SECTION3:SENTENCECOMPLETIONS(ISEEONLY)20Questions•10Minutes
Directions:Eachquestionismadeupofasentencewithoneortwoblanks.Thesentenceswithoneblankindicatethatonewordismissing.Thesentenceswithtwoblanksindicatethattwowordsaremissing.Eachsentenceisfollowedbyfourchoices.Choosetheletterofthechoicethatwillbestcompletethemeaningofthesentenceasawhole.
1.Althoughfortune-tellersclaimto_____futurehappenings,thereisnoscientificevidenceoftheir_____.
(A)cloud...ability
(B)effect...knowledge
(C)foretell...fees
(D)predict...accuracy
2.Greatideashave_____youth:theyare_____.
(A)no...petrified
(B)eternal...immortal
(C)constant...ephemeral
(D)little...frivolous
3.Eachhumanrelationshipisunique,andtheloverswhothinkthereneverwasaloveliketheirsare_____.
(A)foolish
(B)blind
(C)prejudiced
(D)right
4.Ratsgivesome_____asscavengers,butthisisover-balancedbytheir_____activities.
(A)help...useful
(B)service...harmful
(C)problems...nocturnal
(D)trouble...breeding
5.Ancientsocietiesgaveauthoritytothosewhoknewandpreserved_____,fortheideaofwhatwasrightlayinthepast.
(A)order
(B)law
(C)intelligence
(D)tradition
6.Theraredesertrainsoftencomein_____,causinglossoflifeandproperty;thus,peoplelivinginanoasisthinkofrainwith_____.
(A)floods...longing
(B)torrents...terror
(C)sprinkles...fear
(D)winter...snow
7.Hisadmirerswerenot_____,forhisessayswerenotwidelyknown.
(A)respected
(B)numerous
(C)ardent
(D)interested
8.Archaeologistsfoundruinsoftemplesandpalaces,butno_____;itwasasthoughthesepeoplenever_____.
(A)food...lived
(B)tombs...died
(C)plans...built
(D)monasteries...worshipped
9.Safedrivingprevents_____andtheendless_____ofknowingyouhavecausedotherspain.
(A)disease...reminder
(B)tragedy...remorse
(C)accidents...hope
(D)lawsuits...expense
10.Atrueamateurplaysbecausehe_____thegameandwillnotcheatbecausethatwould_____thegame.
(A)studies...lose
(B)understands...improve
(C)knows...forfeit
(D)loves...degrade
11.Companieshavefounditpaystohave_____handywhenameetingislikelytobe_____.
(A)food...prolonged
(B)secretaries...enjoyable
(C)telephones...successful
(D)money...interesting
12.He_____apart,forheprefers_____tothecompanyofothers.
(A)lives...books
(B)stays...throngs
(C)remains...vivacity
(D)dwells...solitude
13.TheConstitutionaldutyto“takecarethatthelawsbefaithfullyexecuted”makesthepresidenttheheadoflaw_____.
(A)development
(B)interpretation
(C)education
(D)enforcement
14.Areductionoftheworkweektofourdayswouldcertainly_____the_____industry.
(A)destroy...automobile
(B)stimulate...steel
(C)improve...electrical
(D)benefit...leisure
15.HistorytellsusittookAthenslessthanagenerationtochangefromachampionof_____intoaruthless_____.
(A)democracy...republic
(B)freedom...tyrant
(C)independence...commonwealth
(D)dictatorship...liberator
16.Thesocietywasnot_____andrequiredmuchoutsideaid.
(A)philanthropic
(B)destitute
(C)democratic
(D)self-sufficient
17.The_____climateofthecountry_____thedelicateelectronicequipment.
(A)intolerable...restored
(B)dry...vaporized
(C)changeable...demoralized
(D)humid...corroded
18.Thevalueof_____sciencetomodernprogressis_____.
(A)research...unimportant
(B)physical...unquestionable
(C)medical...unlikely
(D)statistical...unreliable
19.Thefinalendofanonadaptingsocietyisthesameasforanonadaptinganimal:_____.
(A)admiration
(B)resignation
(C)extinction
(D)immortality
20.Sometemperamentalactressesfailtounderstandthatadirector’scriticismisaimedattheir_____andnotattheir_____.
(A)weaknesses...conduct
(B)stupidity...graciousness
(C)performance...personality
(D)prosperity...inability
SECTION4:READINGCOMPREHENSION(SSATANDISEE)22Questions•15Minutes
Directions:Readeachpassageandanswerthequestionsthatfollowit.
Ifyouareaskedthecoloroftheskyonafairdayinsummer,youranswerwillmostprobablybe“blue.”Thisanswerisonlypartiallycorrect.Blueskynearthehorizonisnotthesamekindofblueasitisstraightoverhead.Lookattheskysomefinedayandyouwillfindthattheblueskynearthehorizonisslightlygreenish.Asyoureyemovesupwardtowardthezenith,youwillfindthatthebluechangesintopureblue,andfinallyshadesintoaviolet-blueoverhead.
Haveyouheardthestoryofafarmerwhoobjectedtothecolorofthedistanthillsintheartist’spicture?Hesaidtotheartist,“Whydoyoumakethosehillsblue?Theyaregreen,I’vebeenoverthereandIknow!”
Theartistaskedhimtodoalittleexperiment.“Bendoverandlookatthehillsbetweenyourlegs.”Asthefarmerdidthis,theartistasked,“Nowwhatcolorarethehills?”
Thefarmerlookedagain,thenhestoodupandlooked.“Bygosh,theyturnedblue!”hesaid.
Itisquitepossiblethatyouhavelookedatmanycolorsthatyoudidnotreallyrecognize.Skyisnotjustblue;itismanykindsofblue.Grassisnotplaingreen;itmaybeoneofseveralvarietiesofgreen.Ared-brickwallfrequentlyisnotpurered.Itmayvaryfromyellow-orangetoviolet-redincolor,buttotheunseeingeyeitisjustredbrick.
1.Whichtitlebestexpressestheideasofthispassage?
(A)“TheSummerSky”
(B)“Artistsvs.Farmers”
(C)“RecognizingColors”
(D)“BlueHills”
2.Atthezenith,theskyisusually
(A)violet-blue.
(B)violet-red.
(C)greenish-blue.
(D)yellow-orange.
3.Theauthorsuggeststhat
(A)farmersarecolor-blind.
(B)perceivedcolorvaries.
(C)brickwallsshouldbepaintedpurered.
(D)someartistsusepoorcolorcombinations.
4.Thewordzenithinthefirstparagraphprobablyrefersto
(A)acolor.
(B)apointdirectlyoverhead.
(C)apointonthehorizon.
(D)thehills.
WhiletheEuropeanswerestillcreepingcautiouslyalongtheircoasts,PolynesiansweremakingtripsbetweenHawaiiandNewZealand,adistanceof3,800miles,infrailcanoes.ThesefearlesssailorsofthePacificexploredeveryislandintheirvastdomainwithouteventhesimplestofnavigationaltools.
Inthedaytime,thePolynesiansguidedtheircraftbythepositionofthesun,thetrendofthewavesandwind,andtheflightofseabirds.
Starswereusedduringlongtripsbetweenislandgroups.Youthsstudyingnavigationweretaughttoviewtheheavensasacylinderonwhichthehighwaysofnavigationweremarked.AninvisiblelinebisectedtheskyfromtheNorthStartotheSouthernCross.
Inadditiontosinglecanoes,thePolynesiansoftenusedtwincanoesfortranspacificvoyages.Thetwoboatswerefastenedtogetherbycanopiedplatformsthatshieldedpassengersfromsunandrain.Suchcraftswereremarkablyseaworthyandcouldaccommodate60to80people,inadditiontowater,food,anddomesticanimals.Someofthesevesselshadasmanyasthreemasts.
ThesePacificmarinersusedpaddlestopropelandsteertheircanoes.Thesteeringpaddlewassoimportantthatitwasalwaysgivenapersonalname.Polynesianlegendsnotonlyrecitethenamesofthecanoeandtheherowhodiscoveredanewislandbutalsothenameofthesteeringpaddleheused.
5.Whichtitleisbestforthisselection?
(A)“EuropeanSailors”
(B)“TheHistoryofthePacificOcean”
(C)“TheStudyofNavigation”
(D)“EarlyPolynesianNavigation”
6.ThePolynesiansmadetripsto
(A)NewZealand.
(B)theAtlantic.
(C)theSouthernCross.
(D)Europe.
7.Thewordmarinermeans
(A)propeller.
(B)seaman.
(C)paddle.
(D)navigation.
8.ThispassagesuggeststhatthePolynesians
(A)trainedseabirdstoguidetheircanoes.
(B)hadseenalineintheskythatwasinvisibletoothers.
(C)usedaprimitivetelescopetoviewtheheavens.
(D)wereastronomersaswellasexplorers.
Theseasonalcomingsandgoingsofbirdshaveexcitedtheattentionandwonderofallsortsofpeopleinallagesandplaces.TheoraclesofGreeceandtheaugursofRomewovethemintoancientmythology.TheyarespokenofintheBooksofJobandJeremiah.
Nevertheless,ithasbeendifficultformanytobelievethatsmallbirds,especially,arecapableofmigratoryjourneys.AristotlewasconvincedthatthebirdsthatwinteredinGreecewerenotnewarrivals,butmerelyGreece’ssummerbirdsinwinterdress.Accordingtoabeliefpersistinginsomepartsoftheworldtothisday,swallowsandswiftsdonotmigrate,butspendthewinterinhibernation.(Swiftsandswallowsdomigrate,justasmostotherNorthernHemispherebirdsdo.)Anotheroldandcharming,butuntrue,legendenliststheaidofthestorkingettingsmallbirdstoandfromwinterquarters:Smallbirdsaresaidtohitchridesonthe
Europeanstork’sback.
ItisclearwhyNorthernHemispherebirdsflysouthinthefall;theygotoassurethemselvesoffoodandamorefavorableclimateforthewintermonths.Itisalsoclearwheremostofthemigrantscomefromandwheretheygo.Yearsofbird-bandinghavedisclosedtheroutesofthemainmigratoryspecies.
Butthereareotheraspectsofmigrationthatremain,forallourpowersofscientificinvestigation,aspuzzlingandmysterioustomodernmanastotheancients.Whydomigrantbirdscomenortheachspring?Whydon’ttheysimplystayinthewarmtropicsthewholetwelvemonthsoftheyear?Whatdeterminesthemomentofdeparturefornorthorsouth?Aboveall,howdobirds—especiallyspeciesliketheremarkablegoldenplover,whichflieshugedistancesdirectlyacrosstracklessoceanwastes—findtheirway?
9.Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleforthisselection?
(A)“TheSolutionofanAncientProblem”
(B)“MysteriousMigrations”
(C)“TheSecretofthePlover”
(D)“Aristotle’sTheory”
10.Bird-bandinghasrevealed
(A)thekindoffoodbirdseat.
(B)whythebirdspreferthetropicsinthesummer.
(C)whybirdsleaveatacertaintime.
(D)theroutestakenbydifferenttypesofbirds.
11.Swallowsandswifts
(A)remaininGreeceallyear.
(B)changetheirplumageinwinter.
(C)hibernateduringthewinter.
(D)flysouthforthewinter.
12.Thearticleprovesthat
(A)naturestillhassecretsthatmanhasnotfathomed.
(B)thesolutionsofAristotleareacceptedbymodernscience.
(C)weliveinanagethathaslostallinterestinbirdlore.
(D)manhasnomeansofsolvingtheproblemsofbirdmigration.
Usingnewtoolsandtechniques,scientists,almostunnoticed,areremakingtheworldofplants.Theyhavealreadyremodeledsixty-fivesortsofflowers,fruits,vegetables,andtrees,givingusamongotherthingstobaccothatresistsdisease,cantaloupesthatareimmunetotheblight,andlettucewithcrisperleaves.Thechiefnewtooltheyareusingiscolchicine,apoisonousdrug,whichhasastoundingeffectsupongrowthanduponheredity.Itcreatesnewvarietieswithastonishingfrequency,whereassuchmutationsoccurbutrarelyinnature.Colchicinehasthrownnewlightonthefascinatingjobsoftheplanthunters.TheDepartmentofAgriculturesendsagentsallovertheworldtofindplantsnativetootherlandsthatcanbegrownhereandaresuperiortothosealreadyhere.Scientistshavecrossedtheseforeignplantswiththoseathome,therebyaddingtoourfarmcropsmanydesirablecharacteristics.Thecolchicinetechniquehasenormouslyfacilitatedtheirwork,becausehybridssooftencanbemadefertileandbecauseittakessofewgenerationsofplantsnowtobuildanewvarietywiththequalitiesdesired.
13.Whichtitlebestexpressestheideasoftheparagraph?
(A)“PlantGrowthandHeredity”
(B)“NewPlantsforOld”
(C)“RemodelingPlantLife”
(D)“AMoreAbundantWorld”
14.Mutationinplantliferesultsin
(A)diseasedplants.
(B)hybrids.
(C)newvarieties.
(D)fertility.
15.Colchicinespeedstheimprovementofplantspeciesbecauseit
(A)makespossibletheuseofforeignplants.
(B)makesuseofnaturalmutations.
(C)createsnewvarietiesveryquickly.
(D)canbeusedwithsixty-fivedifferentvegetables,fruits,andflowers.
16.Accordingtothepassage,colchicineisa
(A)poisonousdrug.
(B)blight.
(C)kindofplanthunter.
(D)hybridplant.
Abouttheyear1812,twosteamferryboatswerebuiltunderthedirectionofRobertFultonforcrossingtheHudsonRiver,andoneofthesamedescriptionwasbuiltforserviceontheEastRiver.Theseboatswerewhatareknownastwinboats,eachofthemhavingtwocompletehullsunitedbyadeckorbridge.Becausetheseboatswerepointedatbothendsandmovedequallywellwitheitherendforemost,theycrossedandre-crossedtheriverwithoutlosinganytimeinturningabout.Fultonalsocontrived,withgreatingenuity,floatingdocksforthereceptionoftheferryboatsandameansbywhichtheywerebroughttothedockswithoutashock.TheseboatswerethefirstofafleetthathassincecarriedhundredsofmillionsofpassengerstoandfromNewYork.
17.Whichtitlebestexpressesthemainideaofthisselection?
(A)“CrossingtheHudsonRiverbyBoat”
(B)“TransportationofPassengers”
(C)“TheInventionofFloatingDocks”
(D)“TheBeginningofSteamFerryboatService”
18.Thesteamferryboatswereknownastwinboatsbecause
(A)theyhadtwocompletehullsunitedbyabridge.
(B)theycouldmoveaseasilyforwardasbackward.
(C)eachferryboathadtwocaptains.
(D)twoboatswereputintoserviceatthesametime.
19.Whichstatementistrueaccordingtotheselection?
(A)BoatsbuiltunderFulton’sdirectionarestillinuse.
(B)Fultonplannedareceptiontocelebratethefirstferryboat.
(C)FultonpilotedthefirststeamferryboatsacrosstheHudson.
(D)Fultondevelopedasatisfactorywayofdockingtheferryboats.
20.RobertFultonworkedinthe
(A)seventeenthcentury.
(B)eighteenthcentury.
(C)nineteenthcentury.
(D)twentiethcentury.
21.Inline8,thewordshockisusedtomeanan
(A)unpleasantsurprise.
(B)impact.
(C)illnessfollowinganaccident.
(D)electricalimpulse.
22.Thefirststeamferryboatswerebuiltto
(A)crosstheErieCanal.
(B)crosstheHudsonRiver.
(C)carrypassengerstoMassachusetts.
(D)traveldowntheDelawareRiver.
SECTION5:QUANTITATIVEABILITY(SSATANDISEE)30Questions•30Minutes
Directions:Choosethecorrectanswertoeachquestion.
1.Whichsquarehashalfofitsareashaded?
2.If2packagesofcookiesareenoughfor10children,howmanywillbeneededfor15children?
(A)6
(B)5
(C)4
(D)3
3.Whichisequalto9?
(A)4×5
(B)9×0
(C)9×1
(D)3×6
4.Jeffearns12dollarsaweek.Whichofthefollowingstatementstellshowmanydollarshewillearnin5weeks?
(A)12–5
(B)12÷5
(C)12+5
(D)12×5
5.ThedistancefromCityXtoSanFranciscois3timesthedistancefromCityXtoChicago.HowmanymilesawayfromCityXisSanFrancisco?Tosolvethisproblem,whatelsedoyouneedtoknow?
(A)ThedistancefromChicagotoSanFrancisco
(B)ThedistancefromCityXtoChicago
(C)Thecityoforigination
(D)Nothingelse
6.Ifanoddnumberissubtractedfromanoddnumber,whichofthefollowingcouldbetheanswer?
(A)1
(B)2
(C)7
(D)9
7.If7×6=Y,whichistrue?
(A)Y÷7=6
(B)Y×7=6
(C)7÷Y=6
(D)Y+6=7
8.759–215=
Whichisclosestto ?
(A)200
(B)300
(C)400
(D)500
9.Ednabought4packagesofballoonswith6ineachpackage,and2packageswith3largeballoonsineach.HowmanyballoonsdidEdnabuy?
(A)10
(B)15
(C)26
(D)30
10.
Whatnumberisa?
(A)0
(B)1
(C)7
(D)4028
11.7+ =15
Whichnumberisequalto ?
(A)15÷7
(B)15–7
(C)15×7
(D)15+7
12.Colleenis14yearsold.Shebabysitsfor$4.50anhour.Yesterdayshebaby-satfor3
hours.Whichshowshowmuchsheearned?
(A)14×$4.50
(B)2×3
(C)3 ×$4.50
(D)(3 ×2)×$4.50
13.
Whichofthefollowingdescribesthechartabove?
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
14.Whatnumbershouldbeinsertedtomaketheabovestatementcorrect?
(A)9
(B)8
(C)7
(D)Itcannotbedeterminedbytheinformationgiven.
15.Afenceisbeinginstalledaroundthe156-meterperimeterofaswimmingpool.Howmanypostswillbeusediftheyarespaced12metersapart?
(A)11
(B)12
(C)13
(D)14
16.Whatis28,973roundedtothenearestthousand?
(A)30,000
(B)29,000
(C)28,900
(D)28,000
17.Thebakeryreceivedashipmentof170cupcakesthatwillbesoldbythebox.Ifeachboxholds12cupcakes,approximatelyhowmanyboxeswillbeneeded?
(A)8
(B)14
(C)20
(D)25
18.
Whattimewillitbein3 hours?
(A)9
(B)9:15
(C)9:30
(D)9:45
19.WhichofthesenumbersentencesisNOTtrue?
(A)
(B)
(C) =1
(D)
20.
Whatistheareaofthisfigure?
(A)1sq.inch
(B)7sq.inches
(C)12sq.inches
(D)14sq.inches
21.Inordertomake cupofsaladdressingwithourrecipe,youadd cupofvinegarto
theoil.Howmuchoilwillyouuse?
(A) cup
(B) cup
(C) cup
(D) cup
22.Whichdigitisinthethousandthsplace?
(A)OnlyA
(B)OnlyB
(C)OnlyC
(D)BandC
23.WhichisNOTtrue?
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
24.Whichsequenceoffractionsisarrangedinorderofleasttogreatest?
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
25.Inwhichofthefollowingnumbersdoesthedigit6haveavalue10timesgreaterthanthevalueofthe6in603?
(A)60
(B)600
(C)6000
(D)60,000
26.Whichquotientwouldbeapproximately5?
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
27.
Ifthetemperaturedecreasesby15degreesbelowthatshownonthethermometer,whatwillthenewtemperaturebe?
(A)20°
(B)10°
(C)–10°
(D)–20°
28.5×(2+x)=15Whatnumberisx?
(A)1
(B)2
(C)4
(D)5
29.WhichofthefollowinghasaquotientthatisNOTsmallerthanthedividend?
(A)0÷8
(B)1÷8
(C)2÷8
(D)8÷8
30.
Whichofthefollowingisshownbythegraph?
(A)Therewasnochangeintemperaturebetween1and2p.m.
(B)Therewasnochangeintemperaturebetween3and4p.m.
(C)Thehighesttemperatureoccurredat12noon.
(D)Thelowesttemperatureoccurredat5p.m.
SECTION6:QUANTITATIVECOMPARISONS(ISEEONLY)20Questions•20Minutes
Directions:Foreachofthefollowingquestions,twoquantitiesaregiven—oneinColumnA,theotherinColumnB.Comparethetwoquantitiesandchoosefromtheanswerchoicesbelow:
(A)ifthequantityinColumnAisgreater
(B)ifthequantityinColumnBisgreater
(C)ifthequantitiesareequal
(D)iftherelationshipcannotbedeterminedfromtheinformationgiven
ColumnA ColumnB
1. 2x+3=5
3y+7=10x y
ColumnA ColumnB
2.
ColumnA ColumnB
3. xisaninteger
x
ColumnA ColumnB
4.
Numberofsecondsinoneday
NumberofminutesinApril
ColumnA ColumnB
5. 9<x<10
9<y<11x y
ColumnA ColumnB
6.
Areaofatrianglewithbase5andheight7
Twicetheareaofarectanglewithbase5andheight7
ColumnA ColumnB
7.
ABCDisaparallelogramAB DC
ColumnA ColumnB
8. 4•a•4•4=3•3•3•3
a 3
ColumnA ColumnB
9.
Asinglediscountof10% Twosuccessivediscountsof5%and5%
ColumnA ColumnB
10.
ColumnA ColumnB
11.TheaverageageofAlan,
Bob,andCarlis17.ThesumofAlan’sageandBob’sage
ThesumofAlan’sageandCarl’sage
ColumnA ColumnB
12.
a b
ColumnA ColumnB
13.
m 1+m 2+m 3 m 2+m 4
ColumnA ColumnB
14.Jack’ssalaryis ofJim’ssalaryand
Joe’ssalaryis ofJack’ssalary.
Jim’ssalary Joe’ssalary
ColumnA ColumnB
15.
AB BC
ColumnA ColumnB
16.
ColumnA ColumnB
17.
Thetotalsurfaceareaofacubewithedge6
6timesthetotalsurfaceareaofacubewithedge2
ColumnA ColumnB
18.
0.5%
ColumnA ColumnB
19.
18•563•10 12•563•16
ColumnA ColumnB
20.
Thenumberofpostsneededforafence100feetlongifthepostsareplaced10feetapart
10posts
ANSWERSANDEXPLANATIONSSection1:Synonyms(SSATandISEE)
1.Thecorrectansweris(D).ThatwhichhappensINTERMITTENTLYstopsandstartsagainatintervalsorpausesfromtimetotime.Apedestriancrossinglightthatisactivatedbyapushbuttonsays“WALK”and“DON’TWALK”intermittently.Youmayseearelationshiptointermission,whichisapausebetweenpartsofaperformance.
2.Thecorrectansweris(B).OnewhopracticesDECEPTIONwillfullytriestomakeanotherbelievethatwhichisnottruetomisleadordefraud.Theverbonwhichthisnounisbasedisdeceive.
3.Thecorrectansweris(D).ToACCLAIMistogreetwithloudapplauseandapproval.ThewinnersoftheWorldSeriesreturnedtothecitytowildacclaim.
4.Thecorrectansweris(D).ToERECTistoraise,construct,setup,orassemble.Theadjectiveerectdescribesthatwhichisverticalandstraightup.Youcanseetherelationshipofverbandadjective.
5.Thecorrectansweris(D).IfyouRELISHsomething,youenjoyit.Youmaybemorefamiliarwiththenoun,withtherelishthatyouputonyourhotdogtomakeitmoreappetizingandtoaddtoyourenjoyment.
6.Thecorrectansweris(A).AFORTNIGHT(fourteennights)isaperiodoftwoweeks.
7.Thecorrectansweris(C).ToIMPOSEataxistoplaceataxuponthetaxpayersandtorequirethatitbepaid.Becarefulhere.Thetax(noun)istheobjectoftoimpose(verb),notthedefinitionorasynonym.
8.Thecorrectansweris(D).AnALIASisanassumedname.Thealiasmaybeapennameorastagename,oritmaybeafalsenametakenonforpurposesofdisguise.
9.Thecorrectansweris(A).AnITINERANTpeddlertravelsfromplacetoplace,sellinghisorherwaresateachstop.Theitinerantmayfollowanitinerary,adetailedoutlineoftheproposedjourney.
10.Thecorrectansweris(A).ThatwhichisAMPLEislarge,spacious,abundant,orplentiful.Whenreferringtoafigure,amplemayimplyoverweight,butthemeaningofthewordampleissimplymorethanenough.
11.Thecorrectansweris(C).StagnantwateroradecayingdeadanimalmayhaveaSTENCHorfoulodor.STENCHmeansstink.
12.Thecorrectansweris(D).ASULLENpersonisresentful,unsociable,andgloomy.
13.Thecorrectansweris(A).TERSEmeansconciseandsuccinct.Itistheoppositeof“lengthy”andhasnothingatalltodowithnervesortension.
14.Thecorrectansweris(B).AnINCREMENTisaspecifiedincrease,usuallyasmallone.Sometimestryingtofigureoutthemeaningsofwordsbylookingattheirrootsjustdoesn’twork.Thiswordhasnothingtodowith“excrement,”eventhoughitlookssimilar.
15.Thecorrectansweris(D).ToMISCONSTRUEistomisinterpret.“Wordarithmetic”workswellwiththissynonymquestion.Theprefix“mis”meanswrong;therootisthesamerootas“construct,”sotomisconstrueistobuildupwronginone’smind.
16.Thecorrectansweris(B).AVESTIGEisatrace.Thisisadifficultword,onethatispickedupinthecourseofwidereading.
17.Thecorrectansweris(A).ToCAPITULATEistogivein,giveup,orsurrender.Capitulationismoreatotalactthanamereretreat.
18.Thecorrectansweris(A).EXTENUATINGismakinglightofsomethingorlesseningtherealorapparentseriousnessofsomething.Insentencingaguiltyparty,thejudgemayconsiderextenuatingcircumstances,detailsthatmaketheguiltthinnerorweaker.Ifthereareextenuatingormitigatingcircumstances,thesentencemaybelighter.Ifyoumissedthisquestion,donotbeupset.Boththewordanditsdefinitionareveryhigh-levelwords.
19.Thecorrectansweris(C).SUBSERVIENT—servingunder—meansinferior,subordinate,orsubmissive.
20.Thecorrectansweris(C).COLLUSIONisaconspiracy,asecretagreement,oraconnivance.Useofthiswordimpliesanillegalgoal.
Section2:VerbalAnalogies(SSATOnly)
1.Thecorrectansweris(D).Therelationshipisintensityordegree.PINKisamutedformofRED;GRAYisamutedformofBLACK.Whiteistheoppositeofblack,whiledarkisoneofblack’scharacteristics.
2.Thecorrectansweris(D).YOUTHisanounform,YOUNGanadjective.Bothrefertotheearlyyears.MATURITYisanounform,OLDanadjective.Maturityandoldrefertothelateryearsofexistence.
3.Thecorrectansweris(C).Therelationshipbetweenthefirsttwotermscannotbedetermineduntilyoulookatthethirdtermandthechoices.Atfirstyoumightthink,“Two
followsone,sofourshouldfollowthree.”Theproblemisthat“four”isnotofferedasananswerchoice.Ofthechoicesgiven,SIXismostrelatedtoTHREE,sinceSIXistwiceTHREE.Lookingbackatthefirstpair,youcanseethatTWOistwiceONE.Sincethe“timestwo”relationshipappliestobothsidesoftheproportion,choice(C)isthecorrectanswer.
4.Thecorrectansweris(A).Therelationshipiseffect/cause.LIGHTisproducedbyaLAMP;HEATisproducedbyaFURNACE.Thesunalsoproducesheat,butthesunisanaturalsource.Lampintheoriginalpairisanartificialsourceoflight;furnace,thebestanswer,isanartificialsourceofheat.
5.Thecorrectansweris(E).Therelationshipisparttowhole.WEEKispartofMONTH;SEASONispartofYEAR.
6.Thecorrectansweris(C).ASQUAREisangular,aCIRCLErounded;aRECTANGLEisangular,anOVALrounded.Youmightsay“angularistoroundedasangularistorounded.”
7.Thecorrectansweris(B).Therelationshipisthatofobjecttoactor.TheDIRECTORleadstheCHOIR;theCOACHleadstheTEAM.
8.Thecorrectansweris(D).Therelationshipisoneofcharacteristic.SANDisthesoilthatischaracteristicoftheBEACH;BLACKDIRTisthesoilthatischaracteristicofaproductiveFARM.
9.Thecorrectansweris(A).Thisisatruefunctionalrelationship.TheTABLEissupportedbyLEGS;theAUTOMOBILEissupportedbyWHEELS.Itisimportanttonarrowtothefunctionalrelationshipinordertoeliminatechoices(B)and(C).Useofthepart/wholerelationshipwouldyieldtoomanycorrectanswers.
10.Thecorrectansweris(E).AROUSEandPACIFYareantonyms;AGITATEandSMOOTHareantonyms.Ifyouknowthemeaningsofthewords,thisisaneasyanalogyquestion.Ruffleisasynonymforagitate.
11.Thecorrectansweris(C).Therelationshipisthatofartificialtorealorsubstitutetotherealthing.MARGARINEisimitationBUTTER;NYLONisimitationSILK.Laceisoftenmadefromcottonbutdoesnotsubstituteforit.
12.Thecorrectansweris(A).Therelationshipisaveryspecificfunctionalone.TheWOODSMANusesanAXEtocut;theCARPENTERusesaSAWtocut.Inalltheotherchoices,weareofferedaworkerandatoolofhistrade,butnoneofthesetoolsisusedspecificallyforcutting.
13.Thecorrectansweris(E).Therelationshipisoneofdegree.OnewhoisWORRIEDmay
becomeHYSTERICAL(overwhelmedbyfear);onewhoisHAPPYmaybecomeECSTATIC(overwhelmedbyjoy).
14.Thecorrectansweris(D).Therelationshipisoneofcauseandeffect.CONTROLofagroupresultsinORDER;ANARCHY(lackofgovernmentorcontrol)resultsinCHAOS(disorder).
15.Thecorrectansweris(B).Therelationshipisoneofdegree(large/small)or,morespecifically,thatofparenttochild.TheHORSEistheparentoftheFOAL;theCOWistheparentoftheCALF.Donkeyandassaresynonyms.Asteerisabullraisedforitsmeat.
16.Thecorrectansweris(A).Thebestwaytoverbalizethisrelationshipistocallitthatofthecuretoitsailment.SLEEPcuresFATIGUE;WATERcuresTHIRST.Bewareofthegrammaticalinconsistencyinchoice(B).Restcures“weariness,”notweary.Therelationshipofchoice(D)iseffecttocause.
17.Thecorrectansweris(C).Thisisavariationofthepart-to-wholerelationship.AnISLANDisasmallbodyoflandwithinandwhollysurroundedbyanOCEAN;anOASISisasmall,green,fertilespotwithinandwhollysurroundedbyalargearidexpanseofDESERT.
18.Thecorrectansweris(D).Therelationshipisthatofactortoobject.TheDIRECTORisresponsiblefortheproductionofaDRAMA;theEDITORisresponsiblefortheproductionofaMAGAZINE.Theprincipalisresponsibleforanentireschool,notjustaclass.Responsibilityforasingleclassrestswithateacher.
19.Thecorrectansweris(C).Therelationshipisoneofdegree.ToDEMANDistoREQUESTverystrongly;toCRAVEistoWISHforverystrongly.
20.Thecorrectansweris(E).Atfirstglance,therelationshipisobjecttoaction.However,thisdefinitionisnotspecificenoughtoallowforasingleanswerchoice.Acarefullookatthepossibleanswershelpsleadtoarefinementoftherelationshipto“creativemanualactionuponanobjectormediumthatischangedbythataction.”Theonlyanswerwiththisrelationshipischoice(E),CLAYistoMOLD.
Section3:SentenceCompletions(ISEEOnly)
1.Thecorrectansweris(D).Thefirstblankmustbefilledwithwhatitisthatfortune-tellersdo.Thisnarrowsyouranswertochoices(C)or(D).Therebeingnoscientificevidenceoftheirfeesmakesnosense,sotheanswerischoice(D).
2.Thecorrectansweris(B).Thesentencecallsforsynonyms,asthesecondclausemerelyexpandsuponthefirst.ETERNALandIMMORTALbothmeaneverlasting.
3.Thecorrectansweris(D).Thesecondclauseofthesentenceismeanttocorroboratethefirst.Sinceeachhumanrelationshipisunique,theloverswhoassumetheuniquenessoftheirownrelationshipareRIGHT.
4.Thecorrectansweris(B).Theword“but”givesthecluethattheblanksmustbefilledwithcontrastingterms.Choice(B)bestmeetsthiscondition.
5.Thecorrectansweris(D).Iftheideaofwhatwasrightlayinthepast,thenauthoritywouldhavetobegiventothosewhoknewandpreservedancientloreandhabits,e.g.,TRADITION.
6.Thecorrectansweris(B).Sincethedesertrainscauselossoflifeandproperty,peopleinanoasismustthinkofrainwithTERROR,choice(B),orfear,choice(C).Thewordthatbestfillsthefirstblankwilldeterminewhetherthecorrectanswerischoice(B)or(C).Sprinkles,choice(C),wouldbeunlikelytocauselossoflifeandproperty;TORRENTS,choice(B),ismoreappropriate.
7.Thecorrectansweris(B).Iftheessayist’sessayswerenotwidelyknown,hewouldhavefew(notNUMEROUS)admirers.
8.Thecorrectansweris(B).Inlightofthefactthatarchaeologistsfoundtemplesandpalaces,choices(A),(C),and(D)cannotbecorrect.Thepeopleclearlylived,thought,andbuilt.Choice(B)presentsamystery,butitdoescreatealogicallycorrectsentence.
9.Thecorrectansweris(B).SafedrivingpreventsTRAGEDY,choice(B),accidents,choice(C),andlawsuits,choice(D).Thesecondpartofthesentence,however,isreasonablycompletedonlywithchoice(B).
10.Thecorrectansweris(D).Thepurposeofamateursportsisrecreation;theamateurparticipatesforfun,forLOVEofthesport.(ThewordamateurisderiveddirectlyfromLatinandmeans“lover.”)CheatingisDEGRADING;itmakesanactivitylessdesirable.
11.Thecorrectansweris(A).Ifthereistobeameeting,itmightbewelltohaveFOOD,choice(A),secretaries,choice(B),andtelephones,choice(C),available.However,noneoftheseisspecificallyneededatanenjoyable,choice(B),meetingoratasuccessful,choice(C),meeting.IfthemeetingislikelytobePROLONGED,choice(A),thenitisworthwhiletoprovideFOOD.
12.Thecorrectansweris(D).Choices(A)and(D)formexcellentcompletionsforthissentence.Choice(D)isthebestanswerbecauseSOLITUDEisindirectcontrasttothecompanyofothers.
13.Thecorrectansweris(D).ExecutingthelawsrequireslawENFORCEMENT.
14.Thecorrectansweris(D).Afour-dayworkweekwouldgiveworkersmuchmoreLEISUREtime,whichwould,inturn,greatlyBENEFITtheLEISUREindustry.
15.Thecorrectansweris(B).Theadjectiveruthless(cruel)aptlydescribesaTYRANT.Sincethesenseofthesentencecallsforcontrast,achangefromchampionofFREEDOMtoruthlessTYRANTfulfillstherequirement.
16.Thecorrectansweris(D).ThereasonthatasocietywouldneedoutsideaidwouldbethatthesocietywasnotSELF-SUFFICIENT.
17.Thecorrectansweris(D).Thesentencerequiresthattherebeacause-and-effectrelationshipbetweenthetwowordsthatfilltheblanks.Onlychoice(D)meetsthisrequirement.
18.Thecorrectansweris(B).Themeaningofanyoneofthechoiceswouldbeequallyappropriateforfillingthefirstblank,althoughchoice(A)wouldbegrammaticallyincorrect.Thewordsvalueandprogressarepositivewords,suggestingtheneedforapositivecompletionforthesecondblank.Theonlypositivesecondtermisinchoice(B).
19.Thecorrectansweris(C).ThefinalendisEXTINCTION.
20.Thecorrectansweris(C).TheroleofadirectoristoperfectthePERFORMANCEthroughnecessarycriticism.AtemperamentalactressmightmisinterpretdirectionasPERSONALcriticism.
Section4:ReadingComprehension(SSATandISEE)
1.Thecorrectansweris(C).Themainidea,thetopicofthispassage,islookingcloselyatcolorsinordertotrulyrecognizethem.Thefarmeristhevehicleformakingthepoint,andtheskyandhillsareusedasillustrations.
2.Thecorrectansweris(A).Thelastsentenceofthefirstparagraphgivesyouthisdetail.
3.Thecorrectansweris(B).Youshouldbeabletoinferthisanswerfromthepassage.Ifnot,youcanchoosethecorrectanswerbyeliminatingalltheotherchoicesasbeingridiculous.
4.Thecorrectansweris(B).Rereadthefirstparagraphcarefullyifyougotthiswrong.Thephrase“movesuptowardthezenith”shouldleadyoutothecorrectanswer.
5.Thecorrectansweris(D).Youshouldhavenotroublefindingthemainideaofthispassage.
6.Thecorrectansweris(A).ThefirstsentencetellsusthatthePolynesiansmadetripstoNewZealand.
7.Thecorrectansweris(B).Thefirstsentenceofthelastparagraphmakesclearthatmarinersarepeople.
8.Thecorrectansweris(D).ThethirdparagraphtellsushowthePolynesiansusedthestarsfornavigation.Peoplewhostudyandunderstandmovementsofthestarsareastronomers.AlthoughthePolynesiansusedmovementsofseabirdsasaguideduringthedaytime,theyhadnottrainedthebirds.Thereisnomentionoftelescopes.
9.Thecorrectansweris(B).Thetopicofthepassageisbirdmigrationandthemysteryithaspresentedthroughouttheages.
10.Thecorrectansweris(D).Thelastsentenceofthethirdparagraphmakesthisstatement.
11.Thecorrectansweris(D).Youwillfindthisinformationwithintheparenthesesinthesecondparagraph.
12.Thecorrectansweris(A).Thisisthepointofthelastparagraph.
13.Thecorrectansweris(C).Choosingthetitleforthisparagraphtakesmorethanonereadingoftheparagraph.Thisisnotaneasyquestion.Afteracoupleofreadings,however,youshouldbeabletoconcludethattheall-inclusivesubjectoftheparagraphistheremodelingofplants.Anequallycorrecttitle,notofferedhere,mightbe“UsesandEffectsofColchicine.”
14.Thecorrectansweris(C).Buriedinthemiddleoftheparagraph(lines6–7)isthesentence:“Itcreatesnewvarietieswithastonishingfrequency,whereassuchmutationsoccurbutrarelyinnature.”
15.Thecorrectansweris(C).Thisquestionbecomeseasytoanswerafteryouhavedealtwiththepreviousquestion.
16.Thecorrectansweris(A).Thethirdsentencestatesthatcolchicineisapoisonousdrug.
17.Thecorrectansweris(D).Theselectionisaboutthebeginningofsteamferryboatservice.
18.Thecorrectansweris(A).Seelines3–4,whereitstatesthattheboatswere“knownastwinboats,eachofthemhavingtwocompletehullsunitedbyadeckorbridge.”
19.Thecorrectansweris(D).Thenext-to-lastsentencediscussesFulton’sinventionoffloatingdocksfortheferryboats.
20.Thecorrectansweris(C).1812wasinthenineteenthcentury.
21.Thecorrectansweris(B).Inthecontextoftheparagraph,shockmustrefertotheimpactoftheboatrunningintothedock.
22.Thecorrectansweris(B).ThefirstlineofthepassagestatesthattwoofthefirststeamferryboatswerebuiltforcrossingtheHudsonRiver.
Section5:QuantitativeAbility(SSATandISEE)
1.Thecorrectansweris(A).Thissquareisdividedintosixsections,andthreeareshaded.Threeishalfofsix.
2.Thecorrectansweris(D).If2packagesofcookieswillserve10children,youmayassumethat1packagewillserve5children.Therefore,3packageswillserve15children.
3.Thecorrectansweris(C).
4.Thecorrectansweris(D).$12.00×5weeks=12×5
5.Thecorrectansweris(B).IfCrepresentsthedistancefromCityXtoChicago,andSrepresentsthedistancefromCityXtoSanFrancisco,then3×C=S.YoumustknowthevalueofCinordertofindS.
6.Thecorrectansweris(B).Anoddnumbersubtractedfromanoddnumberwillalwaysresultinanevennumber.Theonlyevennumbergivenis2.
7.Thecorrectansweris(A).Since7×6=Y,Y=42.So42÷7=6.
8.Thecorrectansweris(D).759–215=544,which,whenroundedtothenearesthundred,is500.
9.Thecorrectansweris(D).4×6=24and2×3=6;24+6=30.
10.Thecorrectansweris(D).Anynumberdividedbyitselfequalsone.
11.Thecorrectansweris(B).15–7=8;7+8=15
12.Thecorrectansweris(C).Threenumbersaregiveninthisproblem,butonlytwoarenecessarytosolvetheproblem:thechargeperhourandthenumberofhoursColleen
babysat.$4.50perhour×3 hours=$4.50×3
13.Thecorrectansweris(A).Thepiehasbeendividedinto8pieces.Onepiece= .Four
pieces= .Fourpiecesareleftinthispicture,andoneisbeingtakenaway;therefore,
describesthechart.
14.Thecorrectansweris(A).Thesymbol<means“islessthan.”Usingchoice(A),thestatementreads:8862islessthan8962.
15.Thecorrectansweris(C).156meters÷12meters=13.
16.Thecorrectansweris(B).Inthenumber28,973,thedigit8isinthethousandsplace.Thehundredsdigitisgreaterthan5,sothenextnearestthousandis9;therefore,29,000istheanswer.
17.Thecorrectansweris(B).170÷12=14witharemainderof2.Theclosestnumbergivenis14.
18.Thecorrectansweris(B).Thetimeisnow5:45.In3morehoursitwillbe8:45.Thirtyminuteslaterthetimewillbe9:15.
19.Thecorrectansweris(D).
20.Thecorrectansweris(C).Theareaofarectangleisfoundbymultiplyingthelengthbythewidth. squareinches
21.Thecorrectansweris(B). ,and .
22.Thecorrectansweris(C).Aisinthethousandsplace,andBisinthehundredthsplace.
23.Thecorrectansweris(B).
24.Thecorrectansweris(B).Thedenominatorofafractionshowshowmanypartsthewholehasbeendividedinto.
Therefore, < < < .
25.Thecorrectansweris(C).The6in603represents600;600×10=6000.
26.Thecorrectansweris(D).1005÷200=5,witharemainderof5.Theanswerisapproximately5.
27.Thecorrectansweris(C).5°–15°=–10°
28.Thecorrectansweris(A).5×(2+1)=5×3=15
29.Thecorrectansweris(A).0÷8=0.Theotherresponsesworkoutthisway:choice(B)
is1÷8= ;choice(C)is2÷8= ;andchoice(D)is8÷8=1.In0÷8,0isthe
dividendand8isthedivisor.Thequotientistheresultobtainedwhenthedividendisdividedbythedivisor.
30.Thecorrectansweris(A).Accordingtothegraph,thetemperatureat1p.m.was20°,andat2p.m.itwasstill20°.
Section6:QuantitativeComparisons(ISEEOnly)
1.Thecorrectansweris(C).Solvingtheequations,x=1,y=1.
2.Thecorrectansweris(C).Solvingforx,x=12,or .
3.Thecorrectansweris(D).Ifx>0,Aisgreater.Ifx<0,Bisgreater.Ifx=0,AandBareequal.
4.Thecorrectansweris(A).60seconds=1minute;60minutes=1hour;24hours=1day;sothenumberofsecondsin1day=60•60•24.Thereare30daysinApril;thenumberofminutesinApril=60•24•30.Withoutanycomputation,Ahasthegreaterfactors.
5.Thecorrectansweris(D).xandycantakeonvaluessothatAisgreater,Bisgreater,ortheyarebothequal.
6.Thecorrectansweris(B).
Areaoftriangle= •5•7
Twiceareaofrectangle=2•5•7
7.Thecorrectansweris(C).Oppositesidesofaparallelogramarecongruent.
8.Thecorrectansweris(B).If64a=81,thena=alittlemorethan1.
9.Thecorrectansweris(A).ColumnArepresentsagreaterdiscountsincethefull10%istakenfromtheoriginalprice.
10.Thecorrectansweris(A).
isalittlemorethan8.
11.Thecorrectansweris(D).Thereisnoinformationabouttheageofanyoftheseindividuals.
12.Thecorrectansweris(D).aandbcantakeonvaluestomakeeitheronegreaterortomakethemequal.
13.Thecorrectansweris(C).Eachoftheseis180°.
14.Thecorrectansweris(B).IfJim’ssalary=8x,thenJack’ssalary=6x,andJoe’ssalary=9x.
15.Thecorrectansweris(C).Thereare120°leftbetweenangleBandangleC.Sincetheymustbecongruent,theyareeach60°andthetriangleisequilateral.
16.Thecorrectansweris(B).Sincethenumeratorsarethesame,thefractionwiththesmallerdenominatorwillbelarger.
17.Thecorrectansweris(A).Surfaceareaofacubeisthesumof6equalsquares.
ThefactorsaregreaterinA.
18.Thecorrectansweris(B).
=0.5
0.5%=0.005
19.Thecorrectansweris(B).18×10=180;12×16=192
20.Thecorrectansweris(A).Sinceapostisneededattheverybeginningaswellasattheend,Arequires11posts.
EVALUATINGYOURSCOREANDPLANNINGYOURSTUDYTIMEBeginbyenteringonthescoresheetthenumberofquestionsyougotcorrectineachsectionandcalculateyourpercentagescore.Yourscoresontheactualexamwillnotbereportedinpercentages.Youwillreceivepercentilescoresthatcompareyourperformancewiththatofotherstudentsyourageandinyourgrade.Yourpercentilestandingisveryusefulinformationfortheschoolthatmustbaseitsadmissiondecisiononyourpreparedness.Foryourpurposes,however,thepercentofquestionsyougotrightcanhelpyoucompareyourownperformanceoneachquestiontype.Yourpercentscorecanpointouttoyouyourownstrengthsandweaknessesandhelpyoutoplanyourstudytime.
ScoreSheet
SectionNo.
correct ÷No.of
questions = __×100 = __%
Synonyms(SSATandISEE) _____ ÷ 20 = __×100 = __%
VerbalAnalogies(SSATOnly) _____ ÷ 20 = __×100 = __%
SentenceCompletions(ISEEOnly) _____ ÷ 20 = __×100 = __%
ReadingComprehension(SSATandISEE) _____ ÷ 22 = __×100 = __%
QuantitativeAbility(SSATandISEE) _____ ÷ 30 = __×100 = __%Quantitative
Comparisons(ISEEOnly) _____ ÷ 20 = __×100 = __%
Asyoulookoveryouranswersheet,youmaynoticethatyoumissedsomeoftheearlier,“easier”questionsandgotsomerightneartheendofasection.Thisshouldnotsurpriseyou.Afterall,youareanindividualwithyourowninterests,talents,andthoughtprocesses,andyourcurrentschoolmayintroducesometopicsinalessusualorder.Ifyouwereabletoanswercorrectlymanyquestionsonthediagnosticexam,youarealreadyaheadofthegame.Ifyoudidn’tgettoofarinthetimelimitorifyougotmanyanswerswrong,donotbediscouraged.Firstconsideryourageandinexperiencewithsomeofthequestionstyles.Thencongratulateyourselfthatyouhadtheforesighttoplanastudyprogram,andgettowork.
Plotyourstandingoneachsectiononthecomparisonchartforyourtest.Putacheckmarkintotheboxesinwhichyourscoresfall.Nowyoucanseeataglanceexactlywhereyouwillhavetoconcentrateyourstudy.Ifyouhavelowerpercentagescoresincertainareas,focusyourpreparationonthoseareas.
ComparisonChart—SSAT
PercentCorrect
0–30 31–45 46–60 61–75 76–100
Synonyms
VerbalAnalogies
ReadingComprehension
QuantitativeAbility
ComparisonChart—ISEE
PercentCorrect
0–30 31–45 46–60 61–75 76–100
Synonyms
SentenceCompletions
ReadingComprehension
QuantitativeAbility
QuantitativeComparisons
PARTIIIVOCABULARYREVIEW
CHAPTER5:WordArithmetic(SSATandISEE)
Chapter5
WordArithmetic(SSATandISEE)
OVERVIEW
•Whydotheytestmyvocabulary?•Howarewordsbuilt?•Howdowordpartswork?•Listofcommonwordparts•Wordlist•Summingitup
WHYDOTHEYTESTMYVOCABULARY?Yourabilitytounderstandandtousewordsisessentialtoallofyourlearning.Ifyourtestperformanceonverbalabilityexamsshowsthatyouhavearichvocabulary,youareagoodprospectforsuccessattheschoolstowhichyouhaveapplied.
HOWAREWORDSBUILT?Thesubjectisnotlettersofthealphabetbutratherthepartsofwordsthemselves.Youcanactuallyincreaseyourvocabulary—andyourtestscore—bylearningaboutthestructureofwords.Thiswillhelpyoufigureoutthemeaningsofunfamiliarwordsyoucomeacrossintheverbalabilitysectionofyourexam.
Knowingwhatthepartsofwordsmeanisthekeytodecipheringwordsyou’veneverseenbefore.Let’stakealookatthewordbiographyanditsparts.Youknowthatabiographyissomethingwrittenaboutaperson’slife.Howdothewordpartstellyouthis?Well,thesecondpartoftheword,graphy,comesfromaGreekwordthatmeans“writing.”Thefirstpartofthe
word,bio,isalsofromGreekandmeans“life.”Putthembothtogetherandyougetbiography,thestoryofaperson’slife.IfyouaddtheLatinwordfor“self”—auto—yougetautobiography,astoryyouwriteaboutyourownlife.Thinkaboutsomeotherwordsthatuseoneormoreoftheseparts,likeautomobile,biochemistry,andautograph.Canyouseehowthemeaningfitsthewordparts?
TIPPracticewordarithmetic.Wordsarethesumoftheirparts.Ifyouencounteranunfamiliarwordonyourexam,decipheritspartsandaddthemuptogetthemeaning.
HOWDOWORDPARTSWORK?Differentkindsofwordpartsworktogethertomakeafullyfunctioningword.Thinkaboutit:Ifyourcarisgoingtodomorethanjustsitthere,itneedsacollectionofpartsputtogetherintherightway.Twosteeringwheelswon’tdoyouanygoodifyoudon’thaveagastank.
Eachkindofwordparthasaspecificpurpose.Therearethreebasictypesofwordparts:Prefixesattachtothebeginningofarootwordtoalteritsmeaningortocreateanewword.Suffixesattachtotheendofarootwordtochangeitsmeaning,helpmakeitgrammaticallycorrectincontext,orformanewword.Suffixesoftenindicatewhetherawordisanoun,verb,adjective,oradverb.Rootsorstemsarethebasicelementsofawordthatdetermineitsmeaning.Rootsorstemsarenotwords.Theymustbecombinedwithprefixes,suffixes,orboth.Groupsofwordsfromthesamerootwordarecalled“wordfamilies.”
Awordcanhavearoot,aprefix,andasuffix;itcanhavearootandtwosuffixesorarootandoneprefix.Thepossibilitiesareendless(almost),butyoumustalwayshavearoot.Wordanalysisisakindofarithmetic.Insteadofaddingnumbers,weaddthemeaningscontainedineachpartofanunfamiliarword.Thesumofthesepartsisthedefinitionofthewholeword.
Usethewordlistthatfollowstoexpandyourwordhorizons.Onceyoubegintolearnthewordpartsonthelist,you’llbeabletotakeapartunfamiliarwordslikeamastermechanic.Asyoumakeyourwaythroughthelist,trytothinkofotherwordswiththesameparts.Ifyouhavetime,checktheirmeaningsinadictionaryandtakealookatthewordoriginsintheentry.
LISTOFCOMMONWORDPARTS
Prefix Meaning Example
a not amoralab awayfrom absentad,ac,ag,at to,against aggressive,attractan without anarchyante before antedateanti,ant against antipathy,antonymbene well benefactorbi two biannualcircum around circumventcom,con,col together commit,collatecontra against contrabandde from,down descenddis,di apart,away distract,divertdom home,rule domicile,dominateex,e out,from exit,emitextra beyond,outside extracurricularin,im,ir,il,un not inept,irregular,illegalin,im in,into interest,imbibeinter between interscholasticintra,intro within intramuralmal bad malcontentmis wrong misspellnon not nonentityob against obstacleomni all omnivorousper through permeateperi around,about periscopepoly many polytheismpost after postmortempre before premonitionpro forward,for proposere again,back review,redeemse apart,away secludesemi half semicirclesub under submarinesuper above superimposesur on,upon surmountsyn,sym together,with sympathytrans across,beyond transposeun not unwelcome
Suffix Meaning Example
able,ible capableof applicable,reversible(adj.)age place,thing,idea storage(n.)al pertainingto instructional(adj.)ance relatingto reliance(n.)ary relatingto dictionary(n.)ate anactionof confiscate(v.)cy thequalityof democracy(n.)ed pastaction subsided(v.)ence relatingto confidence(n.)er,or onewho adviser,actor(n.)
ic pertainingto democratic(adj.)ing presentaction surmising(v.)ion theactorstateof radiation(n.)ious fullof rebellious(adj.)ive havingthequalityof creative(adj.)ize tomake harmonize(v.)ly todowiththequalityof carefully(adv.)ment theresultof amusement(n.)ness thequalityofbeing selfishness(n.)ty conditionofbeing sanity(n.)
Stem Meaning Example
ag,ac do agenda,actionagri farm agricultureaqua water aquaticauto self automaticbiblio book bibliographybio life biographycad,cas fall cadence,casualcap,cep,cept take captive,acceptcapit head capitalced,cede,ceed,cess go intercedeceler speed acceleratechrom color monochromaticchron time chronologicalcide,cis cut incisionclude,clud,clus close,closein include,clustercog,cogn knowledgeof recognizecur,curs run incur,recurded give dedicatedent,dont tooth dentalduce,duct lead induce,deductfact,feet,fict make,do perfect,fictionfer,late carry refer,dilateflect,flex bend,turn reflectfring,fract break infringe,refractgraph,gram picture,writing graphic,telegramgreg group,gather gregariousgress,grad move progress,degradehydr water hydrateject throw injectjud right judicialjunct join conjunctionjuris law,justice juristlect,leg read,choose collectlogue speech,speaking dialoguelogy studyof psychologyloq,loc speak elocutionlude,lus play,perform eludemanu byhand manuscriptmand order remandmar sea maritimemed middle intermediate
ment,mem mind,memory mentionmeter measure thermometermicro small microscopemin lessen miniaturemis,miss,mit send remit,dismissmot,mov move remote,removemute change commutenaut sailor,sail nauticalnounce,nunci declare,state announce,enunciateped,pod foot pedalpel,pulse drive,push dispel,impulsepend,pense hang,way depend,dispenseplac please placateplic fold implicateport carry portablepose,pone put,place depose,componentreg,rect rule regulate,directrupt break disruptionscend,scent move ascentscribe,script write describesec,sect cut bisectsed remain sedentarysert state,place insertserve keep,save preservesist stand,set insistspect look inspectspire,spirat breath,breathe perspirestrict tighten restricttain hold detainterm end terminatetort twist distorttract draw,drag detractvene,vent come intervene,inventvict overcome,conquer evictvolve,volu roll,turn evolve,evolution
WORDLISTThewordsinthislistaregroupedin“families,”bytheirstems.Thestemsarearrangedinalphabeticalorder.Ifyouneedhelpwithwordsotherthanthoselistedhere,checkyourdictionaryorthesaurus.
AQUA,AQUE:water
aquarium—atankforfishandwaterplants
aquatic—havingtodowithwater
aqueous—watery
subaqueous—underwater
AUTO:self
autobiography—thestoryofone’slife,writtenbyoneself
autograph—aperson’sownsignature
automatic—self-operating
automation—asysteminwhichmachinerydoesmostoftheworkitself
BIBLIO:book
bibliography—alistofbooksusedforreference
bibliolatry—worshipofbooks
BIO:life
antibiotics—medicinesthatworkagainstharmfullife-formsinthebody
biography—thestoryofaperson’slife
biology—thestudyofvariouslife-forms
symbiosis—mutualinterdependenceoftwodifferentlivingorganisms
CAP,CEP,CEPT:take
accept—totakein
capture—totakebyforce;totakeprisoner
exception—somethingtakenorleftout
inception—theactoftakingsomethingin;abeginning
ED,CEDE,CEED,CESS:go,move
accede—tomovetoward;togrant
concede—togowith;admit
concession—anadmission
exceed—togooveroroutsideof
excess—goingovercertainlimits
intercede—tomovebetween
precede—togobeforeoraheadof
proceed—tomoveforward
recede—tomoveback
secession—theactofmovingapart;separationfromthewhole
CHRON:time
anachronism—somethingcontrarytoaparticularera
chronometer—atoolthatmeasurestime
CIDE,CIS:cut
decide—toact;tocutofffromfurtherconsideration
excise—tocutoutoraway
incision—acut
CLUDE,CLUS:close,shut
exclude—tocloseorshutout
exclusive—havingthequalityofshuttingout
include—toshutorclosein
recluse—apersonwhoshutshim-orherselfawayfromothers
seclude—toshutapartfrom
COG,COGN:knowledgeof
cognizant—thequalityofbeingknowledgeable
incognito—unknown;disguised
recognition—theactofknowingagain;recalling
CUR,CURS:run
concurrent—runningwith;atthesametime
cursory—thequalityofrunningthroughquickly
precursor—aforerunner
recurrent—runningagain
DUCE,DUCT:lead
abduct—toleadaway;tokidnap
conducive—havingthequalityofleadingtogether;persuasive
deduce—toleadfrom;toconclude
introduce—toleadinto
reduction—theactofleadingbackward;aloss
FACT,FECT,FICT:make,do
affectation—somethingmadeup;apretense
defect—somethingmadeapartfromtheordinary
effect—somethingdoneoutwardly;achange
fictitious—madeup;nottrue
FER:carry,bring
conference—thestateofbringingtogether;ameeting
differ—tocarryapart;todisagree
ferret—toforceoutofhiding;tosearchabout
infer—tobringin;toconclude
offer—tocarryout
preference—theactofbringingfirstorbefore
reference—theactofcarryingback
transfer—tocarryacross
FLECT,FLEX:bend,turn
circumflex—anaccentmarkthatisbentoveraletter
flexible—abletobebentorchanged
genuflect—tobendthekneetothefloor
reflect—tobendorturnsomethingback
reflex—areturnmovement;aresponse
FRING,FRACT:break
fracture—abreakinsomethinghard
infraction—thebreakingofarule
infringe—tobreakinto
refract—tobreakup
GRAPH,GRAM:picture,writing
diagram—informationinpictureform
epigram—abriefpieceofwriting
graph—informationinpictureform
seismograph—apicturerecordofearthmovements
telegram—communicationusingsoundandwriting
telegraph—communicationwithsoundsthataretranslatedintowriting
GREG:group,gather
aggregation—agroup
congregate—togathertogether
gregarious—havingthecharacteristicofgettingalongwellinagroup;social
segregate—togroupapart;tokeepgroupsseparate
GRESS,GRAD:move
aggressive—thecharacteristicofmovingtowardsomething
degrade—tomovedown
graduate—tomovefromonelevelofprestige,proficiency,orexperiencetoahigherone
ingredient—somethingthatismovedintosomethingelse
progress—tomoveforward
regress—tomovebackward
upgrade—tomoveup
HYDR:water
dehydrate—toremovewaterfrom
hydrant—somethingthatgivesoutwater
hydraulic—relatingtowaterpower
hydrogen—watergas
hydrology—thestudyofwater
hydrophobia—fearofwater
hydrotherapy—curebywater
JECT:throw
conjecture—somethingthrowntogether;aguess
dejected—throwndown
eject—tothrowout
inject—tothrowin
projectile—anobjecttothrowforward
subjected—thrownunder
JUNCT:join
conjunction—awordthatjoinspartsofsentencestogether
enjoin—tojoininto;toenforce
injunction—anenjoiningaction
junction—ajoiningoftwopartsofsomething
JURIS:law,justice
jurisdiction—sphereoflegalauthority
jurisprudence—legalscience
jurist—anexpertinlaw
LOGUE:speaking,speech
dialogue—speechbetweentwopeople
epilogue—ashortendingspeech
eulogy—aspeechofpraise
monologue—oneperson’sspeech
prologue—aspeechgivenasaforeword
LOQ,LOC:talk,speak
colloquy—talkingtogether
elocution—clearspeech
interlocutors—speakers
loquacious—thequalityofbeingtalkative
LUDE,LUS:play
allude—torefertocasuallyorindirectly
allusion—areferenceto
delude—todeceive;tomislead
elude—toescapethroughcleverness
prelude—anintroductoryperiodbeforeamainevent
MAND:order,command
countermand—anorderplacedagainstanotherorder
mandate—command
mandatory—orderedorrequired
remand—toorderback
MANU:hand
manicure—careofthehands
manifest—asfromanopenhand;madeobvious
manipulate—tohandle
manual—ahandbook;donebyhandandnotbymachine
manuscript—adocumentwrittenbyhand
MEM,MENT:mind,memory
commemorate—torememberwith
demented—outofone’smind
mention—acalltomind
reminisce—tocallbackmemories
MIS,MISS,MIT:send
commit—tosendtogether
dismiss—tosendaway
emit—tosendout
remission—thestateofbeingsentback
submit—tosendunder
transmit—tosendacross
PED,POD:foot
biped—ananimalthatwalksontwofeet
impede—toputafootagainst;toobstruct
pedestrian—apersonwhoiswalking
podiatrist—afootdoctor
tripod—anobjectwiththreefeet
PEL,PULSE:drive,push
dispel—todriveaway
expel—topushout
impulse—todriveorpushin
propel—topushforward
repel—topushback
PEND,PENSE:hang,weigh
appendix—partthathangs;aportionofabookusuallyfoundintheback
dispense—toapportion
expenditure—asumpaidout
impending—hangingoversomething
suspend—tohangfrom
PLAC:please
implacable—notabletobepleasedorappeased
placate—toplease
placebo—aninactivemedicinedesignedtopleaseorsatisfy
placid—quiet,pleasing
PLI,PLIC:fold
implicate—toinvolve
pliable—easilyfoldedorinfluenced
PONE,POSE,POSIT:placeorput
components—unitstobeputtogether
depose—toputdown
exponent—somethingorsomeonewhoputssomethingforth
oppose—toplaceagainst
proponent—apersonwhoputssomethingforward;anadvocate
PORT:carry,bring
deportation—theactofcarryingoutorawayfrom
export—tocarrytradeoutofacountry
import—tocarrytradeintoacountry
report—tocarryback
transport—tocarryacross
RECT,REG:toruleorlead,straight
erect—straightenedupward
rectify—tostraightenout;tocorrect
rectitude—moraluprightness
regulate—torule
RUPT:break
disrupt—tobreakthroughordown
erupt—tobreakout
rupture—abreak
SCEND,SCENT:climb
ascend—toclimbup
condescend—toclimbdownwith
descent—downwardslope
transcend—toclimbbeyond
SCRIBE,SCRIPT:write
describe—towriteabout
inscription—somethingwritteninsomethingelse
prescription—writtenbeforereceiving
proscribe—towritesomethingout;toban
SEC,SECT:cut
bisect—tocutintwo
dissect—tocutapart
sector—acuttingorpartofawhole
SERT:declare,state
assert—tostatefirmly
insert—toplacewithin
SERVE:keep,save
conserve—tosave(together)
preservation—thestateofmaintainingasbefore
reservation—somethingkeptorsavedaside
SIST:stand,set
desist—tostandaway
inconsistent—notstandingtogether;changing
insistent—havingthequalityofstandingfirmly
SPEC,SPECT:see,look
aspect—awayoflookingatsomething
prospective—forwardlooking;future
spectrum—somethingseenbroadly
speculate—tolookatmentally
TAIN,TEN:hold
contain—toholdtogether
containment—thestateofbeingheldtogether
detain—toholdaside
retain—toholdback
tenacious—holdingpowerfully
TERM:end,limit
exterminate—toeliminate
interminable—notabletobeended;unending
terminate—toend
terminus—endingplace
TORT:twist
contort—totwisttogether
distortion—somethingthattwistsawayfromthetruth
extort—totwistawayoroutof
TRACT:draw,drag
attract—todrawtoward
distraction—somethingthatdrawsattentionawayfromsomethingelse
extract—todrawout
intractable—noteasilydrawnorpersuaded
protracted—drawnout
VENE,VENT:come
advent—acoming
circumvent—toavoidbygoingaround
convene—tocometogether
intervene—tocomebetween
VINCE,VICT:conquer,overcome
convince—toconquer
invincible—notabletobeconquered
victor—conqueror
VOLVE,VOLU:roll,turn
convoluted—rolledortwistedtogether
evolution—theactofrollingforth;agradualdevelopment
involve—todrawin
revolution—arollingback;anoverturning
EXERCISES:WORDARITHMETIC15Questions
Directions:Togetyourselfstarted,takealookattheseexamplesofwordanalysisandarithmetic.
PROCESSION
pro-isaprefixthatmeans“forward.”
cessisastemthatmeans“go”or“move.”
-ionisanounsuffixthatmeans“theactof.”
pro+cess+ion=theactofmovingforward
RECEDING
re-isaprefixthatmeans“back.”
cedeisastemthatmeans“go.”
-ingisanactivewordsuffix.
re+ced+ing=goingback
DISSECTED
dis-isaprefixthatmeans“apart.”
sectisastemmeaning“cut.”
-edisaverbsuffixshowingpastaction.
dis+sect+ed=cutapartortookapart
Directions:Practicewordarithmeticwiththesewords.TheListofCommonWordPartsandtheWordListwillhelpyou.Writeadefinitionforeachwordinthespace.Thecorrectanswersfollow.
1.revision________________
2.audible________________
3.adhere________________
4.retract________________
5.projection________________
6.preclude________________
7.recline________________
8.erupt________________
9.regression________________
10.revolution________________
11.retain________________
12.inscription________________
13.divert________________
14.conduct________________
15.import________________
ANSWEREXPLANATIONS1.RE-back,again;VISlook,see;-IONtheactofRE+VIS+ION=theactoflookingatorseeingagain
2.AUDhear;-IBLEableAUD+IBLE=abletobeheard
3.AD-to;HEREcling,stickAD+HERE=clingto
4.RE-back,again;TRACTdraw,pullRE+TRACT=todrawback
5.PRO-forward;JECTthrow;-IONtheactofPRO+JECT+ION=theactofthrowingforward
6.PRE-before;CLUDEclose,closeinPRE+CLUDE=tocloseinbefore
7.RE-back,again;CLINEleanRE+CLINE=toleanback
8.E-out;RUPTbreakE+RUPT=tobreakout
9.RE-back,again;GRESSmove;-IONtheactofRE+GRESS+ION=theactofmovingbackward
10.RE-back,again;VOLUroll;-TIONtheactofRE+VOLU+TION=theactofrollingagain
11.RE-back,again;TAINtoholdRE+TAIN=toholdback
12.IN-in;SCRIPTwrite;-IONtheactofIN+SCRIPT+ION=theactofwritingin
13.DI-away,aside;VERTturnDI+VERT=toturnaway
14.CON-together;DUCTlead
CON+DUCT=toleadtogether
15.IM-in;PORTtocarryIM+PORT=tocarryin
SUMMINGITUP
•Knowingwhatthepartsofwordsmeanisthekeytodecipheringwordsyou’veneverseenbefore.
•Practicewordarithmetic.Wordsarethesumoftheirparts.•Ifyoucomeupagainstanunfamiliarwordonyourtest,decipheritspartsandaddthemuptogetthemeaning.
PARTIVVERBALABILITYREVIEW
CHAPTER6:Synonyms(SSATandISEE)
CHAPTER7:VerbalAnalogies(SSATOnly)
CHAPTER8:SentenceCompletions(ISEEOnly)
Chapter6
Synonyms(SSATandISEE)
OVERVIEW
•Whatdosynonymquestionslooklike?•Howdoyouanswersynonymquestions?•Testyourselfquizzes•Answerkeys•Summingitup
WHATDOSYNONYMQUESTIONSLOOKLIKE?Synonymsarewordswithsimilarmeanings.BoththeSSATandISEEtestyouwithstraightforwardsynonymquestions.Theypresentasinglewordincapitallettersandaskyoutochoosethewordthatisthebestsynonymforthequestionword.
Directions:ChoosethewordorphraseclosestinmeaningtotheCAPITALIZEDword.
PROFICIENT
(A)resentful
(B)amiable
(C)famous
(D)adept
Thecorrectansweris(D).Someonewhoisproficientisparticularlygoodatdoingacertaintaskoractivity.Adeptisasynonymforproficient.
ALERT!Neverchooseananswersimplybecauseitistheonewordyoudon’trecognize.Thecorrectanswermaybetheeasiestandmostobviousword.
HOWDOYOUANSWERSYNONYMQUESTIONS?Toanswersynonymquestions,followthesefoursteps:Synonyms:GettingItRight
Lookatthewordcarefully.Considereveryanswerchoice.Onechoicemustalwaysbethebestresponse.
Eliminateobviouslywrongresponsesimmediately.
Useword-analysistechniquestohelpyouwithdifficultwords.
Tryusingthewordinasentenceofyourown;thinkaboutthemeaningofthewordasyouhaveusedit.
NOTEWhatifnoanswerseemsexactlyright?Remember:Thedirectionstellyoutochoosethebestanswer.Thecorrectanswerwon’tnecessarilybeaperfectfit,butitwillworkbetterthantheotherchoices.
TESTYOURSELFQUIZZESUsethefollowingquizzestohelpyoudeterminewhatyourweaknessesmightbe.
Markeverywordyoucannotdefine—capitalizedwordoranswerchoice.Lookupthesewordsinadictionaryandcreateyourownpersonalvocabularylistforfurtherstudy.Clickherefortheanswers.
TestYourself1
Directions:SelectthewordthatisclosestinmeaningtotheCAPITALIZEDword.
1.CHASSIS
(A)frame
(B)body
(C)form
(D)lubrication
2.ENLIGHTEN
(A)reduce
(B)bleach
(C)educate
(D)absorb
3.AFFIRM
(A)prove
(B)validate
(C)sign
(D)stick
4.FROCK
(A)dress
(B)coat
(C)hermit
(D)veil
5.KEG
(A)beer
(B)nails
(C)barrel
(D)understanding
6.LOGO
(A)symbol
(B)copyright
(C)gameplan
(D)magnet
7.MOUSY
(A)brown
(B)alcoholic
(C)gnawing
(D)timid
8.PARCH
(A)boil
(B)bum
(C)dry
(D)steam
9.REFUGE
(A)alibi
(B)shelter
(C)exile
(D)church
10.SKEPTIC
(A)doubter
(B)critic
(C)heretic
(D)opponent
11.TENUOUS
(A)boring
(B)impermanent
(C)nervous
(D)flimsy
12.VIE
(A)defeat
(B)hurry
(C)seek
(D)compete
13.ARMADA
(A)fleet
(B)battle
(C)defeat
(D)ship
14.DRIVEL
(A)saliva
(B)foam
(C)tension
(D)nonsense
15.BOOTY
(A)piracy
(B)riot
(C)plunder
(D)leather
16.PORTAL
(A)dockside
(B)carriage
(C)peephole
(D)gate
17.CAGEY
(A)imprisoned
(B)protected
(C)shrewd
(D)wild
18.JUMBO
(A)egg
(B)elephant
(C)huge
(D)mixture
19.MYTHICAL
(A)ancient
(B)religious
(C)explanatory
(D)imaginary
20.NUGGET
(A)gold
(B)candy
(C)collision
(D)lump
TestYourself2
Directions:SelectthewordthatisclosestinmeaningtotheCAPITALIZEDword.
1.ADULTERATE
(A)cheat
(B)age
(C)shorten
(D)idolize
(E)dilute
2.BOARDER
(A)carpenter
(B)lumberman
(C)edge
(D)roomer
(E)traveler
3.LEERY
(A)obscene
(B)uncontrolled
(C)wicked
(D)suspicious
(E)sheltered
4.OVATION
(A)speech
(B)applause
(C)eggdish
(D)misjudgment
(E)exaggeration
5.CORPULENT
(A)ruddy
(B)spiritual
(C)bloody
(D)overweight
(E)gluttonous
6.DIVERT
(A)behave
(B)amuse
(C)annoy
(D)arrange
(E)disclose
7.SUPERFICIAL
(A)fantastic
(B)familyties
(C)realestate
(D)well
(E)withoutdepth
8.COMBATIVE
(A)honesty
(B)posture
(C)constructive
(D)correction
(E)argumentative
9.TRUCE
(A)treaty
(B)peace
(C)pause
(D)amnesty
(E)silence
10.INTRIGUE
(A)plot
(B)jolly
(C)dishonest
(D)greedy
(E)strict
11.SPECTRUM
(A)rainbow
(B)prism
(C)range
(D)magnifier
(E)idea
12.PERILOUS
(A)dangerous
(B)waterproof
(C)frightening
(D)poor
(E)perfect
13.INSENSITIVE
(A)brief
(B)lacy
(C)uncaring
(D)servile
(E)sad
14.BENEFICIAL
(A)badluck
(B)helpful
(C)blessing
(D)thanks
(E)enlightenment
TestYourself3
Directions:SelectthewordthatisclosestinmeaningtotheCAPITALIZEDword.
1.HUMUS
(A)nerve
(B)topsoil
(C)modesty
(D)tonnage
2.INVALUABLE
(A)useless
(B)untrue
(C)uniform
(D)priceless
3.BELLIGERENT
(A)warlike
(B)windy
(C)noisy
(D)overweight
4.ACRID
(A)burnt
(B)smoky
(C)bitter
(D)artificial
5.RIFE
(A)widespread
(B)mature
(C)quarrelsome
(D)broken
6.TACIT
(A)understood
(B)sensitive
(C)sticky
(D)skillful
7.SHROUD
(A)cummerbund
(B)coffin
(C)veil
(D)wake
8.WRIT
(A)law
(B)order
(C)deed
(D)prohibition
9.DOWDY
(A)young
(B)fluffy
(C)widowed
(D)shabby
10.MAUDLIN
(A)spotted
(B)sentimental
(C)silent
(D)juicy
11.ULCER
(A)pain
(B)stomachache
(C)sore
(D)swelling
12.GREGARIOUS
(A)haggling
(B)sociable
(C)quick
(D)worm-like
13.SURLY
(A)positively
(B)confidently
(C)unfriendly
(D)overly
14.TOKEN
(A)symbol
(B)coin
(C)omen
(D)facsimile
15.ASYLUM
(A)madness
(B)illness
(C)prison
(D)sanctuary
16.PRUNE
(A)raisin
(B)fruit
(C)trim
(D)wrinkle
TestYourself4
Directions:SelectthewordthatisclosestinmeaningtotheCAPITALIZEDword.
1.AMORPHOUS
(A)insomniac
(B)drug-free
(C)shapeless
(D)headless
(E)unloved
2.PALTRY
(A)silo
(B)larder
(C)fowl
(D)foul
(E)meager
3.QUANDARY
(A)swamp
(B)prey
(C)argument
(D)nausea
(E)puzzlement
4.STERLING
(A)genuine
(B)plated
(C)excellent
(D)shiny
(E)heavy
5.TIC
(A)click
(B)twitch
(C)checkmark
(D)insect
(E)game
6.VALET
(A)manservant
(B)bootblack
(C)chauffeur
(D)doorman
(E)rascal
7.BRUNT
(A)wideend
(B)heavypart
(C)sorespot
(D)harshsound
(E)weakestmember
8.LIMPID
(A)deep
(B)clear
(C)weak
(D)blue
(E)lame
9.NARRATE
(A)write
(B)dramatize
(C)tell
(D)summarize
(E)explain
10.TRIATHLON
(A)drunkenbrawl
(B)dance
(C)sportingevent
(D)wildparty
(E)longspeech
11.MINCE
(A)chop
(B)meat
(C)fruit
(D)suet
(E)pie
12.CORRUPT
(A)dishonest
(B)belittle
(C)remove
(D)portray
(E)destroy
13.GARBLE
(A)build
(B)overeat
(C)dazzle
(D)drool
(E)confuse
14.EBB
(A)flow
(B)wax
(C)tide
(D)wane
(E)ocean
TestYourself5
Directions:SelectthewordthatisclosestinmeaningtotheCAPITALIZEDword.
1.GOAD
(A)frog
(B)tadpole
(C)aspiration
(D)prod
2.EQUABLE
(A)hot
(B)fair
(C)measured
(D)calm
3.GUILELESS
(A)clumsy
(B)clever
(C)wistful
(D)naïve
4.EXORBITANT
(A)essential
(B)lacking
(C)literal
(D)excessive
5.DESPERADO
(A)cowboy
(B)hunter
(C)settler
(D)criminal
6.FATIGUE
(A)femininity
(B)length
(C)weariness
(D)perseverance
7.DISPENSARY
(A)militarystore
(B)infirmary
(C)confessional
(D)busstation
8.JOGGLE
(A)tinkle
(B)shake
(C)shove
(D)race
9.KEEPER
(A)miser
(B)caretaker
(C)box
(D)jeweler
10.VOUCH
(A)pay
(B)guarantee
(C)agree
(D)comfort
11.ACCRUE
(A)blame
(B)accumulate
(C)authorize
(D)praise
12.ROUSE
(A)complain
(B)awake
(C)dig
(D)annoy
13.PROLETARIAT
(A)workers
(B)voters
(C)royalty
(D)judiciary
14.LIMBER
(A)nowhere
(B)tied
(C)loose
(D)happy
15.HIATUS
(A)mountain
(B)cymbals
(C)rumpus
(D)gap
16.UNBLUSHING
(A)pale
(B)shameless
(C)stoic
(D)bold
TestYourself6
Directions:SelectthewordthatisclosestinmeaningtotheCAPITALIZEDword.
1.DELECTABLE
(A)hindrance
(B)enjoyable
(C)explanation
(D)debate
2.GAINSAY
(A)repeat
(B)somersault
(C)deny
(D)enjoy
3.FOREGONE
(A)previous
(B)later
(C)ended
(D)preordained
4.OTTOMAN
(A)footstool
(B)rug
(C)sofa
(D)blanket
5.GRATUITOUS
(A)thankful
(B)polite
(C)unnecessary
(D)annoying
6.OPULENT
(A)busy
(B)showy
(C)abundant
(D)enchanted
7.INTERMENT
(A)apprenticeship
(B)questioning
(C)referral
(D)burial
8.SUNDER
(A)separate
(B)vary
(C)darken
(D)depress
9.QUADRANT
(A)perpendicular
(B)rightangle
(C)quarter
(D)corner
10.PORTENTOUS
(A)overweight
(B)ominous
(C)overbearing
(D)ostentatious
11.VAULT
(A)boast
(B)display
(C)jump
(D)defy
12.PONDER
(A)brag
(B)consider
(C)beat
(D)mimic
13.ETIQUETTE
(A)manners
(B)dresscode
(C)wedding
(D)aristocracy
14.GOUGE
(A)measure
(B)scoop
(C)stuff
(D)stab
15.CUPIDITY
(A)greed
(B)love
(C)archery
(D)boldness
16.APOLOGIST
(A)defender
(B)petitioner
(C)prisoner
(D)repenter
TestYourself7
Directions:SelectthewordthatisclosestinmeaningtotheCAPITALIZEDword.
1.WHEEDLE
(A)breatheloudly
(B)givebirth
(C)coax
(D)insinuate
(E)squirm
2.UNLETTERED
(A)pantomimed
(B)illustrated
(C)manuscript
(D)numbered
(E)illiterate
3.SOJOURN
(A)trip
(B)convent
(C)pilgrimage
(D)worry
(E)visit
4.PENSIVE
(A)sorrowful
(B)hanging
(C)thoughtful
(D)poor
(E)stingy
5.RADIATE
(A)heat
(B)expand
(C)illumine
(D)shine
(E)energize
6.TRACERY
(A)searching
(B)design
(C)copy
(D)track
(E)recording
7.AGOG
(A)frightened
(B)surprised
(C)open
(D)angry
(E)upset
8.HIGHWAYMAN
(A)truckdriver
(B)statetrooper
(C)mountaindweller
(D)hermit
(E)robber
9.BIBLIOGRAPHY
(A)storyofone’sownlife
(B)storyofanother’slife
(C)listofbooks
(D)footnote
(E)cardcatalog
10.JOLLITY
(A)piracy
(B)peace
(C)dessert
(D)merriment
(E)teasing
11.IGNOBLE
(A)stupid
(B)base
(C)drunken
(D)regal
(E)erect
12.MUNIFICENT
(A)lavish
(B)urban
(C)splendid
(D)enormous
(E)important
13.ODIOUS
(A)impossible
(B)perfumed
(C)badsmelling
(D)unpleasant
(E)strange
14.CRONE
(A)complainer
(B)bee
(C)hag
(D)singer
(E)friend
TestYourself8
Directions:SelectthewordthatisclosestinmeaningtotheCAPITALIZEDword.
1.CITADEL
(A)castle
(B)barricade
(C)mansion
(D)fort
(E)church
2.INCORRIGIBLE
(A)incredible
(B)immaterial
(C)unruly
(D)selective
(E)immovable
3.FURL
(A)wave
(B)flap
(C)rollup
(D)sail
(E)billow
4.MORTIFY
(A)change
(B)embed
(C)fasten
(D)embarrass
(E)piecetogether
5.FACILE
(A)lithe
(B)hairy
(C)copy
(D)partisan
(E)easy
6.NOSEGAY
(A)lunchbag
(B)goldring
(C)bouquet
(D)wreath
(E)ribbon
7.GURNEY
(A)cow
(B)bubble
(C)bodybag
(D)waterspout
(E)stretcher
8.ETCH
(A)print
(B)engrave
(C)paint
(D)capture
(E)frame
9.HAMLET
(A)smallpig
(B)glove
(C)basket
(D)village
(E)cabin
10.INSOLVENT
(A)solid
(B)liquid
(C)bankrupt
(D)suspended
(E)mixture
11.KNACK
(A)junk
(B)ability
(C)knowledge
(D)sausage
(E)noise
12.AVARICE
(A)gluttony
(B)starvation
(C)intelligence
(D)greed
(E)wealth
13.SUCCUMB
(A)yield
(B)irritate
(C)echo
(D)succeed
(E)refuse
14.PEER
(A)equal
(B)juror
(C)legislator
(D)judge
(E)neighbor
TestYourself9
Directions:SelectthewordthatisclosestinmeaningtotheCAPITALIZEDword.
1.CISTERN
(A)watertank
(B)sewagesystem
(C)stewpot
(D)drainagepipe
2.FORSWEAR
(A)curse
(B)repent
(C)empty
(D)giveup
3.DOUSE
(A)soak
(B)divine
(C)conjure
(D)depress
4.LITIGANT
(A)reader
(B)cleric
(C)wrapper
(D)suer
5.ORDINANCE
(A)ammunition
(B)rule
(C)simplification
(D)suffering
6.MARQUEE
(A)nobleman
(B)billboard
(C)canopy
(D)gemstone
7.IMPASSIVE
(A)active
(B)obstructive
(C)unfeeling
(D)fair
8.NEOPHYTE
(A)novice
(B)complainer
(C)baby
(D)woodnymph
9.HENCHMAN
(A)bartender
(B)gardener
(C)criminal
(D)follower
10.JUBILEE
(A)meeting
(B)year
(C)anniversary
(D)service
11.BAILIFF
(A)sailor
(B)moneylender
(C)dog
(D)courtofficer
12.TREMENDOUS
(A)frightening
(B)enormous
(C)shaking
(D)noisy
13.ROOT
(A)hurry
(B)hibernate
(C)dig
(D)perch
14.RAZE
(A)bum
(B)destroy
(C)loot
(D)obscure
15.REVULSION
(A)disgust
(B)insurgency
(C)twisting
(D)correction
16.GYRATE
(A)barbecue
(B)twist
(C)wobble
(D)spin
TestYourself10
Directions:SelectthewordthatisclosestinmeaningtotheCAPITALIZEDword.
1.WREAK
(A)smash
(B)rage
(C)poke
(D)emanate
(E)inflict
2.PHOBIA
(A)attraction
(B)love
(C)fear
(D)hatred
(E)illness
3.STATIC
(A)lively
(B)electrical
(C)unpleasant
(D)shocking
(E)inactive
4.AMULET
(A)omen
(B)necklace
(C)charm
(D)armband
(E)flask
5.HAZY
(A)polluted
(B)indistinct
(C)brown
(D)annoyed
(E)insane
6.KILN
(A)skirt
(B)plaid
(C)oven
(D)relative
(E)weight
7.MIGRATE
(A)gosouth
(B)sleep
(C)headache
(D)travel
(E)return
8.OFFICIOUS
(A)insulting
(B)formal
(C)meddling
(D)distant
(E)ceremonial
9.NIB
(A)irritation
(B)bite
(C)bump
(D)chill
(E)point
10.GAINFUL
(A)profitable
(B)overflowing
(C)enthusiastic
(D)injurious
(E)busy
11.FILAMENT
(A)steak
(B)thread
(C)flavoring
(D)decoration
(E)failure
12.DELL
(A)farm
(B)barnyard
(C)valley
(D)bell
(E)ring
13.COBBLE
(A)limp
(B)weave
(C)eatgreedily
(D)repairshoes
(E)shoehorses
14.UNNUMBERED
(A)unclassified
(B)countless
(C)few
(D)lettered
(E)listed
15.IMPISH
(A)disrespectful
(B)mischievous
(C)rash
(D)unsaid
(E)relentless
16.BICEPS
(A)muscle
(B)tweezers
(C)dinosaur
(D)rowboat
(E)crossroads
17.THERAPEUTIC
(A)manipulative
(B)active
(C)athletic
(D)rigorous
(E)curative
18.STAID
(A)leftover
(B)guest
(C)sedate
(D)dirty
(E)immobile
19.PURIST
(A)perfectionist
(B)sanitarian
(C)laundress
(D)exorcist
(E)steward
20.FETISH
(A)charm
(B)foot
(C)dustball
(D)gremlin
(E)hairdo
ANSWERKEYSTestYourself1
1.A2.C3.B4.A
5.C6.A7.D8.C
9.B10.A11.D12.D
13.A14.D15.C16.D
17.C18.C19.D20.D
TestYourself2
1.E2.D3.D
4.B5.D6.B
7.E8.E9.C
10.A11.C12.A
13.C14.B
TestYourself3
1.B2.D3.A4.C
5.A6.A7.C
8.B9.D10.B
11.C12.B13.C
14.A15.D16.C
TestYourself4
1.C2.E3.E
4.C5.B6.A
7.B8.B9.C
10.C11.A12.A
13.E14.D
TestYourself5
1.D2.B3.D4.D
5.D6.C7.B
8.B9.B10.B
11.B12.B13.A
14.C15.D16.B
TestYourself6
1.B2.C3.D4.A
5.C6.C7.D
8.A9.C10.B
11.C12.B13.A
14.B15.A16.A
TestYourself7
1.C2.E3.E
4.C5.D6.B
7.B8.E9.C
10.D11.B12.A
13.D14.C
TestYourself8
1.D2.C3.C
4.D5.E6.C
7.E8.B9.D
10.C11.B12.D
13.A14.A
TestYourself9
1.A2.D3.A4.D
5.B6.C7.C
8.A9.D10.C
11.D12.B13.C
14.B15.A16.D
TestYourself10
1.E2.C3.E4.C
5.B6.C7.D8.C
9.E10.A11.B12.C
13.D14.B15.B16.A
17.E18.C19.A20.A
EXERCISES:SYNONYMS
Directions:Choosetheletterofyouranswertoeachquestion.
1.IMAGE
(A)newspaper
(B)picture
(C)fantasy
(D)oldest
2.GARRULOUS
(A)complaining
(B)overlyfriendly
(C)careless
(D)overlytalkative
3.STIMULATE
(A)reward
(B)giveanincentiveto
(C)antagonize
(D)lowertheefficiencyof
4.INSTILL
(A)measureexactly
(B)predictaccurately
(C)impartgradually
(D)restraineffectively
5.IRRELEVANT
(A)unproven
(B)hardtounderstand
(C)notpertinent
(D)insincere
6.PRIOR
(A)private
(B)definite
(C)later
(D)previous
7.DEPLETE
(A)exhaust
(B)include
(C)deliver
(D)reject
8.CANDID
(A)biased
(B)written
(C)frank
(D)confidential
9.AILMENT
(A)illness
(B)foodallergy
(C)operation
(D)problem
10.NONCHALANCE
(A)interest
(B)poverty
(C)care
(D)indifference
11.FUNDAMENTAL
(A)adequate
(B)detailed
(C)basic
(D)truthful
12.TERMINATE
(A)end
(B)ignore
(C)postpone
(D)continue
13.RELUCTANCE
(A)eagerness
(B)ability
(C)unreliability
(D)unwillingness
14.DILIGENT
(A)incompetent
(B)careless
(C)cheerful
(D)industrious
15.DIVERSITY
(A)similarity
(B)triviality
(C)value
(D)variety
16.INTACT
(A)undamaged
(B)unattended
(C)atotalloss
(D)repaired
17.RESOLVED
(A)offered
(B)refused
(C)hesitated
(D)determined
18.RIGOROUSLY
(A)usually
(B)never
(C)strictly
(D)leniently
19.AMICABLE
(A)friendly
(B)tender
(C)accessible
(D)inimical
20.CLAMOR
(A)murmur
(B)noise
(C)questions
(D)singing
21.DECLINED
(A)suspected
(B)misunderstood
(C)consented
(D)refused
22.NOXIOUS
(A)concentrated
(B)harmful
(C)gaseous
(D)heavy
23.TRIVIAL
(A)ofapersonalnature
(B)verysignificant
(C)interestingandeducational
(D)oflittleimportance
24.OBSOLETE
(A)complicated
(B)outofdate
(C)highlysuitable
(D)reliable
25.DEXTERITY
(A)skill
(B)punctuality
(C)courtesy
(D)cooperation
26.RECALCITRANT
(A)cooperative
(B)highlyexcited
(C)accustomedtohardwork
(D)stubbornlyresistant
27.PLACATE
(A)escort
(B)appease
(C)interview
(D)detain
28.LATITUDE
(A)adviceandencouragement
(B)assistance
(C)causeforannoyance
(D)freedomfromrestriction
29.EXPEDIENT
(A)inconvenient
(B)expensive
(C)efficient
(D)time-consuming
30.PREROGATIVES
(A)ideals
(B)privileges
(C)demands
(D)weapons
31.ANTICIPATE
(A)foresee
(B)annul
(C)approve
(D)conceal
32.PROLIFIC
(A)talented
(B)popular
(C)forwardlooking
(D)productive
33.FRUGAL
(A)friendly
(B)hostile
(C)thoughtful
(D)economical
34.IMPERATIVE
(A)impending
(B)impossible
(C)compulsory
(D)flawless
35.ACCESS
(A)toomuch
(B)admittance
(C)extra
(D)arrival
36.SUBSEQUENT
(A)preceding
(B)early
(C)following
(D)winning
37.HERITAGE
(A)will
(B)believer
(C)legend
(D)inheritance
38.CULTURED
(A)malformed
(B)decomposed
(C)exiled
(D)cultivated
39.ATONE
(A)repent
(B)rebel
(C)sound
(D)impotent
40.PREDATORY
(A)introductory
(B)intellectual
(C)preaching
(D)carnivorous
41.MAIL
(A)armor
(B)seaside
(C)rapidtravel
(D)wool
42.FLORID
(A)seedy
(B)ruddy
(C)hot
(D)overflowing
43.FEASIBLE
(A)simple
(B)practical
(C)visible
(D)lenient
44.SUPPLANT
(A)approve
(B)displace
(C)widespread
(D)appease
45.PREVALENT
(A)current
(B)permanent
(C)widespread
(D)temporary
46.CONTEND
(A)assert
(B)agree
(C)temper
(D)appease
47.FLAGRANT
(A)glaring
(B)hopeless
(C)engrossing
(D)motioning
48.ENTHRALL
(A)throwin
(B)captivate
(C)support
(D)deceive
49.DESECRATE
(A)improveupon
(B)occupy
(C)profane
(D)hide
50.OSTRACIZE
(A)delight
(B)exclude
(C)include
(D)hide
51.EXORBITANT
(A)priceless
(B)worthless
(C)extensive
(D)excessive
52.OBLITERATE
(A)annihilate
(B)review
(C)demonstrate
(D)detect
53.AUSTERITY
(A)priority
(B)anxiety
(C)self-discipline
(D)solitude
54.CORROBORATION
(A)expenditure
(B)compilation
(C)confirmation
(D)reduction
55.SALUTARY
(A)popular
(B)beneficial
(C)urgent
(D)forceful
56.ACQUIESCE
(A)endeavor
(B)discharge
(C)agree
(D)inquire
57.DIFFIDENCE
(A)shyness
(B)distinction
(C)interval
(D)discordance
58.REPRISAL
(A)retaliation
(B)advantage
(C)warning
(D)denial
59.CAPITULATE
(A)repeat
(B)surrender
(C)finance
(D)retreat
60.REPUTABLE
(A)star
(B)capable
(C)significant
(D)honest
ANSWERSANDEXPLANATIONS
1.Thecorrectansweris(B).Hercollageconsistedofmanyimagesfromherchildhoodandbeyond.
2.Thecorrectansweris(D).MissPaynewasagarrulousoldgossip.
3.Thecorrectansweris(B).Thechangeinprocedurestimulatedthementoworkharder.
4.Thecorrectansweris(C).Courageisdifficulttoinstillinaperson.
5.Thecorrectansweris(C).Hisreportscontainedmanyirrelevantstatements.
6.Thecorrectansweris(D).Hehadapriorappointmentwiththemanager.
7.Thecorrectansweris(A).Thesupplyofpamphletshasbeendepleted.
8.Thecorrectansweris(C).Mr.Dormanaskedforacandidopinion.
9.Thecorrectansweris(A).Thepatientwasbeingtreatedforaseriousailment.
10.Thecorrectansweris(D).Hisnonchalancewasdisturbingtothecourtroomobservers.
11.Thecorrectansweris(C).Ourargumentwasbasedonfundamentaleconomicprinciples.
12.Thecorrectansweris(A).Hewishestoterminatehismembership.
13.Thecorrectansweris(D).MissFultonshowedherreluctancetoserveasareliefoperator.
14.Thecorrectansweris(D).Hisassistantwasadiligentworker.
15.Thecorrectansweris(D).Thereisconsiderablediversityinthesubmittedsuggestions.
16.Thecorrectansweris(A).Thevehiclewasleftintactaftertheaccident.
17.Thecorrectansweris(D).Heresolvedtoactatonce.
18.Thecorrectansweris(C).Thedepartmentalruleswererigorouslyenforced.
19.Thecorrectansweris(A).RelationsbetweenEnglandandtheUnitedStatesareamicable.
20.Thecorrectansweris(B).Icouldplainlyheartheclamorofthecrowd.
21.Thecorrectansweris(D).Hedeclinedourofferstohelphim.
22.Thecorrectansweris(B).Itwasreportedthatnoxiousfumeswereescapingfromthetanks.
23.Thecorrectansweris(D).Theyarediscussingtrivialmatters.
24.Thecorrectansweris(B).Thisequipmentisobsolete.
25.Thecorrectansweris(A).Theoperatorwascommendedforherdexterity.
26.Thecorrectansweris(D).Thewitnesswasrecalcitrant.
27.Thecorrectansweris(B).Hewasaskedtoplacatethevisitor.
28.Thecorrectansweris(D).Hewasgivenconsiderablelatitudeindesigningtheprogram.
29.Thecorrectansweris(C).Thisisthemostexpedientmethodforachievingthedesiredresults.
30.Thecorrectansweris(B).Themenrefusedtogiveuptheirprerogativeswithoutastruggle.
31.Thecorrectansweris(A).Anticipateyouropponent’sargumentsandprepareyourresponses.
32.Thecorrectansweris(D).Aprolifictreebearsmuchfruit.
33.Thecorrectansweris(D).Shehassavedagreatdealofmoneybecauseshelivesfrugally.
34.Thecorrectansweris(C).Itisimperativethatyouseeadoctorbeforetherashspreads.
35.Thecorrectansweris(B).Jimistheonlypersonwhohasaccesstothesafe.
36.Thecorrectansweris(C).Insubsequentmeetingswewillbediscussingtheprogressofthisproject.
37.Thecorrectansweris(D).Americanswereleftawonderfulheritagebytheirancestors.
38.Thecorrectansweris(D).Culturedpearlsarelessexpensivethannaturalones.
39.Thecorrectansweris(A).Theprisonerwantedtoatoneforhispastcrimes.
40.Thecorrectansweris(D).Lionsarepredatoryanimals.
41.Thecorrectansweris(A).Swordscouldnotpierceaknight’ssuitofmail.
42.Thecorrectansweris(B).Thesalesmanhadafloridcomplexion.
43.Thecorrectansweris(B).Theengineersthoughtthebridgewouldbeeconomicallyfeasible.
44.Thecorrectansweris(B).Inindustrytoday,newideasareconstantlybeingsupplantedbyevennewerones.
45.Thecorrectansweris(C).Abeliefintheexistenceofwitcheswasprevalentduringtheseventeenthcentury.
46.Thecorrectansweris(A).Thedefenseattorneycontendsthathisclientwasoutoftownwhenthecrimewascommitted.
47.Thecorrectansweris(A).Theactionshowedherflagrantdisregardforschoolrules.
48.Thecorrectansweris(B).Thestorytellerenthralledhisyoungaudience.
49.Thecorrectansweris(C).Vandalsdesecratedtheflagbyburningit.
50.Thecorrectansweris(B).Childrenoftenostracizeclassmateswhoseemdifferentinanyway.
51.Thecorrectansweris(D).Sometenantsarechargedexorbitantrentsbygreedylandlords.
52.Thecorrectansweris(A).Civilizationcouldbeobliteratedbyanatomicwar.
53.Thecorrectansweris(C).Crudeoilshortagesmakeausterityanecessity.
54.Thecorrectansweris(C).Corroborationofthedefendant’salibiwillbedifficulttofind.
55.Thecorrectansweris(B).Adecreaseincontagiousdiseasesshowsthesalutaryeffectsofpreventivemedicine.
56.Thecorrectansweris(C).Thepolicewereforcedtoacquiescetothekidnapper’sdemands.
57.Thecorrectansweris(A).Janet’sdiffidencekeptherfromparticipatinginclassdiscussions.
58.Thecorrectansweris(A).Reprisalswereorganizedagainsttheterrorists.
59.Thecorrectansweris(B).Mr.Jonescapitulatedtohisstudents’demands.
60.Thecorrectansweris(D).Iknewthehistorybookwasareputablesourcebecauseitsauthorisrenownedforaccuratelyreportingevents.
SUMMINGITUP
•Synonymsarewordswithsimilarmeanings,andsynonymquestionsaskyoutochooseawordwithameaningsimilartothatofagivenword.
•Neverchooseananswersimplybecauseitistheonewordyoudon’trecognize.Thecorrectanswermaybetheeasiestandmostobviousword.
•Tryusingthewordinasentenceofyourown;thinkaboutthemeaningofthewordasyouhaveusedit.
Chapter7
VerbalAnalogies(SSATOnly)
OVERVIEW
•Whatmakesaverbalanalogy?•Whatdoverbalanalogyquestionslooklike?•Howdoyousolveverbalanalogies?•Whatdosmarttest-takersknow?•Testyourselfquizzes•Answerkeys•Summingitup
WHATMAKESAVERBALANALOGY?Verbalanalogiesareallaboutrelationships.Theytestyourabilitytoseearelationshipbetweentwowordsandtorecognizeasimilarrelationshipbetweentwootherwords.Verbalanalogytestsmeasurenotonlyyourunderstandingofthewordsthemselvesbutalsoyourmentalflexibilityandabilitytomanipulaterelationships.Thekeytoanalogysuccessisbeingabletoexpresstherelationshipbetweenthewordsinapair—notwhatthewordsmean,buthowtheyarerelated.
WHATDOVERBALANALOGYQUESTIONSLOOKLIKE?Ananalogycanbewritteninseveraldifferentways.Itmaybewrittenasasentence,usingonlywords,orsymbolsmaybesubstitutedfortheconnectingwords.SSATanalogyquestionsuseonlywords.
Winteristosummerascoldisto
(A)wet
(B)future
(C)hot
(D)freezing
(E)spring
Thecorrectansweris(C).WINTERandSUMMERareopposites,orantonyms.TheantonymforCOLDisHOT.
Someanalogiessupplythreeofthefournecessarywords.Youmustfindtherelationshipbetweenthefirsttwowordsandthenchooseawordthatisrelatedtothethirdwordinthesameway.
Spellingistopunctuationasbiologyisto
(A)science
(B)animals
(C)dissection
(D)chemistry
(E)experiment
Thecorrectansweris(D).SPELLINGandPUNCTUATIONaretwosubjectsstudiedinEnglish.BIOLOGYandCHEMISTRYaretwosubjectsstudiedinthefieldofscience.
Otheranalogiesbeginwithapairofwords.Youmustfirstdecidehowthosewordsarerelated.Then,fromalistoffivepairs,youmustchoosethepairthatillustratesthesamerelationship.
Spellingistopunctuationas
(A)pajamasistofatigue
(B)powderistoshaving
(C)bandageistocut
(D)biologyistochemistry
(E)readingistobook
SSATverbalanalogyquestionsappearinbothoftheseformats.
TIPWhatifnoneoftheanswersareexactlyright?Remember:Thedirectionstellyoutochoosethebestanswer.Thecorrectanswerwon’tnecessarilybeaperfectfit,butitwillworkbetterthantheotherchoices.
HOWDOYOUSOLVEVERBALANALOGIES?Tosolveverbalanalogies,followthesefivesteps:FiveStepsForAnalogies:GettingItRight
Figureouthowthefirsttwowordsarerelated.Makeupasentencethatexpressesthatrelationship.Tryoutyoursentenceoneachanswerchoiceandeliminatetheonesthatdon’twork.Ifyou’releftwithmorethanoneanswer—ornoansweratall—gobackandmakeyoursentencefitbetter.Choosethebestanswer.Ifnoneofthechoicesfitexactly,choosetheonethatworksbest.
WHATDOSMARTTEST-TAKERSKNOW?ASentenceCanMaketheConnection
Scribbleistowriteas
(A)informistosupply
(B)mutteristolisten
(C)nuzzleistofeel
(D)rambleistoplay
(E)staggeristowalk
Thecorrectansweris(E).Summarizeeachanalogyrelationshipwithasentence.Inthiscase,scribblingisabadkindofwriting.Usethesamesentencetotestconnectionsbetweenthewordsintheanswerchoices.Whenyoufindonethatworks,you’vefoundyouranswer.
(A)Informingisabadkindofsupplying.(No.)
(B)Mutteringisabadkindoflistening.(No.)
(C)Nuzzlingisabadkindoffeeling.(No.)
(D)Ramblingisabadkindofplaying.(No.)
(E)Staggeringisabadkindofwalking.(Yes!)
TheMorePreciseYourSentence,theBetter
Youcannotexpecttosolveeveryanalogybysimplyplugginginalistofcommonanalogytypes.Rememberthattheanalogiesgetmoredifficultasyouworkyourwaythrougheachgroup.Usethecommoncategoriesasastartingpoint,butbepreparedtorefinetherelationshipbymakingyoursentencemoreprecise.Considerthisexample:
Grainistosiloas
(A)pilotistoplane
(B)judgeistocourtroom
(C)wateristoreservoir
(D)clockistotime
(E)automobileistohighway
Thecorrectansweris(C).
Ifyouapplythe“placewhere”ideawithoutthinking,hereiswhathappens:
Asiloisaplacewhereyouwouldfindgrain.
(A)Aplaneisaplacewhereyouwouldfindapilot.
(B)Acourtroomisaplacewhereyouwouldfindajudge.
(C)Areservoirisaplacewhereyouwouldfindwater.
(D)Aclockisaplacewhereyouwouldfindtime.
(E)Ahighwayisaplacewhereyouwouldfindautomobiles.
Youcaneliminatechoice(D),butthatstillleavesyouwithfourpossibleanswers.Nowisthetimetogobackandmakeyouroriginalsentencefitbetter.Howcanyouexpresstherelationshipbetweensiloandgrainmoreprecisely?
Asiloisaplacewheregrainisstored.
(A)Aplaneisaplacewhereapilotisstored.
(B)Acourtroomisaplacewhereajudgeisstored.
(C)Areservoirisaplacewherewaterisstored.
(E)Ahighwayisaplacewhereautomobilesarestored.
KnowtheMostCommonVerbalAnalogyCategories
Thesamerelationshipsappearoverandoveragaininverbalanalogyquestions.Knowingwhatthecategoriesareandlookingforthemasyoutackleeachproblemwillmakeyourjobeasier.SomeofthemostcommonlyusedcategoriesinSSATanalogyquestionsare:
SynonymRelationships
Synonymsarewordsthathavesimilarmeanings.
Enormousistohugeasmuddyisto
(A)unclear
(B)clean
(C)rocky
(D)roguish
(E)sharp
Thecorrectansweris(A).SomethingthatisdescribedasMUDDYisclouded,orUNCLEAR.
AntonymRelationships
Antonymsarewordsthathaveoppositemeanings.
Goodistoevilas
(A)suaveistoblunt
(B)northistoclimate
(C)hotistotemperature
(D)sorrowistohappiness
(E)angelistodevil
Thecorrectansweris(E).ANGEListheoppositeofDEVIL.
NOTE:Thewordsthathaveapositiveassociation,GOODandANGEL,arethefirstwordsineachpair.Thewordswithanegativeassociation,EVILandDEVIL,arethesecondwordsineachpair.“Sorrowistohappiness”alsorepresentstheantonymrelationship,butitisanincorrectanswerbecausethetermsareinreversedorder.Aproperlycompletedanalogyconsistsoftermswiththesamerelationshipoccurringinthesameorder.
Part-WholeRelationships
Inthistypeofanalogy,oneofthewordsineachpairrepresentsasinglepartofawholeperson,place,thing,oridea.
Snakeistoreptileas
(A)patchistothread
(B)handistoclock
(C)handistofinger
(D)struggleistofight
(E)frogistosnake
Thecorrectansweris(B).ASNAKEispartoftheREPTILEfamily.AHANDispartofaCLOCK.Choice(C)alsoshowsasimilarrelationship,butthewordsaregiveninthewrongorder.
Noun-VerbRelationships
Inthistypeofanalogy,oneofthewordsinapairnamesaperson,place,thing,oridea.Theotherwordrepresentsanactionthatcanbeassociatedwiththatword.
Steakistobroilas
(A)foodistosell
(B)wineistopour
(C)breadistobake
(D)sugaristospill
(E)wateristodrink
Thecorrectansweris(C).OnewaytocookaSTEAKistoBROILit;similarly,weBAKEBREADinordertocookit.Choices(B),(D),and(E)allshownoun-verbrelationships,withthenounsandverbsinthecorrectsequence,butneitherusesaverbthatrelatestocooking.Therefore,thebestanswerwouldbechoice(C)becausebroilingandbakingarebothformsofcookingfood.
Cause-and-EffectRelationships
Twotypesofcause-and-effectrelationshipsmaybeusedinanalogies.Inthefirsttype,onewordinthepairwillsometimesresultinthesecondword.
Raceistofatigueasfastisto
(A)track
(B)rest
(C)run
(D)obesity
(E)hunger
Thecorrectansweris(E).RunningaRACEmaycausetherunnerFATIGUE.FASTINGmaycauseHUNGER.
ALERT!Don’tconfusetheorderofthewords.Therelationshipofthewordsintheanswermustbeinthesameorderastherelationshipofthewordsinthefirstpair.
Inthesecondtypeofcause-and-effectanalogy,onewordinapairmayproducetheother.
Cowistomilkasbeeisto
(A)honey
(B)drone
(C)nest
(D)wasp
(E)sting
Thecorrectansweris(A).ACOWproducesMILK;aBEEproducesHONEY.
PurposeRelationships
Inthistypeofanalogy,oneofthewordsineachpairisusedinataskinvolvingtheotherwordinthepair.
Gloveistoballas
(A)hookistofish
(B)winteristoweather
(C)gameistopennant
(D)stadiumistoseats
(E)ballistobat
Thecorrectansweris(A).AGLOVEisusedinbaseballtocatchaBALL.Whenfishing,aHOOKisusedtocatchaFISH.
AssociationRelationships
Inthistypeofanalogy,onewordinapairiscommonlythoughtofinconnectionwiththesecondword.
Youngistolambas
(A)ramistoewe
(B)oldistomutton
(C)lambistochop
(D)woolistoshear
(E)cowistocalf
Thecorrectansweris(B).ThemeatofYOUNGsheepiscalledLAMB.ThemeatofOLDsheepiscalledMUTTON.
OtherAnalogyCategories
Otheranalogycategorieswithwhichyoushouldalsobecomefamiliarare:
“Typeof”Analogies
SWORDistoWEAPON Aswordisatypeofweapon.GRIMACEistoEXPRESSION Agrimaceisatypeofexpression.OAKistoTREE Anoakisatypeoftree.WATERCOLORistoPAINTING Awatercolorisatypeofpainting.
“Partofthedefinitionof”Analogies
GENEROSITYistoPHILANTHROPIST Generosityispartofthedefinitionofaphilanthropist.BRAVERYistoHERO Braveryispartofthedefinitionofahero.FALSEistoLIE Itispartofthedefinitionofaliethatitisfalse.INVENTIONistoORIGINAL Itispartofthedefinitionofaninventionthatitisoriginal.FACULTYistoTEACH Itispartofthedefinitionofafacultythatitissupposedtoteach.
“Lackofsomethingispartofthedefinition”Analogies
TRAITORistoLOYALTY Lackofloyaltyispartofthedefinitionofatraitor.NEGLIGENTistoCARE Itispartofthedefinitionofbeingnegligentthatsomeonelackscare.ARIDistoMOISTURE Lackofmoistureispartofthedefinitionofanaridregion.IGNORANCEistoKNOWLEDGE Lackofknowledgeispartofthedefinitionofignorance.POVERTYistoFUNDS Partofthedefinitionofpovertyisalackoffunds.
TIPMakethesentenceconnection.Turntheanalogypairsintosentencestohelpyouseetheconnection.Thenfittheanswerpairsintothesamesentenceuntilyoufindtheonethatworksbest.
“Aplacefor”Analogies
WITNESSistoCOURTROOM Acourtroomistheplaceforawitness.ACTORistoSTAGE Astageistheplaceforanactor.GRAINistoSILO Asiloisaplaceforstoringgrain.PILOTistoAIRPLANE Anairplaneisaplacewhereyouwouldfindapilot.OREistoMINE Amineistheplacewhereyouwouldfindore.
“Degree”Analogies
BREEZEistoGALE Agaleismorepowerfulthanabreeze.TRICKLEistoGUSH Togushismoreforcefulthantotrickle.ANNOYistoENRAGE Toenrageisstrongerthantoannoy.MOUNTAINistoHILL Amountainisaverylargehill.WASHistoSCRUB Toscrubisstrongerthantowash.
ALERT!Don’tbefooledbysimilarwords.Inanalogyquestions,you’relookingforsimilarrelationships,notsimilarwords.
WordswithSimilarMeaningsCanFoolYou
Inanalogyquestions,whatcountsistherelationshipbetweenthefirsttwowords.Thewordsinthecorrectanswerchoicemusthaveasimilarrelationship.Thereisnoneedforoneorbothtoberelatedinmeaningtothewords.Considerthisanalogy:
Tangledistoknotas
(A)snarledistorope
(B)crumpledistowrinkle
(C)mussedistohair
(D)emptyistocup
(E)cannedistopreserves
Thecorrectansweris(B).Thisisa“partofthedefinitionof”analogy.Partofthedefinitionofaknotisthatitissomethingtangled.Likewise,partofthe
definitionofawrinkleisthatitissomethingcrumpled.Don’tbemisledbychoice(A).Althoughsnarledissimilarinmeaningtotangled,aropedoesnothavetobesnarled.
SomeAnalogiesWorkBetterWhenYouTurnThemAround
Sometimesthefirsttwowordsfalleasilyintoasentencethatexpressestheirrelationship—andsometimestheydon’t.Ifyou’rehavingtroublemakingupasentencethatrelatesthetwowords,bepreparedtoshiftgears.Tryreversingtheorderoftheoriginalwordpair.Let’sseehowthistechniqueworksonthefollowinganalogy:
Iceistoglacieras
(A)trainistotrestle
(B)sandistodune
(C)pathistoforest
(D)featheristobird
(E)oceanistoship
Thecorrectansweris(B).Onlychoice(B)exhibitsthesamerelationshipastheoriginalpair.
Ifyoucan’tcomeupwithasentencerelatingICEtoGLACIER,tryrelatingGLACIERtoICE:
Aglacierismadeupofice.
Here’stheonlycatch:Ifyoureversetheorderofthewords,youmustalsoreversetheorderofthewordsineachanswerchoice.Sowhenyouapplyyoursentencetotheanswerchoices,thisishowyou’llhavetodoit:
(A)Atrestleismadeupofatrain.
(B)Aduneismadeupofsand.
(C)Aforestismadeupofapath.
(D)Abirdismadeupofafeather.
(E)Ashipismadeupofanocean.
TestYourselfQuizzes
Usethefollowingquizzestohelpyoudeterminewhatyourweaknessesmightbe.Clickherefortheanswers.
TestYourself1
Directions:Lookatthefirsttwowordsanddecidehowtheyarerelatedtoeachother.Thendecidewhichoftheanswerchoicesrelatetothethirdwordinthesamewaythatthefirsttwoarerelated.
1.Mowistolawnaspruneisto
(A)plum
(B)raisin
(C)tree
(D)hair
(E)meadow
2.Antecedentistoprecedentasconsequentisto
(A)decadent
(B)subsequent
(C)ebullient
(D)transient
(E)penitent
3.Bassinetistocribascaristo
(A)bus
(B)airplane
(C)stroller
(D)bed
(E)taxicab
4.Restaurantistoeatingasbarracksisto
(A)cleaning
(B)military
(C)inspection
(D)nutrition
(E)sleeping
5.Flameistofireassmokeisto
(A)heat
(B)ashes
(C)water
(D)fire
(E)match
6.Bludgeonistospearaslatheisto
(A)vise
(B)carpenter
(C)battle
(D)curve
(E)construction
7.Riskistoescapadeasageisto
(A)hilarity
(B)intemperance
(C)luminosity
(D)mayhem
(E)heirloom
8.Assetistoblackasdebitisto
(A)debt
(B)red
(C)blue
(D)left
(E)ledger
9.Darknessistoeclipseastidalwaveisto
(A)tsunami
(B)eruption
(C)ocean
(D)beach
(E)earthquake
10.Henistobroodasmotheristo
(A)family
(B)chickens
(C)children
(D)shoe
(E)mom
TestYourself2
Directions:Decidehowthewordsinthefirstpairarerelated.Chooseapairofwordsbelowthatshowsthesamerelationship.
1.Floodistodroughtas
(A)richistopoor
(B)camelistodesert
(C)drizzleistodownpour
(D)eveningistonight
(E)goldistosilver
2.Voraciousistogluttonousas
(A)hungryistothirsty
(B)warmistohot
(C)potentistostrong
(D)flightistofight
(E)yardistometer
3.Hurricaneistowindas
(A)windistowater
(B)typhoonistowind
(C)tornadoistotwister
(D)tornadoistotyphoon
(E)hurricaneistotyphoon
4.Dungistoelephantas
(A)horseistomanure
(B)fishistofood
(C)wormistosoil
(D)oxygenistotree
(E)aquariumistoterrarium
5.Centipedeistospideras
(A)pentagonistotriangle
(B)rowboatistosailboat
(C)BCistoAD
(D)percussionistostring
(E)duetistotrio
6.Headistohammeras
(A)toothistosaw
(B)nailistoscrew
(C)awlistopunch
(D)screwistodriver
(E)beginningistoend
7.Anthemistoinspireas
(A)aspirinistopain
(B)lightistosee
(C)organistogrind
(D)apeistocopy
(E)shuttleistotransport
8.Hookistoeyeas
(A)sleeveistocoat
(B)buttonistohole
(C)bootistoshoe
(D)adhesiveistotape
(E)honeyistobear
9.Actoristoscriptas
(A)architectistodesign
(B)painteristomural
(C)musicianistoscore
(D)judgeistobrief
(E)studentistotextbook
10.Goalieistonetas
(A)hockeyistosoccer
(B)playeristogame
(C)sentryistofort
(D)batistoball
(E)iceistoturf
11.Topographyistogeographyas
(A)wateristoland
(B)physicsistomathematics
(C)geographyistohistory
(D)mountainistovalley
(E)biologyistoscience
12.Rocketistotorpedoas
(A)fireistowater
(B)airistowater
(C)explosionistohole
(D)upistodown
(E)waristopeace
TestYourself3
Directions:Lookatthefirsttwowordsanddecidehowtheyarerelatedtoeachother.Thendecidewhichoftheanswerchoicesrelatetothethirdwordinthesamewaythatthefirsttwoarerelated.
1.Verticalistohorizontalaserectisto
(A)honest
(B)construct
(C)prone
(D)lumber
(E)proper
2.Oustistooverthrowasmoltisto
(A)melt
(B)shed
(C)shape
(D)weaken
(E)spoil
3.Inlineskatesistomotorcycleasskisisto
(A)snowmobile
(B)bicycle
(C)snow
(D)iceskates
(E)snowplow
4.Scaleistofishashideisto
(A)seek
(B)tan
(C)hole
(D)ride
(E)horse
5.Windistoseedasbeeisto
(A)pollen
(B)honey
(C)hive
(D)bear
(E)flower
6.Gloveistohandashoseisto
(A)garden
(B)water
(C)foot
(D)nozzle
(E)shoe
7.Pigletistopigasisletisto
(A)pond
(B)lace
(C)lake
(D)rivulet
(E)island
8.Depressedistomopeastiredisto
(A)yawn
(B)cope
(C)car
(D)laugh
(E)suppressed
9.Masticateistochewasgesticulateisto
(A)vomit
(B)digest
(C)urbanize
(D)point
(E)offer
10.Treeistoforestassandisto
(A)dune
(B)details
(C)hours
(D)time
(E)sandwich
11.Seemlyistobehaviorasgawkyisto
(A)length
(B)teenager
(C)volume
(D)barnyard
(E)appearance
12.Flitistodartasfoilisto
(A)fence
(B)thwart
(C)aluminum
(D)change
(E)surprise
TestYourself4
Directions:Decidehowthewordsinthefirstpairarerelated.Chooseapairofwordsbelowthatshowsthesamerelationship.
1.Ravenousistohungryas
(A)hungryistothirsty
(B)stingyistothrifty
(C)boilistobake
(D)fullistoempty
(E)smallistolittle
2.Bonanzaistowindfallas
(A)earnistomerit
(B)westernistoeastern
(C)horseistoapple
(D)sunistorain
(E)giftistoaccident
3.Salvageistowreckas
(A)buryistotreasure
(B)paintistoantique
(C)sinkistovessel
(D)retrieveistoproperty
(E)excavateistoruin
4.Dimpleistopimpleas
(A)faceistoback
(B)downistoup
(C)chinistocheek
(D)babyistoadolescent
(E)loveistoloathing
5.Filchistopilferas
(A)stealistosquander
(B)squealistowriggle
(C)pinchistopuff
(D)fidgetistosquirm
(E)robistofence
6.Hindsightistoforesightas
(A)cureistoprevention
(B)thenistonow
(C)lateristonever
(D)predictionistopredilection
(E)visionistoperception
7.Fodderistocattleas
(A)wateristofish
(B)birdistoworm
(C)restaurantistopeople
(D)siloistocorn
(E)fuelistoengine
8.Affixistostampas
(A)letteristopostmark
(B)hammeristonail
(C)runistohorse
(D)glueistomucilage
(E)mailistodeliver
9.Leewardistowindwardas
(A)portistostarboard
(B)meadowistoocean
(C)motoristosail
(D)pirateistoprivateer
(E)tugboatistoliner
10.Punishistoberateas
(A)leafyistogreen
(B)deepistoocean
(C)jumpistoleap
(D)soakistodampen
(E)hikeistotrek
11.Tobaccoistocigaretteas
(A)liquoristodrink
(B)coughistocold
(C)wheatistobread
(D)cowistomilk
(E)smokingistocancer
12.Shunistoembraceas
(A)shrinkistopounce
(B)slenderistosloping
(C)tousleistomuss
(D)showistotell
(E)kissistohug
TestYourself5
Directions:Lookatthefirsttwowordsanddecidehowtheyarerelatedtoeachother.Thendecidewhichoftheanswerchoicesrelatetothethirdwordinthesamewaythatthefirsttwoarerelated.
1.Comprehensiveistoinclusiveasapprehensiveisto
(A)exclusive
(B)misunderstood
(C)caught
(D)uneasy
(E)understanding
2.Chalkistocrayonasbedisto
(A)chair
(B)sleep
(C)bunk
(D)ladder
(E)seat
3.Ceremoniousistoinformalasclericalisto
(A)typographical
(B)numerical
(C)religious
(D)retail
(E)secular
4.Desististoceaseasresististo
(A)oppose
(B)giveup
(C)resolve
(D)remain
(E)presume
5.Putridistogarbageasaromaticisto
(A)smell
(B)pleasant
(C)spirits
(D)spray
(E)spice
6.Harpoonistowhalingasbuffoonisto
(A)sorcery
(B)clowning
(C)badminton
(D)spelunking
(E)ballooning
7.Hornistoblowasharpisto
(A)democracy
(B)play
(C)denounce
(D)pluck
(E)pants
8.Baldistohirsuteasanemicisto
(A)tiny
(B)fat
(C)robust
(D)loud
(E)redundant
9.Greenistoyouthasgrayisto
(A)age
(B)hair
(C)gloom
(D)mare
(E)elderly
10.Gridironistofootballasgridlockisto
(A)waffles
(B)chess
(C)prison
(D)wrestling
(E)traffic
11.Sowistoreapascrawlisto
(A)sneak
(B)harvest
(C)walk
(D)cultivate
(E)wheat
12.Hordeistothrongashurlisto
(A)thrust
(B)jump
(C)throw
(D)defeat
(E)smash
TestYourself6
Directions:Decidehowthewordsinthefirstpairarerelated.Chooseapairofwordsbelowthatshowsthesamerelationship.
1.Salaryistoincomeas
(A)incomeistotax
(B)moneyistoevil
(C)springistowater
(D)wageistowork
(E)dollarsistocents
2.Treeistoclimbas
(A)scaleistomountain
(B)horseistoride
(C)gardenistoeat
(D)gemistodie
(E)catistomouse
3.Consideristodismissas
(A)reflectistoabsorb
(B)wadeistoswim
(C)currentistorecent
(D)helpistoassist
(E)decideistodetermine
4.Compostistofertilizeras
(A)dentististoteeth
(B)ballistobasket
(C)holeistodrill
(D)valueistoprice
(E)iceistorefrigerant
5.Tranceistohypnosisas
(A)knowledgeistostudy
(B)poisonistoivy
(C)vaccinationistoimmunity
(D)bananaistoplantain
(E)pieistoapple
6.Pianististomusicianas
(A)organististopianist
(B)violinististofiddler
(C)musicianistowriter
(D)mathematicsistomathematician
(E)psychiatrististophysician
7.Poetryistoproseas
(A)seeingistohearing
(B)lightistoheavy
(C)sonataistoétude
(D)operaistobook
(E)melodyistorhythm
8.Hullistostrawberryas
(A)treeistoleaf
(B)hullistoship
(C)puppyistodog
(D)milkistocow
(E)butteristobread
9.Poisonistoskullandcrossbonesas
(A)ropeistogallows
(B)pirateistogangplank
(C)antidoteistopoison
(D)loveistoheart
(E)bowistoarrow
10.Trivialistogrievousas
(A)acidistobitter
(B)lightistoheavy
(C)boringistosad
(D)oilistowater
(E)funnyistohilarious
11.Axistohatchetas
(A)fishistonursery
(B)chickenistoegg
(C)chopistocut
(D)hammeristosickle
(E)celloistoviolin
12.Fortuitousistoluckas
(A)chivalrousistomanners
(B)fossilistofuel
(C)formulaistomilk
(D)musicistodance
(E)poolistoswimming
TestYourself7
Directions:Lookatthefirsttwowordsanddecidehowtheyarerelatedtoeachother.Thendecidewhichoftheanswerchoicesrelatetothethirdwordinthesamewaythatthefirsttwoarerelated.
1.Hassockistofeetaspillowisto
(A)cushion
(B)chair
(C)boots
(D)fight
(E)head
2.Ghostistohauntasguruisto
(A)frighten
(B)teach
(C)amuse
(D)adhere
(E)tempt
3.Nailistotoeaslockisto
(A)key
(B)combination
(C)hair
(D)hammer
(E)barrel
4.Subistounderassuperisto
(A)janitor
(B)chief
(C)terrific
(D)over
(E)better
5.Deciduousistoleavesasevergreenisto
(A)needles
(B)tree
(C)Christmas
(D)conifer
(E)forest
6.Flounderistosharkastickisto
(A)clock
(B)deer
(C)flea
(D)insect
(E)woods
7.Starchistostiffasbleachisto
(A)smooth
(B)soft
(C)colorful
(D)dry
(E)white
8.Shellfishistolobsteraspoultryisto
(A)fowl
(B)spider
(C)chicken
(D)bird
(E)octopus
9.Ovalistooblongascircleisto
(A)round
(B)square
(C)sphere
(D)cube
(E)rectangle
10.Capaciousistocrampedasagapeisto
(A)ajar
(B)painful
(C)surprised
(D)empty
(E)sealed
11.Broodistolitteraspeonisto
(A)farmer
(B)slave
(C)migrant
(D)laborer
(E)scatter
12.Anorexiaistobulimiaasasthmaisto
(A)eating
(B)breathing
(C)allergy
(D)emphysema
(E)headache
TestYourself8
Directions:Decidehowthewordsinthefirstpairarerelated.Chooseapairofwordsbelowthatshowsthesamerelationship.
1.Felonistocrimeas
(A)judgeistojury
(B)courtroomistotrial
(C)physicianistocure
(D)verdictistosentence
(E)pharmacyistopharmacist
2.Odoristostenchas
(A)sadistotragic
(B)richistopoor
(C)greenistobrown
(D)summeristowinter
(E)floweristoanimal
3.Overblownistoexaggeratedas
(A)warrantistojustify
(B)anachronismistotimely
(C)malapropismistoaccurate
(D)requirementistooptional
(E)indefiniteistotomorrow
4.Loomistoappearas
(A)weaveistowool
(B)rootistodig
(C)comeistogo
(D)seemistobe
(E)warpistowoof
5.Escapeistofleeas
(A)runistohide
(B)breakistoenter
(C)hideistoseek
(D)captiveistocaptor
(E)dismountistoalight
6.Assentistodissentas
(A)assertistodesert
(B)compactistoexpansive
(C)assististodesist
(D)obtainistoretain
(E)futureistofutility
7.Natureistonurtureas
(A)fatheristomother
(B)authenticistoartificial
(C)congenitalistoacquired
(D)nativeistoalien
(E)homeistoschool
8.Squatistocrouchas
(A)inciseistoprecise
(B)countenanceistoface
(C)laxistostrict
(D)moltenistosolid
(E)mongrelistopuppy
9.Rudderistosteeringas
(A)razoristoshaving
(B)wheelistoturning
(C)cowistograzing
(D)cloudistoraining
(E)staplingistostapler
10.Standeeistoseatas
(A)kittyistolitter
(B)appleistopie
(C)saltistoocean
(D)acornistooak
(E)nomadistohome
11.Pauperistopooras
(A)shoeistopair
(B)bookistolong
(C)skyscraperistohigh
(D)bedistomake
(E)cleveristoowl
12.Cursoryistosuperficialas
(A)dismalistocheerful
(B)approbationistoconsecration
(C)deathistovictory
(D)desultoryistoaimless
(E)heroismistoreward
TestYourself9
Directions:Lookatthefirsttwowordsanddecidehowtheyarerelatedtoeachother.Thendecidewhichoftheanswerchoicesrelatetothethirdwordinthesamewaythatthefirsttwoarerelated.
1.Prattleistobabyasdiscourseisto
(A)conversation
(B)scholar
(C)speech
(D)subject
(E)lecture
2.Doseistomedicineasportionisto
(A)dessert
(B)serving
(C)potion
(D)food
(E)section
3.Bowlistosoupasplateisto
(A)cup
(B)fork
(C)dinner
(D)china
(E)meat
4.Gramistoounceasmeteristo
(A)mile
(B)pound
(C)yard
(D)weigh
(E)measure
5.Floweristoseedasseedisto
(A)plant
(B)water
(C)grow
(D)food
(E)nut
6.Oilistoearthassaltisto
(A)shaker
(B)pepper
(C)bloodpressure
(D)lick
(E)sea
7.Pestistoannoyingasplateauisto
(A)level
(B)calming
(C)boring
(D)curved
(E)hilly
8.Surviveistosuccumbasswimisto
(A)sail
(B)dive
(C)row
(D)sink
(E)float
9.Tauntistoteaseasvolubleisto
(A)loud
(B)large
(C)talkative
(D)willing
(E)loyal
10.Tiaraistojewelaswreathisto
(A)crown
(B)flower
(C)head
(D)woman
(E)door
11.Torridistoextremeastemperateisto
(A)warm
(B)hot
(C)climate
(D)moderate
(E)heat
12.Axleistowheelsaschainisto
(A)necklace
(B)handcuffs
(C)door
(D)gang
(E)daisies
TestYourself10
Directions:Decidehowthewordsinthefirstpairarerelated.Chooseapairofwordsbelowthatshowsthesamerelationship.
1.Peacockistoplumageas
(A)lionistomane
(B)friendistodiamonds
(C)coatistotails
(D)shineistoshoes
(E)dowageristofurs
2.Quagmireistoquarryas
(A)hunteristoprey
(B)hideistoseek
(C)mudistostone
(D)sinkistoswim
(E)findistokeep
3.Frogistotadpoleas
(A)toadistotree
(B)mushroomistotoadstool
(C)mothistopolliwog
(D)butterflyistocaterpillar
(E)imagoistoearthworm
4.Cottonistosummeras
(A)rainistosnow
(B)woolistowinter
(C)bollistoweevil
(D)furistocoat
(E)leafistotree
5.Motionistoqueasyas
(A)itchyistorash
(B)unfamiliaristostrange
(C)roundistodizzy
(D)feveristohot
(E)oceanistowavy
6.Nayistoyeaas
(A)voicesistohands
(B)nowistolater
(C)horseistosleigh
(D)neitheristonor
(E)negateistoaffirm
7.Knockeristodoorbellas
(A)penistopencil
(B)soundistoalarm
(C)strikeistohours
(D)inistoout
(E)pleasantistounpleasant
8.Bulletistogunas
(A)bladeistohatchet
(B)slingshotistopebble
(C)arrowistobow
(D)swordistospear
(E)victimistotarget
9.Walrusistosealas
(A)cowistocalf
(B)doeistodeer
(C)elephantistolizard
(D)ramistoewe
(E)gooseistoduck
10.Freezeristoicecreamas
(A)safeistomoney
(B)jellyistojam
(C)paperistopencil
(D)rainistosnow
(E)coinsistopiggybank
11.Humistosingas
(A)speakistosee
(B)deafistomute
(C)pantomimeistoact
(D)playistoopera
(E)proseistopoetry
12.Patriarchistomatriarchas
(A)churchistostate
(B)leaderistofollower
(C)nobleistocommon
(D)tailoristoseamstress
(E)ancientistomodern
TestYourself11
Directions:Lookatthefirsttwowordsanddecidehowtheyarerelatedtoeachother.Thendecidewhichoftheanswerchoicesrelatetothethirdwordinthesamewaythatthefirsttwoarerelated.
1.Calligraphyistopreciseasscrawlisto
(A)handwriting
(B)primitive
(C)careless
(D)illegible
(E)scratchy
2.Agitatedistostoicassociableisto
(A)hermit
(B)socialite
(C)cheerleader
(D)friendly
(E)acrobat
3.Sweatistoperspireasswatisto
(A)fly
(B)destroy
(C)exercise
(D)kill
(E)hit
4.Nostalgiaistopastasanticipationisto
(A)excitement
(B)future
(C)present
(D)apprehension
(E)past
5.Gleefulistogloomyasorganizedisto
(A)original
(B)neat
(C)unintellectual
(D)disinterested
(E)messy
6.Venisonistodeerasvealisto
(A)lamb
(B)steer
(C)cow
(D)sheep
(E)calf
7.Obedienceistoobstinacyaspeaceisto
(A)prosperity
(B)patriotism
(C)penury
(D)war
(E)tranquility
8.Traitoristotreasonaspatriotisto
(A)espionage
(B)jingoism
(C)loyalty
(D)heritage
(E)sacrifice
9.Rinkistoskateassinkisto
(A)wash
(B)swim
(C)fish
(D)soap
(E)kitchen
10.Gullyistowaterasfurrowisto
(A)brow
(B)farm
(C)erosion
(D)rabbit
(E)plow
11.Desertistojungleasdustyisto
(A)damp
(B)dirty
(C)dry
(D)hot
(E)dark
12.Steamistoboilingassmokeisto
(A)heat
(B)chimney
(C)combustion
(D)freezing
(E)vapor
TestYourself12
Directions:Decidehowthewordsinthefirstpairarerelated.Chooseapairofwordsbelowthatshowsthesamerelationship.
1.Tillistocultivateas
(A)plowistohorse
(B)tractoristoplow
(C)plantistofurrow
(D)farmistosoil
(E)toilistowork
2.Toothistoboneas
(A)tireistofanbelt
(B)pondistoforest
(C)fishistobird
(D)staristosun
(E)houseistohome
3.Fryistostewas
(A)chickenistobeef
(B)heatistofire
(C)panistopot
(D)dryistowet
(E)meatistopotatoes
4.Rustleistoroaras
(A)wateristowind
(B)walkistorun
(C)rainistosnow
(D)cattleistocoyote
(E)shoutistoyell
5.Fallistoleafas
(A)meltistosnow
(B)buildistohouse
(C)shrubistoflower
(D)sneezeistocough
(E)digistospade
6.Spaistohealthas
(A)museumistopictures
(B)conservationistozoo
(C)sportistostadium
(D)libraryistoinformation
(E)quietistochurch
7.Exactingistodemandingas
(A)burrowingistobuilding
(B)testingistoproving
(C)changingistoappearing
(D)thrillingistoboring
(E)extractingistoremoving
8.Labyrinthistonetworkas
(A)weatheristoclimate
(B)veinistoblood
(C)mazeistopassages
(D)epicistohero
(E)Greeceistomyths
9.Kissistocheekas
(A)cheekistojowl
(B)shakeistohand
(C)hugistobear
(D)noseistorub
(E)milkistocookies
10.Ingestistodigestas
(A)sergeantistocaptain
(B)eatistodrink
(C)drinkistodrive
(D)spideristofly
(E)understandistostudy
11.Impistohornsas
(A)devilistoangel
(B)evilistogood
(C)haloistowings
(D)mischiefistoelf
(E)cherubistowings
12.Kneadistodoughas
(A)rottedistoapple
(B)fallenistoarches
(C)soakistobeans
(D)driftedistosnow
(E)spentistomoney
TestYourself13
Directions:Findarelationshipbetweenthefirsttwowordsineachquestion.Tocompletetheanalogy,choosetheanswerthatshowsasimilarrelationship.
1.Lightistodarkaswetisto
(A)snow
(B)rain
(C)hinge
(D)dry
(E)water
2.Summeristowinteraseveningisto
(A)sunset
(B)coolness
(C)darkness
(D)morning
(E)shadow
3.Rightistoleftaslowisto
(A)high
(B)bottom
(C)sorrow
(D)note
(E)deep
4.Nothingistoeverythingaswhisperisto
(A)mystery
(B)something
(C)shout
(D)ghost
(E)quiet
5.Dayistonightassunisto
(A)solar
(B)heat
(C)universe
(D)moon
(E)star
6.Weakistostrongasincapableisto
(A)clumsy
(B)cowardly
(C)adept
(D)failure
(E)impossible
7.Advanceistohaltas
(A)stopistogo
(B)returnistochange
(C)goistostop
(D)conqueristotake
(E)yieldistochange
8.Skillfulistoclumsyas
(A)embarrassingistoawkward
(B)quickistoswift
(C)smoothistoslick
(D)tiredistoexhausted
(E)alertistosleepy
9.Enemiesistofriendsas
(A)pacifyistoquiet
(B)hateistodislike
(C)defeatistolose
(D)despiseistoesteem
(E)jumpistoleap
10.Blameistopraiseas
(A)ascendistoclimb
(B)defeatistocondemn
(C)succeedistodefeat
(D)emergeistoemanate
(E)failistosucceed
TestYourself14
Directions:Findarelationshipbetweenthefirsttwowordsineachquestion.Tocompletetheanalogy,choosetheanswerthatshowsasimilarrelationship.
1.Windowistopaneasdooristo
(A)panel
(B)knob
(C)hinge
(D)key
(E)lock
2.Paragraphistosentenceassentenceisto
(A)modifier
(B)word
(C)composition
(D)grammar
(E)contraction
3.Nutistoshellaspeaisto
(A)shooter
(B)soup
(C)green
(D)bean
(E)pod
4.Antleristodeeras
(A)tuskistohusk
(B)animalistoelephant
(C)tuskistoelephant
(D)hornistoantler
(E)catistowhisker
5.Jewelistoringas
(A)stoneistoruby
(B)locketistonecklace
(C)preciousistostone
(D)ironistochain
(E)rockistodiamond
6.Pitistopeachas
(A)sunistostar
(B)moonistoEarth
(C)planeistoEarth
(D)moonistoorbit
(E)sunistosolarsystem
7.Pageistobookas
(A)periodistocomma
(B)novelistobook
(C)wordistopage
(D)libraryistostory
(E)paragraphistoword
8.Stateistocountryas
(A)continentistoworld
(B)worldistocontinent
(C)countryistocity
(D)oceanistoshore
(E)cityistotown
9.Handistobodyasstaristo
(A)sky
(B)universe
(C)eye
(D)movie
(E)moon
10.Playistoprologueasconstitutionisto
(A)preamble
(B)BillofRights
(C)preview
(D)SupremeCourt
(E)amendment
TestYourself15
Directions:Findarelationshipbetweenthefirsttwowordsineachquestion.Tocompletetheanalogy,choosetheanswerthatshowsasimilarrelationship.
1.Letteristomailasmoneyisto
(A)bank
(B)savings
(C)invest
(D)account
(E)buy
2.Sealistofloatasbirdisto
(A)flap
(B)wing
(C)soar
(D)nest
(E)feather
3.Eggistoscrambleaspotatoisto
(A)mash
(B)skin
(C)butter
(D)slice
(E)root
4.Artististopaintascontractoristo
(A)agreement
(B)build
(C)masonry
(D)carpentry
(E)contract
5.Scissorsistotrimasscalesisto
(A)fish
(B)weight
(C)measure
(D)weigh
(E)pound
6.Bedistosleepaschairisto
(A)carry
(B)sit
(C)stare
(D)recline
(E)dream
7.Tasteistotongueastouchisto
(A)skin
(B)arms
(C)feelings
(D)ears
(E)smell
8.Boxistocoverasbottleisto
(A)glass
(B)contain
(C)plastic
(D)break
(E)cork
9.Shoeistolaceasdooristo
(A)hinge
(B)enter
(C)swing
(D)window
(E)lock
10.Typewriteristowriteascalculatoristo
(A)add
(B)compute
(C)percentage
(D)predict
(E)math
TestYourself16
Directions:Findarelationshipbetweenthefirsttwowordsineachquestion.Tocompletetheanalogy,choosetheanswerthatshowsasimilar
relationship.
1.Satisfactionistogooddeedasimprovementisto
(A)sin
(B)fault
(C)criticism
(D)kindness
(E)happiness
2.Seedistoplantaseggisto
(A)yolk
(B)crack
(C)bird
(D)shell
(E)nest
3.Wheatistoflourasgrapeisto
(A)vintage
(B)wine
(C)vine
(D)vineyard
(E)bunch
4.Heatistofireascloudisto
(A)sky
(B)snow
(C)sun
(D)moisture
(E)smoke
5.Threatistoinsecurityas
(A)challengeistofight
(B)thunderistolightning
(C)reasonistoanger
(D)speedistobrake
(E)laughistojoke
6.Heatistoradiatoras
(A)seaistowave
(B)treeistobreeze
(C)windistotrees
(D)breezeistofan
(E)iceistofreeze
7.Medicationistocureas
(A)drugistodiagnosis
(B)examinationistotreatment
(C)physicianistorelief
(D)vaccinationistoprevention
(E)patientistodoctor
8.Waristogriefas
(A)joyistopeace
(B)happinessistosadness
(C)peaceistofinish
(D)joyistohappiness
(E)peaceistohappiness
9.Moonistolightas
(A)sunsetistosun
(B)earthistoorbit
(C)eclipseistodark
(D)gravityistoearth
(E)tideistoocean
10.Ignitionistostarteras
(A)radioistoantenna
(B)brakeistostop
(C)airistotire
(D)shutistodoor
(E)engineistogo
TestYourself17
Directions:Findarelationshipbetweenthefirsttwowordsineachquestion.Tocompletetheanalogy,choosetheanswerthatshowsasimilarrelationship.
1.Ringistofingerascuffisto
(A)arm
(B)shoulder
(C)hand
(D)shirt
(E)wrist
2.Gasistovehicleaswoodisto
(A)tree
(B)fire
(C)ax
(D)heat
(E)stove
3.Refrigeratoristomeatasbankisto
(A)cashier
(B)combination
(C)watchman
(D)money
(E)robber
4.Watchmanistoprotectasnavigatoristo
(A)navy
(B)guide
(C)plan
(D)map
(E)drive
5.Gymnasiumistogameasauditoriumisto
(A)production
(B)script
(C)cafeteria
(D)actors
(E)director
TestYourself18
Directions:Findarelationshipbetweenthefirsttwowordsineachquestion.Tocompletetheanalogy,choosetheanswerthatshowsasimilarrelationship.
1.Presentistobirthdayasrewardisto
(A)accomplishment
(B)medal
(C)punishment
(D)money
(E)gold
2.Guestistoacceptanceashostisto
(A)party
(B)invitation
(C)partygiver
(D)refreshments
(E)contract
3.Stickistopuckasbatisto
(A)cricket
(B)ball
(C)touchdown
(D)bowl
(E)base
4.Feveristospringasleavesisto
(A)October
(B)season
(C)autumn
(D)sadness
(E)rake
5.Honorableistobraveryasguiltyisto
(A)judge
(B)peaceful
(C)important
(D)productive
(E)criminal
ANSWERKEYSTestYourself1
1.C2.B3.A
4.E5.D6.A
7.E8.B
9.E10.C
TestYourself2
1.A2.C3.B
4.D5.A6.A
7.E8.B9.C
10.C11.E12.B
TestYourself3
1.C2.B3.A
4.E5.A6.C
7.E8.A9.D
10.A11.E12.B
TestYourself4
1.B2.A3.E
4.B5.D6.A
7.E8.B9.A
10.D11.C12.A
TestYourself5
1.D2.C3.E
4.A5.E6.B
7.D8.C9.A
10.E11.C12.C
TestYourself6
1.C2.B3.A
4.E5.A6.E
7.C8.B9.D
10.B11.E12.A
TestYourself7
1.E2.B3.C
4.D5.A6.C
7.E8.C9.A
10.E11.D12.D
TestYourself8
1.C2.A3.A
4.B5.E6.B
7.C8.B9.B
10.E11.C12.D
TestYourself9
1.B 4.C5.A
7.A 10.B11.D
2.D3.E
6.E 8.D9.C
12.B
TestYourself10
1.A2.C3.D
4.B5.D6.E
7.A8.C9.E
10.A11.C12.D
TestYourself11
1.C2.A3.E
4.B5.E6.E
7.D8.C9.A
10.E11.A12.C
TestYourself12
1.E2.A3.C
4.B5.A6.D
7.E8.C9.B
10.A11.E12.C
TestYourself13
1.D2.D3.A
4.C5.D6.C
7.C8.E
9.D10.E
TestYourself14
1.A2.B3.E
4.C5.B6.E
7.C8.A
9.B10.A
TestYourself15
1.C2.C3.A
4.B5.D6.B
7.A8.E
9.E10.B
TestYourself16
1.C2.C3.B
4.D5.A6.D
7.D8.E
9.C10.C
TestYourself17
1.E2.E
3.D 4.B 5.A
TestYourself18
1.A2.B
3.B 4.C 5.E
EXERCISES:MIXEDRELATIONSHIPSTheanalogiesinthissectionarenotarrangedinanyparticularpattern.Youmustdecidewhattypeofrelationshipisbeingusedineachitem.
Directions:Findarelationshipbetweenthefirsttwowordsineachquestion.Tocompletetheanalogy,choosetheanswerthatshowsasimilarrelationship.
1.ThanksgivingistoNovemberasChristmasisto
(A)SantaClaus
(B)holiday
(C)snow
(D)JingleBells
(E)December
2.Rememberistoforgetasfindisto
(A)locate
(B)keep
(C)lose
(D)return
(E)watch
3.Shipistoanchorasautomobileisto
(A)brake
(B)wheel
(C)stop
(D)accelerator
(E)car
4.Endistoabolishasbeginisto
(A)establish
(B)finish
(C)tyranny
(D)crusade
(E)monarchy
5.Woodistodecayasironisto
(A)dampness
(B)rod
(C)steel
(D)ore
(E)rust
6.Monthistoweekasweekisto
(A)month
(B)hour
(C)year
(D)day
(E)calendar
7.Flouristowheatasgravelisto
(A)brick
(B)road
(C)coal
(D)bread
(E)rock
8.Attackistoprotectasoffenseisto
(A)combat
(B)defense
(C)conceal
(D)reconcile
(E)battle
9.Divideistomultiplyassubtractisto
(A)plus
(B)reduce
(C)multiply
(D)add
(E)takeaway
10.Mineistomyasyoursisto
(A)you
(B)ours
(C)your
(D)you’re
(E)us
11.Glassesistovisionas
(A)glassistomirror
(B)lightistovision
(C)eatingistofork
(D)handistoobject
(E)drinkistowater
12.Flameistoburnas
(A)insultistoanger
(B)glassistocrack
(C)birthistolife
(D)sunistoorbit
(E)plantistogrow
13.Lookistoseeas
(A)illuminateistolight
(B)auditionistospeak
(C)thinkistoguess
(D)followistolead
(E)listenistohear
14.Wolfistopackas
(A)cowistoherd
(B)cattleistofarmer
(C)cowistograze
(D)farmeristofarm
(E)flockistogeese
15.Leaveistostayasdepartisto
(A)home
(B)disembark
(C)run
(D)remain
(E)exit
16.Caristomechanicaspeopleisto
(A)butcher
(B)lawyer
(C)spouse
(D)doctor
(E)teacher
17.Forestistotreeascrowdisto
(A)person
(B)alone
(C)men
(D)many
(E)crowded
18.Fictionistonovelistasfactisto
(A)legend
(B)story
(C)historian
(D)research
(E)essay
19.Strangeristostrangeas
(A)oddestistoodd
(B)artististoartistic
(C)artistoartist
(D)satirististoartist
(E)paintistopainter
20.Librarianistolibraryas
(A)schoolistoeducation
(B)officeistoprincipal
(C)studentistoschool
(D)gymnasiumistoworkout
(E)teacheristoschool
21.Sicknessistohealthasdeathisto
(A)mortician
(B)skull
(C)old
(D)pirate
(E)life
22.Inventoristomachineasauthoristo
(A)book
(B)poet
(C)creator
(D)computer
(E)artist
23.Weightistopoundasdistanceisto
(A)liter
(B)mile
(C)ruler
(D)space
(E)race
24.Concealistorevealasascendisto
(A)embark
(B)descend
(C)mount
(D)leave
(E)climb
25.Capeistocontinentas
(A)oceanistolake
(B)lakeistoreservoir
(C)reservoiristowater
(D)gulfistoocean
(E)riveristopond
26.Visionistolensas
(A)hospitalistodoctor
(B)crutchistolegs
(C)walkingistoparalysis
(D)doctoristoparalysis
(E)mobilityistocrutches
27.Busistoroadas
(A)wheelistostreet
(B)steelistorails
(C)locomotiveistotrack
(D)locomotiveistosteam
(E)trainistocar
28.YearistoJulyas
(A)weekistomonth
(B)dayistoweek
(C)monthistocentury
(D)millimeteristocentimeter
(E)meteristocentimeter
29.Resignationistosighas
(A)hopeistowish
(B)faithistopray
(C)surpriseistogasp
(D)terroristofear
(E)startleistosurprise
30.LincolnistoNebraskaas
(A)WashingtonistoOregon
(B)NewYorkistoKentucky
(C)ChicagoistoNewYork
(D)TrentonistoNewJersey
(E)OregonistoPortland
31.Pencilistosharpenas
(A)knifeistocut
(B)carpenteristobuild
(C)woodistosaw
(D)wellistofill
(E)sawistoax
32.Fingeristohandas
(A)armistosleeve
(B)shoeistofoot
(C)strandistohair
(D)blouseistoskirt
(E)legistofoot
33.Convexistoconcaveas
(A)hillistohole
(B)inistowithin
(C)roundistosquare
(D)noseistomouth
(E)underistobeneath
34.Cowistomilkas
(A)ratistocheese
(B)beeistohoney
(C)birdistowing
(D)catistodog
(E)catistofish
35.Exerciseistoreduceas
(A)grumbleistoresign
(B)snowistofreeze
(C)spendingistosave
(D)luckistowin
(E)runistorace
36.Mountainistopeakas
(A)holeistohill
(B)stormistoocean
(C)tideistoocean
(D)stormistohurricane
(E)waveistocrest
37.Foodistobodyas
(A)fuelistoengine
(B)batistoball
(C)kiteistotail
(D)mechanicistoengine
(E)gasolineistooil
38.Pressureistobarometeras
(A)centimeteristometer
(B)speedometeristodistance
(C)meteristoperimeter
(D)comptometeristocomptroller
(E)temperatureistothermometer
39.Famineistoabundanceas
(A)hungeristostarvation
(B)squaloristostarvation
(C)povertyistowealth
(D)famineistohunger
(E)wealthistoriches
40.Studyistostudiouslyas
(A)workistolearning
(B)playistoplayfully
(C)bookistobookish
(D)habitistohabitual
(E)teachistoteacher
41.Discardistodeleteas
(A)attachistodetach
(B)contagiousistospread
(C)fartheristofar
(D)alteristorevise
(E)tearistomend
42.Rejectistoaversionas
(A)thinkistoconsider
(B)ponderistodesire
(C)imposeistoact
(D)contentistochange
(E)chooseistopreference
43.Measlesistodiseaseas
(A)felonyistocrime
(B)measlesistomumps
(C)felonyistomisdemeanor
(D)crimeistolaw
(E)lawistojudge
44.Occasionalistoconstantas
(A)intermittentistoincessant
(B)intramuralistoinconsistent
(C)frequentistoincessant
(D)inadvertentistoaccidental
(E)infrequentistoirregular
45.Activeistomobileas
(A)mobileistoimmobile
(B)inflammableistoextinguished
(C)sedentaryistoimmobile
(D)sensationalistomovement
(E)immobileistomovement
46.Eliminateistooptionalas
(A)maintainistooption
(B)retainistoessential
(C)optionistoopportunity
(D)sequentialistoorder
(E)deleteistoamend
47.Alludeistoreferas
(A)illusionistoreality
(B)similaristodisparate
(C)implyistostate
(D)concludeistoinfer
(E)guessistoknow
48.Planeistocharteras
(A)workeristouse
(B)assistantistoappoint
(C)personistohire
(D)manageristosalary
(E)lawyeristojudge
49.Superscriptistosubscriptas
(A)exportistoexpert
(B)introvertistoconvert
(C)impedeistointercede
(D)subscriptionistoprescription
(E)introvertistoextrovert
50.Complementistocomplimentas
(A)wonderistowander
(B)surfeitistosurface
(C)interfaceistosurface
(D)styleistostile
(E)effectistoaffect
51.Premonitionistoprophesyas
(A)prefaceistoprologue
(B)predictistorelate
(C)prologueistoepilogue
(D)historyistoarchives
(E)preambleistoconclusion
52.Collaborationistocooperationas
(A)collationistocorrection
(B)concentrationistoquiet
(C)coercionistosubmission
(D)compromiseistopromise
(E)computationistoadd
53.Revertistoreversionas
(A)interestistointercession
(B)invertistoovert
(C)sympathizeistosympathy
(D)sympathyistosympathetic
(E)introvertistoextrovert
54.Salespersonistocommissionas
(A)authoristoroyalty
(B)agentistoactor
(C)tipistowaiter
(D)feeistocharge
(E)royaltyistofee
55.Harassmentistoangeras
(A)disappointmentistosorrow
(B)heightistoweight
(C)laughteristotears
(D)marriageistolove
(E)engagementistomarry
56.Divulgeistodiscloseas
(A)reviseistocreate
(B)adviseistoedit
(C)dispelistocollect
(D)bulgeistoclose
(E)appraiseistoestimate
57.Sodiumistosaltas
(A)torchistoacetylene
(B)ammoniaistopneumonia
(C)oxygenistowater
(D)balloonistohelium
(E)airistocarbon
58.Cautiousistoimpulsiveas
(A)furiousistoanger
(B)causticistobiting
(C)creativeistowork
(D)punishistobehavior
(E)secretiveistocandid
59.Hiddenistoobviousas
(A)reservedistorambunctious
(B)emphaticistovehement
(C)embezzleistosteal
(D)openistodoor
(E)encounteristomeet
60.Swordistoduelingaspenisto
(A)writer
(B)inkwell
(C)ink
(D)writing
(E)manuscript
61.Reprimandistodisapprovalascomplimentisto
(A)flatter
(B)approval
(C)affirmation
(D)improvement
(E)insult
62.Goldistoyellowasbloodisto
(A)black
(B)purple
(C)blue
(D)white
(E)red
63.Recurrenceistoperiodicasdeterminationisto
(A)cowardly
(B)hopeless
(C)literary
(D)persevering
(E)lazy
64.Anarchyistolawasdiscordisto
(A)difference
(B)amendment
(C)adaptation
(D)confusion
(E)agreement
65.Ceilingistochandelieraspuppeteeristo
(A)puppet
(B)puppetshow
(C)stage
(D)ventriloquist
(E)hand
66.Accidentistocarelessnessasresponseisto
(A)answer
(B)correct
(C)stimulus
(D)effect
(E)respond
67.Correctionistoerroneousasclarificationisto
(A)criticism
(B)failure
(C)amend
(D)ambiguous
(E)mistake
68.Automobileistohorseastelephoneisto
(A)wagon
(B)telegraph
(C)communication
(D)transportation
(E)wireless
69.Intimidateistodauntasdismayisto
(A)horrify
(B)destroy
(C)dismantle
(D)forego
(E)delight
70.Spontaneousistocalculatedasimpromptuisto
(A)adlib
(B)scheduled
(C)verbose
(D)prolific
(E)taciturn
71.Criticistoplayasrevieweristo
(A)job
(B)work
(C)newspaper
(D)book
(E)essay
72.Lionistoprideas
(A)birdistovanity
(B)cowistopasture
(C)packistodog
(D)fishistoschool
(E)cowistocalf
73.Refereeistorulesasconscienceisto
(A)citizen
(B)thoughts
(C)regulations
(D)behavior
(E)morality
74.Moneyistostealasideaisto
(A)lose
(B)manuscript
(C)plagiarize
(D)thief
(E)elaborate
75.Bookistopaperasscrollisto
(A)cloth
(B)binding
(C)roll
(D)parchment
(E)cover
ANSWERSANDEXPLANATIONS
1.Thecorrectansweris(E).THANKSGIVINGisinNOVEMBER;CHRISTMASisinDECEMBER.
2.Thecorrectansweris(C).Thisisanantonymrelationship.
3.Thecorrectansweris(A).ANCHORSstopSHIPS;BRAKESstopAUTOMOBILES.Thesecondwordineachpairisthepartusedtostopthefirstnoun.
4.Thecorrectansweris(A).Thewordsineachpairaresynonyms.
5.Thecorrectansweris(E).WOODDECAYS;IRONRUSTS.Thefirstwordineachpairisanoun.Thesecondisaverbthatrelatestothefirst.
6.Thecorrectansweris(D).AWEEKispartofaMONTH;aDAYispartofaWEEK.
7.Thecorrectansweris(E).FLOURisgroundWHEAT;GRAVELisbrokenROCK.
8.Thecorrectansweris(B).Thewordsineachpairareantonyms.
9.Thecorrectansweris(D).Thewordsineachpairareantonyms.
10.Thecorrectansweris(C).Eachpaircontainssimilarpossessivepronouns.
11.Thecorrectansweris(B).GLASSESandLIGHTenhanceaperson’sVISION.
12.Thecorrectansweris(A).AFLAMEmaycauseaBURN;anINSULTmaycauseANGER.
13.Thecorrectansweris(E).SEEINGistheresultofLOOKING;HEARINGistheresultofLISTENING.
14.Thecorrectansweris(A).WOLVESgatherinPACKS;COWSgatherinHERDS.
15.Thecorrectansweris(D).Thewordsineachpairareantonyms.
16.Thecorrectansweris(D).MECHANICSrepairCARS;DOCTORS“repair”PEOPLE.
17.Thecorrectansweris(A).ATREEisonepartofaFOREST;aPERSONisonepartofaCROWD.
18.Thecorrectansweris(C).ANOVELISTwritesFICTION;aHISTORIANwritesabout
FACTS.
19.Thecorrectansweris(B).STRANGERisthenounformoftheadjectiveSTRANGE;ARTISTisthenounformoftheadjectiveARTISTIC.
20.Thecorrectansweris(E).ALIBRARIANworksinaLIBRARY;aTEACHERworksinaSCHOOL.
21.Thecorrectansweris(E).Thewordsineachpairareantonyms.
22.Thecorrectansweris(A).NewMACHINESarecreatedbyINVENTORS;newBOOKSarecreatedbyAUTHORS.
23.Thecorrectansweris(B).APOUNDisaunitofWEIGHT;aMILEisaunitofDISTANCE.
24.Thecorrectansweris(B).Thewordsineachpairareantonyms.
25.Thecorrectansweris(D).ACAPEisageographicalpartofaCONTINENT;aGULFispartofanOCEAN.
26.Thecorrectansweris(E).ALENSisanaidtoVISION;CRUTCHESaidMOBILITY.
27.Thecorrectansweris(C).ABUStravelsalongaROAD;aLOCOMOTIVEmovesonaTRACK.
28.Thecorrectansweris(E).YEARisthewhole;JULYisthepart;METERisthewhole;CENTIMETERisthepart.Allotherpart-wholerelationshipsarereversed.
29.Thecorrectansweris(C).ASIGHisakindofbreaththatexpressesRESIGNATION;aGASPisakindofbreaththatexpressesSURPRISE.
30.Thecorrectansweris(D).LINCOLNisthecapitalofNEBRASKA;TRENTONisthecapitalofNEWJERSEY.
31.Thecorrectansweris(C).SHARPENaPENCIL;SAWapieceofWOOD.
32.Thecorrectansweris(C).AFINGERispartofaHAND;aSTRANDofhairispartofaheadofHAIR.
33.Thecorrectansweris(A).CONVEX,anoutwardcurve,istheantonymofCONCAVE,anindentedcurve.Similarly,HILLandHOLEareantonyms.
34.Thecorrectansweris(B).COWSproduceMILK;BEESproduceHONEY.
35.Thecorrectansweris(D).EXERCISEaidsweightREDUCTION;LUCKisanaidtoWINNING.
36.Thecorrectansweris(E).APEAKisthetoppartofaMOUNTAIN;aCRESTisthetopofaWAVE.
37.Thecorrectansweris(A).FOODenablesaBODYtodowork;FUEL,suchasgasoline,enablesanENGINEtoworkinasimilarway.
38.Thecorrectansweris(E).ABAROMETERmeasuresatmosphericPRESSURE;aTHERMOMETERmeasuresTEMPERATURE.
39.Thecorrectansweris(C).Thewordsineachpairareantonyms.
40.Thecorrectansweris(B).STUDIOUSLYistheadverbformoftheverbSTUDY;PLAYFULLYistheadverbformoftheverbPLAY.
41.Thecorrectansweris(D).Thewordsineachpairaresynonyms.
42.Thecorrectansweris(E).HavinganAVERSIONtosomethingmaycauseonetoREJECTit;aPREFERENCEcausesonetoCHOOSEit.
43.Thecorrectansweris(A).MEASLESisakindofDISEASE;aFELONYisakindofCRIME.
44.Thecorrectansweris(A).Thewordsineachpairareantonyms.
45.Thecorrectansweris(C).ThewordACTIVEisassociatedwithMOBILITY,ormovement;SEDENTARYisassociatedwithIMMOBILITY,orlackofmovement.
46.Thecorrectansweris(B).AnOPTIONALitemmaybeELIMINATED;anESSENTIALonemustbekept,orRETAINED.
47.Thecorrectansweris(C).Thewordsineachpairhavesimilarmeanings.
48.Thecorrectansweris(C).Chartermeanstohire;CHARTERaPLANE,HIREaPERSON.
49.Thecorrectansweris(E).TheprefixesSUPER-andSUB-haveoppositemeanings;similarly,INTRO-andEXTRO-areantonyms.
50.Thecorrectansweris(E).Thewordsofeachpairhaverelatedbutdifferentmeaningsandsimilarpronunciationsbutdifferentspellings.
51.Thecorrectansweris(D).APREMONITIONisafeelingaboutthefuture;aPROPHESYisastatementaboutthefuture.HISTORYiswhathashappenedinthepast;ARCHIVESaretherecordsofthosehappenings.
52.Thecorrectansweris(B).COLLABORATIONrequiresCOOPERATION;similarly,QUIETisnecessaryforCONCENTRATION.
53.Thecorrectansweris(C).REVERSIONisthenounformoftheverbREVERT;SYMPATHYisthenounformoftheverbSYMPATHIZE.
54.Thecorrectansweris(A).ACOMMISSIONisapercentageofsalespaidtotheSALESPERSON;aROYALTYisapercentageofbooksalespaidtotheAUTHOR.
55.Thecorrectansweris(A).HARASSMENTcausesANGER;DISAPPOINTMENTcausesSORROW.
56.Thecorrectansweris(E).Thewordsineachpairaresynonyms.
57.Thecorrectansweris(C).SODIUMisanelementofSALT;OXYGENisanelementofWATER.
58.Thecorrectansweris(E).Thewordsineachpairareantonyms.
59.Thecorrectansweris(A).Thewordsineachpairareantonyms.
60.Thecorrectansweris(D).ASWORDisthetoolusedforDUELING;aPENisatoolusedforWRITING.
61.Thecorrectansweris(B).AREPRIMANDisaverbalshowofDISAPPROVAL;aCOMPLIMENTisaverbalshowofAPPROVAL.
62.Thecorrectansweris(E).GOLDisadeepshadeofYELLOW;BLOODisadeepshadeofRED.
63.Thecorrectansweris(D).APERIODICeventRECURS;aDETERMINEDpersonPERSEVERES.
64.Thecorrectansweris(E).ANARCHYoccursintheabsenceofLAW;DISCORDistheresultofalackofAGREEMENT.
65.Thecorrectansweris(A).ACHANDELIERisattachedtoaCEILING;aPUPPETisheldbyaPUPPETEER.
66.Thecorrectansweris(C).AnACCIDENTmaybetheresultofCARELESSNESS;aRESPONSEmaybetheresultofaSTIMULUS.
67.Thecorrectansweris(D).SomethingERRONEOUSisinerrorandsubjecttoCORRECTION;somethingAMBIGUOUSisconfusingandsubjecttoCLARIFICATION.
68.Thecorrectansweris(B).HORSESwereusedfortransportationbeforeAUTOMOBILES;TELEGRAPHSwereusedforcommunicationbeforeTELEPHONES.
69.Thecorrectansweris(A).Thewordsineachpairaresynonyms.
70.Thecorrectansweris(B).Thewordsineachpairareantonyms.
71.Thecorrectansweris(D).CRITICScriticizePLAYS;REVIEWERScriticizeBOOKS.
72.Thecorrectansweris(D).ALIONisamemberofaPRIDE;aFISHisamemberofaSCHOOL.
73.Thecorrectansweris(E).AREFEREEenforcesRULES;aCONSCIENCEenforcesMORALITY.
74.Thecorrectansweris(C).Thesecondwordineachpairreferstothetheftofsomethingrepresentedbythefirstwordinthepair.
75.Thecorrectansweris(D).BOOKSconsistofPAPERpages;SCROLLSarepiecesofPARCHMENT.
SUMMINGITUP
•Verbalanalogiestestyourabilitytoseearelationshipbetweentwowordsandtorecognizeasimilarrelationshipbetweentwootherwords.
•Thekeytoanalogysuccessisbeingabletoexpresstherelationshipbetweenthewordsinapair—notwhatthewordsmean,buthowthey’rerelated.
•Rememberthattheanalogiesgetmoredifficultasyouworkyourwaythrougheachgroup.•Alsorememberthattherelationshipofthewordsintheanswermustbeinthesameorderastherelationshipofthewordsinthefirstpair.
Chapter8
SentenceCompletions(ISEEOnly)
OVERVIEW
•Whatmakesasentencecompletion?•Howdoyouanswersentencecompletionquestions?•Whatdosmarttest-takersknow?•Testyourselfquizzes•Answerkeys•Summingitup
WHATMAKESASENTENCECOMPLETION?Areyoudrawingablank?Getusedtoit,becauseyou’llseealotoftheminthesentencecompletionquestionsontheISEE.Inthiskindofquestion,youaregivenasentencethathasoneormoreblanks.Anumberofwordsorpairsofwordsaresuggestedtofillintheblankspaces.It’suptoyoutoselectthewordorpairofwordsthatwillbestcompletethemeaningofthesentence.
WhyaretheresentencecompletionquestionsontheISEE?Sentencecompletionquestionstestyourvocabularyaswellasyourabilitytounderstandwhatyouread.Inatypicalsentencecompletionquestion,severalofthechoicescouldbeinsertedintotheblankspaces.However,onlyoneanswerwillmakesenseandcarryoutthefullmeaningofthesentence.
HOWDOYOUANSWERSENTENCECOMPLETION
QUESTIONS?Areyoureadytostartfillinginsomeofthoseblanks?Thefollowingsixstepswillhelpyouanswersentencecompletionquestions:SentenceCompletions:GettingItRight
Readthesentencecarefully.Guessattheanswer.Scantheanswerchoicesforthewordyouguessed.Ifit’sthere,markitandgoon.Ifit’snot,goontoStep4.Examinethesentenceforcluestothemissingword.Eliminateanyanswerchoicesthatareruledoutbytheclues.Trytheonesthatareleftandpickwhicheverisbest.
Now,let’stryoutthesestepsonacoupleofsentencecompletionquestions:
Thosewhofeelthatwarisstupidandunnecessarythinkthattodieonthebattlefieldis____.
(A)courageous
(B)pretentious
(C)useless
(D)illegal
Followingthestepsoutlinedabove:Readthesentence.Thinkofyourownwordtofillintheblank.You’relookingforawordthatcompletesthelogicofthesentence.Youmightcomeupwithsomethinglikedumb.Lookfordumbintheanswerchoices.It’snotthere,butuselessis.That’sprettyclose,somarkitandgoon.Ifyoucouldn’tguesstheword,takeyourcluefromthewordsstupidandunnecessaryinthesentence.Theydefinitelypointtowardsomenegative-soundingword.Thecluesimmediatelyeliminatechoice(A),courageous,whichisapositiveword.Trytheremainingchoicesinthesentence,andyou’llseethatuselessfitsbest.
Unrulypeoplemaywellbecome____iftheyaretreatedwith____bythosearoundthem.
(A)angry...kindness
(B)calm...respect
(C)peaceful...abuse
(D)interested...medicine
Readthesentence.Thistimetherearetwoblanks,andthemissingwordsneedtohavesomelogicalconnection.Thinkofyourownwordstofillintheblanks.Youmightguessthattheunrulypeoplewillbecomewell-behavediftheyaretreatedwithconsideration.Nowlookforyourguessesintheanswerchoices.They’renotthere,buttherearesomepossibilities.Gobacktothesentenceandlookforclues.Becomesignalsthattheunrulypeoplewillchangetheirbehavior.Howthatbehaviorchangeswilldependonhowtheyaretreated.Youcaneliminatechoice(A)becauseanegativebehaviorchange(angry)doesn’tlogicallyfollowapositivetreatment(kindness).Likewise,youcaneliminatechoice(C)becauseapeacefulbehaviorchangeisnotlikelytofollowfromabuse.Finally,youcaneliminatechoice(D)becauseinterestedandmedicinehavenologicalconnection.Theonlyremainingchoiceis(B),whichfitsthesentenceandmustbethecorrectanswer.
WHATDOSMARTTEST-TAKERSKNOW?ThinkingUpYourOwnAnswerIstheWaytoStart
Robertwasextremely____whenhereceivedaBontheexam,forhewasalmostcertainhehadgottenanA.
(A)elated
(B)dissatisfied
(C)fulfilled
(D)harmful
Thecorrectansweris(B).Ifyoureadthissentencecarefully,youarelikelytocomeupwiththerightanswer,dissatisfied,onyourown,Butevenifyoudidn’t,you’dcomeupwithsomethingclose,suchasupsetordisappointed.Thenwhenyoulookattheanswerchoices,youwillimmediatelyseethattheclosestwordisdissatisfied.
NOTESomewordssignalblanksthatgowiththeflow:
•and
•also
•consequently
•asaresult
•thus
•hence
•so
•forexample
IdentifyClueWords
Ifyoucan’tcomeupwiththemissingwordimmediately,lookforcluewordsinthesurroundingsentence.Cluewordscantellyou“wherethesentenceisgoing.”Isitcontinuingalongonelineofthought?Ifitis,you’relookingforawordthatsupportsthatthought.Isitchangingdirectioninmidstream?Thenyou’relookingforawordthatsetsupacontrastbetweenthethoughtsinthesentence.
SomeBlanksGowiththeFlow
Themissingwordmaybeonethatsupportsanotherthoughtinthesentence,soyouneedtolookforananswerthat“goeswiththeflow.”
Theserviceattherestaurantwassoslowthatbythetimethesaladhadarrived
wewere____.
(A)ravenous
(B)excited
(C)incredible
(D)forlorn
Thecorrectansweris(A).Whereisthissentencegoing?Therestaurantserviceisveryslow.Thatmeansyouhavetowaitalongtimeforyourfood,andthelongeryouwait,thehungrieryou’llget.Sothewordintheblankshouldbesomethingthatcompletesthistrainofthought.Answerchoice(A),ravenous,whichmeansveryhungry,isthebestanswer.Itworksbecauseit“goeswiththeflow.”
Asateenager,Johnwaswithdrawn,preferringthecompanyofbookstothatofpeople;consequently,asayoungadultJohnwassocially____.
(A)successful
(B)uninhibited
(C)intoxicating
(D)inept
Thecorrectansweris(D).Thewordconsequentlysignalsthatthesecondideaisanoutcomeofthefirst;soagain,youarelookingforawordthatcompletesthetrainofthought.Whatmighthappenifyouspenttoomuchtimewithyournosestuckinabook(exceptforthisone,ofcourse)?Mostlikelyyouwouldbemorecomfortablewithbooksthanwithpeople.Choice(D),inept,meaningawkward,isagooddescriptionofsomeonewholackssocialgraces,makingthistherightanswer.
Adecisionthatismadebeforealloftherelevantdataarecollectedcanonlybecalled____.
(A)calculated
(B)laudable
(C)unbiased
(D)premature
Thecorrectansweris(D).Thewordcalledtellsyouthattheblankisthewordthattherestofthesentencedescribes.Adecisionthatismadebeforeallthefactsarecollectedcanonlybedescribedaspremature,choice(D).
SomeBlanksShiftGears
Themissingwordmaybeonethatreversesathoughtinthesentence,soyouneedtolookforananswerthat“shiftsgears.”
Theadvanceofsciencehasdemonstratedthatafactthatappearstocontradictacertaintheorymayactuallybe____amoreadvancedformulationofthattheory.
(A)incompatiblewith
(B)inoppositionto
(C)consistentwith
(D)eliminatedby
Thecorrectansweris(C).Lookatthelogicalstructureofthesentence.Thesentencehassetupacontrastbetweenwhatappearstobeandwhatisactuallytrue.Thisindicatesthatthecorrectanswerwill“shiftgears”andbetheoppositeofcontradict.Thechoiceconsistentwithprovidesthismeaning.Theotherchoicesdonot.
Althoughsheknewthattheartist’sworkwasconsideredbysomecriticstobe____,thecuratorofthemuseumwasanxioustoacquireseveraloftheartist’spaintingsforthemuseum’scollection.
(A)insignificant
(B)important
(C)desirable
(D)successful
Thecorrectansweris(A).Theveryfirstwordofthesentence,although,signalsthatthesentenceissettingupacontrastbetweenthecriticsandthecurator.Thecriticshadoneopinion,butthecuratorhadadifferentone.Sincethecuratorlikedtheartworkswellenoughtoacquirethem,youcananticipatethatthecriticsdislikedtheartworks.Sotheblankrequiresawordwithnegativeconnotations,andchoice(A),insignificant,istheonlyonethatworks.
Afterwitnessingseveralviolentinteractionsbetweentheanimals,theanthropologistwasforcedtoreviseherearlieropinionthatthemonkeyswere____.
(A)peaceable
(B)quarrelsome
(C)insensitive
(D)prosperous
Thecorrectansweris(A).Wheredoyoubegin?Thewords“forcedtorevise”clearlysignalashiftintheanthropologist’sideas.Herdiscoverythatthemonkeyswereviolentmadeherabandonanearliercontrastingopinion.Amongtheanswerchoices,theonlycontrasttoviolentischoice(A),peaceable.
NOTESomewordssignalblanksthatshiftgears:
•but
•yet
•although
•ontheotherhand
•incontrast
•however
•nevertheless
TheRightAnswerMustBeBothLogicalandGrammaticallyCorrect
Whenansweringsentencecompletionquestions,youcanalwayssimplytossoutanyanswerchoicesthatdonotmakesenseinthesentenceorthatwouldnotbegrammaticallycorrect.
Anadvocateofconsumerrights,Naderhasspentmuchofhisprofessionalcareerattemptingto____thefraudulentclaimsofAmericanbusiness.
(A)expose
(B)immortalize
(C)reprove
(D)import
Thecorrectansweris(A).Whatwouldyoudowithafraudulentclaim?Immortalizeit?Importit?Notlikely.Thesechoicesarenotlogical.Theonlylogicalansweris(A).Youwouldexposeafraudulentclaim.
Despitetheharshtoneofhercomments,shedidnotmeanto____anycriticismofyoupersonally.
(A)infer
(B)aim
(C)comply
(D)imply
Thecorrectansweris(D).Implymeans“suggestindirectly.”Choice(A),infer,isawordoftenconfusedwithimply.Itmeans“concludefromreasoningorimplication.”Aspeakerimplies;alistenerinfers.Choice(C),comply,meaning“obey,”makesnosenseinthiscontext.Choice(B),aim,ismorelikely,butitdoesn’tworkinthesentenceasgiven.Youmightsay,“shedidnotmeantoaimanycriticismatyou,”butyouwouldnotnormallysay,“shedidnotmeantoaimanycriticismofyou.”
ALERT!Rememberthatmorethanoneanswercanseemtomakesense,butthereisonlyonecorrectanswer.Makeyourbestguessbasedonthefullmeaningofthesentence.
Two-BlankQuestionsGiveYouTwoWaystoGetItRight
Whentherearetwoblanksinasentencecompletionquestion,youhavetwowaystoeliminateanswerchoices.Youcanstartwitheitherblanktoeliminatechoicesthatdon’twork.Sopicktheonethat’seasierforyou.Ifyoucaneliminatejustoneofthewordsinatwo-wordanswerchoice,thewholechoicewon’twork,soyoucantossitoutandgoon.
TESTYOURSELFQUIZZESTakethefollowingquizzestohelpyoudeterminewhatyourweaknessesmightbe.Clickherefortheanswers..
TestYourself1
Directions:Eachofthefollowingquestionsconsistsofanincompletesentencefollowedbyfourwordsorpairsofwords.Choosethewordorpairofwordswhich,whensubstitutedfortheblankspaceorspaces,bestcompletesthemeaningofthesentence.
1.TheSpanishdancerstampedherfeetand____therhythmwiththeclickof____.
(A)ignored...dice
(B)kept...cutlery
(C)accented...castanets
(D)diffused...aguitar
2.Abustlinghospitalfloorisnot____toagoodnight’ssleep.
(A)related
(B)conducive
(C)necessary
(D)productive
3.Thejobapplicantwasso____asheapproachedtheinterviewthathishandswere____andhiskneesshook.
(A)confident...agitated
(B)impressed...clean
(C)unhappy...stiff
(D)nervous...clammy
4.Aserioussideeffectofsomedrugsisrecurrent____.
(A)elucidations
(B)hallucinations
(C)formulations
(D)flagellations
5.Disgruntled____oftenbecomehighlyeffectivespies.
(A)defectors
(B)officers
(C)anarchists
(D)censors
6.IwishIcouldguaranteethatthemachineis____reliable,butintruthitsperformanceissomewhat____.
(A)invariably...sporadic
(B)often...skittish
(C)serially...erratic
(D)consistently...invincible
7.Heextolledthejuicysweetfruitasbeingnothinglessthan____.
(A)surreal
(B)saccharine
(C)cloying
(D)succulent
8.Themilitary____oftheburningbuildingsledtheinvestigatortoconcludethatthefireshadbeensetinanactof____.
(A)location...arson
(B)significance...sabotage
(C)stance...sobriety
(D)discipline...treason
9.Asthenameoftheprizewinnerwas_____,therunner-uplookedtotally______.
(A)extolled...exonerated
(B)awarded...devastated
(C)announced...crestfallen
(D)proclaimed...credulous
10.Theunexplodeddevicefoundrustingintheweedsmusthavebeena____.
(A)bomb
(B)decoy
(C)calamity
(D)dud
TestYourself2
Directions:Eachofthefollowingquestionsconsistsofanincompletesentencefollowedbyfourwordsorpairsofwords.Choosethewordorpairofwordswhich,whensubstitutedfortheblankspaceorspaces,bestcompletesthemeaningofthesentence.
1.Theprofessor____hadhadalonganddistinguishedcareerandwasheldinhigh____byherpeers.
(A)eminent...stratosphere
(B)emeritus...esteem
(C)lecturing...tribute
(D)triumphant...spirits
2.Afamouspersonwillsometimespreparehisown____tobeengravedonhistombstone.
(A)epitaph
(B)elegy
(C)epithet
(D)eulogy
3.Commonexamplesofverbalredundanciesincludeexpressionssuchas____poorand____natives.
(A)indignant...indolent
(B)indulgent...industrious
(C)insolvent...iniquitous
(D)indigent...indigenous
4.Theteacher’s____toneofvoice____thatthethreatwasnottobetakenseriously.
(A)gruff...belied
(B)sprightly...inferred
(C)jocular...implied
(D)languid...asserted
5.Collectingcansandbottlesandredeemingthemforthedepositprovidesameager____.
(A)squalor
(B)subsistence
(C)subsidy
(D)supplement
6.Recenttrialsofserialmurderersreveal____behavior,including____andcannibalism.
(A)lunatic...manipulation
(B)lethargic...massacre
(C)macabre...torture
(D)mercurial...grimaces
7.Asthebusroundedthecurve,it____violentlyandcausedsomestandeestolosetheirbalance.
(A)lunged
(B)overturned
(C)lurched
(D)plummeted
8.Theelderlygentlemanwasnoticeablyshakenwhenhereadhisown____inthelocalnewspaper.
(A)editorial
(B)obituary
(C)necromancy
(D)necrology
9.Wehavenarrowedourvacationoptionstotwodestinations,____,theFloridaKeysoraCaribbeanisland.
(A)infact
(B)both
(C)therefore
(D)namely
10.Thechildappearedtobetalland____,sohisfrequentabsencesforillnessledtheteachertosuspectthathewas____.
(A)fat...faking
(B)ruddy...sick
(C)robust...malingering
(D)lanky...truant
TestYourself3
Directions:Eachofthefollowingquestionsconsistsofanincompletesentencefollowedbyfourwordsorpairsofwords.Choosethewordorpairofwordswhich,whensubstitutedfortheblankspaceorspaces,bestcompletesthemeaningofthesentence.
1.Thespeakerrosefromhisseat,placedhisnotesonthe____,andbeganhisaddress.
(A)platform
(B)dais
(C)rostrum
(D)lectern
2.Thesenator’sattitudeso____thecommunitythatthevariousgroupscameto____oneanother.
(A)energized...contradict
(B)antagonized...respect
(C)polarized...despise
(D)divided...assist
3.Itis____totaperecordthetestimonyofawitnesssoastohavea(n)____record.
(A)advisable...verbatim
(B)illegal...accurate
(C)permissible...facsimile
(D)prudent...visible
4.Theprodigy’sgrandmotherfelt____pleasureathergrandchild’spianosuccess.
(A)violent
(B)vicarious
(C)virtuous
(D)vocal
5.Manypeopleofferedtoadoptthe________whohadbeenabandonedinthemall.
(A)rabid...mongrel
(B)crippled...cart
(C)winsome...waif
(D)fluffy...boa
6.The____costumesgreatlyincreasedthechildren’s____astheywitnessedtheirfirstballetperformance.
(A)elaborate...understanding
(B)grotesque...discomfort
(C)fanciful...delight
(D)comfortable...skill
7.Theconstructioncrewunexpectedlyunearthedtracesofa____unknownburialground.
(A)historically
(B)hitherto
(C)fortunately
(D)persistently
8.I____mygrandfather;tomeheisthe____ofagentleman.
(A)idolize...epitome
(B)despise...prototype
(C)adore...antithesis
(D)excuse...model
9.Theyoungsuspectwasreleasedonhisown____withthe____thatheremainsinschool.
(A)volition...caveat
(B)recognition...promise
(C)signature...prerequisite
(D)recognizance...proviso
10.Ifabrokenlegremainsinacasttoolong,themusclesmay____fromdisuse.
(A)petrify
(B)exacerbate
(C)atrophy
(D)putrefy
TestYourself4
Directions:Eachofthefollowingquestionsconsistsofanincompletesentencefollowedbyfourwordsorpairsofwords.Choosethewordorpairofwordswhich,whensubstitutedfortheblankspaceorspaces,bestcompletesthemeaningofthesentence.
1.Thejudge____thephysiciantorefrainfromusingtoomuchmedical____inhisstatement.
(A)admonished...jargon
(B)ordered...literature
(C)permitted...economics
(D)implored...jingoism
2.Iamnot____towalkingintherain,____ifgiventheoptionIwillride.
(A)accustomed...however
(B)opposed...therefore
(C)averse...nonetheless
(D)agreeable...moreover
3.Thepsychiatristfearedthatthesuspectmightcommitsuicide,sothesuspectwaskeptunder24-hour____.
(A)arrest
(B)constraints
(C)interrogation
(D)surveillance
4.Thestatement“You’reonlyyoungonce”isa(n)____.
(A)spoof
(B)truism
(C)adage
(D)motto
5.Thatricepuddingismost____;itlookslikea(n)____mass.
(A)delicious...gargantuan
(B)unappetizing...glutinous
(C)cloying...quivering
(D)uninspiring...esoteric
6.Withthecurrentriseof____feeling,____arebeingkeptbusydelineatingtheshiftingboundaries.
(A)entrepreneurial...artists
(B)antagonistic...governments
(C)cooperative...economists
(D)nationalistic...cartographers
7.Isatintheparkandlistenedtothe_____fromthenearbychurchtower.
(A)carillon
(B)harangue
(C)calliope
(D)sycophant
8.Inthehotsummermonths,ourcity’sairisoften____withthe____murkofpollution.
(A)endowed...luminous
(B)infused...negligible
(C)suffused...oppressive
(D)alleviated...aromatic
9.Couldyousupplysomeexamplesto____yourargument?
(A)refute
(B)bolster
(C)destroy
(D)exaggerate
10.Ifearthedisciplineinthathouseholdisso____thatthechildrenwillgrowupwithoutcharacter.
(A)rigid
(B)ludicrous
(C)attainable
(D)lax
TestYourself5
Directions:Eachofthefollowingquestionsconsistsofanincompletesentencefollowedbyfourwordsorpairsofwords.Choosethewordorpairofwordswhich,whensubstitutedfortheblankspaceorspaces,bestcompletesthemeaningofthesentence.
1.Thatstrainofcancerisso____thatnoamountoftreatmentcan____it.
(A)abundant...describe
(B)capricious...enhance
(C)virulent...destroy
(D)arcane...cure
2.Heisavery____person,alwayscarryingarabbit’sfootinhispocketasa(n)____.
(A)timorous...omen
(B)superstitious...talisman
(C)gullible...charm
(D)conscientious...keyring
3.Sometimestheeffectofa____mealistomakethedinerverysleepy.
(A)hearty
(B)haughty
(C)healthy
(D)hasty
4.The____gardenis____andfragrant.
(A)formal...overgrown
(B)artificial...infested
(C)public...forbidding
(D)vernal...verdant
5.The____vendingmachinespewedchangealloverthefloor.
(A)recalcitrant
(B)zealous
(C)hulking
(D)rambunctious
6.Thefiretrucksarrivingatthesceneofthe____createdamassivetrafficjam.
(A)convocation
(B)simulation
(C)conflagration
(D)mutiny
7.A____tendstorelyon____evidence.
(A)visionary...prodigious
(B)pragmatist...empirical
(C)jury...spurious
(D)scientist...theoretical
8.IampleasedthatIwillbeabletogoswimmingwearingmy____watch.
(A)aquamarine
(B)digital
(C)liquefied
(D)submersible
9.Caringforyoungersiblingscanbea(n)____responsibilityforthechildofa(n)____.
(A)onerous...alcoholic
(B)preordained...acrobat
(C)negligible...supplicant
(D)appreciable...parent
10.Theclergymanwassohighlyrespectedthatnoonecouldbelievethathewasa(n)____.
(A)transgressor
(B)hemophiliac
(C)executor
(D)altruist
ANSWERKEYSTestYourself1
1.C2.B
3.D4.B
5.A6.A
7.D8.B
9.C10.D
TestYourself2
1.B2.A
3.D4.C
5.B6.C
7.C8.B
9.D10.C
TestYourself3
1.D2.C
3.A4.B
5.C6.C
7.B8.A
9.D10.C
TestYourself4
1.A2.C
3.D4.B
5.B6.D
7.A8.C
9.B10.D
TestYourself5
1.C2.B
3.A4.D
5.D6.C
7.B8.D
9.A10.A
EXERCISES:SENTENCECOMPLETIONS
Directions:Choosethecorrectanswerfromthechoicesgiven.
1.Histheoryisnot____;itonlysoundsplausibletotheuninformedbecausehe____severalfactsandfailstomentionthemountainofevidencethatcontradictshisideas.
(A)tenable...distorts
(B)pliable...pursued
(C)predominant...embellished
(D)sufficient...invokes
2.Thatorganization____itsconcernforendangeredspeciesofwildlifebyencouragingcongresspeopletopasslawsthat____theseanimals.
(A)imposes...promote
(B)manipulates...defend
(C)manifests...protect
(D)supplants...prohibit
3.Hisfilingsystemwasso____thatnooneelseinthedepartmentcouldlocatematerialquickly.
(A)specific
(B)appropriate
(C)intense
(D)peculiar
4.Whenthelastitemonthe____hadbeentakencareof,themeetingwas____.
(A)roster...calledtoorder
(B)itinerary...finalized
(C)table...sequestered
(D)agenda...adjourned
5.Ithasbeenpredictedthatthenew____barringdiscriminationinemploymentonthebasisofsexualorientationwilldramatically____hiringpractices.
(A)morality...effect
(B)permissiveness...reflect
(C)legislation...affect
(D)rulings...reset
6.TheNavyscouredtheareaforoveramonth,butthe____searchturnedupnoclues.
(A)cursory
(B)fruitful
(C)present
(D)painstaking
7.Althoughherpersonalityissometimes____,sheisaconscientiousworkerandis____bettertreatmentthanshehasreceived.
(A)pleasing...consciousof
(B)abrasive...entitledto
(C)gloomy...eligiblefor
(D)cheerful...granted
8.____manipulationofthestockmarketandother____practicesinsecuritysalesresultedinthe1933legislationforthecontrolofsecuritymarkets.
(A)Degenerate...lucrative
(B)Economic...useless
(C)Continual...productive
(D)Unscrupulous...unethical
9.Thehandbook____forbeginnerswaswritteninanelementarystyle.
(A)bound
(B)intended
(C)paged
(D)authored
10.Whenajobbecomestoo____,workersget____,theirattentionwanders,andtheystarttomakecarelesserrors.
(A)diverse...busy
(B)hectic...lazy
(C)tedious...bored
(D)fascinating...interested
11.Becauseofheruncompromisingstandsondivisiveissues,shewasunableto____broadsupportamongthevoters;however,theminoritywhodidsupportherwereexceptionally____.
(A)alienate...many
(B)survey...divided
(C)cutacross...quiet
(D)amass...loyal
12.Hisremarksweretoo____tobetakenseriously.
(A)germane
(B)crucial
(C)pointed
(D)insipid
13.Notrainingcoursecanoperatetofulladvantagewithoutjobdescriptionsthat____thosepartsofthejobthatrequirethemosttrainingbeforethetrainingcourseis____.
(A)list...improved
(B)identify...implemented
(C)teach...predicted
(D)insulate...finished
14.Sincethecoursewasnotonly____butalsohadareputationforbeingextremelydifficult,____studentsregisteredforit.
(A)enjoyable...many
(B)required...some
(C)useful...practical
(D)optional...few
15.Thenewsecretaryhasamorebusinesslikemannerthanher____inthejob.
(A)precedent
(B)ancestor
(C)successor
(D)predecessor
16.Becauseofthe____hazard,regulationsforbidtheuseofhighly____materialsincertainitemssuchaschildren’spajamas.
(A)health...synthetic
(B)fire...flammable
(C)drug...inflammatory
(D)chemical...flame-retardant
17.The____reportwassubmitted,subjecttosuch____aswouldbemadebeforethefinaldraft.
(A)preliminary...revisions
(B)ubiquitous...submissions
(C)ultimate...editions
(D)committee’s...references
18.____actiononthepartofapasserbyrevivedthevictimbeforebraindamagecouldoccur.
(A)Physical
(B)Prompt
(C)Violent
(D)Delayed
19.Astheworkload____,she____responsibilityformanyroutinetaskstoanassistant.
(A)evolved...preserved
(B)changed...handled
(C)increased...delegated
(D)steadied...abased
20.Formanyyears____havebeenrecognizedasbreedingdisease,juveniledelinquency,andcrime,whichnotonlythreatenthehealthandwelfareofpeoplewholivetherebutalso____thestructureofsocietyasawhole.
(A)prisons...rebuild
(B)schools...disengage
(C)colonialization...alienate
(D)slums...weaken
21.Ascitizenswewouldbe____ifwedidnotmakethesefactspublic.
(A)entitled
(B)nominative
(C)elective
(D)derelict
22.A____inthediplomaticservice,shehadnotyet____suchaquestionofprotocol.
(A)success...dispatched
(B)volunteer...avoided
(C)veteran...battered
(D)novice...encountered
23.Excessivefatiguecan____beattributedto____workingconditionssuchaspoorlighting.
(A)inevitably...archaic
(B)occasionally...inadequate
(C)always...obsolete
(D)never...demoralizing
24.Thecompanyreceiveda____fromthegovernmenttohelpdevelopnewsourcesofenergy.
(A)reward
(B)compendium
(C)memorandum
(D)subsidy
25.The____withwhichtheagentcalmedtheanxietiesandsoothedthetempersofthetravelers____bythedelaywasamarkoffrequentexperiencewithsimilarcrises.
(A)evasiveness...angered
(B)reverence...pleased
(C)facility...inconvenienced
(D)mannerism...destroyed
26.Thegreaterthe____ofamineralinanore,thelessitcoststorefineit.
(A)expense
(B)weight
(C)oxidation
(D)concentration
27.Thechurchhadtraditionallyservedasa____fordebtors,andthose____itweresafefromprosecution.
(A)prison...leaving
(B)blessing...obeying
(C)court...denying
(D)sanctuary...entering
28.Today’sstudentsareencouragedtoabsorbfactsratherthantoapply____.Educationisbecoming____.
(A)understanding...regrettable
(B)intelligence...invaluable
(C)knowledge...passive
(D)formulas...extensive
29.Man’ssurvivalisaresultofmutualassistance,sinceheisessentially____ratherthan____.
(A)superior...inferior
(B)cooperative...competitive
(C)individualistic...gregarious
(D)selfish...stingy
30.AncientGreekswerenotonlyconcernedwiththedevelopmentofthe____butalsofelttrainingofthebodywasof____importance.
(A)muscles...equal
(B)psyche...little
(C)mind...prime
(D)physical...vital
31.Althoughforyears____resourceshadbeendevotedtoalleviatingtheproblem,asatisfactorysolutionremained____.
(A)natural...costly
(B)adequate...probable
(C)substantial...elusive
(D)capital...decisive
32.Thepolicedepartmentwillnotacceptfor____areportofapersonmissingfromhisorherresidenceifsuch____islocatedoutsideofthecity.
(A)convenience...location
(B)control...report
(C)filing...department
(D)investigation...residence
33.Thetreatycannotgointoeffectuntilithasbeen____bytheSenate.
(A)considered
(B)debated
(C)ratified
(D)shelved
34.His____ofpracticalexperienceandhispsychologicalacuitymorethan____hislackofformalacademictraining.
(A)claims...comprise
(B)background...educatefor
(C)brief...accountfor
(D)wealth...compensatefor
35.BecauseIwantedtousea(n)____,Ilookedthewordupinthe____.
(A)synonym...thesaurus
(B)homonym...directory
(C)antonym...encyclopedia
(D)pseudonym...dictionary
36.Youwillhavetospeaktotheheadofthedepartment;Iamnot____togiveoutthatinformation.
(A)willing
(B)authorized
(C)programmed
(D)happy
37.Researchinthatfieldhasbecomeso____thatresearchersondifferentaspectsofthesameproblemmaybe____eachother’swork.
(A)secure...bombardedwith
(B)partial...surprisedat
(C)departmental...inimicalto
(D)specialized...unfamiliarwith
38.She____thewaythingsweredone,butmanyofthe____forwhichshebrokegroundwerelefttobefullyrealizedbyothers.
(A)disliked...provocations
(B)eliminated...foundations
(C)implemented...buildings
(D)revolutionized...innovations
39.Achangeinenvironmentisverylikelyto____achangeinone’sworkhabits.
(A)affect
(B)inflict
(C)propose
(D)effect
40.Ashifttogreateruseof____orinexhaustibleresourcesintheproductionofpowerwouldslowthedepletionof____fuelmaterials.
(A)synthetic...regional
(B)natural...chemical
(C)renewable...irreplaceable
(D)unknown...fossil
41.A____islikelytogiveyou____advice.
(A)fool...useful
(B)doctor...lethal
(C)friend...harmful
(D)charlatan...unreliable
42.Anaccidentreportshouldbewrittenassoonaspossibleafterthenecessary____hasbeenobtained.
(A)bystander
(B)formulation
(C)information
(D)permission
43.Toprotecttherespondents’____,namesandsocialsecuritynumbersare____thequestionnairesbeforetheresultsaretabulated.
(A)privilege...referredto
(B)privacy...deletedfrom
(C)information...retainedin
(D)rights...appendedto
44.Whilefewerdocumentsarebeingkept,theusefulnessofthose____isnow____byanimprovedcatalogingsystem.
(A)printed...documented
(B)discarded...concurred
(C)read...emblazoned
(D)retained...insured
45.Theman____thespeakeratthemeetingbyshoutingfalseaccusations.
(A)corrected
(B)arguedwith
(C)disconcerted
(D)interferedwith
46.Forthesakeofpublic____,publicofficialsshouldavoideventhe____ofaconflictofinterest.
(A)confidence...appearance
(B)relations...actuality
(C)appearances...apparition
(D)commotion...hint
47.Aprofessionaljournalistwillattemptto____thefactslearnedinaninterviewbyindependent____.
(A)endorse...questions
(B)query...situation
(C)garnish...sources
(D)verify...investigation
48.The____oftheawardstoppedbythefinancialaidofficetopickuphischeck.
(A)recipient
(B)subject
(C)donor
(D)sponsor
49.Heoften,outofmodesty,____hisowncontribution;withouthisefforts,____,theprogramwouldstillbeintheplanningstage.
(A)affirms...therefore
(B)represses...notwithstanding
(C)belittles...however
(D)rescinds...moreover
50.Thecommitteewasso____aboutthelegitimatesourcesofthestudents’unrestthatitsrecommendationswere____value.
(A)incensed...ofmoderate
(B)uninformed...devoidof
(C)uninterested...depreciatingin
(D)blasé...ofincontestable
ANSWERSANDEXPLANATIONS
1.Thecorrectansweris(A).Thefirstblankmightbefilledequallywellbythefirsttermofchoice(A)orchoice(D);however,thecoordinating“and”impliesthatthesecondblankmustbefilledwithsomethingnegativethathedoestothefacts.DISTORTSisthebestwordhere.
2.Thecorrectansweris(C).Choice(D)makesnosense.“Encouraging”isnotacoercivetypeofactivity,sochoices(A)and(B)wouldbetooforcefulascompletionsinthefirstblank.
3.Thecorrectansweris(D).Ifnooneelsecouldlocatethematerial,youmaybeprettysurethathisfilingsystemwasPECULIAR.
4.Thecorrectansweris(D).ThelistofitemsforconsiderationatameetingistheAGENDA.Whenthebusinessiscompleted,onemightaswellADJOURNthemeeting.
5.Thecorrectansweris(C).Thebarringofdiscriminationisanofficialact,soonlychoice(C)orchoice(D)couldfillthefirstblank.Thesecondblankisbestfilledwiththeidiomatic“AFFECThiringpractices.”
6.Thecorrectansweris(D).AsearchthatlastsmorethanamonthismostcertainlyaPAINSTAKINGone.
7.Thecorrectansweris(B).Thefirstblankcallsforanegativetraittocontrastwithherconscientiousness.Choices(B)and(C)mightbothbecorrect,butENTITLEDTObetterfitstheinformalityofthesentence.“Eligiblefor”impliesalegalrequirement.
8.Thecorrectansweris(D).Thecoordinating“and”inthecompoundsubjectrequiresthatbothwordshavethesameconnotation.Sincetheseactsledtotheimpositionofcontrols,wemustassumethattheywerenegativeacts.
9.Thecorrectansweris(B).ThestyleofamanualmustbeappropriatetotheaudienceforwhichitisINTENDED.
10.Thecorrectansweris(C).Thekeyhereisthattheworkers’attentionwanders.AttentionwanderswhenoneisBORED.OnebecomesBOREDwhentheworkisTEDIOUS.
11.Thecorrectansweris(D).OnlyAMASSreallymakessenseinthefirstblank.
12.Thecorrectansweris(D).AnyremarksotherthanstupidorINSIPIDonesshouldbetakenseriously.
13.Thecorrectansweris(B).Thesecondblankcanbefilledonlybychoice(B)orchoice(D).Choice(D)makesnosenseinthefirstblank.
14.Thecorrectansweris(D).The“notonly...butalso”constructionimpliestwocomplementaryreasonswhyaclassificationofstudentsmightregisterforthecourse.Onlychoice(D)reallyfitsthisrequirement.AcoursethatisOPTIONALandverydifficultwilldrawFEWregistrants.
15.Thecorrectansweris(D).ThepersonwhoheldthisjobbeforethecurrentsecretarywasherPREDECESSOR.
16.Thecorrectansweris(B).Onlychoice(A)orchoice(B)makessenseinthefirstblank.Syntheticsarenotinthemselvesahealthhazard.
17.Thecorrectansweris(A).Thereportwassubmittedbeforethefinaldraft.Onlychoice(A)orchoice(D)candescribethereport.Areportisnotmadesubjecttoreferences;itismadesubjecttoREVISIONSbeforethefinaldraft.
18.Thecorrectansweris(B).Sincetheactionwastakenbeforebraindamagecouldoccur,thebestcompletionimpliesspeed.
19.Thecorrectansweris(C).ThebestthingtodowithexcessresponsibilityistoDELEGATEit.
20.Thecorrectansweris(D).Thesecondblankmustbefilledbyanegativeword.Thislimitstheanswertochoices(B),(C),and(D).Ofthethreefirst-termchoices,onlySLUMSarerecognizedasthebreedinggroundsofdisease,juveniledelinquency,andcrime.
21.Thecorrectansweris(D).Thestructureofthesentenceleavesonlychoice(D)asasensiblecompletion.
22.Thecorrectansweris(D).Thewords“notyet”implythatshewasnewtooraNOVICEinthediplomaticservice.
23.Thecorrectansweris(B).Excessivefatiguecanoftenbeattributedtofactorsotherthaninhospitableworkingconditions,butOCCASIONALLY,INADEQUATEworkingconditionsareitscause.
24.Thecorrectansweris(D).Moneyhelpsinthedevelopmentofnewprocessesandproducts.ASUBSIDYismoneyreceivedinadvanceofthework.Rewardsandhonorariafollowaservice.
25.Thecorrectansweris(C).Theblankscouldbefilledwithchoices(A)or(C).However,frequentexperienceshouldleadtoFACILITYinsoothingINCONVENIENCEDtravelers,sochoice(C)isthebestanswer.
26.Thecorrectansweris(D).ItisreasonabletoassumethatamoreCONCENTRATEDorewouldyieldagreaterquantityofthemineralandwouldthusbemorecostefficient.
27.Thecorrectansweris(D).Theword“and”connectingthetwoclausesimpliesthatsafetyfromprosecutionappliestothechurch.ASANCTUARYisaplaceforrefugeandprotection,andallwhoENTERitaresafe.
28.Thecorrectansweris(C).AbsorptionoffactsisPASSIVE,asopposedtothemoreactivemodeofeducation,theapplicationofKNOWLEDGE.
29.Thecorrectansweris(B).Thesentence,bythewords“ratherthan,”requiresthatthetwowordsfillingtheblanksbeopposites.Onlychoice(D)doesnotmeetthisrequirement.However,mutualassistanceimpliesCOOPERATION;hencechoice(B)isthecorrectanswer.
30.Thecorrectansweris(C).Thesentencerequiresthatthefirstblankbefilledbyawordthatcontrastswithbody.Ofthechoices,MIND,choice(C),bestmeetsthiscriterion.
31.Thecorrectansweris(C).Theconstructionofthesentencedemandsthatthefirstblankbefilledwithapositivewordwhilethesecondisfilledwithalesspositiveword.Choice(C)bestfitstheserequirements.
32.Thecorrectansweris(D).Amissing-personreportdemandsINVESTIGATION.
33.Thecorrectansweris(C).Alltheconsideration,amending,anddebatewillnotputatreatyintoeffectuntilitisRATIFIED.
34.Thecorrectansweris(D).Thewordsintheblanksshouldcontrastwithhislackofformalacademictraining.
35.Thecorrectansweris(A).TheTHESAURUSisabookofSYNONYMS.
36.Thecorrectansweris(B).Allchoicesexcept(C)mightbecorrect,buttheimperativeof“youwillhaveto”impliesthatIamnotAUTHORIZED.
37.Thecorrectansweris(D).Noenmityisimpliedinthissentence,sochoice(D)isabetteranswerthanchoice(C).
38.Thecorrectansweris(D).Onemightbreakgroundforchoices(B),(C),or(D),butonly
INNOVATIONSforwhichonebreaksgroundarefullyrealizedbyothers.
39.Thecorrectansweris(D).ToEFFECTistocause.Inflicthasanegativeconnotationthatisuncalledforinthissentence.
40.Thecorrectansweris(C).Fuelmaterialsthatcouldbedepletedareeitherchoice(C)orchoice(D).Onlychoice(C)fitsintothefirstblank.TheuseofRENEWABLEresourceswouldslowthedepletionofIRREPLACEABLEfuelmaterials.
41.Thecorrectansweris(D).Thetypeofadvicemustbeappropriatetothegiver.TheadviceofaCHARLATANorimposterislikelytobeUNRELIABLE.
42.Thecorrectansweris(C).AnaccidentreportshouldbedependentonlyuponINFORMATIONandnotuponpermissionorformulation.
43.Thecorrectansweris(B).DELETIONofidentificationinsuresPRIVACY.
44.Thecorrectansweris(D).Iffewerdocumentsarebeingkept,weareprobablydiscussingthosethatareRETAINED.TheirusefulnessisINSUREDbyanimprovedcatalogingsystem.
45.Thecorrectansweris(C).Themanwouldhaveinterferedwiththespeakerevenifhehadshoutedwordsofagreement.Sincethepointismadethatthemanshoutedfalseaccusations,thebestansweristhatheDISCONCERTEDthespeaker.
46.Thecorrectansweris(A).Thesecondblankcouldbefilledwithchoice(A)orchoice(D);however,thefirsttermofchoice(D)makesnosenseinthefirstblank.
47.Thecorrectansweris(D).VERIFICATIONisattheheartofprofessionaljournalism.
48.Thecorrectansweris(A).OnlytheRECIPIENTwouldpickupthecheck.
49.Thecorrectansweris(C).ModestywouldleadonetoBELITTLEone’srole.TheconnectiveHOWEVERmakesthebesttransitionbetweenthetwoclauses.
50.Thecorrectansweris(B).Thesecondblankmightbefilledbyallchoicesexcept(C).However,thetwotermsofchoice(D)makenosenseinapposition.Choice(A)isnotthecorrectanswer.Thecommitteemighthavebeenincensedaboutthestudents’unrestbutitwouldbeunlikelytobeincensedaboutthelegitimatecausesofthatunrest.IfitwereUNINFORMEDofthelegitimatecauses,itsrecommendationswouldbeDEVOIDOFvalue.
SUMMINGITUP
•Thesestepswillhelpyouasyouworkthroughthissection:readthesentencecarefully;guessattheanswer;scantheanswerchoicesforthewordyouguessed(ifit’sthere,markitandgoon;ifit’snot,examinethesentenceforcluestothemissingword);eliminateanyanswerchoicesthatareruledoutbytheclues;andtrytheonesthatareleftandpickwhicheverisbest.
•Bealertforcluesinthesentence.Lookfornegativewordsorpositivewords.•Sentencecompletionquestionsgofromeasytohard.
PARTVREADINGREVIEW
CHAPTER9:ReadingComprehension(SSATandISEE)
Chapter9
ReadingComprehension(SSATandISEE)
OVERVIEW
•Whyismyreadingabilitybeingtested?•Whatkindsofquestionswillbeasked?•Howdoyouanswerreadingcomprehensionquestions?•Whatdosmarttest-takersknow?•Testyourselfquizzes•Answerkeys•Summingitup
WHYISMYREADINGABILITYBEINGTESTED?Readingisaprerequisitetolearning,anditisevaluatedbyallaptitude,admissions,andachievementtests.
WHATKINDSOFQUESTIONSWILLBEASKED?Thequestionsthatfolloweachpassageareinthestandardmultiple-choiceformatwitheitherfour(ISEE)orfive(SSAT)answerchoices.Onhighschoolentranceexams,thequestionstendtofallintofourcategories.Thesequestionsaskyoutodooneofthefollowing:
•Identifythemainideaortheauthor’spurpose•Locatedetailsthatsupportthemainidea
•Defineawordbasedonitsmeaninginthepassage•Drawinferencesfromideasinthepassage
Otherreadingquestiontypesappearonbothtests,butthesefourarethemostcommon.
MainIdea
Thistypeofquestionpresentsseveraltitlesorphrasesandasksyoutochoosetheonethatbestexpressesthemainideaofthepassage.Mainideasoftencanbefoundinatopicsentence.Topicsentencesusuallyappearinthefirstparagraph,aspartoftheintroduction,orinthelastparagraph,asasummary.
Thesocialstandingofawifeincolonialdayswasdeterminedbythestandingofherhusbandaswellasbyherownabilityandresourcefulness.Shemarriednotonlyahusbandbutalsoacareer.Herpositioninthecommunitywasestablishedinpartbythequalityofthebreadshebaked,bythefoodshepreservedforthewinter’suse,bythewhitenessofherwashingontheline,bythewayherchildrenwereclothed,andbyherskillinnursing.Doctorswerescarce.Incaseoftheillnessordeathofaneighbor,awomanwouldputasideherownworktohelp,andshewashonoredforwhatshecoulddo.
Whichtitlebestexpressesthemainideaofthisselection?
(A)“CareofChildreninColonialTimes”
(B)“CommunitySpirit”
(C)“MedicalCareinPre-RevolutionaryTimes”
(D)“TheColonialHousewife”
Thecorrectansweris(D).Thisselectiondescribesthevarioushomemakingdutiesacolonialwomanwasexpectedtoperform.
Details
Detailsarethefactsandideasinaselectionthatexplainandsupportthemainidea.
Therearemanysignsbywhichpeoplepredicttheweather.Someofthesehave
atruebasis,butmanyhavenot.Thereis,forexample,noevidencethatitismorelikelytostormduringonephaseofthemoonthanduringanother.IfithappenstorainonEaster,thereisnoreasontothinkthatitwillrainforthenextsevenSundays.ThegroundhogmayormaynotseehisshadowonGroundhogDay,butitprobablywon’taffecttheweatheranyway.WhichofthefollowingisNOTlistedasapredictiveweatherphenomenon?
(A)RainonEaster
(B)Thephasesofthemoon
(C)Paininaperson’sjoints
(D)Thegroundhog’sshadow
Thecorrectansweris(C).Theotherchoiceswerementionedinthepassage.
Vocabulary
Thistypeofquestion,sometimescalled“wordsincontext,”asksyoutochooseasynonymforoneofthewordsinthepassage.
Themaritimeandfishingindustriesfindperhaps250applicationsforropeandcordage.Therearehundredsofdifferentsizes,constructions,tensilestrengths,andweightsinropeandtwine.Ropeissoldbythepoundbutorderedbylengthandismeasuredbycircumferenceratherthanbydiameter.
Inthiscontext,thewordapplicationsmeans
(A)uses.
(B)descriptions.
(C)sizes.
(D)types.
Thecorrectansweris(A).Tryitinthesentenceinplaceofthewordapplication:“Uses”makessenseinthatcontextandkeepsthemeaningofthesentenceintact.
Inference
Aninferenceisaconclusionthatisdrawnfromthedetailsinareadingselection.Theanswertoaninferentialquestionwillnotbefoundinthepassageandisthereforethemostdifficulttypeofcomprehensionquestiontoanswer.Youmustreadcarefullyandthinklogicallyinordertodrawthecorrectconclusionfromtheinformationgiven.
Thefacts,asweseethem,ondruguseandthedangerousbehaviorscausedbydrugsarethatsomepeopledogetintotroublewhileusingdrugs,andsomeofthosedrugusersaredangeroustoothers.Sometimesadrugisanecessaryelementinorderforapersontocommitacrime,althoughitmaynotbethecauseofhisorhercriminality.Ontheotherhand,theuseofadrugsometimesseemstobetheonlyconvenientexplanationbymeansofwhichtheobservercanaccountfortheundesirablebehavior.
Theauthorapparentlyfeelsthat
(A)theuseofdrugsalwaysresultsincrime.
(B)drugsandcrimeareonlysometimesrelated.
(C)therelationshipofdrugusetocrimeispurelycoincidental.
(D)drugsareusuallyanelementinaccidentsandsuicides.
Thecorrectansweris(B).Theauthorstatesthatdrugsaresometimesanecessaryelementinacrime,butatothertimesisjustanexcuseforcriminalbehavior.
TIPDon’tgofortheordinary.Vocabulary-in-contextquestionsseldomtestthemostcommonmeaningofaword.Lookforameaningthatisnottheusualone.
HOWDOYOUANSWERREADINGCOMPREHENSIONQUESTIONS?Successwithreadingcomprehensionquestionsrequiresbothspeedinreadingandefficiencyin
answeringquestions.
Twoimportanttechniquesthatyoumustmasterare:SkimmingScanning
Skimming
Skimmingisaformofspeed-readingthatisusefulforextractingthemainideaandsupportingdetailsfromareadingselection.Asyouskimapassage,payspecialattentiontothefirstandlastsentencesorparagraphs.Thepurposeofskimmingistolocatethetopicsentence,themainidea,andsomeofthemajorsupportingdetails.Thisoverviewofthelocationofinformationwithinthepassagewillhelpyoutoanswerthemoredifficultinferencequestionsquickly.
Scanning
Scanningisamethodoflookingforspecificinformationwithouttrulyreadingbutbylookingforkeywords.Thefollowingsixstepswillhelpyouanswerreadingcomprehensionquestions.
SixStepsforReadingComprehension:GettingitRight
Readthroughthequestionsquickly.Thiswillguideyourreadingbyshowingyouwhatinformationyouwillbeexpectedtofind.Skipovertheanswerchoicesfornow.Readthepassage.Answervocabularyquestionsfirst.Findtheanswersbyscanningthepassage.Answerdetailquestionsnext.Pickakeywordortwofromthequestionitselfandscanthepassageuntilyoufindit.Thesentenceinwhichthewordappearsprobablycontainstheanswertothequestion.Answermain-ideaquestionsbyreadingthefirstandlastsentencesofthepassage.Leaveinferencequestionsandothermoredifficultquestiontypesforlast.Skimthepassage.Eliminatechoicesthatareobviouslywrong.Takeyourbestguess.
WHATDOSMARTTEST-TAKERSKNOW?Readingcomprehensionquestionscaneatupyourtimeveryquickly.Checkoutthesetipsforsmartersolutions.
YouOnlyHaveTimetoReadEachPassageOnce
Becausethere’sonlytimetoreadeachpassageonce,you’llwanttoanswereveryquestionthatyoucanaboutthepassagebeforemovingon.Ifyouskipaquestionandtrytocomebacktoitlater,youmighthavetorereadthewholepassagetofindtheanswerandyou’llbeoutoftime.Guessifyouhaveto,butfinishallthequestionsthatyoucan.
EverythingYouNeedtoKnowIsRightThereinFrontofYou
Theintroductoryparagraphandthepassagehavealltheinformationyou’llneedtoanswerthequestions.EvenifthepassageisaboutthepriceofbeansinBulgariaorthegeneticmakeupofawombat,don’tworry.It’sallrightthereonthepage.
NOTEReadingcomprehensiontakesalotoftime,butthereisawaytogofaster.Readthequestionsfirstsoyouknowwhattolookforasyoureadthepassage.Thenyouwon’thavetoreadthingstwicetofindtheinformationyouneed.
ThePassagesAreSupposedtoBeUnfamiliar
Inordertoputallcandidatesonalevelplayingfield,test-makerschooseobscurereadingpassages.ISEEpassagesfocusonsocialscience,naturalscience,andthehumanities;SSATpassagesfocusonthesesubjectsaswellasfiction.Eitherway,youprobablyhavenotseenthereadingmaterialbefore,anditdoesn’tmatter.Remember,you’renotbeingtestedonyourknowledgeofthetopicbutonhowwellyou:
•Figureoutthemeaningofanunfamiliarwordfromitscontext•Determinewhatanauthormeansbynotingcertainwordsandphrases•Understandtheauthor’sassumptions,pointofview,andmainidea
ALERT!Don’tletunfamiliartopicsthrowyou.There’snoneedtoworrywhetheryouknowanythingaboutatopicinapassage.Theanswersarebasedontheinformationinthepassage,notonyourknowledgeorexperience.
PassagesThatInterestYouAreEasierforYoutoWorkOn
Ifthere’sachoice,it’sbesttostartwiththepassagethat’smoreinterestingtoyou,whetherit’sfiction,asciencearticle,orwhatever.Ifthestyleappealstoyou,youwillprobablygothrough
thepassagemorequicklyandfindthequestionseasiertodealwith.
ItPaystoBeanActiveReader
Sinceyou’vealreadyscannedthequestions,youknowwhattolookforasyouread.Whenyoufindthesepoints,useyourpenciltounderlineorcirclethem.You’llbeabletofindthemeasilywhenyouneedthemtoanswerthequestions.
TIPCompleteonepassageatatime.Answerallthequestionsforthepassageyouhavejustreadbeforemovingtoanotherpassage.Thereisnotimetogobackandreadagain.
DetailsCanBogYouDown
Remember,youdon’thavetounderstandeverybitofinformation.Youjusthavetofindtheinformationyouneedtoanswerthequestions.Don’twasteyourtimeontechnicaldetailsoroninformationthatthequestionsdon’taskfor.
What’sTrueIsNotNecessarilytheAnswer
Whatdoesthatmean?Itmeansthatacertainanswerchoicemaybeperfectlytrue,butitmightnotbethecorrectanswertothequestionthat’sbeingasked.Readcarefully—anddon’tbefooled!
YouCanSolveVocabulary-in-ContextQuestionsbyPlugginginChoices
Forvocabulary-in-contextquestions,plugthechoicesintotheoriginalsentenceanddon’tbefooledbytheobvioussynonym.
TheAnswertoaMainIdeaQuestionIsNeitherTooGeneralNorTooSpecific
Foraquestionaboutthemainideaortheauthor’spurpose,lookforananswerchoicethatstatesit.Don’tbetoogeneralortoospecific.
ALERT!
Truedoesn’tmeancorrect!Besurethattheansweryoumarkistheanswertothequestionthatisasked.
TheAnswertoaMainIdeaQuestionIsOftenintheFirstorLastParagraph
Lookinthefirstorlast(orboth)paragraphofthepassageforanswerstomainidea/author’spurposequestions.
YouHavetoReadBetweentheLines
Whenareadingcomprehensionquestionasksforsomethingtheauthorhassuggested,implied,ornotstateddirectly,youhavetousetheinformationinthepassageanddrawyourownconclusions.Readbetweenthelinestoseeiftheauthorhasgivenanyhintsthatwouldleadyoutothecorrectanswer.
TESTYOURSELFQUIZZESTakethefollowingquizzestohelpyoudeterminewhatweaknessesyoumighthave.AnswerscanbefoundonpagesClickherefortheanswers.
TestYourself1
Directions:Readthefollowingpassageandthendecidewhichoftheresponsesisthebestanswertoeachquestion.
Earlyinthenineteenthcentury,Americanyouthswereplayingagame,somewhatliketheEnglishgameofrounders,whichcontainedalltheelementsofmodernbaseball.Itwasneitherscientificallyplannednorskillfullyplayed,butitfurnishedconsiderableexcitementforplayersandspectatorsalike.Theplayingfieldwasasixty-footsquarewithgoals,orbases,ateachofitsfourcorners.Apitcherstationedhimselfatthecenterofthesquare,andacatcherandanindefinitenumberoffielderssupportedthepitcherandcompletedtheteam.Noneoftheseplayers,usuallybetweeneightandtwentyonaside,coveredthebases.Thebatterwasoutonballscaughtontheflyorthefirstbound,andabaserunnerwasoutifhewashitbyathrownballwhileoffbase.Thebatwasnothingmorethanastoutpaddlewithatwo-inch-thickhandle.Theballwasapttobeanimpromptuaffaircomposedofabullet,cork,ormetalslugtightlywoundwithwoolyarnandstring.Withitssimple
equipmentandonlyafewrules,thisgamesteadilyincreasedinpopularityduringthefirsthalfofthecentury.
1.Whichtitlebestexpressesthemainideaofthisselection?
(A)“BaseballRules”
(B)“AnEnglishGame”
(C)“Baseball’sPredecessor”
(D)“AmericanPastimes”
2.Therulesofthisgamerequired
(A)eightfielders.
(B)apitcher,acatcher,andonefielderforeachbase.
(C)twentyfielders.
(D)nospecificnumberofplayers.
3.Thisselectionsuggeststhat
(A)thegameofbaseballhasgrownmorecomplicatedovertheyears.
(B)thegamedescribedwasverydangerous.
(C)baseballoriginatedintheUnitedStates.
(D)thegamedescribedrequiredskilledplayers.
4.Thewordimpromptumeans
(A)carefullyplanned.
(B)careless.
(C)informal.
(D)skillful.
TestYourself2
Directions:Readthefollowingpassageandthendecidewhichoftheresponsesisthebestanswertoeachquestion.
JohnJ.Audubon,abirdwatcher,oncenoticedthatapairofphoebesnestedinthesameplaceyearafteryear,andhewonderediftheymightbethesamebirds.Heput
tinysilverbandsontheirlegs,andthenextspringthebandedbirdsreturnedtothesamenestingplace.
Thispairofphoebeswerethefirstbirdstobebanded.Sincethattime,naturalists,withtheaidofthefederalgovernment’sFishandWildlifeDepartment,bandbirdsinanefforttostudythem.Thebands,whicharemadeoflightweightaluminumsoasnottoharmthebirds,bearamessagerequestingfinderstonotifythedepartment.Carefulrecordsofthesenotificationsarekeptandanalyzed.Inthisway,naturalistshavegainedagreatdealofknowledgeaboutthenestinghabits,migrationpatterns,andpopulationsofalargevarietyofbirdspecies.Mostimportantly,theyareabletoidentifythosespeciesthatareindangerofextinction.
1.Whichtitlebelowbestexpressesthemainideaofthispassage?
(A)“TheMigrationofBirds”
(B)“OneMethodofStudyingBirds”
(C)“TheHabitsofBirds”
(D)“TheWorkofJohnAudubon”
2.Audubon’spurposeinbandingthephoebeswasto
(A)satisfyhisowncuriosity.
(B)startagovernmentstudyofbirds.
(C)gainfameasthefirstbirdbander.
(D)chartthephoebe’smigrationpatterns.
3.Audubonprovedhistheorythat
(A)silverandaluminumarethebestmetalsforbirdbands.
(B)thegovernmentshouldstudybirds.
(C)phoebesarethemostinterestingbirdstostudy.
(D)birdsreturntothesamenestingplaceeachspring.
4.Thewordhabitsmeans
(A)naturalists.
(B)livingenvironments.
(C)behaviors.
(D)ecosystem.
TestYourself3
Directions:Readthefollowingpassageandthendecidewhichoftheresponsesisthebestanswertoeachquestion.
Anancientdinosaur-likeanimalcalledtheArchaeopteryxhaslongbeenconsideredtobetheworld’sfirstbird.Basedonwhathasbeenpiecedtogetherfromfossilevidence,Archaeopteryxwasmorelikeacrossbetweenabirdandadinosaur,ratherthanfittingclearlyinonegrouportheother.Ithadteeth,atail,andclawsonitswing—allcharacteristicsthatmorecloselyresembledinosaurs.Italsohadfeathersandwings,liketoday’sbirds.Whetherthecreaturewasabirdwithteethorafeather-covereddinosaurisamatterofdebate,butitsexistenceprovedthatalinkexistsbetweenbirdsandreptiles.
ArecentdiscoveryleadsustoquestiontheacceptedwisdomofArchaeopteryxasthefirstknownbird.AccordingtoanarticleinNationalGeographicmagazinebyauthorBrianSwitek,acreatureknownasAurornisxuiwasdescribedbypaleontologistPascalGodefroitinMayof2013.AurorniswasdiscoveredinChina.Itisbelievedtohavelived160millionyearsago,about10millionyearsbeforeArchaeopteryx.
SwiteknotesthatcontroversyexistsoverwhetherArchaeopteryxevenwasabird.Butforthosewhobelieveitwas,itappearsthatitmaynothavebeenthefirst.
ResearcherscannotsaywithcertaintythatAurorniswasabirdeither.Therearetoofewdetailsinthefossilrecordtomakethisdeterminationdefinitively.Butonethingbasedonthesediscoveriesisclear:birdsaredescendantsofdinosaurs.Today’scommonbirdsharesanancestrywithpredatordinosaurssuchasthevelociraptor,lendingevenmoremeaningtotheideathattheearlybirdgetstheworm.
1.Whichtitlebestexpressesthetopicofthisselection?
(A)“StudyingDinosaurs”
(B)“TheEarliestBirds”
(C)“BirdsversusDinosaurs”
(D)“TheHistoryoftheVelociraptor”
2.Accordingtothepassage,Archaeopteryxcouldbestbedescribedas
(A)anancientbirdwithoutfeathers.
(B)morelikeadinosaurthanabird.
(C)partbirdandpartdinosaur.
(D)morelikeamammalthanareptile.
3.Inthecontextofthepassage,thephraseacceptedwisdommostnearlymeans
(A)invalidtheory.
(B)historicalmyth.
(C)helpfuladvice.
(D)widelyheldview.
4.Accordingtothepassage,today’sbirdsaredescendantsof
(A)dinosaursthathuntedotheranimals.
(B)land-baseddinosaurswithouttails.
(C)dinosaursthatatevegetariandiets.
(D)ancientEgyptianandAsianreptiles.
TestYourself4
Directions:Readthefollowingpassageandthendecidewhichoftheresponsesisthebestanswertoeachquestion.
Theproud,nobleAmericaneagleappearsononesideoftheGreatSealoftheUnitedStates,whichisprintedoneverydollarbill.Thesamemajesticbirdcanbeseenonstateseals,halfdollars,andeveninsomecommercialadvertising.Infact,thoughweoftenencounterartisticrepresentationsofournationalsymbol,itisrarelyseenaliveinitsnativehabitat.Itisnowallbutextinct.
Inthedaysofthefoundingfathers,theAmericaneagleresidedinnearlyeverycorneroftheterritorynowknownasthecontinentalUnitedStates.Todaytheeaglesurvivesinwhatornithologistscallsignificantnumbersonlyintworegions.Anestimated350pairsinhabitFlorida,andperhapsanother150liveintheChesapeakeBayareaofDelaware,Maryland,andVirginia.Afewstragglersremaininotherstates,butinmost,eagleshavenotbeensightedforsometime.
Afederallawpassedin1940protectsthesebirdsandtheirnestingareas,butitcametoolatetosavemorethanapitifulremnantofthespecies’originalpopulation.
1.Anornithologistisapersonwhostudies
(A)geographicalregions.
(B)thehistoryofextinctspecies.
(C)thepopulationsofcertainareas.
(D)thehabitsandhabitatsofbirds.
2.Todayeaglesarefoundinthegreatestnumbersin
(A)Florida.
(B)Delaware.
(C)theChesapeakeBayregion.
(D)Virginia.
3.Theselectionimpliesthat
(A)thenumberofeaglesislikelytoincrease.
(B)theeaglepopulationdecreasedbecauseofalackofprotectivegamelaws.
(C)therewereonlytwolocalitieswhereeaglescouldsurvive.
(D)thegovernmentknowsverylittleabouteagles.
TestYourself5
Directions:Readthefollowingpassageandthendecidewhichoftheresponsesisthebestanswertoeachquestion.
TheAlaskaHighway,whichruns1,523milesfromDawsonCreek,BritishColumbia,toFairbanks,Alaska,wasbuiltbyU.S.ArmyEngineerstocounterathreatenedJapaneseinvasionofAlaska.Itwasrushedthroughinanincrediblyshortperiodofninemonthsandwasthereforeneverproperlysurveyed.Someoftheterritoryitpassesthroughhasnotevenbeenexplored.
Althoughthestorythatthebuildersfollowedthetrailofawanderingmooseisprobablynottrue,theeffectismuchthesame.Theleadingbulldozersimplycrashedthroughthebrushwhereverthegoingwaseasiest,avoidingthebigtrees,swampyhollows,androcks.TheprojectwasmademorecomplicatedbythenecessityoffollowingnottheshortestoreasiestroutebutonethatwouldservethestringofUnitedStates-CanadianairfieldsthatstretchfromMontanatoAlaska.Evenonflatland,theroadtwistsintohairpincurves.Inroughterrainitgoesupanddownlikearollercoaster.Inthemountains,sometimesclingingtothesidesofcliffs400feethigh,itturnssharply,withoutwarning,andgivesrearseatpassengersthestomach-
grippingsensationoftakingoffintospace.Thereisnotaguardrailinitsentire1,500-milelength.Dustkicksupingiantplumesbehindeverycarandonwindlessdayshoversintheairlikeathickfog.
BoththeCanadianArmyandtheAlaskanRoadCommission,whichtookoverfromtheArmyEngineersin1946,doacommendablebutnearlyimpossiblejobofmaintainingtheroad.Whereitisbuiltoneternallyfrozenground,itbucklesandheaves,onthejellylikemuskegitiscontinuallysinkingandmustbegraveledafresheverymonth.Bridgesthrownacrossriversaresweptawayinflashfloods.Torrentialthawswashoutmilesofhighwayeveryspring.Onmountain-sides,youcantelltheageoftheroadbycountingtheremainsofearlierroadsthathaveslippeddowntheslope.
1.Whichtitlebestexpressesthemainideaofthisselection?
(A)“TheAlaskanRoadCommission”
(B)“BuildingandMaintainingtheAlaskaHighway”
(C)“ExploringAlaska”
(D)“DrivingConditionsintheFarNorth”
2.TheAlaskaHighwaywasbuiltto
(A)maketheroutebetweenAlaskaandtheStatesshorter.
(B)promotetradewithCanada.
(C)meetawartimeemergency.
(D)aidexplorationandsurveyingefforts.
3.Thejobofmaintainingtheroadiscomplicatedbythe
(A)threatofinvasion.
(B)forcesofnature.
(C)lackofsurveying.
(D)ageoftheroad.
4.Thewordterrainrefersto
(A)geographicalfeaturesoftheland.
(B)geographicalmountainsandvalleys.
(C)aspecificlandarea.
(D)swamps.
TestYourself6
Directions:Readthefollowingpassageandthendecidewhichoftheresponsesisthebestanswertoeachquestion.
WhenthefirstwhitemencametoNorthAmerica,theyfoundanabundanceofvaluablenaturalresources.Forestscoveredenormousareas;thesoilwasextremelyfertile;andtheforests,prairies,streams,andriversaboundedwithwildlife.Later,hugequantitiesofgas,oil,andmineralswerediscovered.
Theseresourcesweresovastthatitseemedtheycouldneverbeexhausted.Theforestswereclearedforfarmland.Grasslandsandprairieswereplowedandplantedwithcrops.Mammalsandbirdswerehuntedforfoodandsport,andeventuallyfactories,mills,andpowercompanieswerebuiltonnearlyeveryriver.Mineralsandoilwereusedtosupplyandpowerayoungindustrialnation.
Theeffectsoftheseactionsbecameapparentwithinarelativelyshortperiodoftime.Timbershortageswerepredicted.Thefertilesoilwaswashedawaybyrainandblownaboutingreatduststormsbythewind.Severalspeciesofbirdsbegantodisappear,andsomeofthegreatmammalsbecameextinct.Manyriversweremadeunfitforfishbythepollutionoffactories.Theseeminglyinexhaustiblestoresofoilandmineralsbegantoshowsignsofdepletion.
Sincethattime,Americanshavesponsoredthecreationofconservationprogramsinthehopethatfuturegenerationsmaycontinuetoshareandenjoythenaturalresourcesthatarepartofourheritage.
1.Whichtitlebestexpressesthemainideaofthisselection?
(A)“TheFirstWhiteMeninAmerica”
(B)“TheLossofAmerica’sNaturalResources”
(C)“OurAmericanHeritage”
(D)“TheCauseofOurTimberShortages”
2.Theworddepletionmeans
(A)extinction.
(B)runningout.
(C)havingthequalityofbeinginexhaustible.
(D)destruction.
3.Itseemedtotheearlysettlersthat
(A)therewasashortageofminerals.
(B)therehadbeenagreatdealofsoilerosion.
(C)thenaturalresourceswereinexhaustible.
(D)resourcesshouldbecarefullyused.
TestYourself7
Directions:Readthefollowingpassageandthendecidewhichoftheresponsesisthebestanswertoeachquestion.
ThepeoplingoftheNorthwestTerritorybycompaniesfromtheeasternstates,suchastheOhioCompanyundertheleadershipofReverendManassehCutlerofIpswich,Massachusetts,furnishesuswithmanyinterestinghistoricaltales.
ThefirsttownstobeestablishedwereMarietta,Zanesville,Chillicothe,andCincinnati.AftertheOhioCompanycametheConnecticutCompany,whichsecuredalltheterritoryborderingLakeErie,saveasmallportionknownasfirelandsandanotherportionknownasCongresslands.ThelandtakenupbytheConnecticutpeoplewascalledtheWesternReserveandwassettledalmostentirelybyNewEnglandpeople.TheremainderofthestateofOhiowassettledbyVirginiansandPennsylvanians.BecausetheBritishcontrolledLakesOntarioandErie,theMassachusettsandConnecticutpeoplemadetheirjourneyintotheWesternReservethroughthesouthernpartofthestate.GeneralMosesCleaveland,theagentfortheConnecticutLandCompany,ledabodyofsurveyorstothetract,proceedingbywayofLakeOntario.HequietedtheIndianclaimstotheeasternportionofthereservebygivingthemfivehundredpounds,twoheadsofcattle,andonehundredgallonsofwhiskey.LandingatthemouthoftheConneautRiver,GeneralMosesCleavelandandhispartyoffifty,includingtwowomen,celebratedIndependenceDay,1796,withafeastofporkandbeanswithbread.Alittlelater,avillagewasestablishedatthemouthoftheCuyahogaRiverandwasgiventhenameofCleaveland,inhonoroftheagentofthecompany.ItisrelatedthatthenamewasafterwardshortenedtoClevelandbyoneoftheearlyeditorsbecausehecouldnotgetsomanylettersintotheheadingofhisnewspaper.
1.ReverendManassehCutler
(A)ledtheOhioCompany.
(B)ownedtheWesternReserve.
(C)ledtheConnecticutLandCompany.
(D)settledtheCongresslands.
2.Whichtitlebestexpressesthemainideaofthisselection?
(A)“TheSettlingoftheNorthwestTerritory”
(B)“ControloftheGreatLakeRegion”
(C)“TheAccomplishmentsofReverendManassehCutler”
(D)“TheNamingofCleveland,Ohio”
3.Inthelastsentenceoftheselection,thewordrelatedisusedtomean
(A)associatedwith.
(B)rumored.
(C)reported.
(D)thought.
4.TheselectionsuggeststhatGeneralCleavelandatfirstfoundtheIndianstobe
(A)extremelynoisypeople.
(B)hostiletohispartyofstrangers.
(C)starving.
(D)eagertoworkwithhim.
TestYourself8
Directions:Readthefollowingpassageandthendecidewhichoftheresponsesisthebestanswertoeachquestion.
AlongtheshoresoftheIndianOcean,fromAfricaaroundtothelargeislandssoutheastofAsia,isfoundaprettylittleshellfishthatisnotedforfurnishingwhatmayhavebeenthefirstmoneyeverused.Itsshell,calledacowrie,iswhiteorlightyellow,andisaboutoneinchlong.Millionsofpeoplearoundtheoceanwereusingthesecowries,separatelyoronstrings,formoneylongbeforefursorcattleorotherkindsofmoneywereusedanywhere,asfarasisknown.CowrieshavebeenfoundinAssyria,manymilesinland,andinChinatheywereusedwithseveralotherkindsofshells.Tortoiseshellshadthehighestvaluethere,soitmightbesaidthatthetortoiseshellswerethedollarbillswhilethecowrieswerethecoins.Now,afterthousandsofyears,therearestillsometribesinAfrica,India,andtheSouthSeas
thatusecowries.
1.Theauthorbelievesthattheearliestmoneymayhavebeenintheformof
(A)cattle.
(B)furs.
(C)shells.
(D)string.
2.ItissurprisingtolearnthatcowrieswereusedinAssyriabecause
(A)cowriesareonlyoneinchlong.
(B)cattlewereplentifulinAssyria.
(C)Assyriaisawayfromtheseacoast.
(D)tortoiseshellstooktheplaceofdollars.
3.TheChineseused_________formoney.
(A)cattle.
(B)tortoiseshells.
(C)shellfish.
(D)whale’steeth.
TestYourself9
Directions:Readthefollowingpassageandthendecidewhichoftheresponsesisthebestanswertoeachquestion.
FromGettysburgtotheBattleoftheBulge,carrierpigeonshavewingedtheirwaythroughskiesfairandfoultodeliverthevitalmessagesofbattle.Today,inspiteofelectronicsandatomicweapons,thesefeatheredheroesarestillanimportantcommunicationlinkinanyarmy.
NoonecouldbesurerofthisthanthemenatFortMonmouth,NewJersey,thesoleArmypigeonbreedingandtrainingcenterinthiscountry.OntheroostsatFortMonmouthperchmanygenuinebattleheroes,amongthemveteranG.I.Joe.
In1943,onethousandBritishtroopsmovedspeedilyaheadoftheAlliedadvanceinItalytotakethesmalltownofColviVecchia.Sincecommunicationscouldnotbe
establishedintimetorelaythevictorytoheadquarters,thetroopsweredueforapreviouslyplannedAlliedbombingraid.Then,oneofthemenreleasedcarrierpigeonG.I.Joe.Withawarningmessageonhisback,heflew20milesin20minutes,arrivingjustasthebomberswerewarminguptheirmotors.ForsavingthedayfortheBritish,theLordMayorofLondonlaterawardedG.I.JoetheDickinMedal,England’shighestawardtoananimal.
Evenwhenregularmessagechannelsaresetup,equipmentcanbreakorbeoverloadedorradiosilencemustbeobserved.Then,thecarrierpigeoncomesintohisown.Ninety-ninetimesoutofahundred,hecompleteshismission.InKorea,Homerthehomingpigeonwasflyingfromthefronttoarearcommandpostwhenhedevelopedwingtrouble.Undaunted,Homermadeaforcedlanding,hoppedthelasttwomilesanddeliveredhismessage.Forinitiativeandloyalty,HomerwaspromotedtoPfc.—PigeonFirstClass!
1.Thewriterofthispassageevidentlybelievesthatcarrierpigeons
(A)havenousefulnessinmodernwarfare.
(B)shouldbeforcedtoflyonlyinemergencies.
(C)areremarkablyreliableasmessagecarriers.
(D)shouldreceiveregularpromotions.
2.G.I.Joewasrewardedfor
(A)preventingunnecessarylossoflife.
(B)guidingabomber’sflight.
(C)returninginspiteofaninjuredwing.
(D)bringingthenewsofanallieddefeat.
3.G.I.Joe’srewardwasa
(A)promotion.
(B)receptiongivenbytheLordMayor.
(C)chancetoretiretoFortMonmouth.
(D)medal.
4.Thewordvitalmeans
(A)extremelyimportant.
(B)frequent.
(C)recent.
(D)written.
TestYourself10
Directions:Readthefollowingpassageandthendecidewhichoftheresponsesisthebestanswertoeachquestion.
“Sophisticationbythereel”isthemottoofPeretzJohannes,whoselectsjuvenilefilmsforSaturdayviewingattheMuseumoftheCityofNewYork.SamplingtheintellectualclimateoftheyoungfansinthiscityforthepasttwoyearshasconvincedhimthatmanypeopleunderestimatethetastelevelofyoungNewYorkers.Consequently,ayearagohebegantoshowfilmsordinarilyrestrictedtoartmoviedistribution.Theseriesprovedenormouslysuccessful,andinSeptember,whentheprogramcommencedforthisseason,youngstersfromthefiveboroughsfilledthetheater.
Asastudentofhistory,Mr.Johanneshasnotconfinedhimselftoproductionsgivenawardsinrecentyears,buthasspentmanyhoursamongdustyreelsferretingoutsuchpre-warfavoritesasthesilhouettefilmsofLotteReinigerthatweremadeinGermany.Oneprogramincludedtwofilmsbasedonchildren’sstories,“TheLittleRedLighthouse”and“MikeMulliganandHisSteamShovel.”Themoviesareshownat11a.m.and3p.m.,withashortprogramofstoriesandademonstrationoftoyspresentedduringtheintermission.
1.Mr.Johannesfoundthatthechildren’stasteinmotionpictures
(A)wasmorevariedthanhadbeenthought.
(B)ruledoutpicturesmadebeforetheirownday.
(C)waslimitedtocartoons.
(D)wasevenpoorerthanadultshadsuspected.
2.Admissiontotheprogramdescribedis
(A)limitedtochildrenintheneighborhoodofthemuseum.
(B)forManhattanresidentsonly.
(C)availableforallthecity.
(D)forteenagersonly.
3.Mr.Johannes
(A)followedanestablishedpolicyinplanninghisprograms.
(B)hasfailedsofartosecureagoodaudience.
(C)limitshisprogramstothenewestaward-winningpictures.
(D)evidentlyisagoodjudgeofchildren’stastes.
4.Ferretingoutapictureis
(A)givingitatrialrun.
(B)searchingdiligentlyforit.
(C)revivingit.
(D)banningit.
TestYourself11
Directions:Readthefollowingpassageandthendecidewhichoftheresponsesisthebestanswertoeachquestion.
About86percentofthetotalweightofaglassofmilkiswater.Theremaining14percentisacombinationofnutritioussolidssuspendedinthewater.Thesolidsconsistofmilksugar,fat,protein,minerals,andvitamins.
Milkisauniquefoodbecauseitmeetsmostofthebody’srequirementsforgrowthandhealth.ItisespeciallyrichinVitaminsAandBandthemineralscalciumandphosphorus,noneofwhichcanbeeasilyobtainedfromotherfoods.Thesesubstancesareessentialfornormaldevelopmentandmaintenanceofhealthybonesandteeth.
Inspiteofthis,itisfortunateforusthatwedonothavetoliveonmilkalone,asitdoesnotsupplyuswiththeironweneedtopreventanemia.Initsnaturalstate,milkalsolacksVitaminD,whoseproductionwithinthebodycanbestimulatedbysunshine,andthecommercialpreparationofmilkeliminatesitsVitaminC.Itisthereforenecessarytogettheseessentialvitaminsandmineralsfromotherfoodsources.
1.Thelargestpartofmilkis
(A)water.
(B)sugar.
(C)vitamins.
(D)minerals.
2.Milkisanespeciallyimportantfoodbecause
(A)itischeap.
(B)itiseasilyavailable.
(C)itcontainssomuchprotein.
(D)anumberofitsnutrientsarenoteasilyobtainedfromotherfoodsources.
3.Milkdoesnotcontain
(A)phosphorus.
(B)iron.
(C)fat.
(D)VitaminA.
4.Accordingtothearticle,sunshineisimportantintheproductionof
(A)VitaminA.
(B)VitaminC.
(C)VitaminD.
(D)calcium.
TestYourself12
Directions:Readthefollowingpassageandthendecidewhichoftheresponsesisthebestanswertoeachquestion.
InAugustof1814,whennewscamethattheBritishwereadvancingonWashington,threeStateDepartmentclerksstuffedallrecordsandvaluablepapers—includingtheArticlesofConfederation,theDeclarationofIndependence,andtheConstitution—intocoarselinensacksandsmuggledthemincartstoanunoccupiedgristmillontheVirginiasideofthePotomac.Later,fearingthatacannonfactorynearbymightattractaraidingpartyoftheenemy,theclerksprocuredwagonsfromneighboringfarmers,tookthepapers35milesawaytoLeesburg,andlockedtheminanemptyhouse.ItwasnotuntiltheBritishfleethadleftthewatersoftheChesapeakethatitwasconsideredsafetoreturnthepaperstoWashington.
OnDecember26,1941,thefivepagesoftheConstitutiontogetherwiththesingleleafoftheDeclarationofIndependenceweretakenfromtheLibraryofCongress,
wheretheyhadbeenkeptformanyyearsandwerestoredinthevaultsoftheUnitedStatesBullionDepositoryatFortKnox,Kentucky.Herethey“rodeoutthewar”safelyduringWorldWarII.
Since1952,visitorstoWashingtonmayviewthesehistoricdocumentsattheExhibitionHalloftheNationalArchives.Sealedinbronzeandglasscasesfilledwithhelium,thedocumentsareprotectedfromtouch,light,heat,dust,andmoisture.Atamoment’snotice,theycanbeloweredintoalargesafethatisbombproof,shockproof,andfireproof.
1.BeforetheWarof1812,theConstitutionandtheDeclarationofIndependenceweremostlikelykeptin
(A)IndependenceHallinPhiladelphia.
(B)FortKnox,Kentucky.
(C)anofficeoftheStateDepartment.
(D)agristmillinVirginia.
2.Nowadays,thesedocumentsareonviewinthe
(A)NationalArchives’ExhibitionHall.
(B)LibraryofCongress.
(C)UnitedStatesBullionDepository.
(D)UnitedStatesTreasuryBuilding.
3.Animportantreasonfortheinstallationofadevicetofacilitatethequickremovalofthedocumentsismostlikelythe
(A)possibilityofasuddendisaster.
(B)increasingnumberoftourists.
(C)needformorestoragespace.
(D)lackofrespectforthedocuments.
4.Accordingtothepassage,thedocumentshavebeenremovedfromWashingtonatleasttwiceinordertopreservethemfrom
(A)dust,heat,andmoisture.
(B)carelesshandling.
(C)possiblewardamage.
(D)saletoforeigngovernments.
TestYourself13
Directions:Readthefollowingpassageandthendecidewhichoftheresponsesisthebestanswertoeachquestion.
OnJuly1,1882,abriefnoticeappearedinthePortsmouth(England)EveningNews.Itreadsimply,“Dr.Doylebegstonotifythathehasremovedto1,BushVillas,ElmGrove,nexttotheBushHotel.”Sowasannouncedthenewlyformedmedicalpracticeofa23-year-oldgraduateofEdinburghUniversity—ArthurConanDoyle.ButthetownofSouthsea,thePortsmouthsuburbinwhichDoylehadopenedhisoffice,alreadyhadseveralwell-establishedphysicians,andwhilehewaitedforpatientstheyoungDr.Doylefoundhimselfwithagreatdealoftimeonhishands.Tofillit,hebeganwriting—shortstories,historicalnovels,whateverwouldkeephimbusyand,hopefully,bringadditionalfundsintohissparselyfilledcoffers.
Bythebeginningof1886,hispracticehadgrowntothepointofprovidinghimwitharespectableifnotmunificentincome,andhehadmanagedtohaveafewpiecespublished.Althoughliterarysuccessstilleludedhim,hehaddevelopedanideaforanewbook,adetectivestory,andinMarchhebeganwritingthetalethatwouldgivebirthtooneofliterature’smostenduringfigures.AlthoughhewasfamiliarwithandimpressedbythefictionaldetectivescreatedbyEdgarAllanPoe,EmileGaboriau,andWilkieCollins,Doylebelievedhecouldcreateadifferentkindofdetective,oneforwhomdetectionwasascienceratherthananart.Asamodel,heusedoneofhismedicalschoolprofessors,Dr.JosephBell.AsBell’sassistant,Doylehadseenhow,byexercisinghispowersofobservationanddeductionandaskingafewquestions,Bellhadbeenablenotonlytodiagnosehispatients’complaintsbutalsotoaccuratelydeterminetheirprofessionsandbackgrounds.Adetectivewhoappliedsimilarintellectualpowerstothesolvingofcriminalmysteriescouldbeacompellingfigure,Doylefelt.AtfirsttitledATangledSkein,thestorywastobetoldbyhisdetective’scompanion,aDr.OrmandSacker,andthedetectivehimselfwastobenamedSherrinfordHolmes.ButbyApril,1886,whenDoylefinishedthemanuscript,thetitlehadbecomeAStudyinScarlet,thenarratorDr.JohnH.Watson,andthedetectiveMr.SherlockHolmes.
1.Asusedinthepassage,theworddeductionmostnearlymeans
(A)decreasing.
(B)discounting.
(C)reducing.
(D)reasoning.
(E)subtracting.
2.ItcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatSherlockHolmesdifferedfrompreviousfictionaldetectivesinthat
(A)hefocusedhisdetectiveskillsonthesolvingofcrimes.
(B)heconductedhisinvestigationsonascientificbasis.
(C)heusedhisownbackgroundinmedicineasasourceofdetectivemethods.
(D)hiscaseswerechronicledbyacompanionratherthanbythedetectivehimself.
(E)hisexploitswerebasedontheexperiencesofarealindividual.
3.Thewordcompellingmostnearlymeans
(A)forceful.
(B)inescapable.
(C)believable.
(D)fascinating.
(E)insistent.
4.Whichofthefollowingtitlesbestsummarizesthecontentofthepassage?
(A)“ArthurConanDoyleandtheCreationoftheModernDetectiveStory”
(B)“ADetective’sReluctantChronicler:TheBirthofSherlockHolmes”
(C)“PhysicianandAuthor:HowArthurConanDoyleBalancedTwoCallings”
(D)“TheManyStrandsintheCharacterofSherlockHolmes”
(E)“JosephBell:TheReal-LifeInspirationforSherlockHolmes”
TestYourself14
Directions:Readthefollowingpassageandthendecidewhichoftheresponsesisthebestanswertoeachquestion.
LeavingtheelevatedrailroadwhereitdivesundertheBrooklynBridgeatFranklinSquare,scarceadozenstepswilltakeuswherewewish,yetinourears,wehaveturnedthecornerfromprosperitytopoverty.Westanduponthedomainofthetenement.Intheshadowofthegreatstoneabutments,theoldknickerbockerhouseslingerlikeghostsofadepartedday.DownthewindingslopeofCherryStreet—
proudandfashionableCherryHillthatwas—theirbroadsteps,slopingroofs,anddormerwindowsareeasilymadeout;allthemoreeasilyforthecontrastwiththeuglybarracksthatelbowthemrightandleft.
Theseneverhadotherdesignthantoshelter,ataslittleoutlayaspossible,thegreatestcrowdsoutofwhichrentcouldbewrung.Theywerethebadafterthoughtofaheedlessday.Theyearshavebroughttotheoldhousesunhonoredage,aqueruloussecondchildhoodthatisoutoftunewiththetime,theirtenants,theneighbors,andcriesoutagainstthemandagainstyouinfretfulprotestineverystepontheirrottenfloorsorsqueakystairs.Goodcausehavetheyfortheirfretting.Thisone,withitsshabbyfrontandpoorlypatchedroof—whatflowingfiresides,whathappychildrenmayitoncehaveowned?Heavyfeet,toooftenwithunsteadystep,forthesaloonisnextdoor—whereisitnotnextdoorintheseslums?—havewornawaythebrownstonestepssince;thebrokencolumnsatthedoorhaverottedawayatthebase.Ofthehandsomecornicebarelyatraceisleft.Dirtanddesolationreigninthewidehallway,anddangerlurksonthestairs.Roughpineboardsfenceofftheroomyfireplaces;wherecoalisboughtbythepailattherateoftwelvedollarsaton,thesehavenoplace.
Thearchedgatewayleadsnolongertoashadyboweronthebanksoftherushingstream,invitingday-dreamswithitsgentlerepose,buttoadarkandnamelessalley,shutinbyhighbrickwalls,cheerlessasthelivesofthosetheyshelter.Thewolfknocksloudlyatthegateinthetroubleddreamsthatcometothisalley,echoesoftheday’scares.Ahordeofdirtychildrenplayaboutthedrippinghydrant,theonlythinginthealleythatthinksenoughofitschancetomakethemostofit:itisthebestitcando.Thesearethechildrenofthetenements,thegrowinggenerationoftheslums;thistheirhome.Fromthegreathighwayoverhead,alongwhichthrobsthelife-tideoftwogreatcities,onemightdropapebbleintohalfadozensuchalleys.
1.Thispassageservesprimarilyto
(A)argueforthedemolitionoftenementbuildingsandrestorationoftheoldhouses.
(B)decrythelifestyleandhabitsoftheCherryStreettenementdwellers.
(C)describehowpreviousgenerationsenjoyedtheirprosperouslifeonCherryStreet.
(D)contrastpresentandpastconditionsoflifeonCherryStreet.
(E)giveadetailedaccountingofthestructuraldemiseoftheoldknickerbockerhouses.
2.Thewordoutlaymostnearlymeans
(A)expense.
(B)inconvenience.
(C)need.
(D)danger.
(E)distance.
3.Theauthorascribeshumanfeelingstotheoldhouses(“Theyearshavebrought...whathappychildrenmayitoncehaveowned?”)primarilyinorderto
(A)contrastthegracefulhouseswiththepoortenementdwellers.
(B)emphasizehowtimeandpovertyhaveravagedthehouses.
(C)suggestthatinanimateobjectsarecapableoffeelingsandsensations.
(D)elicitsympathyfromreaderswhomaycaremoreforhousesthanpeople.
(E)implyavaluejudgmentaboutthecurrentresidentsofthehouses.
4.TheauthorimpliesthatthepresentresidentsoftheCherryStreethouses
(A)aretoounrefinedtoappreciatethearchitecturalbeautyoftheirhouses.
(B)aretoopoortoproperlymaintaintheoldhouses.
(C)wouldbebetteroffinthemorerecentlyerectedbarracksnearby.
(D)areresponsibleformostofthephysicaldamagetothehouses.
(E)couldeasilyescapethepovertyoftheirsurroundingsiftheysowished.
5.Theauthor’sdescriptionofthechildrenatplaysuggeststhatheviewsthemwith
(A)disdain.
(B)revulsion.
(C)pity.
(D)admiration.
(E)fear.
ANSWERKEYSTestYourself1
1.C 2.D 3.A 4.C
TestYourself2
1.B 2.A 3.D 4.C
TestYourself3
1.B 2.C 3.D 4.A
TestYourself4
1.D 2.A 3.B
TestYourself5
1.B 2.C 3.B 4.A
TestYourself6
1.B 2.B 3.C
TestYourself7
1.A 2.A 3.C 4.B
TestYourself8
1.C 2.C 3.B
TestYourself9
1.C 2.A 3.D 4.A
TestYourself10
1.A 2.C 3.D 4.B
TestYourself11
1.A 2.D 3.B 4.C
TestYourself12
1.C 2.A 3.A 4.C
TestYourself13
1.D 2.B 3.D 4.B
TestYourself14
1.D 3.B 5.C
2.A 4.B
EXERCISES:MAINIDEA
Directions:Readthefollowingpassagesandthendecidewhichoftheresponsesisthebestanswertoeachquestion.
Atadistanceofapproximately250,000milesfromEarth,themoonisournearestcelestialneighbor.Aruggedterrainofmountains,cliffs,plains,andcraterscoversthisglobeof2,000milesindiameter,butthislandscapecontainsnowater.Thereisnoprecipitationofanykindonthemoonbecauseitlacksanatmosphere.Forthesamereason,aconstantbarrageofmeteoritesandotherspacedebrisreachesitssurfacewithouthindrance.Thebeautiful,silverymoonis,inactuality,abarrendesert,sufferingfromgreatextremesoftemperatureanddevoidofanylifeasweknowit.
1.Whichtitlebestexpressesthemainideaofthisselection?
(A)“LandscapesinSpace”
(B)“LifeontheMoon”
(C)“TheMoon’sAtmosphere”
(D)“ConditionsontheMoon”
Themorecomplicatedourthoughtsandemotions,thelesseffectiveislanguageasatoolofexpression.Thisisnotasimplematterofstyleoreloquence,foreventhefinestspeakersandwriters,usingthemostsensitivelanguage,wouldbeincapableofputtingcertainthoughtsintowords.Forthisreason,manypeopleusepoetryandmusicinsteadofprose.Thesetwoformsofcommunicationconveysubtleyetpowerfulmeaningsthatcannotbeexpressedwithordinarywords.
2.Whichtitlebestexpressesthethemeofthisselection?
(A)“Words,Poetry,andMusic”
(B)“TheHiddenMeaningsofWords”
(C)“TheEloquenceofFineSpeakers”
(D)“LimitationsofLanguage”
TheCaribbeanSeaistoNorthandSouthAmericawhattheMediterraneanistotheEuropeancontinent—acentralsea.TheAmericanbodyofwaterisnotlandlocked.Doublestringsofislands—theCubagroupandtheBahamas—formanarcattheAtlanticentrance,andthisarcisnowfirmlyfortified.SincetheMediterraneanof
theWestisthepassagebetweentheAmericas,itmustbecontrolledbythesecountriesinordertocarryontrade.
ThisseaisasnecessarytotheCaribbeancountriesastheMediterraneanistoItaly.Thecountriesofthisareaproducelargequantitiesofoil,tropicalfruits,andvegetables.Theyarealsorichinminerals.ThisregioniscapableofsupplyingtheUnitedStateswithmanygoodsformerlyimportedfromAfricaandAsia.Inexchange,thecountriesofthisregionneedthemanufacturedgoodsthatcanbeprovidedonlybyanindustrialnation.
3.TheCaribbeanSeaandtheMediterraneanarealikewithrespecttotheir
(A)varietyofexports.
(B)epidemicsofseriousdiseases.
(C)geographicalimportance.
(D)livingstandards.
Thedangerstowhichmigratorybirdsaresubjectedduringtheirjourneysarebutlittlelessthanthosethatwouldbefallthemiftheyremainedinunsuitablezones.Duringlongoverseapassages,fatigueandhungerweedouttheweaklings.Suddenstormsandadversewindsstrikemigratingbirdswherenolandisnear,andtheyareoftencarriedfarfromtheirintendeddestinations.Predatorybirdsaccompanythem,takingatollenroute,andpredatorymanwaitsforthetiredwandererswithgunandnet.
4.Whichtitlebestexpressesthemainideaofthispassage?
(A)“DangersofStorms”
(B)“PerilsofMigration”
(C)“UnsuitableEnvironment”
(D)“HowBirdsReachGoals”
InhislibraryatMonticello,Jeffersonmadehundredsofarchitecturaldrawings,allofwhichhavebeenpreserved.Hemusthavehadagreatgiftofconcentrationandarealloveforhissubjecttobeabletoworkinaroomwithsuchanoutlook.Andwhatenergyhehadtofindtimeandwillforthispreciseandexquisiteworkwasalsodevotedtoridingoverhisestate,workinginhisgarden,andcarryingoutcorrespondencewitheveryonefromtheMarquisdeLafayettetohisyoungestgrandchild.“Somethingpursuedwithardor”wasJefferson’sprescriptionforlife,andhegotthelastounceofexcitementandinterestoutofeverythingthatcametohisnotice.
5.Themainideaofthisselectionisexpressedinwhichtitle?
(A)“TheLibraryatMonticello”
(B)“TheCareoftheEstate”
(C)“AFullLife”
(D)“Jefferson,theArchitect”
Specifictypesoflightingarerequiredatfirst-classairportsbytheDepartmentofCommerce.Toidentifyanairport,theremustbeabeaconlightofnotlessthan100,000candlepower,withabeamthatproperlydistributeslightupintheairsothatitcanbeseenallaroundthehorizonfromanaltitudeof500to2000feet.AllflashingbeaconsmusthaveadefiniteMorsecodecharacteristictoaidinidentification.Coloredlightsarerequiredtoindicatewherethesafeareaforlandingends,redlightsbeingusedwherelandingisparticularlydangerous.
6.Whichisthebesttitleforthisselection?
(A)“LandingAreas”
(B)“ColoredLightsatAirports”
(C)“IdentificationofAirports”
(D)“AirportLightingRequirements”
ANSWERSANDEXPLANATIONS
1.Thecorrectansweris(D).Thewordconditionscoversallaspectsofthemoondiscussedinthisselection:themoon’ssize,itsterrain,itsatmosphere,temperature,etc.Choice(A)isincorrectbecauseitsuggestsdiscussionofmorethanonecelestialbody,butthisselectiontalksonlyaboutthemoon.Choice(B)isincorrectbecausethereisnolifeonthemoon,andchoice(C)isincorrectbecausethemoon’satmosphereisonlyoneofthesubtopics—notthemainidea—oftheselection.
2.Thecorrectansweris(D).Theselectiondiscussessomeofthereasonsandremediesforthelimitationsoflanguage.Choices(A),(B),and(C)areincorrectbecause,thoughthetopicsarementioned,theyarenotthethemeoftheselection.
3.Thecorrectansweris(C).Bothbodiesofwaterservetheborderinglandmassesinsimilarways.
4.Thecorrectansweris(B).Eachsentenceintheparagraphexplainswhymigrationisperilous.Choices(A),(C),and(D)aretopicsthataren’tdiscussed.
5.Thecorrectansweris(C).TheselectiondescribesindetailJefferson’s“fulllife”:hisarchitecturaldrawings,hisloveofhisestateandgardens,hiscorrespondences,andhis“prescriptionforlife.”Choices(A),(B),and(D)areeithernotdiscussedorareonlyoneaspectofthetopic.
6.Thecorrectansweris(D).Theselectiondescribesseverallightingrequirementsforairports.Choices(A),(B),and(C)areincorrectbecausetheyrefertoonlyonespecifictypeoflightingorlightingrequirement.
EXERCISES:DETAILS
Directions:Readthefollowingpassagesandthendecidewhichoftheresponsesisthebestanswertoeachquestion.
Antsareveryinterestinginsects.Thereareabout8,000differentkindswithvariouswaysoffindingfood.Therearehunterantsthatcaptureotherinsects,shepherdantsthatcareforaphidsfromwhichtheygetsweethoneydew,thiefantsthatlivebystealing,slave-makingantsthatkidnapthechildrenofotherantnations,andmightymilitaryantsthatlivebyplunderinganddestroying,drivingevenmenandelephantsbeforethem.
Acityofantsincludesthequeen,theworkers,thebabyants,andtheirnurses.Antbabieschangetheirformthreetimes.First,theyaresmall,whiteeggs.Whentheyhatch,theyarelittle,fat,whitewormscalledlarvae.Thelarvaechangeintopupae,andthepupaechangeintoadults.Thequeenisthemotherofalltheantsinthecommunity.Theworkersbringfoodtoherandprotectherfrominvaders.
1.Hunterants
(A)careforaphids.
(B)kidnapyoungantsfromothercolonies.
(C)captureotherinsects.
(D)plunderanddestroy.
2.Acolonyofants
(A)includesaqueen,workers,babies,andtheirnurses.
(B)mayhaveasmanyas8,000members.
(C)isbuiltinahill.
(D)protectsitsmembers.
3.Immediatelypriortoenteringtheadultstage,ants
(A)hatchfromeggs.
(B)comefromlarvae.
(C)areallworkers.
(D)comefrompupae.
Commercialinterestswerequicktorecognizethegreatpossibilitiesofpresentingbymeansofradiowhatisineffectaperson-to-personappeal.Atfirstthenoveltymadepeoplelistentoalmostanything,butastheaudiencesbecamemoreaccustomedtobroadcasts,variedmethodsofcapturingandholdingtheattentionhavedeveloped.Thesevaryfromthefrankinterjectionofadvertisingmatterinaprogramofentertainmenttothemeresponsoringoftheprogram.Entertainmentatfirstappearedtohavethegreatestappeal,andlowcomedyandjazzmusicfilledtheair.Therehascome,however,therealizationthattheradioaudienceisnowascomplexasthepublicandthatprogramsmustbesetuptoattracttheattentionofasmanydifferenttypesofhearersaspossible.
4.Whenradiowasnew,
(A)peoplewouldlistentoalmostanything.
(B)advertisingwaspoor.
(C)advertisingwasinterjectedintotheprogramming.
(D)entertainmentwaslimited.
Thepartoftheearweseeisonlyacartilageandskintrumpetthatcatchessoundwaves.Buriedinboneatthebaseoftheskullisthedelicateapparatusthatmakeshearingpossible.
Apassageleadsfromtheoutereartoamembranecalledtheeardrum.Soundwavesstrikingtheeardrummakeitvibrate.Ontheothersideoftheeardrumliesaspacecalledthemiddleear.Acrossthisachainofthreetinybonescarriessoundvibrationstoanotherspacecalledtheinnerear.Soundmessagesareconductedalongtheauditorynerve,locatedintheinnerear,tothebrainforinterpretation.ThemiddleearisconnectedtothethroatbytheEustachiantube.Thistubeendsnearthethroatopeningofthenose,closetothetonsils.Themiddleearalsocommunicateswiththemastoid,oraircellsinthebonebehindtheear.
5.Theouterearismadeof
(A)adelicateapparatus.
(B)amembrane.
(C)cartilageandskin.
(D)threetinybones.
6.Theeardrumisa(n)
(A)membrane.
(B)pieceofthincartilage.
(C)aircell.
(D)shorttube.
7.Soundvibrationsarecarried
(A)alongtheauditorynerve.
(B)throughtheeardrum.
(C)totheinnerearacrossachainofthreetinybones.
(D)tothebaseoftheskull.
Track-and-fieldeventsaretheonlymodernsportsthatwouldberecognizableintheiroriginalform.Theycanbetracedbackmorethan2,500yearstotheancientcivilizationofGreece.TheGreeksheldtheirathletesinhighesteem,andchampionswerelookeduponasnationalheroes.
TheGreeksbegantheoriginalOlympicgamesforthepurposeofassemblingthegreatestathletesoftheircountry.Thegameswerereligiouspageantsaswellaspeerlessathleticeventsandwereheldeveryfouryearsformorethaneightcenturies.
8.InancientGreece,athleteswere
(A)trainedasprofessionals.
(B)forcedtoparticipateinthegames.
(C)usuallydefeatedbytheRomans.
(D)regardedveryhighlybythepublic.
9.Thepresent-dayOlympics
(A)havea2,500-year-oldhistory.
(B)arereligiouspageants.
(C)havebeenheldeveryfouryearsforeightcenturies.
(D)arecompletelydifferentfromtheGreekgames.
Observethepeoplewhomakeanabidingimpressionofstrengthandgoodnessandyouwillseethattheirpersonalattractivenessandforcearerootedinfundamentalsofcharacter.Theyhavethephysicalvitality,endurance,andcouragethatcomefromgoodliving.Theyhavethementalstaminaandpenetrationthatcomefromfacingup
toone’sproblems,howeverdifficult,andfromkeepingone’smindonthingsthatreallymatter.Theyhavethemoralpowerthatcomesfromanactivesenseofwhatisright,fromdoingtheirparttomaketruth,justice,andbeautyprevailintheworld.Theyhavetheinnerpeaceandgracethatarethebasicsofatrulycharismaticpersonality.Peopletrustthem,liketobewiththem,anddependontheminemergencies.Theyarethesaltoftheearth.
10.AqualityNOTmentionedbytheauthoris
(A)courage.
(B)dependability.
(C)tolerance.
(D)innergrace.
Althoughyoumaystillenjoyfairytales,theyprobablydonotengrossyoutothedegreethattheymighthaveafewyearsago.Fairytalesbelongprimarilytoastageinourliveswhenwearemostinterestedbytheworldoffantasy.Goblins,wizards,anddwarfsappealtotheyoungchild’swanderingimaginationandcontributegreatlytothedevelopmentofcreativity,butitisatemporaryinfatuation.
Aswegrowolder,realchallengesbegintointerestusmore.Theimaginaryvictoriesbroughtaboutbyfairygodmotherslosetheirpowerofenchantment,andwebecomeabsorbedinthestoriesofrealpeople,realsuccess,andrealaccomplishment.Thefascinationof“JacktheGiantKiller”giveswaytoakeeninterestinCommanderByrd’sAntarcticexploration,HelenKeller’sbiography,ortheharrowingadventuresofspelunkers,deep-seadivers,andmountainclimbers.Thisstepmarksoneofthefirstgreatadvancesintheprocessofintellectualmaturation.
11.Youngchildrenareprimarilyinterestedin
(A)fantasystories.
(B)horrorstories.
(C)goblinsandwitches.
(D)adventurestories.
12.Peoplebecomeinterestedinreal-lifestorieswhenthey
(A)areyoung.
(B)areadults.
(C)begintomature.
(D)arebored.
ANSWERSANDEXPLANATIONS
1.Thecorrectansweris(C).Seeparagraphone,sentencethree.
2.Thecorrectansweris(A).Seeparagraphtwo,sentenceone.
3.Thecorrectansweris(D).Seeparagraphtwo,sentencefive.
4.Thecorrectansweris(A).Seethesecondsentence.
5.Thecorrectansweris(C).Seeparagraphone,sentenceone.
6.Thecorrectansweris(A).Seeparagraphtwo,sentenceone.
7.Thecorrectansweris(C).Seeparagraphtwo,sentencefour.Soundmessagesarecarriedalongtheauditorynerve.
8.Thecorrectansweris(D).Seeparagraphone,sentencethree.
9.Thecorrectansweris(A).Seeparagraphone,sentencetwo.
10.Thecorrectansweris(C).Theotherchoicesareallmentionedinthepassage.
11.Thecorrectansweris(A).Seethefirstparagraph.
12.Thecorrectansweris(C).Seeparagraphtwo,sentencesoneandtwo.
EXERCISES:VOCABULARY
Directions:Readthefollowingpassagesandthendecidewhichoftheresponsesisthebestanswertoeachquestion.
InMayofeachyear,theghostofMarkTwainmusthoveroverAngel’sCamp,California,whilealleyesinthiscolorfuloldminingtownturntothetailless,leapingamphibiansofthegenusRana.ItwasjustthissortofeventthatTwainmadefamousinhisearlyhumorousstory,“TheCelebratedJumpingFrogofCalaverasCounty.”
Thousandsofspectatorsgathereachyeartowatchthecounty’schampionshoptheirwaytofameandcompetefora$500firstprize.Eachfrogmustundergoarigidinspectiontoinsureagainstfoulplay,suchastheloadingofthecompetitorwithbuckshot,ashappenedinTwain’stalltale.
Backin1944,AlfredJermywastheproudownerofFlash,afrogthatheldtheworld’schampionshipwithafifteen-foot,ten-inchleap.In1950,aseven-year-oldboy’spet,X-100,stoletophonorswiththreejumpsaveragingfourteenfeet,nineinches.Asamazingasthesemightseemtothenovice,thesearemerepuddlejumps.
HalfthefuninvisitingthisCalaverasCountycontestistobefoundinlisteningtothetalesof600-footleapsinafavorablewind—well,whynot?
1.Theamphibiansmentionedinthefirstparagrapharethe
(A)storytellers.
(B)frogs.
(C)citizensofCalaverasCounty.
(D)humancontestants.
2.Thewordnoviceinthethirdparagraphmeans
(A)thejudges.
(B)thespectators.
(C)theownersofthefrogs.
(D)inexperiencedreaders.
Intheyear1799,anofficeroftheFrenchArmywasstationedinasmallfortressontheRosettaRiver,amouthoftheNile,nearAlexandria,Egypt.HewasinterestedintheruinsoftheancientEgyptiancivilizationandhadseentheSphinxandthepyramids,thosemysteriousstructuresthatwereerectedbymenofanotherera.
Oneday,asatrenchwasbeingdug,hefoundapieceofblackslateonwhichlettershadbeencarved.HehadstudiedGreekinschoolandknewthiswasaninscriptionwritteninthatlanguage.Thereweretwomorelinescarvedintothestone:oneintheEgyptiancharactershehadseenonotherruins,theotherincompletelyunfamiliarcharacters.
TheofficerrealizedtheimportanceofsuchafindandrelinquishedittoscholarswhohadbeenpuzzlingoverEgyptianinscriptions.
In1802,aFrenchprofessorbythenameofChampollionbeganstudyingthestoneinanattempttodecipherthetwounknownsetsofcharactersusingtheGreeklettersasakey.Heworkedwiththestoneforover20yearsand,in1823,announcedthathehaddiscoveredthemeaningofthefourteensignsandindoingsohadunlockedthesecretofancientEgyptianwriting.Some5,000yearsafteranunknownpersonhadmadethosethreeinscriptions,theRosettaStonebecameakey,unlockingthewrittenrecordsofEgyptandsharingthehistoryofthatcivilizationwiththerestoftheworld.
3.Theworddecipherissynonymouswith
(A)translate.
(B)encode.
(C)transcribe.
(D)transmit.
4.Thewordinscriptionmeans
(A)apicturecarvedinstone.
(B)areliefsculpture.
(C)letterscarvedintoahardsubstance.
(D)awrittenmessage.
5.Thewordrelinquishmeansto
(A)giveuppossessionofsomething.
(B)lendtosomeone.
(C)sellanobject.
(D)studyanobject.
Theimpressionsthatanindividualgetsfromhisenvironmentaregreatlyinfluencedbyhisemotionalstate.Whenheishappy,objectsandpeoplepresentthemselvestohiminafavorableaspect;whenheisdepressed,heviewsthesamethingsinanentirelydifferentlight.Ithasbeensaidthataperson’smoodsarethelensesthatcolorlifewithmanydifferenthues.Notonlydoesmoodaffectimpression;impressionalsoaffectsmood.Thebeautyofaspringmorningmaydissipatethegloomofagreatsorrow;thegood-naturedchuckleofachildmayturnangerintoasmile;oratelegrammaytransformahouseofmirthintoahouseofmourning.
6.Theworddissipatemeans
(A)condense.
(B)drawout.
(C)meltaway.
(D)inflate.
7.Thewordtransformissynonymouswith
(A)convert.
(B)conclude.
(C)interpret.
(D)convey.
ANSWERSANDEXPLANATIONS
1.Thecorrectansweris(B).Frogsareatypeofamphibian.
2.Thecorrectansweris(D).Thewordchoicenovicemeans“inexperienced.”
3.Thecorrectansweris(A).Deciphermeanstobreakacodeandtranslatethemessage.
4.Thecorrectansweris(C).Aninscriptionislettersorwordsthatarecarvedintoahardsubstance.Otherexamplesofinscriptionsarenamescarvedintogravestonesandinitialsinscribedintojewelry.Toinscribeistowriteinto.
5.Thecorrectansweris(A).Thewordrelinquishmeans“letgo”or“giveup.”
6.Thecorrectansweris(C).Othersynonymsfortheworddissipateare“scatter,”“dissolve,”and“evaporate.”
7.Thecorrectansweris(A).Whensomethingischangedtosomethingelse,itistransformed,orconverted.
EXERCISES:INFERENCE
Directions:Readthefollowingpassagesandthendecidewhichoftheresponsesisthebestanswertoeachquestion.
Intuitionisnotaqualityeveryonecanunderstand.Astheunimaginativearemiserableaboutaworkoffictionuntiltheydiscoverwhatflesh-and-bloodindividualservedasamodelfortheheroorheroine,so,too,manyscientistsscoffattheunscientificnotionthatintuitionasaforceexists.Theycannotbelievethatablindmancanseesomethingtheycannotsee.Theyrelyutterlyonthecelebratedinductivemethodofreasoning:exposethefactsandconcludefromthemonlywhatcanbeproven.Generallyspeaking,thisisaverysoundrule,butcanwebecertainthatthereallygreataccomplishmentsareinitiatedinthisploddingfashion?Dreamsaremadeofquitedifferentstuff,andifanyareleftintheworldwhodonotknowthatdreamshaveremadetheworld,thenperhapsthereislittlewecanteachthem.
1.Theauthorimpliesthatintuition
(A)istheproductofimagination.
(B)reliesonfactualinformation.
(C)isaninductivereasoningprocess.
(D)isvalueless.
Itisexceedinglydifficulttodrawonacanvasthemanwhosenatureislargeandcentral,withoutcranksoroddities.Theverysimplicityofsuchsoulsdefiesaneasysummary,fortheyareasspaciousintheireffectasdaylightorsummer.Oftenwerememberfriendsbyagestureoratrickofexpression,orbyafavoritephrase.ButwithNelsonIdonotfindmyselfthinkingofsuchidiosyncrasies.Hispresencewarmedandlitupsobigaregionoflifethatinthinkingofhimoneisoverwhelmedbythemultitudeofthingsthathemadebetterbysimplyexistingamongthem.Ifyouremoveafirefromthehearth,youwillrememberthelook,notsomuchoftheblazeitself,asofthewholeroominitspleasantglow.
2.Thephrase“todrawonacanvas”isusedinthiscontexttomeanto
(A)paintaportrait.
(B)summarize.
(C)makeacollage.
(D)describe.
3.ThelastsentenceisametaphorcomparingNelsonto
(A)theblazeinafireplace.
(B)ahearth.
(C)fire.
(D)apleasantglow.
4.Fromthetoneofthisselection,youmightdrawtheconclusionthattheauthor
(A)thinksofNelsonasastrangeman.
(B)isdescribingamanwhohasdied.
(C)isoverwhelmedbyNelson.
(D)remembersNelsononlybyhisgestures.
AglasscaseintheBritishMuseumhousesthemummifiedremainsoftwoEgyptiankingswholivedbesidetheNile.Theexhibitincludesabrokenplow,arustedsickle,andtwostickstiedtogetherwithaleatherstrap.Thesewerethe“breadtools”ofEgyptianswholived4,000yearsagoduringthereignsofthetwokings.Theyarenotunlikethetoolsusedbyeighteenth-centuryAmericanfarmers,and,infact,similarsicklesmaybeviewedatMountVernon,GeorgeWashington’sVirginiahome.
5.WemayconcludefromthisselectionthattheancientEgyptians
(A)hadonlytwoimportantkings.
(B)taughtfarmingtechniquestoeighteenth-centuryAmericans.
(C)wererelativelyadvancedintheuseofagriculturaltools.
(D)neglectedtheirequipment.
Thehornofanautomobileisavaluableaidtogooddrivingifproperlyused.Whenabouttopassanothercar,itisadvisabletonotifythedriverofthecarahead.Childrenoranimalsonthestreetshouldbegivenawarningnote.Ofcourse,acourteousdriverwouldnotblowhishornunnecessarilyinthevicinityofahospitaloraplaceofworship.Heshouldalsobeconsiderateofschools,wherequietisimportant.Thewayinwhichadriveruseshishornisafairlyaccurateindextohischaracter,forthroughthesoundheexpresseshisimpatienceandhisgoodmanners,
orthelackofthem.
6.Theplacethatagooddriverwouldbeleastlikelytousehishornis
(A)St.JamesTheater.
(B)RiverdaleApartments.
(C)MemorialConvalescentHome.
(D)YankeeStadium.
7.Thecharacterofadriverwhofailstosoundhishornwhenadogiscrossingthestreetis
(A)noble.
(B)impatient.
(C)uncaring
(D)bold.
AccordingtoearlyEnglishhistory,asmallgroupofpeoplefromnortheasternEurope,calledEasterlings,camebyinvitationtoEnglandtodeviseanddevelopanewsystemofcoinage.Thesepeoplelivedintownsthatwerefamousfortheaccuracyoftheircoins.ThecoinsthattheyworkedoutforEnglandweremadeofsilverandcametobeknownastheEasterlingcoins.LaterthewordEasterlingwasshortenedtosterling.Thewordsterlinggraduallycametobeappliedtoallsilverarticlesofveryfinequality.
8.ThepassageimpliesthattheEasterlings
(A)hadanexcellentreputation.
(B)usedsilverexclusively.
(C)weresilversmiths.
(D)coinedthewordsterling.
9.Thewordsterlingbegantobeusedforhigh-qualitysilverbecause
(A)itwasusedtomakeEnglishcoins.
(B)theEasterlingswereknownforthequalityoftheirwork.
(C)silverisveryexpensive.
(D)theEasterlingsweretheonlypeoplewhocouldmakesilvercoins.
ANSWERSANDEXPLANATIONS
1.Thecorrectansweris(A).Theauthorlikensintuitionto“dreams”(line18)andscoffsatthebeliefthatinductivereasoninginitiatesallgreataccomplishments(lines16–19).
2.Thecorrectansweris(D).Lines4and5furtherexplaintheauthor’sassertionthatitisnoteasytodescribeNelsonandhisaffectonher.
3.Thecorrectansweris(A).Theauthordescribesthe“pleasantglow”thatcomesfromNelsonasifhewerefire.
4.Thecorrectansweris(B).TheentirepassageisaboutrememberingNelson,andlines17–20makereference(inmetaphor)toNelson’sleaving.
5.Thecorrectansweris(C).ThetoolsusedbyEgyptians4,000yearsagoaresimilartothosetoolsusedbyAmericanfarmersintheeighteenthcentury.
6.Thecorrectansweris(C).Agood(andcourteous)driverwouldnot“blowhishornunnecessarilyinthevicinityofahospital”(lines8–10).
7.Thecorrectansweris(C).Theparagraphstatesthat“animalsonthestreetshouldbegivenawarningnote”(lines6–7).Anuncaringorinattentivedriverwouldnotblowhisorherhornasawarning.
8.Thecorrectansweris(A).ThepassagestatesthattheEasterlingswere“invited”byEnglandtodevelopanewcoinagesystem.
9.Thecorrectansweris(B).Accordingtothepassage,theEasterlingsdevelopedcoinageofthehighestquality.
SUMMINGITUP
Reviewthispagethenightbeforeyoutakeyourhighschoolentranceexam.Itwillhelpyougettheanswerstoreadingcomprehensionquestions.
•Whenyougettothereadingcomprehensionsection,takeadeepbreathandfollowthesesteps:readthroughthequestionsquickly,notingwhatinformationyouwillhavetofind(skipovertheanswerchoicesfornow);readthepassage;scanthepassageandanswerthevocabularyquestionsfirst;tackledetailquestionssecond(pickakeywordortwofromthequestionandscanthepassageforthelocationoftheanswer);readthefirstandlastsentencesofthepassagetoanswermain-ideaquestions;skimforanswerstoinferencequestions;andeliminatewronganswersandmakeyourbestguess.
•Alltheinformationyouneedisrightinthepassage.•Readingcomprehensionquestionsarenotarrangedinorderofdifficulty.•Don’tgetboggeddownindetails.Lookforimportantideasandmarkthemasyoufindthem.
•Answereveryquestionforapassagebeforestartingthenextpassage.
PARTVIMATHEMATICSREVIEW
CHAPTER10:Mathematics(SSATandISEE)
CHAPTER11:QuantitativeAbility(SSATandISEE)
CHAPTER12:QuantitativeComparisons(ISEEOnly)
Chapter10
Mathematics(SSATandISEE)
OVERVIEW
•WhatmathematicsmustIknow?•HowdoIestimatetheanswer?•WhenmustIcalculate?•Testyourselfquizzes•Answerkeys•Summingitup
WHATMATHEMATICSMUSTIKNOW?Theanswertothisquestionisaquestion.Whatgradeareyouin?Ifyouareineighthgrade,youmustknowbasicarithmetic,fundamentaloperationsusingfractionsanddecimals,percents,andverybasicalgebraandgeometry.Ifyouareintwelfthgradeseekinganextrayearbeforecollege,youshouldbethoroughlyfamiliarwithcomplexalgebraandgeometryandwithrootsandexponents.
Rememberthatscoringofyourhighschoolentranceexamisbaseduponyourgrade.Youdonotneedtoknowwhatyouhavenotyetbeentaught.Butyoumusthavemasteredallthemathematicsappropriatetoyourgradelevel.Useyourmathtextbooktohelpyoulimittheextentofyourstudyinthischapter.Don’ttrytolearnahead.Concentrateondoingwellonthemaththatapersonyouragemustknow.
TheFundamentalOperations
Addition,subtraction,multiplication,anddivisionarethebasicoperationsuponwhichthestructureofmathematicsisbased.Thereisnosubstituteforhavinggoodskillsincomputationto
achievesuccessononeofthehighschoolentranceexaminations.Proceedthroughthissectioncarefully,beinghonestwithyourselfabouttheaccuracyandspeedwithwhichyousolvetheseproblems.Noteproblemsthataredifficultforyouaswellasthosethatareeasy.Adjustyourstudyplansaccordingly.
TheNumberLine
Anumberlineisaconvenientconcepttouseasamentalpicture.Thenumberlineaboveshowswholenumbersandfractionsgreaterthanzeroandlessthanzero.Numbersincreaseinsizeasyoumovetotherightanddecreaseinsizeasyoumovetotheleft.Thenumberlineabovehasanarrowateachend,meaningthatthenumberlinegoesoninfinitelyinbothpositiveandnegativedirections.
Numberlinescanbedrawntoaidinbasicmathematicalcalculations.Eitherfractions,wholenumbers,ordecimalscanbeusedtonametheintervalsontheline.Wesuggestthatyouusenumberlineswhendealingwithsigned(+,–)numbersandinequalities.
Addition
Intheprocessofaddition,weaddtogethernumbers,whichwecalladdends,toresultinasum.Addendsmaybeaddedinanyorder(commutativeproperty).
Example1:
Example2:
Example3:
Example4:
Simpleadditionproblemsmayconsistofonlywholenumberaddends(asinExample1),ofonlydecimalorfractionaladdends(asinExamples2and3),orofamixtureofallthree(asinExample4).
TIPRemember:Linethenumbersupunderneatheachothercarefully.
WholeNumberAddition
ToaddwholenumbersasinExample1,lineuptheaddendsinacolumn.Addeachcolumnofnumberscarefully,makingsuretocarrytenstothenextcolumn:
203155+80438
HOWDOIESTIMATETHEANSWER?Inmultiple-choicemathquestions,theanswerisinfrontofyou.Youdon’tneedtocalculateit;youonlyneedtorecognizeit.Theproblemmaybemuchsimplerthanitlooksorreads.Infact,ifitlooksasifthecalculationwillbeverylongorcomplicated,youareprobablyheadingdownthewrongtrack.Highschoolentranceexamsarenotmeanttobetestsofyourcomputationalskills;theyaretestingyourunderstandingofconceptsandabilitytoapplythatunderstanding.Leaveyourpencilonthedeskforamomentandstartwithcommonsense:
3.01+10.73+2.01+0.781=
(A)13.522
(B)16.531
(C)20.860
(D)36.036
Notethatinthiscaseitisbestnottoproceedbywritingdownthenumberstobeadded,addingthem,andthencheckingyouransweragainstthosesupplied.Calculatingtheanswerinthiswaywouldwastevaluabletimethatcouldbeusedlateron.
Thecorrectansweris(B).
FourStepsforEstimatingtheAnswer:GettingItRight
Readthequestion,andnotethatitisadecimaladditionproblem.DON’TCALCULATEYET.Readthepossibleanswers;noticetherangetheycover.Estimatethesumofthefournumbersas3+11+2+1=17.Notethatchoice(B)istheonlyansweranywherenearasumof17.Chooseitasthecorrectanswer.
Or,evensimpler:Readthequestion,andnotethatitisadecimaladditionproblem.DON’TCALCULATEYET.Lookatthefouraddends.Notethatthreehavedigitstwoplacestotherightofthedecimalpointandthatonlyonehasadigitinthethousandthsplace.Thatdigitisa“1.”Lookatthefouranswerchoices.Concentrateonthedigitinthethousandthsplace.Choose(B)astheonlypossiblecorrectanswer,andmoveonquicklytothenextquestion.
WHENMUSTICALCULATE?Therewillbesomeproblemsthatwillrequireyoutouseapencilandpaper(nocalculators,alas!).Youmaybeabletoestimateananswertothosequestions,butthechoicesgivenwillmakeestimatingtoorisky.
Wesuggestyoucalculatetheanswerwhen:•Theanswerchoicesdifferonlyveryslightly.•Theproblemrequiresthreeormoresteps,makingitdifficulttorememberaccuratelyyourintermediatesteps.
•Youhavetochangelargerunitsintosmallerones,orviceversa,forpurposesofcalculation.ItiseasytolosetrackofunitswithintheEnglishsystemofmeasurementswhenworkingwithtime,unitsofmeasurement,andsoon.
TESTYOURSELFQUIZZESReadthroughthefollowingsections,andtakethequizzestohelpyoudetermineyourweaknesses.Clickherefortheanswers.
TestYourself1
Directions:Trytheseproblems.Theanswersarehere.Aimfor100percentaccuracyandnoteyourerrors.
1.463+729+36
2.257+32
3.174+20,962
4.1732+32,629
5.33+472+8
6.138+76+82+1224
7.59+732+111
8.137,921+29+71
9.393+462+1701+733
10.145+66+78
DecimalAddition
Decimalsareawayofwritingfractionsusingtenths,hundredths,thousandths,andsoforth.Ifyoucancountmoney,makechange,orunderstandabattingaverage,decimalsshouldpresentnoproblem.
Whenwritingdecimals,themostimportantstepisplacingthedecimalpoint.Thewholesystemisbaseduponitslocation.Rememberthedecimalplaces?
TestYourself2
Directions:Ifyouneedpracticereadingdecimals,trytheexercisesbelow.
1.0.0076
2.11.3
3.1402.639
4.$7222.93
5.0.50
6.0.05
7.16.2163
8.0.00029
9.3.0006
10.62.391
TestYourself3
Directions:Trytodeterminewhichofthesepairsofnumbersislarger.
1.0.5or0.05
2.5.12or5.012
3.0.007or0.07
4.16.20or16.2
5.10.7or1.70
6.0.762or7.62
7.3.009or3.0009
8.0.143or0.1430
Addingdecimalsisnoharderthanaddingwholenumbers,aslongasyoupayattentiontothedecimalpoint.Toaddagroupofdecimals,placetheminacolumn,beingcertaintolineupthedecimalpoints.
Example:17.4+6.2+2.2=25.8
Solution:17.46.2+2.225.8
Noticethatthedecimalpointisbroughtstraightdown!Now,trythenextexampleforpractice.Wheredecimalplacesmaybe“missing,”fillinwithzerosifyouneedto.
Example:Add22.0061+7.003+2.1+0.001+100.01.
Solution:22.006107.003002.100000.0010+100.0100131.1201
Theunderlinednumbersshowwhereyoumayfillinwithzerosifyouwant.
TestYourself4
Directions:Trytheseproblems.
1.7.223+60.1
2.0.0792+5.06
3.100.23+9.7962
4.82.48+21.2417
5.0.0323+0.06
6.9623.2+43.788
7.14.1414+0.044
8.0.02+3.63+92.003
9.720.72+69.58
10.4.7+3.2+0.9+1.2
Fractions
Fractionsareusedwhenwewanttoindicatepartsofthings.Afractionconsistsofanumeratorandadenominator.
Thedenominatortellsyouhowmanyequalpartstheobjectornumberhasbeendividedinto,andthenumeratortellshowmanyofthosepartsweareconcernedwith.
Examples:Divideabaseballgame,afootballgame,andahockeygameintoconvenientnumbersofparts.Writeafractiontoanswereachquestion.1.Ifapitcherplayedtwoinnings,howmuchofthewholebaseballgamedid(s)heplay?2.Ifaquarterbackplayedthreequartersofafootballgame,howmuchofthewholegamedid(s)heplay?
3.Ifagoalieplayedtwoperiodsofahockeygame,howmuchofthewholegamedid(s)heplay?
Solutions:1.Abaseballgameisconvenientlydividedintonineparts(eachaninning).Thepitcher
pitchedtwoinnings.Therefore,(s)heplayed ofthegame.Thedenominator
representstheninepartsthegameisdividedinto;thenumeratorrepresentsthetwopartsweareconcernedwith.
2.Similarly,therearefourquartersinafootballgame,andaquarterbackplayingthree
ofthosequartersplaysin ofthegame.
3.Therearethreeperiodsinhockey,andthegoalieplayedintwoofthem.Therefore,
(s)heplayedin ofthegame.
SimplestFormandEquivalence
Fractionshavingdifferentdenominatorsandnumeratorsmayactuallyrepresentthesameamount.Suchfractionsareequivalentfractions.
Forexample,thecirclebelowisdividedintotwoequalparts.Writeafractiontoindicatethathalfofthecircleisshaded.
= ofcircleisshaded.
Thecirclebelowisdividedintofourequalparts.Writeafractiontoindicatehowmuchofthecircleisshaded.
= ofcircleisshaded.
Thiscircleisdividedintoeightequalparts.Writeafractiontoindicatehowmuchofthecircleisshaded.
= ofthecircleisshaded.
Ineachcirclethesameamountwasshaded.Thisshowsyouthatthereismorethanonewaytoindicateonehalfofsomething.
Thefractions , ,and thatyouwroteareequivalentfractions,becausetheyallrepresent
thesameamount.Noticethatthedenominatoristwiceaslargeasthenumeratorineverycase.Anyfractionyouwritethathasadenominatorthatisexactlytwiceaslargeasthenumeratorwill
beequivalentto .
Example:Writeotherfractionsequivalentto .
Solution:Anyfractionthathasadenominatorthatistwiceaslargeasthenumerator: , ,
, ,etc.
Example:Writeotherfractionsequivalentto .
Solution:Anyfractionthathasadenominatorthatisfourtimesaslargeasthenumerator: ,
, , ,etc.
Example:Writeotherfractionsequivalentto .
Solution:Anyfractionthathasadenominatorthatisone-and-one-halftimesaslargeasthenumerator:
, , , ,etc.
Whenthenumeratoranddenominatorofafractioncannotbedividedevenlybythesamewhole
number(otherthan1),thefractionissaidtobeinsimplestform.Intheexamplesabove, , ,
and areinsimplestform.
TestYourself5
Directions:Indicatewhichofthefollowingfractionsareinsimplestform.Forthosefractionsthatarenot,trytosimplifythem.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Towriteequivalentfractionswherethenumeratorisnot1requiresonemorestep:
Example:Whatistheequivalentfractionfor using10asadenominator?
Solution:Each isequivalentto ;therefore, isequivalentto .
Thequickestwaytofindanequivalentfractionistodividethedenominatorofthefractionyouknowintothedenominatoryouwant.Taketheresultandmultiplyitbythenumeratorofthefractionyouknow.Thisbecomesthenumeratoroftheequivalentfraction.
Example:Change toanequivalentfractionhaving16asadenominator.
Solution:16÷8=2;2×3=6;Answer:
Example:Change intoequivalentfractionshaving8,12,24,and32asdenominators.
Solution: = (8÷4=2;2×3=6)
= (12÷4=3;3×3=9)
= (24÷4=6;6×3=18)
= (32÷4=8;8×3=24)
TestYourself6
Directions:Trytheproblemsbelow.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Afractionthathasanumeratorlargerthanthedenominatoriscalledanimproperfraction.Anumberexpressedasanintegertogetherwithaproperfractioniscalledamixednumber.
Examplesofimproperfractionsinclude , ,and .Notethateachisinsimplestform
becausethenumeratoranddenominatorcannotbedividedevenlybyanumberotherthan1.
Examplesofmixednumbersinclude1 ,1 ,and1 .Thesearecalledmixednumbersbecause
theyhaveawholenumberpartandafractionalpart.Thesemixednumbersareequivalenttotheimproperfractionsgivenabove.
Torenameamixednumberasanimproperfractioniseasy:
Example:Rename2 asanimproperfraction.
Solution:Thewholenumber2contains8fourths.Addtoitthe tocreatetheequivalent
fraction .
Analternativewayoffiguringthisistomultiplythedenominatorofthefractionbythewholenumberandaddthenumerator:
Example:Rename2 asanimproperfraction.
Solution:4×2=8; + =
Torenameanimproperfractionasamixednumber,justproceedbackward.
Example:Rename asamixednumber.
Solution:Dividethedenominatorintothenumeratorandusetheremainderasthefraction:
9÷4=2;R=1; =2
TestYourself7
Directions:Trythese,renamingeachasitsequivalentform.
1.3
2.2
3.11
4.7
5.1
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
AdditionofFractions
Toaddfractionsyoumustfirstbesurethattheaddendshavethesamedenominators.
Example:Add: .
Solution:Thedenominatorsarethesame,sojustaddthenumeratorstoarriveattheanswer,
,or1 .
Inmostcases,denominatorswillbedifferent,soyouwillhavetofindacommondenominator.
Example:Add: .
Solution: isequivalentto ,so + = .
Example:Add: .
Solution:Thisproblemistrickier.Itrequiresthewritingofequivalentfractionsinacommondenominatortowhich4and3caneasilybeconnected.
isequivalentto .
isequivalentto .
Wecannowaddthefractionsbecausewehavewrittenequivalentfractionsinacommondenominator:
Therefore, .
Seventwelfthsisinsimplestform,because7and12donothaveawholenumber(otherthanl)thatdividesintobothevenly.
HowtoFindaCommonDenominator
Youcanalwaysfindacommondenominatorbymultiplyingthedenominatorstogether.
Example:Findacommondenominatorfor and .
Solution:Multiply4×8;32isacommondenominator.However,16and24arealsocommondenominatorsfor4and8.
Don’tworryaboutfindingthelowestcommondenominatorwhenyouareaddingfractions.Whenyouseethesum,youwillprobablynoticethatthefractioncanbesimplifiedtosimplestform.Whenyouhavesimplifiedthefractionasfarasyoucan,youhaveprobablyfoundthelowestcommondenominator.
TestYourself8
Directions:Trythefollowingproblems.Findacommondenominator,thensimplifytheanswertoitssimplestform.
1.
2.
3.5 +
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.2 +
10.
Subtraction
Tosubtractonenumberfromanothermeanstofindthedifferencebetweenthemonthenumberline.Thenumberbeingsubtractediscalledthesubtrahend;thenumberbeingsubtractedfromistheminuend.
Anumberline,suchastheoneabove,letsyouseethedifferencebetweennumbersbeforesubtracting.Forexample,thedifferencebetweensixandtwoisfourunits;therefore,6–2=4.Or,thedifferencebetweensixandzeroissixunits;therefore,6–0=6.Ifyourememberthatwhensubtractingnumbersyouareinterestedinthedifferencebetweenthemonthenumberline,youwillunderstandsubtractioneasily.
Subtractioncannotoccurinanyorder,ascanaddition.Forexample,6–3isnotthesameas3–6,noris100–1thesameas1–100.
SubtractingWholeNumbers
Tofindthedifferencebetweenapairofwholenumbers,writethesmallerbeneaththelarger.Borrowagroupfromthenextlargercolumnwhenyouaresubtractingalargernumeralfromasmallerone.
Example:Findthedifferencebetween6937and4178.
Solution:6937–4178
2759
Step1:Beginbyborrowingagroupfromthe3(leaving2)tomake17.Eightfrom17is9.
Step2:Next,borrowagroupfromthe9(leaving8)tomake12.Sevenfrom12is5.
Step3:Subtract1from8,giving7.
Step4:Subtract4from6,giving2.
Thecorrectdifference,2759,canbecheckedbyaddingittothenumberyoufirstsubtracted,4178.Youshouldendwith6937again.
TestYourself9
Directions:Practicesubtractionwiththeproblemsbelow.
1.703–98
2.1762–983
3.429–108
4.63,921–4930
5.278–88
6.9000–699
7.13,706–4838
8.863–92
9.7333–6444
10.290,723–176,731
SubtractingDecimals
Ifnecessary,reviewthebasicsofdecimalnotationthatyoustudiedearlierunderdecimaladdition.Mostofthesameguidelinesapplytothesubtractionofdecimals.
Whenfindingthedifferencebetweentwonumberswrittenindecimalnotation,besuretoarrangethesmallerbeneaththelarger,keepingthedecimalpointsinline.Thenproceedjustasifyouweresubtractingwholenumbers.
Aswithaddition,youmaywanttowriteinzerosto“fillin”thosedecimalplaceshavingnonumeralsinthem.
Example:Subtract22.02from23.001.
Solution:23.001–22.02000.981
Rememberthatthedecimalpointintheanswerisplaceddirectlybelowthedecimalpointsofthesubtrahendandminuend.
TestYourself10
Directions:Trythefollowingproblemsaspractice.
1.16.17–0.9902
2.0.83–0.0624
3.0.918–0.759
4.0.360–0.204
5.6.57–2.43
6.28.47–3.622
7.809.03–24.9
8.37.94–0.4223
9.38.83–9.003
10.67.2115–3.79
SubtractingFractions
Tofindthedifferencebetweentwofractionsthathavethesamedenominators,simplysubtractthenumerators,leavingthedenominatorsalone.
Example:Findthedifferencebetween and .
Solution: .Simplifiedtosimplestform: .
Whensubtractingmixednumbersthathavethesamedenominators,onemorestepisrequired:
Example:Subtract2 from9 .
Solution:Step1:Renamethemixednumbersasimproperform:
2 = (4×2+3=11)
9 = (4×9+1=37)
Step2:Subtractthenumerators,leavingthedenominatorsalone:
Simplifiedtosimplestform=
Renamedasamixednumber=6
Beforetryingtosubtractmixednumbershavingdifferentdenominators,reviewtheprocedureforwritingequivalentfractionsasitwasexplainedearlierinthebook.Findingthedifferencebetweentwomixednumbersiseasyafteryoufindcommondenominatorsandequivalentfractions:
Example:Subtract3 from6 .
Solution:Step1:Renameeachmixednumberasitsimproperform:
3 = (4×3+3=15)
6 = (8×6+3=51)
Step2:Findacommondenominator.Forfourthsandeighths,eighthsareagoodchoice.
Step3:Writetheequivalentfractions:
(8÷4=2;2×15=30)
Step4: ,or2
TestYourself11
Directions:Practicethefollowingproblems.
1.
2.
3.1 –
4.9 –
5.3 –1
6.
7.7 –
8.
9.2 –
10.4 –
Multiplication
Multiplicationisashortcutforaddition.Forexample,ratherthanaddanumber12times,wesimplymultiplyitby12.Theresultofmultiplyingtwonumbersiscalledtheproduct.Thenumbersthataremultipliedarecalledfactors.
Mosterrorsinmultiplicationresultfromnothavingmemorizedthemultiplicationtables.Oneofthebestwaystoimproveyourmathematicsabilityistopracticerecitingthemultiplicationtablesuntilyouknowthemthoroughly.Youcanfindthesetablesinanyarithmetictextbook.
MultiplicationofWholeNumbers
Thefollowingexamplesshowtheproceduresusedinmultiplyingwholenumbers.Notethecarewithwhichthepartialproductsarewrittenincolumnsbeforebeingadded.Youshouldaimtobejustascareful.
Example:Multiply435by253.
Solution:435×2531305
Eachlineisapartialproduct.
2175;870
product 110,055
TestYourself12
Directions:Practiceyourmultiplicationusingthefollowingexamples,andtimeyourself.Thenmakeuptensimilarproblemsandtryagain,emphasizingspeedandaccuracy.
1.726×29
2.33×l4
3.1064×397
4.512×136
5.3112×223
6.11,550×32
7.4619×550
8.217×118
9.1214×104
10.64,397×1472
MultiplicationofDecimals
Multiplicationofdecimalsisnoharderthanmultiplicationofwholenumbers.However,youmustrememberonemorestep:tocountoffthecorrectnumberofdecimalplacesintheproduct.
Theruleforcountingoffthecorrectnumberofdecimalplacesis:Thenumberofdecimalplacesintheproductisequaltothetotalnumberofdecimalplacesinbothfactors.
Thefollowingthreeproblemsshouldmakethisruleclear:
Example:3.11 2decimalplaces×2 0decimalplaces6.22 2decimalplaces
Example:3.11 2decimalplaces×0.2 1decimalplace0.622 3decimalplaces
Example:0.311 3decimalplaces×0.2 1decimalplace0.0622 4decimalplaces(Azerowasaddedtomakeafourthplace.)
Whenmultiplyinglargerdecimals,lineupthepartialproductscarefully,countupthetotalnumberofdecimalplacesinthefactors,andplacethedecimalpointintheproductthesamenumberofplacesfromthelastnumeral.
Example:2.301 3decimalplaces×18.73 2decimalplaces6903
1610718408230143.09773 5decimalplacesfromright
TestYourself13
Directions:Practicethefollowingproblems.
1.7209×0.3741
2.103.2×97.1
3.638.63×83.6
4.29.10×0.04
5.7.720×0.34
6.8143.6×20.13
7.0.0034×0.276
8.93.2×1.26
9.103.621×0.43
10.72.7×63.8
MultiplicationofFractions
Themultiplicationoffractionsissimpleandstraightforward.Itconsistsoftwosteps:MultiplyingthenumeratorbythenumeratorandthedenominatorbythedenominatorSimplifyingtheproduct(answer)tothesimplestform
Example:Multiply by .
Solution:Wemultiplystraightacross.
Step1:
Step2:Simplify tosimplestform.
Thereisnoneedtofindcommondenominatorswhenmultiplying(ordividing)fractions.Simplyremembertomultiplystraightacrossandsimplifytheproductifnecessary.
Insomeproblems,onefactormaybeamixednumberandtheotheraproperfraction.Inthatcase,proceedasfollows:
Example:Multiply by2 .
Solution:Writethefractionsasbefore,renaming2 asanimproperfraction.Multiply
straightacross:
Step1:
Step2:Becausetheproductisinsimplestform,leaveitthatwayorrewriteitasthemixednumber2 .
TestYourself14
Directions:Practicethefollowingproblems.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.100
7.
8.
9.
10.
SquaresandSquareRoots
Squares
Theproductofanumbertimesitselfiscalledthesquareofthatnumber.Forexample,9isthesquareof3;16isthesquareof4;and25isthesquareof5.Anynumberweworkwithhasasquare;wesimplymultiplythenumberbyitselftofindit.
Examples:Findthesquaresofthefollowingnumbers:
(A)15
(B)3.22
(C)
(D)0.01
(E)125
(F)
Solutions:(A)15×15=225
(B)3.22×3.22=10.3684
(C)
(D)0.01×0.01=0.0001
(E)125×125=15,625
(F)
Thewordsquareisalsousedasaverbtodescribetheprocessusedtofindtheproductofanumbertimesitself.Tosquareanumbermeanstomultiplyitbyitself.Specialnotationisusedwhenworkingwithsquares.Ratherthanwrite15×15=225,weuseanexponent,152=225.
Thereisfurtherdiscussionandpracticeinusingexponentsinthesection“Exponents”laterinthischapter.
Youwillfindthattest-makersandmathematicstextbookwritersrelyoneasilyrecognizedsquaresinmanyproblems.Forthisreason,wethinkitisveryimportantthatyoulearntorecognizecertaincommonnumbersassquaresofothernumbers.
Thetablelaterinthischapterlistsnumbersandtheirsquares.Notethatonceyoulearnthelinkbetweenanumberanditssquare,youcanapplythatknowledgeregardlessofwherethedecimalpointislocated.Forexample,ifyouknowthat152=225,youalsoknowthat1.52=2.25,and0.152=0.0225,and1502=22,500.
Studythetablecarefully.Itisagoodideatomemorizethesquaresofthenumbers1through25,30,40,50,60,70,80,90,and100,althoughyoushouldnotspendagreatdealoftimeonit.Theimportantthingistounderstandtherelationshipsinthetableandtolinkinyourmindawholenumberwithitssquare.
SquareRoots
Everynumberthatisasquarehasasquareroot.Inthetablelaterinthischapter,forexample,youcanseethatthenumbermultipliedbyitselftofindthesquareisthesquarerootofthesquare.
Forexample,15isthesquarerootof225,1.5isthesquarerootof2.25,and0.15isthesquarerootof0.0225.
TestYourself15
Directions:Trythese,usingthetableofsquares.Findthesquarerootofthefollowing.
1.32,400
2.1.96
3.225
4.441
5.5.29
6.625
7.6.25
8.900
Aspecialnotationcalledaradical( )isusedwhenworkingwithsquareroots.Forexample,=3isread:“Thesquarerootofnineequalsthree.”Theradicaloverthenumbernineisread
“squarerootof.”
Ifyouareaskedtofindthesquarerootofafraction,simplyconsiderthenumeratoranddenominatorasseparatenumbers,andfindthesquarerootofeach.
Example:Find: .
Solution: .Thesquarerootof is .
Check:
Nodoubtyouhavelearnedwaysoffindingsquarerootsofnumbersthatdon’tfitsoneatlyintoatablesuchastheonebelow.However,becausesuchproblemsoccursorarelyonhighschoolentranceexaminations,wewillnotreviewthosemethodsinthisbook.Inmostcases,youwillbeabletoestimatethesquarerootofanumberaccuratelyenoughtoselectthecorrectanswer.Thatiswhywesuggestyoustudythetablecloselyandlearntorecognizethosenumbersandtheirsquaresandsquareroots.
TestYourself16
Directions:Trythefollowingproblemswithoutusingthetable.
1.142=
2. =
3. =
4. =
5.1002=
6.252=
7.202=
8. =
9. =
10.2.52=
Youwillfindfurtherworkwithexponentsandotherrootsinthesectionentitled“Exponents”.
RelatedNumbersandTheirSquares
12=1 0.12=0.01 102=10000
22=4 0.22=0.04 202=40000
32=9 0.32=0.09 302=90000
42=16 0.42=0.16 402=1600
52=25 0.52=0.25 502=2500
62=36 0.62=0.36 602=3600
72=49 0.72=0.49 702=4900
82=64 0.82=0.64 802=6400
92=81 0.92=0.81 902=8100
102=100 1.02=1 1002=10,000
112=121 1.12=1.21 1102=12,100
122=144 1.22=1.44 1202=14,400
132=169 1.32=1.69 1302=16,900
142=196 1.42=1.96 1402=19,600
152=225 1.52=2.25 1502=22,500
162=256 1.62=2.56 1602=25,600
172=289 1.72=2.89 1702=28,900
182=324 1.82=3.24 1802=32,400
192=361 1.92=3.61 1902=36,100
202=400 2.02=4000 2002=40,000
212=441 2.12=4.41 2102=44,100
222=484 2.22=4.84 2202=48,400
232=529 2.32=5.29 2302=52,900
242=576 2.42=5.76 2402=57,600
252=625 2.52=6.25 2502=62,500
Youcanrefertothetabletofindthesquarerootsofsomecommonlyusednumbers.
Division
Theprocessofdivisionisusedtodeterminethenumberofpartsintowhichanothernumbercanbedivided.Adivisionproblemismadeupofthenumberthatisbeingdivided,calledthedividend;thenumberthatisdoingthedividing,calledthedivisor;andtheanswer,calledthequotient.
DivisionofWholeNumbers
Thefollowingexamplesshowhowlongdivisionisusedwhenonewholenumberisdividedintoanother.Notethatintwocasestheremainderisexpressedasthenumeratorofafractionhavingthedivisorasthedenominator.Analternativewaytoexpresstheremainderisbycontinuingthelongdivisionandcreatingaquotienthavingadecimalremainderinstead.
Studytheseexamplescarefully.Notethatthedecimalpointinthequotientislocateddirectlyabovethedecimalpointinthedividend.Notealsothatthefirstnumeralofthequotientisplacedverycarefullyinthecorrectdecimalplace.
Example:
or
Example:
or
Example:
or
Whenusingdecimalquotientsandremainders,itisusuallyallowabletostopafterthreeorfourdecimalplaceshavebeencalculated.Notethatyoucancontinuetodivide—insomecases,forever.Yourgoalshouldbetodivideonlyasfarasisnecessaryforyoutocomeupwithananswerthatcorrespondstotheanswerchoicesgiveninaparticularquestion.
TestYourself17
Directions:Trythefollowingproblemsforpractice.
1.3867÷47
2.935÷22
3.103÷272
4.5760÷139
5.5015÷462
6.4211÷104
7.76÷93
8.2200÷1113
9.678÷803
10.1930÷48
DivisionofDecimals
Whenthedivisorisnotawholenumberbuthastenths,hundredths,thousandths,andsoforthaspartofit,oneadditionalstepisrequiredtosolvetheproblem.Forexample:
Here,wemovethedecimalpointinthedivisorasmanyplacestotherightasnecessarytomakethedivisorawholenumber.Thenweaddthatsamenumberofplacestothedividend.Intheexampleabove:
Now,theproblembecomesoneofsimplewholenumberlongdivision:
Thus,250÷12.5=20.
Example:Divide0.666into0.333.
Solution: Movethedecimalpoint,andaddzeros.
Inthosecasesinwhichthedivisorisnotawholenumber,besuretomovethedecimalpointthecorrectnumberofplacesinthedivisoranddividend.Then,placethedecimalpointinthequotientdirectlyaboveitsnewplace.
TestYourself18
Directions:Trytheproblemsbelowforpractice.
1.0.396÷1.3
2.493.2÷85.63
3.1034.62÷7.88
4.972.1÷0.0543
5.42.678÷501.3
6.45.776÷62.11
7.9.1494÷933.06
8.203.4÷38.32
9.280.420÷1.980
10.0.092÷47.4284
DivisionofFractions
Ifyoumultiplyfractionsaccurately,youcandividethemjustaseasily.Forexample,todivide
by ,multiplybythereciprocalofthedivisor.Theproblem ÷ thusbecomes .
Simplymultiplystraightacross,andsimplifytheresultingfraction:
or1
Thisprocedureworkswhetherbothnumbersarefractionsornot.Ifawholenumberistobe
inverted,youshouldchangeittoafractionfirst.Forexample ÷2becomes ÷ .To
divide,multiplybythereciprocalofthedivisor:
Anotherexampleis3 ÷ ,whichbecomes ÷ .
Todivide,multiplybythereciprocalofthedivisor:
TestYourself19
Directions:Whendividingfractions,estimatingthequotientcanbeanimportanthelp.Trythefollowingproblemstopracticedividingfractions.
1. ÷ =
2.4 ÷2 =
3. ÷ =
4. ÷9 =
5. ÷6 =
6.20 ÷ =
7. ÷6=
8. ÷ =
9. ÷2=
10. ÷ =
OperationsUsingFractionsandDecimals
Itisnotuncommontohavefractionsanddecimalsappearinthesameproblem.However,becausetheyaredifferentformsofnotation,onemustberenamedastheotherbeforeyoucanperformanyofthebasicoperationswiththem.Youmaynotadd,subtract,multiply,ordivideusingbothkindsofnotationatonce.
Forexample,toadd3 and1.35,youmustrenameeither3 todecimalnotationor1.35to
fractionalnotation.Theexamplesbelowwillshowyoubothways.
Torenameafractionasitsequivalentdecimal,simplydividethedenominatorintothenumerator.
Example:Findthedecimalequivalentof .
Solution:
=0.375
Thisprocesswillalwayswork,regardlessofthefraction.Itwillbeusefultomemorizethedecimalfractionalequivalentsonpage267.Remember,though,thatyoucanalwaysfindadecimalequivalentofafractionbydividingitsdenominatorintoitsnumerator.
Torenameadecimalasafractionrequiresasimilarmethod.Simplywritethedecimalasafraction,andsimplifyitasnecessary.
Example:Rename0.125asafraction.
Solution:0.125isread“onehundredtwenty-fivethousandths.”
Writeitas ,andsimplifyitbydividingthenumeratoranddenominatorby
125:
TestYourself20
Directions:Practicetheproblemsbelow.Renamefractionsasdecimalsanddecimalsasfractions.
1.
2.0.75
3.
4.
5.0.435
6.0.18
7.
8.0.45
9.0.125
10.
CombiningOperations
Frequently,morethanoneoperationmustbeusedtoarriveatananswertoaproblem.Thatis,aseriesofcalculationsmayhavetobestrungtogethertoproducethecorrectanswer.Problemsofthistypearenomorecomplicatedthantheonesyouhavedonealready,butrequireoneadditionalpieceofknowledge.
Forexample,howwouldyouapproachthisproblem?
2 +10÷1 –3.125×0.80
Whichoperationswouldyoudofirst?Fortunately,theanswerisclear,ifyouobservethefollowingtworules:
Domultiplicationanddivisionfirst,inorder,fromlefttoright.Doadditionandsubtractionsecond,inorder,fromlefttoright.
Therefore,thefirststepistoputparenthesesaroundthemultiplicationanddivisionoperations.
2 + –(3.125×0.80)
Then,dotheoperationsinsidetheparentheses,andsimplify.
2 +8–2.5=8
Anotherexampleisaproblemthatlookssimplebutmaybeconfusing,unlessyouunderstandtheorderofoperationsdescribedabove.
2÷3+1÷2+2×3+1
Tosolvethisproblem,putparenthesesaroundthemultiplicationanddivisionoperations.Then,performtheoperationsinsidetheparentheses,andsimplify.
(2÷3)+(1÷2)+(2×3)+1=
+ +6+1=8
Solvethefollowingproblems,interchangingfractionalanddecimalnotationwhennecessary.Itisuptoyoutodecide,baseduponwhicheveriseasier,whethertorenamethedecimalsas
fractionsortorenamethefractionsasdecimals.Forexample,whenadding5 and0.6157,itis
easiertorename5 as5.750andadditto0.6157ratherthantheotherwayaround.Youmust
makethesamechoicewhenmultiplyingordividingfractionswithdecimals.
TestYourself21
Directions:Now,goontotheproblemsthatfollow.
1.7 ×0.467
2.3.27–2
3.13 –5.2
4.6 ÷0.375
5.9 ÷2.76
6.2 ×10.65
7.1 +0.05
8.1 –0.789
9.4 ×0.9
10.6 +15.65
Percentage
Itisagoodideatohavestudiedalloftheprevioussectionsaboutdecimalsinthisbookbeforestartingthissection.Ifyoucanworkeasilywithdecimals,percentagesshouldpresentnodifficultyforyou.
Onepercentisonehundredthofsomething.Thelastsyllableofthewordpercent,-cent,isthenamewegivetoonehundredthofadollar.
Onepercentof$1,then,isonecent.Usingdecimalnotation,wecanwriteonecentas$0.01,fivecentsas$0.05,twenty-fivecentsas$0.25,andsoforth.
Twenty-fivecentsrepresentstwenty-fivehundredthsofadollar.Ratherthansaythatsomethingissomanyhundredthsofsomethingelse,weusethewordpercent.Twenty-fivecents,then,istwenty-fivepercentofadollar.Weusethesymbol%tostandforpercent.
Percentage(“hundredthsof”)isaconvenientandwidelyusedwayofmeasuringallsortsofthings.Bymeasuringinhundredths,wecanbeverypreciseandnoticeverysmallchanges.
TestYourself22
Directions:SupposeJanedroveacar100milesonMondayand101milesonTuesday.NoticethatshedroveonepercentfartheronTuesdaythanonMonday.Forthedayslistedbelow,byhowmuchpercentmore,orless,didshedrivecomparedtoMonday,ifshedrovethefollowingdistances?
1.Wednesday,110miles
2.Thursday,140miles
3.Friday,100miles
4.Saturday,99miles
5.Sunday,90miles
TestYourself23
Directions:Bywhatpercentisthesecondnumberofeachpairlistedbelowlargerorsmallerthanthefirstnumber?
1.100,150
2.100,73
3.100,80
4.100,1
5.100,0.5
6.100,200
7.100,450
8.100,0.01
Percentageisnotlimitedtocomparingothernumbersto100.Youcandivideanynumberintohundredthsandtalkaboutpercentage.
Example:Find1%of200.
Solution:1%of200isonehundredthof200.
200÷100=2
Usingdecimalnotationwecancalculateonepercentof200by:
200×0.01=2
Similarly,wecanfindapercentageofanynumberwechoosebymultiplyingitbythecorrectdecimalnotation.Forexample:
5percentoffifty: 0.05×50=2.53percentofonehundredfifty: 0.03×150=4.5
10percentofsixty: 0.10×60=6
TestYourself24
Directions:Dothefollowingproblemsforpractice.
1.10percentofeight
2.25percentofsixty
3.11percentoften
4.1percentofthreehundredfifty
5.99percentofeighty
6.33percentofthirty-three
7.75percentofonehundredtwelve
8.50percentoftwohundred
Allpercentagemeasurementsarenotbetweenonepercentandonehundredpercent.Wemaywanttoconsiderlessthanonepercentofsomething,especiallyifitisverylarge.
Forexample,ifyouwerehandedabookonethousandpageslongandweretoldtoreadonepercentofitinfiveminutes,howmuchwouldyouhavetoread?
1000×0.01=10pages
Quiteanassignment!Youmightbargaintoreadonehalfofonepercent,oronetenthofonepercent,inthefiveminutesallottedtoyou.
Usingdecimalnotation,wewriteonetenthofonepercentas0.001,thedecimalnumberforonethousandth.Ifyourememberthatapercentisonehundredthofsomething,youcanseethatonetenthofthatpercentisequivalenttoonethousandthofthewhole.
Inpercentnotation,onetenthofonepercentiswrittenas0.1%.Onhighschoolentranceexams,studentsoftenmistakenlythinkthat0.1%isequalto0.1.Asyounowknow,0.1%isreallyequalto0.001.
TestYourself25
Directions:Forpractice,renamethefollowingpercentsasdecimalnotationandviceversa.
1.1%
2.1.2%
3.0.5%
4.0.05
5.0.001
6.0.003
7.1.5%
8.0.015
9.15%
10.0.0001
Sometimesweareconcernedwithmorethan100%ofsomething.But,youmayask,if100%constitutesallofsomething,howcanwespeakofmorethanallofit?
Wherethingsaregrowing,orincreasinginsizeoramount,wemaywanttocomparetheirnewsizetothesizetheyoncewere.Forexample,supposewemeasuredtheheightsofthreeplantstobe6inches,9inches,and12inchesoneweek,anddiscoveraweeklaterthatthefirstplantisstill6inchestallbutthesecondandthirdonesarenow18inchestall.
•The6-inchplantgrew0%,becauseitdidn’tgrowatall.•Thesecondplantadded100%toitssize.Itdoubledinheight.•Thethirdplantadded50%toitsheight.
Wecanalsosay:•Thefirstplantis100%ofitsoriginalheight.
•Thesecondplantgrewto200%ofitsoriginalheight.
•Thethirdplantgrewto150%ofitsoriginalheight.
TestYourself26
Directions:Practicethefollowingproblems.Foreachpairofnumbers,tell(1)whatpercentageofthefirstnumberwouldhavetobeaddedtogetthesecondnumber,and(2)whatpercentageofthefirstnumberisthesecondnumber.
Example:100,150
Solution:Step1:Fiftypercentof100wouldhavetobeaddedto100toget150.
Step2:150represents150%of100.
1.50,75
2.50,100
3.10,15
4.100,132
5.20,24
6.1,1.5
7.0.5,0.75
8.33,44
9.55,55
10.100,1000
Youmaywanttoknowacertainpercentageofafraction.
Example:Whatis50%of ?orWhatis20%of1 ?
Solution:Rename50%asitsequivalentfractionandmultiply ,or
rename andchange50%todecimalnotationandmultiply:
0.50×0.666=0.333
Similarly,thesecondexamplecanbecalculatedas:
or0.20×1.5=0.30
Herearesomecommonpercentageandfractionalequivalentsyoushouldremember:
•Tenpercent(10%)=onetenth(0.10)or
•Twelveandone-halfpercent(12.5%)=oneeighth(0.125)or
•Sixteenandtwo-thirdspercent =onesixth(0.16666 )or
•Twentypercent(20%)=onefifth(0.20)or
•Twenty-fivepercent(25%)=onequarteroronefourth(0.25)or
•Thirty-threeandone-thirdpercent =onethird(0.33 )or
•Thirty-sevenandone-halfpercent(37.5%)=threeeighths(0.375)or
•Fiftypercent(50%)=onehalf(0.50)or
•Sixty-twoandone-halfpercent(62.5%)=fiveeighths(0.625)or
•Sixty-sixandtwo-thirdspercent =twothirds(0.66 )or
•Seventy-fivepercent(75%)=threequartersorthreefourths(0.75)or
•Eighty-threeandone-thirdpercent =fivesixths(0.83 )or
•Eighty-sevenandone-halfpercent(87.5%)=seveneighths(0.875)or
TestYourself27
Directions:Dothefollowingforpractice.
1.Whatis75%of ?
2.Whatis10%of3 ?
3.Whatis40%of ?
4.Whatis27%of4 ?
5.Whatis33 %of6 ?
6.Whatis16%of7 ?
TypesofPercentageProblems
Therearethreetypesofpercentageproblems:Theproblemasksyoutofindapercentageofacertainnumber.
Example:Find22%of50.
Solution:0.22×50=11Theproblemgivesyouanumberandthenasksyoutofindanothernumber,ofwhichthefirstisacertainpercentage.
Example:30is20%ofwhatnumber?
Solution:If30is20%ofanumber,itisonefifthofit.Thirtyisonefifthof150.Or,30=0.20ofthenumber.Longdivisionleadstotheanswer:150.
Problemslikethisareeasilysolvedusingashortalgebraicsentence.Weknowthat30equals20%ofanunknownnumber.Thus,30=0.20n.Dividingbothsidesby0.20,wegettheanswer,n=150.
Theproblemasksyoutofindwhatpercentonenumberisofanother.
Example:15iswhatpercentof60?
Solution:Thisisasimpledivisionprobleminlongdivision.
Analternativemethodistosimplifythefraction toitssimplestform, .The
percentageequivalentof is25%.
FinalWordsonPercentage
Whensolvingproblemsinvolvingpercentages,becarefulofcommonerrors:•Readthenotationcarefully.0.50%isnotfiftypercent,butonehalfofonepercent.•Readtheproblemcarefully.It’simportantnottomisreadtheproblemwhensolvingforpercentageincreasesordecreasesinsize.
•Usecommonsense.Ifyouwanttofindlessthan100%ofanumber,yourresultwillbesmallerthanthenumberyoustartedwith.Forexample,43%of50islessthan50.
•Usingcommonsenseworksintheotherdirectionaswell.Forexample,70is40%ofwhatnumber?Thenumberyouarelookingformustbelargerthan70,because70isonly
ofit.Moreover,youcanestimatethatthenumberyouarelookingforwillbealittle
morethantwiceaslargeas70,because70islessthanhalf(50%)ofthatnumber.
TestYourself28
Directions:Solvetheseproblems.
1.28%of45is____.
2. %of75is____.
3.2 %of____is75.
4.35is____%of70.
5.50is____%of12.5.
6.1.5is____%of9.
7.3%of1.75is____.
8.12is5%of____.
9.130%of60is____.
10.180is200%of____.
11.2.5%of50is____.
12.60is____%of90.
13.30is20%of____.
14.66 %of____is104.
Exponents
Itisfrequentlybeneficialtouseshorthandmethodsofwritingnumbersinmathematics.Oneofthemostcommonistheuseofexponents.
Anexponentisanumberthattellsyouhowmanytimesthenumberitrefersto(calledthebase)isusedasafactorinagivencalculation.
Forexample:
isashorthandwayofwriting10•10•10,or1000.Notethattheexponentiswrittentotherightandabovethebase,and,toavoidconfusion,thenumeralissmallerinsize.
TestYourself29
Directions:Takeaminutetowriteoutthefollowingnumbersaswasdoneearlier.Thereisnoneedtocalculatetheactualproduct.Forexample:54=5•5•5•5.
1.107
2.13
3.32
4.
5.(0.45)5
6.112
7.02
8.x3
9.b8
10.(ab)5
Exponentsaremostusefulincertainscientificrealmsinwhichverylargeorverysmallnumbersareinvolved.Forexample,itismucheasiertowrite109ratherthan1,000,000,000.
Geometryisanothersubjectthathasfrequentuseforexponents.Areaandsurfaceareaaremeasuredinsquareunitssuchassquarefeet,squareinches,andsoforth.Volumeismeasuredincubicfeet,cubicinches,orinothercubicunits.
Forexample,theareaofafloormightbe200squarefeet.Usinganexponent,wecanwrite200ft.2.Thevolumeofacubemightbe8cubicfeet.Wecanwritethisas8ft.3.
Theexponent“2”isread“square”or“squared.”Theexponent“3”isread“cube”or“cubed.”
Forexponentsotherthan2and3,weusethephrase“tothe____power.”Forexample,56wouldberead“fivetothesixthpower.”
Whentheexponentisnotwritten,aswhenwewritemostnumbers,theexponentisunderstoodtobeequalto1.Anynumbertothefirstpowerisequivalenttoitself.
Forexample,10=101.Wedonotwrite1asanexponent.
Therearetwomajorrulestohelpyoucalculatenumberswritteninexponentialform.Bothrequirethatthebasesofthenumbersbethesame.
Thefirstruleinvolvesmultiplyingnumbersinexponentialformhavingthesamebase.Insuchinstances,theproductmaybefoundbyaddingtheexponentsasshownonthenextpage.
Example:Multiply103by105.
Solution:103•105=103+5=108
Example:Multiply23by24.
Solution:23•24=23+4=27
Example:Multiplyx2byx3.
Solution:x2•x3=x2+3=x5
Example:Multiply33by3.
Solution:33•3=33+1=34
Itisveryimportanttonotethatthebaseswereequalineachoftheprecedingproblems.Theexponentsmaybedifferent.
Thesecondruleinvolvesdivisionofnumbersinexponentialformhavingthesamebase.Infindingtheproductofnumbersinexponentialform,weaddedtheexponents.Tofindtheirquotient,wesubtracttheexponentofthedivisorfromthatofthedividendasshownbelow:
Example:Divide103by102.
Solution:103÷102=103–2=101=10
Example:Divide56by53.
Solution:56÷53=56–3=53
Example:Dividex4byx2.
Solution:x4÷x2=x4–2=x2
Example:Dividea3bya.
Solution:
Foreachoftheprecedingexamples,youmaywanttocalculatetheprobleminstandardfashiontoprovetoyourselfthatitworks.
TestYourself30
Directions:Practicetheproblemsbelow.
1.13÷12
2.610÷68
3.155•153
4.M3•M3
5.1010÷108
6.36•32
7.a2•a3
8.10010÷1009
9. •
10.85÷84
11.a5÷a3
12.
13.x2•x2
ZeroandNegativeExponents
Youmayhavenoticedwhilepracticingthatyoucandividenumberswritteninexponentialnotationandendupwithanexponentthatisnegativeorequaltozero.Bothresultsareperfectlyacceptable;theywillbementionedonlybrieflybecauseyouwillprobablynotencounterthemonthehighschoolentranceexaminationyoutake.
Example:Divide53by53.
Solution:53÷53=53–3=50
Youmayhaverealizedthatwhenwedivideanumberbyitself,theresultis1.Therefore,anynumber(orvariablerepresentinganumber)havingzeroasanexponentisequalto1.Forexample:
106÷106=106–6=100=1
x3÷x3=x3–3=x0=1
Whathappensifwedivide53by54?
53÷54-53–4=5–1
Noticethattheexponentbecomesnegative.Anegativeexponentisthesymbolforareciprocal.Forexample:
Youmaywanttomultiplytheseexamplesouttoconvinceyourselfoftheirtruth.
Algebra
Ifyouarefinishingtheeighthgradethisyear,youmaynotyethavehadaformalalgebraclass.
Nevertheless,youhaveprobablyusedalgebraictermsandexpressions,andyouhaveprobablysolvedsimpleequations.Thissectionreviewstheskillsyouhaveacquiredsofarandshowsyouthekindsofquestionsyoucanexpecttofindonahighschoolentranceexamination.
Thissectioncontainsareviewof:•Signednumbers•Variablesandcoefficients•Operationswithalgebraicexpressions•Evaluatingalgebraicexpressions•Solvingequations
SignedNumbers
Thenumberlineexiststobothsidesofzero.Eachpositivenumbertotherightofzerohasanegativecounterparttotheleftofzero.Thenumberlinebelowshowsthelocationofsomepairsofnumbers(+4,–4;+2,–2;+1,–1).
Becauseeachnumberofapairislocatedthesamedistancefromzero(althoughindifferentdirections),eachhasthesameabsolutevalue.Twoverticalbarssymbolizeabsolutevalue:
|+4|=|–4|=4
Theabsolutevalueof+4equalstheabsolutevalueof–4.Bothareequivalentto4.Ifyouthinkofabsolutevalueasdistancefromzero,regardlessofdirection,youwillunderstanditmoreeasily.Theabsolutevalueofanynumber,positiveornegative,isalwaysexpressedasapositivenumber.
AdditionofSignedNumbers
Whentwooppositelysignednumbershavingthesameabsolutevalueareadded,thesumiszero:
Example:+10+(–10)=0
Example:–1.5+(+1.5)=0
Example:–0.010+(+0.010)=0
Example:
Ifoneofthetwooppositelysignednumbersislargerinabsolutevalue,thesumisequaltotheamountofthatexcessandcarriesthesamesignasthenumberhavingthelargerabsolutevalue:
Example:+2+(–1)=+1
Example:–2.5+(+2.0)=–0.5
Example:+8+(–9)=–1
Example:
TestYourself31
Directions:Addthefollowinggroupsofnumbers.
1.–2,+4,–10,and–3
2.–1.2,2.6,and–0.0005
3.9.001,–9.002,and1.0
4.125,–130,–27,and63
5. ,–2,and–4
6. ,–1.25,and–6
7.
8.–100.1,–62.35,and42.2
9.0.0002,–3.6,and1.85
10.68.25,–74.35,and6.10
SubtractionofSignedNumbers
Subtractionistheoperationthatfindsthedifferencebetweentwonumbers,includingthedifferencebetweensignednumbers.
Whensubtractingsignednumbers,itishelpfultorefertothenumberline:
Forexample,ifwewanttosubtract+2from+5,wecanusethenumberlinetoseethatthedifferenceis+3.Wegivethesigntothedifferencethatrepresentsthedirectionwearemovingalongthenumberline,fromthenumberbeingsubtractedtothenumberfromwhichwearesubtracting.Inthiscase,becausewearesubtracting+2from+5,wecountthreeunitsinapositivedirectionfrom+2to+5onthenumberline.
Whensubtractingsignednumbers:•Thedistancebetweenthetwonumbersgivesyoutheabsolutevalueofthedifference.•Thedirectionyouhavetomovefromthenumberbeingsubtractedtogettothenumberfromwhichyouaresubtractinggivesyouthesignofthedifference.
Example:Subtract–3from+5.
Solution:Distanceonnumberlinebetween–3and+5is8units.Directionisfromnegativetopositive—apositivedirection.Answeris+8.
Example:Subtract–6from–8.
Solution:Distanceonnumberlinebetween–6and–8is2units.Directionisfrom–6to–8—anegativedirection.Answeris–2.
Example:Subtract+1.30from–2.70.
Solution:Distancebetweenthemonthenumberlineis4.0.Directionisfrom+1.30to–2.70—anegativedirection.Answeris–4.0.
TestYourself32
Directions:Trythesesubtractionproblems.Thinkbeforeyouanswer!
1.–2from–3
2. from
3.6.8from2.2
4.–3.6from5.5
5.–7.65from0.002
6.–1from1
7.0.0019from–0.0010
8.102from96.5
9. from
10. from
Aquickwaytosubtractsignednumbersaccuratelyinvolvesplacingthenumbersincolumns,reversingthesignofthenumberbeingsubtracted,andthenaddingthetwo.
Example:Subtract+26from+15.
Solution: =
Example:Subtract–35from+10.
Solution: =
Noticethatineachoftheexamples,thecorrectanswerwasfoundbyreversingthesignofthenumberbeingsubtractedandthenadding.
MultiplicationofSignedNumbers
Signednumbersaremultipliedasanyothernumberswouldbe,withthefollowingexceptions:•Theproductoftwonegativenumbersispositive.•Theproductoftwopositivenumbersispositive.•Theproductofanegativenumberandapositivenumberisnegative.
Example:–3×–6=+18
Example:–3.05×+6=–18.30
Example:
Example:+1×–1×+1=–1
TestYourself33
Directions:Practicewiththefollowingexamples.Remember,theonlywaytogetanegativeproductiswithapairofoppositelysignedfactors.
1.–5×–6
2.–2.5×–1.3
3.
4.
5.–1.2×–0.75×–0.1
6.
7.–10.6×3.3×–1.01
8.
9.0.001×–3.25×10
10.
DivisionofSignedNumbers
Aswithmultiplication,thedivisionofsignednumbersrequiresyoutoobservethreesimplerules:
•Whendividingapositivenumberbyanegativenumber,theresultisnegative.
•Whendividinganegativenumberbyapositivenumber,theresultisnegative.
•Whendividinganegativenumberbyanegativenumber,orapositivenumberbyapositivenumber,theresultispositive.
Example:+6÷–3=–2
Example:–6÷+3=–2
Example:–6÷–3=+2
Example:+6÷+3=+2
TestYourself34
Directions:Trythefollowingproblems.
1.120÷–8
2.
3.0.43÷–0.2
4.–0.063÷9
5.122÷–10
6.
7.
8.–2.0002÷–0.01
9.
10.–100÷–0.25
VariablesandCoefficients
Algebrausesletterstostandfornumbers.Lettersofthiskindhavingseveralpossiblevaluesarecalledvariables.Themostcommonlyusedvariablesarethelettersxandy,althoughallother
lettersofthealphabetarealsoused.
Thevariablexlooksverysimilartothemultiplicationsignusedinarithmetic.Forthisreason,itisagoodideatouseadotorparenthesestoindicatemultiplication,ratherthanthe×symbol.
Forexample,ifyouwanttowrite“sixtimesfive,”writeitlikethis6•5or6(5),ratherthan6×5.
Numbersusedinfrontofvariablestoindicatehowmanyofeachvariableyouareworkingwitharecalledcoefficients.Coefficientsmaybewholenumbers,decimals,fractions,orevenGreekletters.
Example1indicatesanumberthreetimesthesizeofx;Example2,anumberonehalfthesizeofy;andExample3,anumberonefourththesizeofa.
Whereyouseenocoefficientwritten,thecoefficientisassumedtobe1.
Coefficientsincludenegativenumbersaswell.Forexample,theexamplesbelowhavecoefficientsof1or–1.
AddingandSubtractingAlgebraicExpressions
Additionofalgebraicexpressionsortermssuchastheonesdescribedaboveisquiteeasy.Youcanaddexpressionsonlyifthevariablesareidentical,andyoudothatbyaddingthecoefficientstogether.
Example:Add2xand3x.
Solution:5x
Example:Add and2y.
Solution:
Example:Add0.50aand0.75a.
Solution:1.25a
Example:Addbandb.
Solution:2b
TestYourself35
Directions:Intheexercisesbelow,addtheexpressionstogethertofindananswer.Somecannotbecombinedbecausethevariablesarenotidentical.Othershavenegativecoefficients,sobecareful.
1.a,3a,5a
2.10x,4x,20x
3.3m,4r,3s
4.–2b,–3b,6b
5.–1.5r,2r,3s,–2s
6.
7.0.001S,0.210S,–1.25S
8.
9.–2x,–3y,4x,–4z
10.1.02p,–0.62p,–40r
Subtractingalgebraicexpressionsisaccomplishedbysimplysubtractingthecoefficients.Youmustbecarefulifthecoefficientsarenegativenumbers,however.Usewhatyoulearnedabout
signednumbersearlierinthisbook.
Example:Subtractxfrom4x.
Solution:4x–x=3x
Example:Subtract–2xfrom4x.
Solution:4x–(–2x)=6x(Rememberthenumberline!)
TestYourself36
Directions:Trythefollowingsubtractionproblems.Somehavefractionalcoefficients,somehavedecimalcoefficients,andotherscannotbesubtractedbecausethevariablesarenotidentical.
1.3dfrom4d
2.
3.6yfrom–2b
4.–afrom–a
5.1.25mfrom–2.25m
6.–0.001xfrom–0.002x
7.2.483ffrom–5.0f
8.
9.3pfrom–2r
10.–16xfrom–14x
MultiplyingAlgebraicExpressions
First,reviewthesectioninthisbookaboutexponents.Payparticularattentiontooperationsinvolvingmultiplicationanddivisionofnumbersexpressedwithexponents.
Whenmultiplyingalgebraicexpressions,multiplythecoefficientsasyouwouldanynumbersandthenaddtheexponentsoftheidenticalvariablestofindtheproduct.
Example:Multiply2x•3x.
Solution:Multiplythecoefficientsandaddtheexponentsoftheidenticalvariables:2x•3x=6x2.
Rememberthatwhereanexponentisnotwritten,itisequivalentto1.
Example:
Example:–5y•2y=–10y2
Example:–2a2•2a=–4a3
Example:0.25m3•–0.25m3=–0.0625m6
TestYourself37
Directions:Trythefollowingproblems.
1.3x•2x
2.
3.–1.5a•3.2a
4.–2z2•3z
5.1.021r•1.010r2
6.–3.65f•1.60f3
7.
8.
9.2.02x2•–1.1x2
10.–7.1b•10.1b3
Anytwoexpressionscanbemultipliedtogetherandrewrittenasoneexpression.Thesame
multiplicationrulesapply.
Example:Multiply2x•3y.
Solution:Multiplythecoefficientsandaddtheexponentsofidenticalvariables.Becausethevariablesarenotidenticalinthisproblem,wesimplymultiplythemtogether.Theproductisthus6xy.
Example:–2a•3b=–6ab
Example:0.35m•2f=0.70fm
Example:–2x2•–4y=8x2y
Example:4a2b•–3ab2=–12a3b3(Theexponentsoftheidenticalvariableswereaddedtogether.)
TestYourself38
Directions:Trythefollowingproblems.
1.7x•2y
2.
3.1.2d•1.3f
4.–45x2•0.50y
5.–6.9a2•3.2b
6.100abc•–a
7.
8.–x2•–y2•–z2
9.–2x2•4y2•–3z
10.–3a•5b•2c
DividingAlgebraicExpressions
Divisionisaprocessthatreversesmultiplication.Whendividingalgebraicexpressions,dividethecoefficientsandsubtracttheexponentsoftheidenticalvariables.Youmustalsoobeytherulesgoverningdivisionofsignednumbersifthecoefficientsaresigned.
Reviewthesectiononexponentsifyoucannotfollowtheseexamples:
Example:Divide6xby2.
Solution:6x÷2=3x
Example:Divide4a2by2a.
Solution:4a2÷2a=2a
Example:Divide–3b2by0.5b.
Solution:–3b2÷0.5b=–6b
Example:Divide2x2y2by0.4xy.
Solution:2x2y2÷0.4xy=5xy
Example:Divide–6x3y4by–x2y.
Solution:–6x3y4÷–x2y=6xy3
TestYourself39
Directions:Trythefollowingproblemsforpractice.
1.100c2÷10c
2.–3.5x÷0.7x
3.2.20y2÷–1.1y
4.–4a2b÷2a
5.22ab2÷–11b
6.–5.1abc÷1.7bc
7.4 ax2÷–1 a
8.–0.001y3÷0.01y2
9.–2.8r2s÷–0.7rs
10.70xy2÷–35xy2
RemovingGroupingSymbols
Mathematicsusesparenthesesandbracketstogroupnumbersforvariousreasons.Whencalculationshavetobemade,itisnecessarytoremovethegroupingsymbolsandcombineasmanyofthenumbersasyoucan.
Example1:6(3+5)=6•8=48
Example2:–6(1+2)=–6•3=–18
Example3:–2(a+b)=–2a+–2b=–2a–2b
InExamples1and2,theoperationinsidetheparentheseswascarriedoutfirst,withtheresultthenmultipliedwiththenumberoutsidetheparentheses.InExample3,thelettersinsidetheparenthesescouldnotbeadded,so–2wasmultipliedbybothaandb.Insomecases,additionalstepsarerequired.
Example:Simplify:2–[4–(3–1)+6].
Solution:Beginbyworkingwiththeinnermostparentheses,removingonesetofgroupingsymbolsateachstep.
2–[4–(3–1)+6]
=2–[4–2+6]
=2–[8]
=2–8
=–6
Thissameprocedurecanbeusedwithvariables.
Example:Simplify:a–[b–(a–2b)+3a].
Solution:Beginwiththeinnermostgroupandworkoutward.
=a–[b–(a–2b)+3a]
=a–(b–a+2b+3a)
=a–(3b+2a)
=a–3b–2a
=–a–3b
Intheexampleabove,itisimportanttonotethatthenegativesigninfrontofthegroupingsymbolreversesthesignofthenumberswithin.Apositivesignchangesnothing.
TestYourself40
Directions:Trythefollowingproblems.Remembertoremovethegroupingsymbolsinorder,beginningwiththeinnermost.
1.2+(3–2)–2
2.–2–[1+(6–2)]
3.[a+(1–2)+b–3]
4.–1+2–(3–4)
5.–5–[(6–3)–(1–2)]
6.a–[3–(b–2)–(a–1)]
EvaluatingAlgebraicExpressions
Itisoftennecessarytodeterminethevalueofanalgebraicexpressionifitsvariablesaregivenprecisenumericalvalues.Youhavedonethiswhenfindingtheareas,perimeters,andvolumesofgeometricfigures.Whengivenaformulafortheareaofatriangle,forexample,youcanfindtheareaifyouknowthebaseandtheheight.Thesameprocedureisusedinevaluatingalgebraicexpressions.
Example:Findthevalueof10xifx=2.
Solution:Substitute2forx,andmultiply10•2=20.
Example:Evaluate3a2ifa=5.
Solution:Substitute5fora,andmultiply3•52=3•25=75.
Example:Evaluate–2x2y2ifx=2andy=3.
Solution:–2•22•32=–2•4•9=–72
Example:Evaluate ifx= .
Solution: =16
TestYourself41
Directions:Trythefollowingproblems.
1.3(x+y)ifx=2,y=–1
2.a2–b2ifa=3,b=4
3.4m2n2ifm= ,n=1
4. ax2ifa=32,x=4
5.(b+c)(d+2)ifb= ,c=2,d=0
6.
7.
8. (a+b)hifa=4,b=3,h=1.5
9. ifm1=32,m2=320,r=10
10. ifb=4.8,c=1.2,y=1
SolvingSimpleEquations
Muchoftheworkinalgebraconsistsoffindingprecisevaluesforvariables.Tofindtheseprecisevalues,variablesaresetequaltoknownquantitiesinequations.Forexample,thesimplestequationpossibleisx=2.Thisequationsays,“Thevariablexisequaltotwo.”
Onestepfurtheris:2y=2.Thissays,“Twotimesyequalstwo.”
Intheequation2y=2,let’sfindwhatyequals.If2timesyequals2,weknowyequals1.
Example:a+1=3
Solution:Becausethevariableaplus1equals3,3is1largerthana.a=2.
Example:Z–3=6
Solution:ThevariableZminus3equals6.Zis3largerthan6,soZ=9.
TestYourself42
Directions:Trythefollowingexamples.Solvetheequationforthevariable.
1.a+3=6
2.2x–1=7
3.–2x=6
4.r–3=–1
5.3b–6=6
6.100y–1=99
7.10+x=5
SolvingMoreDifficultEquations
Equationsmayhavevariableswithfractionalanddecimalcoefficients.Variablesmayalsoappearonbothsidesoftheequalsign.Thefollowingexamplesshouldhelptoreviewhowtosolvethesekindsofequations:
Example1:2x–3=x+2
Example2: =15
Example3:0.25a=a–1.5
Example4:6(x–2)=12
Whenworkingwithequationssuchasthoseabove,itisnecessarytoworkontheleftsideoftheequalsignaswellastherightside.
Tomakeequationseasiertoworkwith,elementsoftheequationmustbemovedacrosstheequalsignfromonesidetotheother.Thegoalistoplaceallofthetermshavingavariableononesideoftheequationandallofthetermsnothavingavariableontheother.Indoingthis,obeyonesimplerule:Whenmovingatermtotheothersideoftheequation,reverseitssign.
Example1wouldbesolvedinthreestepslikethis:
Solution1:Solveforx:2x–3=x+2.Putalltermscontainingxontheleftsideoftheequalsign.Theothersgoontheright.Reversethesignsofthosetermsmovedfromonesidetotheother.2x–x=2+3Simplify:x=5.Theequationissolved.
Insomecases,multiplicationanddivisionmaybeinvolved,asinExample2.Example2wouldbesolvedinthreestepslikethis:
Solution2:Solvefory: =15.
Thetermhavingthevariableisalreadyontheleft,andtheotherisalreadyontheright.
Dividebothsidesoftheequationbythecoefficientofthevariable: .y=20
Youmayhavebeenabletosolvethisproblemwithoutcalculations.Bythinkingaboutwhatnumber15wasthreequartersof,youmayhavefiguredoutthatywasequalto20.
Example3wouldbesolvedinfourstepslikethis:
Solution3:Solvefora:0.25a=a–1.5.Putthetermswiththevariableontheleft;thosewithout,ontheright.Reversethesignsofthosethatcrosstheequalsign.0.25a–a=–l.5Combine:–0.75a=–1.5.Dividebothsidesbythecoefficientofthevariable:
Example4wouldbesolvedinfourstepslikethis:
Solution4:Solveforx:6(x–2)=12.Removethegroupingsymbolbymultiplyingby6:6x–12=12.Move–12totherightandchangeitssign:6x=12+12.Combine:6x=24.Dividebothsidesbythecoefficientofthevariable:
TestYourself43
Directions:Trythefollowingproblems.Youmaybeabletosolvesomeoftheminyourheadwithoutcalculatingonpaper.
1.
2.
3.2x–2=4x–10
4.
5.3.2x=64
6.5(x–3)=x+9
7.
8.
9.3b=b
10.6m–1=m+4
Geometry
Geometryisthatpartofmathematicsthatstudieslines,curves,andanglesandthevariousshapestheycreatewhenplacedtogetherindifferentways.Usually,geometryisdividedintotwosubgroups:planegeometryandsolidgeometry.
Planegeometrystudiesanyshapesandanglesthatcanbedrawninoneplane.Thismeansthatshapesthatcanbemeasuredinonlyoneortwodimensions,ordirections,arestudied.Forexample:
•Alinehasonlyonedimension,itslength.•Atriangle,asquare,oracircledrawnonapieceofpapercanbemeasuredinonlytwodirections,ordimensions:lengthandwidth.
Solidgeometrystudiesshapesthathavethreedimensions:length,width,andthickness.Forexample:
•Anobjectsuchasabrickorashoeboxisarectangularsolidthatcanbemeasuredinthreedirectionsordimensions:length,width,andheight.
•Cubes,cones,spheres,cylinders,pyramids,ortetrahedronsareexamplesofshapesthatarethree-dimensionaland,assuch,requiretheuseoftheprinciplesofsolidgeometry.
Firstwewillreviewsomebasicsofplanegeometry.
Points,Lines,andAngles
Apointisanexactlocationandhasnodimensions.
Byplacinglotsofpointsinarow,webuildaline.Alinehasinfinitelengthinbothdirectionsandhasasymbollikethis:
Thearrowheadateachendindicatesthatthelineisinfinite.Usually,weselecttwopointsontheline,givethemnames,andnamethelinethesameway:
+ read:“lineAB”
Notethatweneedaminimumoftwopointstomakealine.Thereisnomaximumnumberofpointsonaline,however.
Arayisalinethathasoneendpoint,andgoesinfinitelyinonedirection.Werefertoaraybyitsendpointandoneotherpointalongit.
= read:“rayAB”
Alinesegmentisapieceofalinehavingtwoendpoints.Wenameitbynamingtheendpoints:
+ read:“linesegmentAB”
Becausetheirlengthisinfinite,linesandrayscannotbemeasured.Linesegments,ontheotherhand,arefiniteandcanbemeasured.
Angles
Wherelines,linesegments,orraysmeetorcrosseachother,anglesareformed.Thesimplestangleisthatformedbytworayshavingthesameendpointbutgoingindifferentdirections.Theendpointthatthesetworaysshareiscalledthevertexoftheangle.
Anglesaremeasuredinunitscalleddegrees.Adegreeis ofacompleterevolutionaround
thepointcalledthevertex.
Forexample,thedrawingsbelowshowonerayofananglegoingthroughonecompleterevolutionaroundthevertex.Ineachcase,themeasureoftheangleisshown.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
Thesequenceshouldremindyouofanumberofrules:•Eachcompleterevolutionaroundthevertexcreatesanangleof360°.•Anglesaremeasuredcounterclockwise.•Themeasureoftheangleisthesame,nomatterhowlongtheraysare.Thetipsofeachrayhavethesameanglebetweenthemasdotwopointsclosertothevertex.
KindsofAngles
A90°angleisalsocalledarightangle.Squares,rectangles,andsometriangleshaverightangles.
Anglessmallerthan90°arecalledacuteangles.Themeasureofanacuteangleisgreaterthanzero,butlessthan90°.
Ananglethatmeasuresgreaterthan90°butlessthan180°iscalledanobtuseangle.
Anangleequivalentto180°isastraightangle.Linesmaybethoughtofasstraightangles.
Angleswhosesumis180°aresupplementaryangles.Forexample,thesumof60°and120°is180°.Eachangleisasupplementoftheother.
Alineintersectingastraightanglecutsitintosupplementaryangles.
Angle1andangle2aresupplementaryangles.
Angleswhosesumis90°arecomplementaryangles.Forexample,thesumof60°and30°is90°.Eachangleisacomplementoftheother.
TestYourself44
Directions:Forthefollowingproblems,statewhethertheangleisacuteorobtuse.Ifitisobtuse,nameitssupplement.Ifitisacute,nameitssupplementandcomplement.
1.170°
2.30°
3.142°
4.60°
5.90°
6.27°
7.135°
8.95°
9.57°
10.45°
Perimeter
Theperimeterofanobjectisthedistancearoundit.Forexample,ifyouwalkedallthewayaroundthe“outside”ofafootballfield,atrack,orabuilding,youwouldhavewalkedalongitsperimeter.
Perimetersareusuallyeasytocompute.Wesimplyaddupthelengthsofthesides.
Forexample,whatistheperimeteroftheobjectbelow?
Justaddthelengthofeachside:
Frequently,objectsaremuchmoreirregularthantheoneshownonthepreviouspage.Foranobjectsuchastheonebelow,forexample,youmustfindthelengthofeachsmallsegmentoftheperimeter.Thenaddthelengthstogethertofindtheperimeter.
Theperimeterofacircleiscalleditscircumference,whichiscomputedinaspecialway.
AncientGreekmathematiciansdiscoveredanimportantfactaboutcircles.Nomatterhowlargethecirclewas,theyfoundthatitscircumference(perimeter)wasalmostexactly3.14timesitsdiameter.Theynamedthenumberbywhichtheymultipliedacircle’sdiametertogetits
circumferencepi.Weusethevalue3.14,orthefraction ,torepresentpi,althoughitsvalueis
slightlylarger.Thesymbolπstandsforpi.
Tofindtheperimeter(circumference)ofthiscircle:
Wecanalsoworkbackwardtofindthediameterofacirclefromitscircumference.Forexample,ifthecircumferenceofacircleis21.98inches,whatisitsdiameter?
Becausethecircumferenceistheproductofπandthediameter,dividethecircumferencebyπtofindthediameter.
21.98"÷3.14=7"(diameter)
TestYourself45
Directions:Foreachcircle,usethegiveninformation,diameter(d)orcircumference(c),tofindtheotherquantity.
1.d=3.5"
2.d=5.0"
3.c=22"
4.d=
5.c=31.4"
6.c=15.7"
AreaofPlaneFigures
Whenaplanefiguresuchasarectangle,triangle,orcircleliesflat,itcoversacertainamountofarea.Whenitisnecessarytobuycarpeting,grassseed,paint,andmanyotherthings,theareaoftheplacetobecoveredmustbecalculated.
Areaisalwaysmeasuredinsquareunits,suchassquareinches,squarefeet,squareyards,orsquaremiles.Metricsystemunitsforareaincludesquarecentimeters,squaremeters,andsquarekilometers.Generally,theunitofmeasurementtobeusedisbasedupontheareaoftheobjectbeingmeasured.
Forexample:•Theareaofacitywouldbemeasuredinsquaremilesorsquarekilometers.•Theareaofafootballfieldwouldbemeasuredinsquareyardsorsquaremeters.•Theareaofthispagewouldbemeasuredinsquareinchesorsquarecentimeters.
Whencalculatingarea,itismostimportanttorememberthatyouaredealingwithsquareunits.Areaisalwaysgiveninsquareinches,squaremeters,andsoon.
AreaofSquaresandRectangles
Theareaofsquaresandrectanglesisfoundbymultiplyingthelengthofanyonesidebythelengthofthesideadjoiningit.
Forexample:
Theareaofthisrectangleistheproductof8cm×3cm=24sq.cm
Theareaofanyrectanglecanbefoundbymultiplyingthelengthofitslongestsidebythelengthofitsshortestside.
Areaofarectangle=lengthtimeswidth
A=l×w
Theareaofsquaresiscalculatedthesameway.Youjusthavetorememberthatthesidesofasquareareallthesamelength.Ifyouknowthelengthofoneside,youknowthelengthsofallthesides.
Forexample:
Theareaofthesquareis6in.×6in.=36sq.in.
TestYourself46
Directions:Findtheareaoftherectanglesorsquareshavingthefollowingdimensions.
1.3"long,2"wide
2.3feet6incheslong,2feetwide
3.10cmlong,10cmwide
4. mileslong, mileswide
5.12"long,12"wide*
6.3'long,3'wide**
7. "wide,10"long
8. "wide, "long
*144sq.in.equals1sq.ft.
**9sq.ft.equals1sq.yd.
AreaofTriangles
Trianglesmaybe:•Acute,ifeachoftheiranglesislessthan90°:
Ifeachangleis60°,thetriangleiscalledequilateral,becauseallanglesareequalinmeasure.•Right,ifoneangleis90°:
•Obtuse,ifoneangleislargerthan90°:
Familiarizeyourselfwiththesekindsoftriangles,becausefindingtheirarearequiresyoutobeverycarefulaboutonething:measuringthealtitudecorrectly.
Wefindtheareaoftrianglesbyusingthefollowingformula:
Area=onehalfoftheproductofthebaseandthealtitude
Thealtitudeofatriangleisthedistancefromavertextothelinecontainingtheoppositeside(base).Thealtitudeisalwaysperpendiculartothebase.
Thesedrawingsshowhowtomeasurealtitudecorrectly.
Inarighttriangle:
Inanobtusetriangle:
Inanacutetriangle:
Noticethatineachcase,thealtitudeorheightofatrianglemustbemeasuredalongalinethatmakesarightanglewiththebase.
Example:Findtheareaofthetriangleshownbelow.
Solution:
TestYourself47
Directions:Findtheareasofthetriangleswhosedimensionsaregivenbelow.
1.b=16",a=8"
2.b=4 feet,a=2feet
3.b=11.5cm,a=4.5cm
4.b=2.4feet,a=6.3feet
5.b=8inches,a=2.5feet
6.b=1 yds.,a=3 yds.
AreaofParallelogramsandTrapezoids
Aparallelogramisafour-sidedfigurewithoppositesidesparalleltoeachother.Theareaofaparallelogramcanbefoundbymultiplyingthelengthofthebasebythealtitude.
Area=base×altitude
A=b×aorA=ba
Hereagain,youmustbecarefultomeasurethealtitudeperpendiculartothebase,justasyoudidwhenfindingtheareasoftriangles.
Atrapezoidisafour-sidedfigurewithonepairofsidesparallel,andonepairnonparallel.Theparallelsidesarecalledthebases,andwefindtheareaasfollows:
Area= ×altitude×(lengthofbase1+lengthofbase2)
A= ×a×(b1+b2)orA= a(b1+b2)
Besuretomeasurethealtitudeofthetrapezoidalongalinethatmakesarightanglewiththebase.
TestYourself48
Directions:Findtheareasofthefollowingparallelogramsandtrapezoids.“P”meansparallelogram;“T”meanstrapezoid.
1.P:b=6",a=4"
2.P:b=5",a=2"
3.T:b1=10",b2=15",a=3"
4.T:b1=20cm,b2=40cm,a=6cm
5.P:b=4.125ft.,a=3.34ft.
6.T:b1=5",b2=7",a=3"
AreaofaCircle
Theareaofacircleiseasilycalculated,ifyouremembertwothings:
Usethenumberpi(π=3.14,or ).
Usetheradiusofthecircleinthecalculationinsteadofthediameter.Theradiusisone
halfofthediameter:r= .
Tofindtheareaofacircle,usethefollowingformula:
Area=π×lengthofradius×lengthofradius
A=πr2
Forexample,thiscirclehasaradiusof3".
Thus,itsareais:
A=πr2
=3.14"×3"×3"
=28.26sq.in.
Sometimes,toavoidtheextracalculation,areasofcirclesarewritteninpi.Intheexampleabove,wewouldwrite:
A=π×3"×3"
=9πsq.in.
TestYourself49
Directions:Practicefindingtheareasofthecirclesbelow.Remembertousethelengthoftheradiusinthecalculation.Writeyouranswersintermsofpi,aswellasmultipliedout.
1.r=2.17inches
2.r=3.5cm
3.d=l0feet
4.d=20yds.
5.r=22inches
6.d=11inches
7.r= cm
8.d=100cm
9.c=31.4inches
10.c=125.6miles
VolumeofSolidFigures
Three-dimensionalfiguressuchascubes,cones,spheres,andrectangularsolidstakeupspace.Theamountofspaceanobjectorsubstancetakesupiscalleditsvolume.
Becausewepurchaseitemsandplanthesizesofbuildings,homes,ships,andsoforthaccordingtoourneedsforacertainvolumeofsomething,volumeisoneofthemostimportantmeasurementsthatwemake.Inthissection,youwillreviewhowtocalculatethevolumeofcertaineasy-to-measureshapes.
VolumeofRectangularSolids
Afamiliarrectangularsolidisashoebox.Itsvolumeiscalculatedbymultiplyingitslengthtimesitswidthtimesitsthicknessordepth.Theformulais:
Volume=l×w×h,orV=lwh
Forexample,theboxshownabovehasthevolume:
V=3"×4"×8"
=96cu.in.
Noticethatwemultipliedthemeasurementofeachdimensionoftheboxonlyonce.Theunitsthatweuseinmeasuringvolumearecubicunits.
Aspecialrectangularsolidisacube.Acubehasallofitsdimensionsthesamelength,soyouneedonlythelengthofoneedgetofinditsvolume.
Forexample,thedrawingbelowshowsacubewithanedge4"long.
Itsvolumeiscalculated:
V=4"×4"×4"
=64cu.in.
Whenyouarecalculatingthevolumeofrectangularsolids,shoeboxes,rooms,andsoforth,becertainthatyouhavemeasurementsforeachdimensionbeforeyoucalculate.
VolumeofaCylinder
Cylindersareobjectswedealwithallthetime.Softdrinkcansandmanyothercontainers,aswellaspipesandsmokestacks,arecylinders.
Inmanyways,acylinderresemblesastackofcoinsorastackofround,thinobjects,suchascocktailcoastersorslicesofbologna.Bythinkingofacylinderasastackofslicesorcoins,itiseasytorememberhowtocalculateitsvolume.
Thevolumeofacylindercanbecalculatedbyfirstfindingtheareaofthecircularbase,andmultiplyingthatvaluebytheheight.
Byfindingtheareaofthebase,youarefindingtheareaofone“slice”ofthecylinder.Whenyoumultiplythatbytheheightorlength,youarecalculatingvolumebycountingallofthe“slices”thatyoucouldmake.
Forexample,findthevolumeofthecylinderbelow:
Aswitharea,youmayfindthattheanswercanbeleftintermsofpi.Thatis,itmaynotbenecessarytomultiplyby3.14.Inthepreviousexample,theanswerV=250πcubicinchesisacceptable.
TestYourself50
Directions:Findthevolumesofthecylinders.Volume=πr2h.Stateyouranswersintermsofpi,aswellasmultipliedout.
1.r=1",h=1"
2.r=2",h=2"
3.r=3.5",h=6.20"
4.r=1ft.,h=2ft.
5.r=1.1cm,h=3.2cm
6.r=10",h=1"
7.r=0.25",h=1"
8.r=20cm,h=70cm
9.r=0.5",h=1.0"
10.r=x",h=y"
WordProblems
Twoverycommonkindsofwordproblemsthatyouwillencounteronhighschoolentranceexaminationsarerate,time,anddistanceproblemsandworkproblems.
Rate,Time,andDistanceProblems
Thebasicformulausedinsolvingproblemsfordistanceis:
d=rt(distance=rate×time)
Usethisformwhenyouknowrate(speed)andtime.
Tofindrate,use:
r= (rate=distance÷time)
Tofindtime,use:
t= (time=distance÷rate)
Studythefollowingproblems:
Example:Twohikersstartwalkingfromthecitylineatdifferenttimesbutinthesamedirection.Thesecondhiker,whosespeedis4milesperhour,starts2hoursafterthefirsthiker,whosespeedis3milesperhour.Determinetheamountoftimeanddistancethatwillbeconsumedbeforethesecondhikercatchesupwiththefirst.
Solution:Becausethefirsthikerhasa2-hourheadstartandiswalkingattherateof3miles
perhour,thathikeris6milesfromthecitylinewhenthesecondhikerstarts.
Rate×Time=Distance
Subtracting3milesperhourfrom4milesperhourgivesus1mileperhour,orthedifferenceintheratesofspeedofthetwohikers.Inotherwords,thesecondhikergains1mileonthefirsthikerineveryhour.
Sincethereisa6-miledifferencetocoveranditisdecreased1mileeveryhour,itisclearthatthesecondhikerwillneed6hourstoovertakethefirst.
Inthistime,thesecondhikerwillhavetraveled4×6=24,or24miles.Thefirsthikerwillhavebeenwalking8hours,becauseofthe2-hourheadstart,8×3=24,or24miles.
Example:Thesametwohikersstartwalkingtowardeachotheralongaroadconnectingtwocitiesthatare60milesapart.Theirspeedsarethesameasintheprecedingproblems,3and4milesperhour,respectively.Howmuchtimewillelapsebeforetheymeet?
Solution:Ineachhouroftraveltowardeachother,thehikerswillcoveradistanceequaltothesumoftheirspeeds,3+4=7milesperhour.Tomeettheymustcover60miles,andat7milesperhourthiswouldbe:
Theproblemmightalsohaveasked:“Howmuchdistancemusttheslowerhikercoverbeforethetwohikersmeet?”Insuchacaseweshouldhavegonethroughthesamestepsplusoneadditionalstep:
Thetimeconsumedbeforemeetingwas8 hours.Tofindthedistancecoveredbytheslowerhiker,wemerelymultiplyhisratebythetimeelapsed:
TestYourself51
Directions:Solvetheproblemsbelow,usingtheformulafortherate,time,anddistanceproblems.
l.Mattwalked3milesin ofanhour.Atwhatrateofspeeddidhewalkinmilesperhour?
2.AcommutertraintravelsthedistancefromActontoBostonin1hourand10minutes.Ifthetrainistravelingatanaveragespeedof48milesperhour,whatisthedistancebetweenthetwocities?
3.Paddling7milesupstream,Sarahandherbrotheraveraged2milesperhour.Ontheway
back,theirrateofspeedwas3 milesperhour.Howlongdidittakethemtomaketheroundtrip?
4.Twocarsbegindrivingtowardeachotherfromtownsthatare150milesapart.Thefirstcaristraveling45milesperhour,andthesecondistraveling55milesperhour.Ifeachleavesat2:15p.m.,whenwillthetwocarspassontheroad?
WorkProblems
Workproblemsgenerallyinvolvetwoormoreworkersdoingajobatdifferentrates.Theaimofworkproblemsistopredicthowlongitwilltaketocompleteajobifthenumberofworkersisincreasedordecreased.Workproblemsmayalsoinvolvedetermininghowfastpipescanfilloremptytanks.Studytheexamplesinthissectioncarefully.
Example:IfAdoesajobinsixdays,andBdoesthesamejobinthreedays,howlongwillittakethetwoofthem,workingtogether,todothejob?
Solution:Problemsofthissortcanbedoneusingfractions.
Step1:Writetheamountofthejobeachworkerdoeseachdayasafraction.
Adoes ofthejobinoneday.
Bdoes ofthejobinoneday.
Step2:Writetheamountofthejobcompletedbybothworkersinoneday.
A= ofjob
B= ofjob
Onehalfofthejobiscompletedinonedaybybothworkersworking
together.
Step3:ComparetheresultfromStep2todeterminehowmuchworkhastobedone.Becauseonehalfofthejobisfinishedinoneday,itwilltaketwodaysforbothworkerstofinishthejobworkingtogether.
Ingeneral,ifyouaregiventheamountoftimethatajobtakes,youmustfindthereciprocalofthattimetofindouthowmuchofthejobiscompletedinoneday,1hour,andsoon.
Forexample,ifajobtakes ,or days,youcoulddo ofthejobinoneday.
Ifajobtakes4 hours,youcoulddo ofthejobin1hour.
Ifyouaregiventhefractionofthejobcompletedinoneday,findthereciprocalofthefractiontodeterminehowlongthewholejobwilltake.
Forexample,if ofalawncanbemowedinanhour,thewholelawnwilltake ,or ,
hourstomow.
If ofajobcanbedoneinoneday,thewholejobcanbedonein ,or ,days.
Example:AandB,workingtogether,doajobin days.B,workingalone,isabletodothe
jobintendays.HowlongwouldittakeAtodothejobworkingalone?
Solution:Step1:Thewholejobtakes ,or ,days.B,workingalone,cando ofthe
jobinoneday.
Step2:TofindtheworkdonebyAinoneday,subtractB’sworkfromtheamountofworkdonebythetwoworkerstogetherinoneday:
representstheportionofthetotaljobdonebyAinoneday.
Step3:Takingthereciprocal,findhowlongitwouldtakeAtodotheentirejob.
Example:Acandoajobin6daysthatBcandoin daysandCcandoin days.How
longwillthejobtakeifA,B,andCwereworkingtogether?
Solution:Adoesthejobin6days: ofthejobinoneday.
Bdoesthejobin days: ofthejobinoneday.
Cdoesthejobin days: ofthejobinoneday.
AddtheworkdonebyA,B,andCinonedaytofindtheworkdonebyallthreeinoneday:
Findthereciprocalof inordertofindhowlongthetotaljobwouldtake:
days
Example:Onepipecanfillapoolin20minutes,asecondcanfillthepoolin30minutes,andathirdcanfillitin10minutes.Howlongwouldittakethethreetogethertofillthepool?
Solution:Firstpipefillsthepoolin20minutes: ofpoolin1minute.
Secondpipefillsthepoolin30minutes: ofpoolin1minute.
Thirdpipefillsthepoolin10minutes: ofpoolin1minute.
Addthethreefractionstogethertodeterminewhatpartofthepoolwillbefilledinoneminutewhenthethreepipesareworkingtogether.
If ofthepoolisfilledinoneminute,thereciprocalofthefractionwilltellus
howmanyminuteswillberequiredtofillthewholepool.
min.
TestYourself52
Directions:Solvetheproblemsbelowusingthesolutionstepsshownforworkproblems.
1.MichelleandBarbcancompleteajobin2hourswhenworkingtogether.IfMichellerequires6hourstodothejobalone,howmanyhoursdoesBarbneedtodothejobalone?
2.IfJohncando ofajobin ofaday,howmanydayswillittakehimtodotheentire
job?
3.Ittakes hourstofillanewundergroundgasolinestoragetank.Whatpartofthetank
wouldbefullifthegasolinehadbeenshutoffafter1hour?
4.Marycancleanthehousein6hours.HeryoungerbrotherJimcandothesamejobin9hours.Inhowmanyhourscantheydothejobiftheyworktogether?
ANSWERKEYSTestYourself1
1.1228
2.289
3.21,136
4.34,361
5.513
6.1520
7.902
8.138,021
9.3289
10.289
TestYourself2
1.Seventy-sixten-thousandths
2.Elevenandthreetenths
3.Onethousandfourhundredtwoandsixhundredthirty-ninethousandths
4.Seventhousandtwohundredtwenty-twodollarsandninety-threecents
5.Fiftyhundredths(fivetenths)
6.Fivehundredths
7.Sixteenandtwothousandonehundredsixty-threeten-thousandths
8.Twenty-ninehundred-thousandths
9.Threeandsixten-thousandths
10.Sixty-twoandthreehundredninety-onethousandths
TestYourself3
1.0.5
2.5.12
3.0.07
4.equal
5.10.7
6.7.62
7.3.009
8.equal
TestYourself4
1.67.323
2.5.1392
3.110.0262
4.103.7217
5.0.0923
6.9666.988
7.14.1854
8.95.653
9.790.3
10.10.0
TestYourself5
1.Simplestform
2.
3.
4.Simplestform
5.
6.
7.
8.Simplestform
9.
10.
TestYourself6
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
TestYourself7
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
TestYourself8
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
TestYourself9
1.605
2.779
3.321
4.58,991
5.190
6.8301
7.8868
8.771
9.889
10.113,992
TestYourself10
1.15.1798
2.0.7676
3.0.159
4.0.156
5.4.14
6.24.848
7.784.13
8.37.5177
9.29.827
10.63.4215
TestYourself11
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
TestYourself12
1.21,054
2.462
3.422,408
4.69,632
5.693,976
6.369,600
7.2,540,450
8.25,606
9.126,256
10.94,792,384
TestYourself13
1.2696.8869
2.10,020.72
3.53,389.468
4.1.164
5.2.6248
6.163,930.668
7.0.0009384
8.117.432
9.44.55703
10.4638.26
TestYourself14
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
TestYourself15
1.180
2.1.4
3.15
4.21
5.2.3
6.25
7.2.5
8.30
TestYourself16
1.196
2.13
3.
4.2.4
5.10,000
6.625
7.400
8.
9.12
10.6.25
TestYourself17
1.82.277,or
2.42.50,or
3.0.379,or
4.41.439,or
5.10.855,or
6.40.49,or
7.0.817,or
8.1.977,or
9.0.844,or
10.40.208,or
TestYourself18
1.0.305
2.5.760
3.131.297
4.17,902.394
5.0.085
6.0.737
7.0.0098
8.5.308
9.141.626
10.0.0019
TestYourself19
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
TestYourself20
1.0.80
2.
3.0.28
4.0.333
5.
6.
7.0.30
8.
9.
10.0.26
TestYourself21
1.3.27
2.1.02
3.8.2
4.
5.3.31
6.25.294
7.1.25
8.0.711
9.
10.21.95
TestYourself22
1.Wednesday,10milesfarther,10%farther
2.Thursday,40milesfarther,40%farther
3.Friday,0milesfarther,0%farther
4.Saturday,1mileless,1%less
5.Sunday,10milesless,10%less
TestYourself23
1.50%larger
2.27%smaller
3.20%smaller
4.99%smaller
5.99.5%smaller
6.100%larger
7.350%larger
8.99.99%smaller
TestYourself24
1.0.10×8=0.8
2.0.25×60=15
3.0.11×10=1.1
4.0.01×350=3.50
5.0.99×80=79.2
6.0.33×33=10.89
7.0.75×112=84
8.0.50×200=100
TestYourself25
1.0.01
2.0.012
3.0.005
4.5%
5.0.1%,or ofonepercent
6.0.3%,or ofonepercent
7.0.015
8.1.5%
9.0.15
10.0.01%,or ofonepercent
TestYourself26
1.50%,150%
2.100%,200%
3.50%,150%
4.32%,132%
5.20%,120%
6.50%,150%
7.50%,150%
8.
9.0%,100%
10.900%,1000%
TestYourself27
1. ,or0.656
2. ,or0.375
3. ,or0.267
4. ,or1.215
5. ,or2.22
6. ,or1.22
TestYourself28
1.12.6
2.0.1875
3.3000
4.50%
5.400%
6.
7.0.0525
8.240
9.78
10.90
11.1.25
12.
13.150
14.156
TestYourself29
1.10•10•10•10•10•10•10
2.1•1•1
3.3•3
4.
5.(0.45)(0.45)(0.45)(0.45)(0.45)
6.11•11
7.0•0
8.x•x•x
9.b•b•b•b•b•b•b•b
10.(ab)(ab)(ab)(ab)(ab)
TestYourself30
1.13–2=1
2.610–8=62
3.155+3=158
4.M3+3=M6
5.1010–8=102
6.36+2=38
7.a2+3=a5
8.10010–9=1001=100
9.
10.85–4=81=8
11.a5–3=a2
12.
13.x2+2=x4
TestYourself31
1.–11
2.1.3995
3.0.999
4.31
5.
6.–10.75
7.
8.–120.25
9.–1.7498
10.0
TestYourself32
1.–1
2.2
3.–4.6
4.9.1
5.7.652
6.2
7.–0.0029
8.–5.5
9.10
10.0
TestYourself33
1.30
2.3.25
3.
4.
5.–0.09
6.
7.35.3298
8.
9.–0.0325
10.
TestYourself34
1.–15
2.–2
3.–2.15
4.–0.007
5.–12.2
6. ,or0.5
7.–7
8.200.02
9.–1
10.400
TestYourself35
1.9a
2.34x
3.3m+4r+3s
4.b
5.0.5r+s
6.
7.–1.039S
8.–15.75k,or–15 k
9.2x–3y–4z
10.0.4p–40r
TestYourself36
1.d
2.3 x
3.–2b–6y
4.0
5.–3.50m
6.–0.001x
7.–7.483f
8.
9.–2r–3p
10.2x
TestYourself37
1.6x2
2.
3.–4.8a2
4.–6z3
5.1.03121r3
6.–5.84f4
7.
8.
9.–2.222x4
10.–71.71b4
TestYourself38
1.14xy
2.
3.1.56df
4.–22.5x2y
5.–22.08a2b
6.–100a2bc
7.
8.–x2y2z2
9.24x2y2z
10.–30abc
TestYourself39
1.10c
2.–5
3.–2y
4.–2ab
5.–2ab
6.–3a
7.–3x2
8.–0.1y
9.4r
10.–2
TestYourself40
1.1
2.–7
3.a+b–4
4.2
5.–9
6.2a+b–6
TestYourself41
1.3
2.–7
3.1
4.256
5.
6.a2
7.
8.5.25
9.102.4
10.4
TestYourself42
1.a=3
2.x=4
3.x=–3
4.r=2
5.b=4
6.y=1
7.x=–5
TestYourself43
1.x=12
2.x=3
3.x=4
4.x=
5.x=20
6.x=6
7.
8.
9.b=0
10.m=1
TestYourself44
1.Obtuse;10º
2.Acute;150º,60º
3.Obtuse;38º
4.Acute;120º,30º
5.Right;90º,nocomplement
6.Acute;153º,63º
7.Obtuse;45º
8.Obtuse;85º
9.Acute;123º,33º
10.Acute;135º,45º
TestYourself45
1.10.99"
2.15.7"
3.7"
4.
5.10"
6.5"
TestYourself46
1.6sq.in.
2.7sq.ft.
3.100sq.cm
4. sq.mi.
5.144sq.in.,or1sq.ft.
6.9sq.ft.,or1sq.yd.
7.5sq.in.
8. sq.in.
TestYourself47
1.64sq.in.
2. sq.ft.
3.25.875sq.cm
4.7.56sq.ft.
5. sq.ft.,or120sq.in.
6.2 sq.yd.
TestYourself48
1.24sq.in.
2.10sq.in.
3.37 sq.in.
4.180sq.cm
5.13.7775sq.ft.
6.18sq.in.
TestYourself49
1.4.71πsq.in.,or14.79sq.in.
2.12.25πsq.cm,or38.47sq.cm
3.25πsq.ft.,or78.5sq.ft.
4.100πsq.yds.,or314sq.yds.
5.484πsq.in.,or1519.76sq.in.
6.30.25πsq.in.,or94.985sq.in.
7. πsq.cm,or0.785sq.cm
8.2500πsq.cm,or7850sq.cm
9.r=5;A=25πsq.in.,or78.5sq.in.
10.r=20;A=400πsq.mi.,1256sq.mi.
TestYourself50
1.πcu.in.;3.14cu.in.
2.8πcu.in.;25.12cu.in.
3.75.95πcu.in.;238.48cu.in.
4.2πcu.ft.;6.28cu.ft.
5.3.872πcu.cm;12.158cu.cm
6.100πcu.in.;314cu.in.
7.0.0625πcu.in.;0.19625cu.in.
8.28,000πcu.cm;87,920cu.cm
9.0.25πcu.in.;0.785cu.in.
10.πx2ycu.in;3.14x2ycu.in.
TestYourself51
1.4milesperhour
2.56miles
3.5 hours
4.3:45p.m.
TestYourself52
1.3hours
2.3days
3.
4.3 hours
EXERCISES:MATHEMATICS
Directions:Solvethefollowingquestionsandchoosethecorrectanswer.
1.Wherex= ,thereciprocalofxequals
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
2.Theproductof andanumberxis1.Thenumberis
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)1
3. isequivalentto
(A)1
(B)
(C)
(D)1+x
4. equals
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
5.IntheformulaL= bxh,ifb=2,x=7,andh= ,Lequals
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
6.Twoanglesofatriangleare45ºand75º.Whatisthemeasureofthethirdangle?
(A)60º
(B)35º
(C)180º
(D)45º
7.
Isosceles ABCisinscribedincircleDthathasadiameterof10centimeters.Theareaofthetriangleis
(A)78.5sq.cm
(B)12.5sq.cm
(C)25sq.cm
(D)50sq.cm
8.Thevolumeofasmallwarehousemeasuring75feetlong,50feetwide,and30feethighis
(A)1,112,500cubicfeet.
(B)112,500squarefeet.
(C)112,500feet.
(D)112,500cubicfeet.
9.Adepartmentstoremarksupitsclothing80%overcost.Ifitsellsbluejeansfor$14,howmuchdidthestorepayforthem?
(A)$7.78
(B)$17.50
(C)$11.20
(D)$1.12
10.Thesamestoreputsthesame$14jeansonsaleata25%discount.Whatisthenewsellingprice?
(A)$13.75
(B)$10.50
(C)$3.50
(D)$13.65
11.Ify=0.25,thevalueofy2+ is
(A)1.125
(B)0.1125
(C)0.6750
(D)0.5625
12.Themonthlyfinancechargeonachargeaccountis %ontheunpaidamountupto$500,
and1%ontheunpaidamountover$500.Whatisthefinancechargeonanunpaidamountof$750?
(A)$22.50
(B)$1
(C)$10
(D)$100
13.Simplify:1–[5+(3–2)].
(A)–3
(B)–5
(C)6
(D)0
14.Simplify:–3–[–2+(5–6)–3].
(A)+3
(B)–1
(C)+1
(D)–3
15.
Thegraphaboveshows
(A)moreitemscostmoremoneytomake.
(B)bymakingmoreitems,theproductioncostperitemislower.
(C)thereisalimittothenumberofitemsthatcanbemade.
(D)noneoftheabove.
16.Baseduponthegraphabove,whatisthecostperitemif300itemsaremanufactured?
(A)$40
(B)$28
(C)$20
(D)>$20
17.Ifthecompanyproducedonly100items,approximatelyhowmuchwouldeachitemcost?
(A)$100
(B)$75
(C)$10
(D)$60
18.Howmanyitemswouldhavetobemanufacturedtobringthecosttobetween$5and$10peritem?
(A)Fewerthan100
(B)1000
(C)2000
(D)Itcannotbedeterminedwiththeinformationgiven.
19.0
(A)2.31
(B)2.52
(C)2.85
(D)
20. =
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)Noneoftheabove
21.6÷0.0006=
(A)0.0036
(B)10,000
(C)60,000
(D)100,000
22.
Thesquareabovehasaside4" long.Theareaoftheshadedportionis
(A) sq.in.
(B)16sq.in.
(C) sq.in.
(D) sq.in.
23.Evaluate: .
(A)102
(B)1000
(C)1
(D)1012
24.Whatisthevalueofx5,ifx=3?
(A)81
(B)243
(C)15
(D)35
25.Theratioofteacherstostudentsinacertainschoolis1:14.Iftherearefourteenteachersintheschool,howmanystudentsarethere?
(A)14
(B)196
(C)206
(D)176
26.Of27peopleinacertaingroup,15aremenand12arewomen.Whatistheratioofmentowomeninsimplestform?
(A)15:12
(B)12:15
(C)5:4
(D)27:12
27.
TheperimeteroffigureAis
(A)19in.
(B)30in.
(C)23sq.in.
(D)19sq.in.
28.TheareaoffigureAis
(A)26sq.in.
(B)19sq.in.
(C)44sq.in.
(D)30sq.in.
29.Thesurfaceareaofabrickwiththedimensions6"×3"×2"is
(A)36sq.in.
(B)72sq.in.
(C)128sq.in.
(D)72in.
30.Theratioofsurfaceareatovolumeofacubehavinganedgeof2inchesis
(A)2:3
(B)1:3
(C)6:1
(D)3:1
31.
Thelengthof inthetriangleaboveis
(A)4.5
(B)3.5
(C)5
(D)4
32.
TwodriversbeginatpointCsimultaneously.OnedrivesfromCtoBtoA.TheotherdrivesdirectlytoAat50mph.HowfastmustthefirstpersondrivetogettoAfirst?
(A)Lessthan50mph
(B)Lessthan60mph
(C)Lessthan70mph
(D)Morethan70mph
33.Ifx=0.25, =
(A)
(B)4
(C)
(D)1
34.
ThemeasureofangleAis
(A)15º
(B)20º
(C)25º
(D)35º
35.AboyMyearsoldhasabrothersixyearsolderandasisterfouryearsyounger.Whatisthecombinedageofthethree?
(A)M+10
(B)3M+2
(C)3M–2
(D)2M–6
36.IfAnumberofpeopleeachmakeLthings,thetotalnumberofthingsmadeis
(A)A÷L
(B)A+L
(C)A–L
(D)AL
37.IfamanrunsMmilesinThours,hisspeedis
(A)M÷T
(B)M+T
(C)M–T
(D)MT
38.HowmanysquareinchesarethereinRrooms,eachhavingSsquarefeet?
(A)RS
(B)144RS
(C)9÷RS
(D)S+R
39.Thedrawingofawheelinabookisdoneat scale.Ifthedrawingis1.8inchesin
diameter,whatisthetruediameterofthewheel?
(A)32"
(B)28.8"
(C)24"
(D)0.1125"
40.Oneofthescalesusedindrawingtopographicmapsis1:24,000.Onascaleofthissort,1inchonthemapwouldequalhowmuchdistanceontheground?
(A)1inch
(B)2000feet
(C)24,000feet
(D)1mile
41.Onablueprint,2inchesrepresent24feet.Howlongmustalinebetorepresent72feet?
(A)36inches
(B)12inches
(C)6inches
(D)4inches
42. =
(A)25
(B)
(C)3000
(D)Noneoftheabove
43.X3•X2=
(A)X6
(B)X5
(C)2X5
(D)2X6
44.EventAoccursevery14minutesandeventBevery12minutes.Iftheybothoccurat1p.m.,whenwillbethenexttimethatbothoccurtogether?
(A)2:12p.m.
(B)1:48p.m.
(C)2:24p.m.
(D)3:48p.m.
45.EventAoccursevery4years,eventBevery11years,andeventCevery33years.Iftheylastoccurredtogetherin1950,whenwilltheynextoccursimultaneously?
(A)3402
(B)1983
(C)2082
(D)6804
46.Ifxisanoddwholenumber,whichofthefollowingalsorepresentsanoddnumber?
(A)2x+1
(B)x–2
(C)4x–3
(D)Alloftheabove
47.Thesumof4hours17minutes,3hours58minutes,45minutes,and7hours12minutesis
(A)15hr.32min.
(B)17hr.32min.
(C)16hr.12min.
(D)14hr.50min.
48.If8lb.12oz.offruitweretobedividedamong8people,howmuchwouldeachreceive?
(A)1lb.1.5oz.
(B)10.5oz.
(C)2.0lbs.
(D)13.5oz.
49.Howmuchfasterdoesarunnerwhofinishesamarathonin2hours12minutes38secondscompletetheracethanarunnerwhofinishesin3hours2minutes24seconds?
(A)48min.56sec.
(B)49min.46sec.
(C)1hr.51min.22sec.
(D)1hr.26min.12sec.
50.Inthenumber6,000,600,000,thereare
(A)6billionsand6hundredthousands.
(B)6millionsand6thousands.
(C)6billionsand6millions.
(D)6millionsand60thousands.
51.
Thegraphaboveshows
(A)xincreasingfasterthany.
(B)yincreasingfasterthanx.
(C)xincreasingasfastasy.
(D)norelationshipbetweenxandy.
52.Whatisthedifferencebetween1,001,000and999,999?
(A)101,001
(B)1999
(C)10,001
(D)1001
53.If3x–6=2,findx.
(A)
(B)8
(C)–
(D)
54.If–3(y+2)=9,findy.
(A)–3
(B)15
(C)–5
(D)3
55.Evaluate–4xy2z3ifx= ,y=–2,andz=1.
(A)–
(B)–16
(C)
(D)
56.WhatisthevalueoftheexpressionA= bh,whenh=2andb= ?
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
57.Simplify:–6–[2–(3a–b)+b]+a.
(A)4–3a+2b
(B)–6+3a+b
(C)–8+4a–2b
(D)–8+3a–b
58.Simplify:–2[–4(2–1)+(3+2)].
(A)18
(B)2
(C)–18
(D)–2
59.5:6as15:
(A)25
(B)16
(C)18
(D)12
60.Theratioofthe6inchesto6feetis
(A)1:6
(B)12:1
(C)1:12
(D)24:1
ANSWERSANDEXPLANATIONS
1.Thecorrectansweris(C).Thereciprocalofafractionisthefraction“turnedupside
down.” isequivalentto .Thereciprocalof is .Choice(D)isadistractor.
Becausexhasaprecisevalueintheproblem,wemustchooseananswerhavingaprecisevalue.
2.Thecorrectansweris(B).Theproductofanynumberanditsreciprocalis1.Therefore,
,andchoice(B)isthecorrectchoice.Evenifyoudidn’tknowthisrule,you
couldhaveexaminedtheanswersandeliminatedbothchoice(A),becausetheproductwasgreaterthan1,andchoice(D),becausetheproductwaslessthan1.
3.Thecorrectansweris(A).Thisproblemlooksmuchharderthanitreallyis.Thenumeratorofthiscomplexfractionisthesameasthedenominator.Whennumeratoranddenominatorareequivalent,thefractionisequalto1.Choice(A)isthecorrectanswer.
4.Thecorrectansweris(D).Thisisacomplexfractionrequiringallofyourskillsinworkingwithfractions.Toestimatethecorrectanswer,notethatthenumeratorisslightly
largerthan ,andthedenominatorisequivalentto ,or .
Therefore,anumberslightlylargerthan1dividedby isslightlylargerthan16.The
closestanswerischoice(D), ,whichisequivalentto .Tosolvetheproblemby
calculation,simplifythenumeratoranddenominator,andthendivide.
5.Thecorrectansweris(B).Thisisaprobleminwhichyoumustsubstitutethevaluesgivenintotheformula.Onceyoudothat,itisasimpleproblem.
Therefore,(B)isthecorrectanswer.Theotheranswerswouldhaveresultedifyouhadforgottentomultiplyoneofthenumbersinthenumerator.Choice(D)mighthavebeenchosenbysomeonewhodidn’tknowwhattodobutthoughtthemostdifficult-lookinganswerwouldbethebest.
6.Thecorrectansweris(A).Thesumoftheanglesofatriangleisalways180º.Thecorrectanswer,therefore,is(A),because45º+75º+60º=180º.Choices(B),(C),and(D)givesumslargerorsmallerthan180ºwhenaddedto45ºand75º.
7.Thecorrectansweris(C.)Notethatthebaseofthetriangleisthesameasthediameterofthecircle.Because ABCisisosceles,itsaltitudeisthesamelengthastheradiusofthecircle.Usetheformulafortheareaofatriangle,andsubstitutethecorrectvalues:
=25cm2
Thecorrectanswer,then,ischoice(C).Choice(A)istheareaofthecircle.
8.Thecorrectansweris(D).Thesemeasurementsdescribealargerectangularroom30feethigh.UsetheformulaV=l•w•htofindthevolume:
V=75feet•50feet•30feet
=112,500cubicfeet
Choices(B)and(C)usethewrongunits.Volumeisalwaysmeasuredincubicunits.
9.Thecorrectansweris(A).Astoremarkupof100%wouldexactlydoubletheprice.An80%markupalmostdoublestheprice.The$14jeansarepricedatalmostdoubletheircosttothestore.Byestimation,thebestanswerischoice(A).Tofigureprecisely,rememberthatan80%markupistheequivalentofmultiplyingthecostby180%,or1.80.
cost•1.80=14
cost=14÷1.80
cost=$7.78
10.Thecorrectansweris(B).Reducethe$14priceby25%.
25%of$14=$14×0.25=$3.50
$14–$3.50=$10.50(newprice)
Therefore,choice(B)isthecorrectanswer.Choice(A)indicatesareductionofonly25cents.Choice(C)representsareductionto25%oftheoriginalprice,ora75%decreaseinprice.
11.Thecorrectansweris(D).Substitute0.25intotheproblem.
=0.0625+0.5
=0.5625
Thismightbeagoodtimetoreviewthetableofsquaresandsquarerootshere.Choice(A)wouldhaveresultedifyouhadsquared0.25,gotten0.625,andaddeditto0.5.(0.25)2=0.0625.Choice(B)wouldhaveresultedifyouhadsquared0.25correctlybutthoughtthesquarerootof0.25was0.05.Choice(C)wouldhaveresultedifyouhadmadeerrorsinbothsteps.
12.Thecorrectansweris(C).Thefinancechargewillbethesumof %of$500,plus1%
of$250.Youcanwritethisasfollows:
(0.015•500)+(0.01•250)=$7.50+$2.50=$10
Youcanestimatetheanswerifyourememberthatpercentmeans“hundredthsof.”Onehundredthof$500is$5.00;onehundredthof$250is$2.50.Theonlyanswernearthissumischoice(C).Choices(B)and(D)wouldhaveresultedifyouhadmisplacedadecimalpoint.
13.Thecorrectansweris(B).Beginremovingtheinnermostgroupingsymbols,rewritingeachtimeasetofsymbolsisremoved:
Step1:1–[5+(3–2)]
Step2:1–[5+1]
Step3:1–[6]
Step4:1–6=–5
Aminussigninfrontofabracketorparenthesisreversesthesignofthenumberinside.Apositivesigndoesnot.
14.Thecorrectansweris(A).
Step1:–3–[–2+(5–6)–3]
Step2:–3–[–2+(–1)–3]
Step3:–3–[–2–1–3]
Step4:–3–[–6]
Step5:–3+6=+3
Aminussigninfrontofabracketorparenthesisreversesthesignofthenumberinside.A
positivesigndoesnot.
15.Thecorrectansweris(B).Eachpointonthelinehasacoordinateonthehorizontalaxisandoneontheverticalaxis.Thecoordinatesofpointslocatedatthelowerrightpartofthegrapharelowcostperitemandlargenumbersofitemsmanufactured.Therefore,interpretthisgraphtomeanthatwherelargernumbersofitemsaremanufactured,thecostperitemislower.
16.Thecorrectansweris(B).Find300onthehorizontalaxis.Drawaverticallineupwarduntilyoutouchtheline.Movehorizontallyfromthispointonthelinetotheverticalaxis.Notethatyoutouchtheverticalaxisatapointroughlyequivalentto$28.Wesuggestyouuseastraightedgetosketchyourline.
17.Thecorrectansweris(B).Find100onthehorizontalaxisandfollowthesameprocedureasabove.Thecoordinateontheverticalaxisisapproximately$75.
18.Thecorrectansweris(D).Findtheapproximatelocationof$5–$10ontheverticalaxis.Trytofollowahorizontalpathacrossuntilyouhitthelineofthegraph.Notethatyourpathdoesnotintersecttheline.Therefore,thegraphdoesnotpredicttheinformationaskedfor.
19.Thecorrectansweris(C).Byfar,theeasiestwaytosolvethisproblemistochangethefractionstodecimals:0.6+1.5+0.75=2.85.Ifyouweretoconverttofractions,the
correctanswerwouldbe .
20.Thecorrectansweris(A).Becarefultousethecorrectprocess.Firstusemultiplication,division,addition,andfinallysubtraction.
21.Thecorrectansweris(B).Becarefulincountingplacesandinpositioningthedecimalpoint.
22.Thecorrectansweris(C).Theareaoftheshadedportionisequaltotheareaofthesquare,lesstheareaofthecircle.Thelengthofthesideofthesquareisequaltothe
diameterofthecircle.Therefore,using forpi:(4"×4")–(π22)=16sq.in.– sq.
in.= sq.in.Ifyouansweredchoice(D), ,checkyourskillsinsubtractingfractions
fromwholenumbers.
23.Thecorrectansweris(C).Thelongwaytosolvethisproblemistomultiplyboththenumeratoranddenominatorout,andthendivide.Ifyounoticethat1004canalsobewritten
as108,theanswerisobviouslychoice(C).
1004=(102)4=102•102•102•102=108
24.Thecorrectansweris(B).Substitute3forx.Theproblem,then,istocompute35.
35=3•3•3•3•3
=243
Choice(C)wouldhaveresultedifyouhadmultiplied5×3,insteadof3timesitself5times.
25.Thecorrectansweris(B).Foreachteacher,thereare14students.Becausethereare14teachers,theremustbe14×14,or196,students.
26.Thecorrectansweris(C).Theratioofmentowomenis15:12,butthisratiomustbeexpressedinsimplestform.Because15and12have3asacommonfactor,theratioexpressedcorrectlyis5:4.Choice(C)isthecorrectchoice.
27.Thecorrectansweris(B).Tofindtheperimeter,weaddupthedimensionsofallofthesides.Notethattherearesomepartsthathavenotbeenassignedmeasurements,sowehavetoinferthattheyarethesameasthosecorrespondingpartswhosemeasurementshavebeendesignated.Beginningatthebottomandmovingclockwise,thedimensionsare:
5"+7"+1"+3"+3"+3"+1"+7"
Theseequal30inches.Ifyouchosechoices(A),(D),or(C),youfailedtoaddupallofthesegments.
28.Thecorrectansweris(A).Theareaismosteasilyfoundbymultiplyingthelengthofthefigurebyitswidth,andthensubtractingtheareaofthesmall3"×3"square.
(7"×5")–(3"×3")=Area
35sq.in.–9sq.in.=26sq.in.
Shapessuchasthisareoftenusedforirregularpiecesofcarpetingorcovering.
29.Thecorrectansweris(B).Thesurfaceofarectangularsolidsuchasabrickisfoundbycalculatingtheareaofeachfaceofthebrickandfindingthesumoftheareasofthefaces.Thebrickhassixfaces:
Twofaces6"×3";Total36sq.in.
Twofaces6"2";Total24sq.in.
Twofaces3"×2";Total12sq.in.
Total72sq.in.
Choice(D)iswrongbecauseitisnotwritteninsquareunits.
30.Thecorrectansweris(D).Calculatethesurfaceareaofthecube.Ithassixfaces,each2"×2".Itssurfacearea,then,is6×4sq.in.,or24sq.in.Itsvolumeisfoundbymultiplyingitslength×width×height,or2"×2"×2"=8cu.in.Theratioofsurfaceareatovolumeis24:8,or3:1.
31.Thecorrectansweris(C).ThePythagoreanTheoremisusedtofindthelengthofthesidesofrighttriangles.Thesquareofthelengthofthelongestside(thehypotenuse)isequaltothesumofthesquaresoftheothertwosides.Onceweknowthesquareofthelengthofthelongestside,itiseasytofindthelength.
(AC)2=(AB)2+(BC)2
(AC)2=32+42
(AC)2=25
(AC)= =5
32.Thecorrectansweris(D).Thisisatwo-stepproblem.First,findthelengthofthehypotenuse,soyouknowhowfartheotherpersonisdriving.
(AC)2=(AB)2+(BC)2
=(40)2+(30)2
=1600+900
(AC)= =50miles
ThepersondrivingfromCtoAmustdrive50milesat50mph.Heorshewillgettherein1hour.Theothermustdrive70miles.Togettherefirst,heorshemustdrivefasterthan70milesperhour.
33.Thecorrectansweris(B).Thisisasimpledivisionproblem.Divide1.0by0.25.Hereis
anotherwaytosolvethisproblem.Since0.25= ,thereciprocalof is4.
34.Thecorrectansweris(C).Astraightlinerepresentsa“straightangle”of180º.Anangleof60ºisgiven,so Cmustbe120ºtocompletetheline.Alltheanglesinatriangleaddedtogetherequal180º,therefore:
35.Thecorrectansweris(B).Theboy’sageisMyears.HisolderbrotherisM+6yearsold,andhisyoungersisterisM–4yearsold.Addingthethreeagestogether,
M+(M+6)+(M–4)=3M+2
36.Thecorrectansweris(D).Thisisaliteralproblemrequiringyouto“thinkwithoutnumbers.”Creatingmentalpicturesmayhelpyousolvethistypeofproblem.IfeachpersoninagroupmakesLnumberofthings,thegroup’soutputwillbetheproductofthenumberofpeopleinthegroupandthenumberofthingseachmakes.Choice(D)representstheproductandisthecorrectchoice.
37.Thecorrectansweris(A).Thisproblemasksyoutofindspeedorrate.Speedorrateisfoundbydividingthedistancetraveledbythetimerequired.Thechoiceinwhichdistanceisdividedbytimeischoice(A).
38.Thecorrectansweris(B).RroomseachwithSsquarefeetcontainatotalofRSsquarefeet.Becausethereare144squareinchesineachsquarefoot,theroomscontain144RSsquareinches.
39.Thecorrectansweris(B).Ifthedrawingisat scale,itmeansthatthedrawingis
thesizeoftheactualwheel.Therefore,multiplythesizeofthedrawingby16.
1.8×16=28.8inches.
40.Thecorrectansweris(B).Ascaleof1:24,000meansthat1inchonthemapequals24,000inchesontheground.24,000inchesequal2000feet.
41.Thecorrectansweris(C).If2inchesequal24feet,1inchequals12feet.Alinerepresenting72feet,therefore,mustbe6incheslong(72÷12=6).
42.Thecorrectansweris(A).Inthisproblem,thebasesarethesame,soyoumustsubtracttheexponentofthedivisorfromthatofthedividendtofindtheanswer:
55÷53=55–3=52=25
Therefore,choice(A)isthecorrectanswer.Notethatthebasesmustbeidenticalandtheexponentsmustbesubtracted.Youcancheckthisanswerbymultiplyingeachnumberout
anddividing.
43.Thecorrectansweris(B).Whenmultiplying,ifthebasesareidentical,addtheexponents:
X3•X2=X5
Notethatbecausewearemultiplying,thecoefficientremains1.
44.Thecorrectansweris(C).Thisproblemrequirestwosteps.First,findthesmallestnumberdivisibleby14and12(theleastcommonmultiple,orLCM).Secondly,addthatnumberto1andconverttotimeofday.TheLCMof14and12is84.Botheventswilloccursimultaneously84minutespast1:00or2:24p.m.
45.Thecorrectansweris(C).Here,threeeventsoccurperiodically,sowemustfindtheLCMof4,11,and33,andaddthatnumberto1950.Thatyearwillbethenextcommonoccurrence.TheLCMof4,11,and33is132.1950+132=2082.Therefore,choice(C)iscorrect.
46.Thecorrectansweris(D).Inthewholenumbersystem,everyothernumberisodd,andeveryotheriseven.Ifxisodd,x+1iseven,x+2isodd,x+3iseven,andsoforth.Also,ifxisodd,x–1iseven,x–2isodd,andx–3iseven.Ifanevenoroddnumberisdoubled,theoutcomeiseven.Therefore,ifxisodd,2x+1isodd,x–2isodd,and4x–3isodd.
47.Thecorrectansweris(C).Arrangetheperiodsoftimeincolumnsandaddasyouwouldaddwholenumbers:
4hr.17min.
3hr.58min.
45min.
+7hr.12min.
14hr.132min.
Weknowthereare60minutesineachhour.Therefore,132minutesequals2hours12minutes.Thecorrectanswerforthisadditionis16hours12minutes,orchoice(C).Whenworkingwithunitsthatmeasuretime,volume,andlength,itisusuallybesttorepresenttheanswerusingasmanylargerunitsaspossible.That’swhy16hours12minutesispreferableto14hours132minutesasananswer.
48.Thecorrectansweris(A).Youdonothavetocalculatethisanswer.If8peopleare
sharingequallyof8poundsandsomeouncesoffruit,eachpersonwouldreceive1poundandafewounces.
49.Thecorrectansweris(B).Thisisasubtractionproblem.Youmustfindthedifferencebetweenthelengthsoftimerequiredtofinishtherace.Aswithotherproblemsinvolvingunitsofmeasurement,youmustworkcarefully.
3hr.2min.24sec.
–2hr.12min.38sec.
Because38secondsislargerthan24secondsand12minutesislargerthan2minutes,borrowfromtheminutecolumnandthehourcolumnandrewritetheproblemasfollows:
2hr.61min.84sec.
–2hr.12min.38sec.
0hr.49min.46sec.
50.Thecorrectansweris(A).Thefirst6isinthebillionsplace;thesecond,inthehundredthousandsplace.Ifyouhadtroublewiththisproblem,reviewthesectionsonhowtoreadnumbersanddetermineplacevaluesinyourmathtextbook.
51.Thecorrectansweris(C).Thisgraphcontainsalinethathaspointswithcoordinates(1,1),(2,2),(3,3),and(4,4).Fromonepointtoanotherthevalueofthex-coordinatechangesjustasmuchasthevalueofthey-coordinate.Therefore,choice(C)isthecorrectanswer.Thislineisata45ºanglefromthex-axisandwillbecreatedwheneverthex-andy-coordinatesareequal.
52.Thecorrectansweris(D).Thisisasimplesubtractionproblemdesignedtotesthowcarefullyyoucansubtract.Itispossibletocalculatethecorrectanswerwithoutpencilandpaper.999,999isonly1lessthanamillion,and1,001,000is1000greaterthanamillion.Thedifference,then,is1000+1,or1001.Or,youmayfiguretheprobleminthefollowingway:
1001000
–999999
1001
53.Thecorrectansweris(A).Thisequationcanbesolvedintwosteps:
Step1:Move–6totherightsideandchangethesign.
3x=2+6
3x=8
Step2:Dividebythecoefficientofthevariable.
54.Thecorrectansweris(C).
Step1:First,removethegroupingparentheses:
–3(y+2)=9
–3y–6=9
Step2:Thenmove–6totherightside,changeitssign,andcombine:
–3y=9+6
–3y=15
Step3:Dividethroughbythecoefficientofthevariable:
y=–5
55.Thecorrectansweris(A).Tosolvethisproblem,simplypluginthevaluesgivenandmultiply:
Step1:–4xy2z3
Step2:
Step3:
Step4:
56.Thecorrectansweris(B).Hereagain,simplypluginthevaluesandmultiplythefractions:
Step1:
Step2:
Step3:
Ifyouhadtroublewiththesefractions,reviewmultiplicationoffractions.
57.Thecorrectansweris(C).Whensimplifying,beginwiththeinnermostgroupingsymbolsfirst,andworkyourwayoutward:
Step1:–6–[2–(3a–b)+b]+a
Step2:–6–[2–3a+b+b]+a
Step3:–6–[2–3a+2b]+a
Step4:–6–2+3a–2b+a
Step5:–8+4a–2b
58.Thecorrectansweris(D.)Beginwiththeinnermostparenthesesandworkyourwayoutward.Notethataminussigninfrontofagroupingsymbolreversesthesignsofallnumberswithin:
Step1:–2[–4(2–1)+(3+2)]
Step2:–2[–4(1)+(5)]
Step3:–2[–4+5]
Step4:–2[1]=–2
59.Thecorrectansweris(C).Thisproportionasksyoutofindthemissingelement.Aproportionisastatementofequalitybetweentworatios,soweknowthat5bearsthesamerelationshipto15as6doestotheunknownnumber.Because3×5equals15,weknow3×6equalstheunknownnumber.Thenumber,thus,is18.Thecompletedproportionshouldread:5:6as15:18.Proportionsmayalsobewrittenwithasetoftwocolonsreplacingtheword“as.”Inthiscase,theproportionwouldread:5:6::15:18.
60.Thecorrectansweris(C).
Step1:Tofindthecorrectratio,writeitas:
Step2:Rewriteeachquantityininches:
Step3:Simplifytheratio:
SUMMINGITUP
•Ifyou’reintheeighthgrade,youmustknowbasicarithmetic,fundamentaloperationsusingfractionsanddecimals,percents,andverybasicalgebraandgeometry.
•Ifyou’reinthetwelfthgradeseekinganextrayearbeforecollege,youshouldbethoroughlyfamiliarwithcomplexalgebraandgeometry.
•Rememberthatscoringofyourhighschoolentranceexamisbasedonyourgrade.Youdonotneedtoknowwhatyouhavenotyetbeentaught,butyoumusthavemasteredallthemathappropriatetoyourgradelevel.
•Addition,subtraction,multiplication,anddivisionarethebasicoperationsuponwhichthestructureofmathematicsisbased.
•Makesureyounotetheproblemsthatweredifficultforyou,aswellasthosethatwereeasy,andadjustyourstudyplans.
Chapter11
QuantitativeAbility(SSATandISEE)
OVERVIEW
•Whatmakesmultiple-choicematheasier?•Howdoyousolvemultiple-choiceQuantitativeAbilityquestions?•Whatdosmarttest-takersknow?•Testyourselfquizzes•Answerkeys•Summingitup
WHATMAKESMULTIPLE-CHOICEMATHEASIER?Howcanonekindofquantitativeabilityquestionpossiblybeeasierthananother?Well,multiple-choicemathiseasierthanthemathtestsyoutakeinschool.Why?Simple.Becauseit’smultiplechoice,thecorrectanswerisalwaysonthepageinfrontofyou.Soevenifyouareestimating,you’llbeabletonarrowdownthechoicesandimproveyourguessingodds.
Somemultiple-choicequestionsrequirenocalculationatall;thecorrectanswerisbaseduponyourgraspoftheconceptsintroducedbythequestion.Somequestionsarestraightcalculations;othersarepresentedintheformofwordproblems.Someincludegraphs,charts,ortablesthatyouwillbeaskedtointerpret.Allthequestionshaveeitherfour(ISEE)orfive(SSAT)answerchoices.Thesechoicesarearrangedinorderbysizefromsmallesttolargestorfromlargesttosmallest.
HOWDOYOUSOLVEMULTIPLE-CHOICEQUANTITATIVEABILITYQUESTIONS?Althoughitsoundsquiteofficial,QuantitativeAbilityisreallyjustafancywaytosay“math.”
Keepingthatinmind,walkthroughthefollowingstepsandfirmupyourattackplanforhandlingthemathproblemsyou’llfindonyourtest.
FiveStepsforMultiple-ChoiceMath:GettingItRight
Readthequestioncarefullyanddeterminewhat’sbeingasked.Decidewhichmathprinciplesapplyandusethemtosolvetheproblem.Lookforyouransweramongthechoices.Ifit’sthere,markitandgoon.Iftheansweryoufoundisnotthere,recheckthequestionandyourcalculations.Ifyoustillcan’tsolvetheproblem,eliminateobviouslywronganswersandtakeyourbestguess.
Nowlet’stryoutthesethreestepsonacoupleofmultiple-choicemathquestions.
Inthefigureabove,x=
(A)15°
(B)30°
(C)40°
(D)60°
(E)75°TheproblemasksyoutofindthemeasureofoneangleofrighttrianglePQR.Twomathprinciplesapply:(1)thesumofthemeasures,indegrees,oftheanglesofatriangleis180°,and(2)45°-45°-90°righttriangleshavecertainspecialproperties.BecausePQ=PS,trianglePQSisa45°-45°-90°righttriangle.Therefore,anglePQS=45°andanglePQR=45°+15°=60°.Therefore,anglex=180°–90°–60°=30°.Thecorrectansweris(B).Ifxandyarenegativenumbers,whichofthefollowingisnegative?
(A)xy
(B)(xy)2
(C)(x–y)2
(D)x+y
(E)
Theproblemasksyoutopickananswerchoicethatisanegativenumber.Theprinciplesthatapplyarethosegoverningoperationswithsignednumbers.Becausexandyarenegative,bothchoices(A)and(E)mustbepositive.Asforchoices(B)and(C),aslongasneitherxnoryiszero,thoseexpressionsmustbepositive.(Anynumberotherthanzerosquaredgivesapositiveresult.)Choice(D),however,isnegativebecauseitrepresentsthesumoftwonegativenumbers.Byapplyingtherulesgoverningsignednumberstoeachanswerchoice,youcandeterminethatchoices(A),(B),(C),and(E)canonlybepositivenumbers.
Therefore,thecorrectanswermustbechoice(D).Ifyouhavetroubleworkingwithletters,trysubstitutingeasynumbersforxandyineachchoice.
TIPLookforshortcuts.Mathproblemstestyourmathreasoning,notyourabilitytomakeendlesscalculations.Ifyoufindyourselfcalculatingtoomuch,you’veprobablymissedashortcutthatwouldhavemadeyourworkeasier.
WHATDOSMARTTEST-TAKERSKNOW?Someoftheseyou’veheardbefore,somewillbenewtoyou.Whateverthecase,readthem,learnthem,lovethem.Theywillhelpyou.
TheQuestionNumberTellsYouHowHardtheQuestionWillBe
Justasinmostoftheothertestsections,thequestionsgofromeasytohardasyouworktowardtheend.Thefirstthirdofthequestionsareeasy,themiddlethirdareaveragebutharder,andthefinalthirdgetmoreandmoredifficult.Takealookatthesethreeexamples.Don’tsolvethemyet
(you’llbedoingthatinacoupleofminutes),justgetanideaofhowthelevelofdifficultychangesfromQuestion1toQuestion12toQuestion25.
1.Ifx–2=5,thenx=
(A)–10
(B)–3
(C)
(D)3
(E)7
12.Forhowmanyintegersxis–7<2x<–5?
(A)None
(B)One
(C)Two
(D)Three
(E)Indefinitenumber
25.Inasetof5books,notwoofwhichhavethesamenumberofpages,thelongestbookhas150pagesandtheshortestbookhas130pages.Ifxpagesistheaverage(arithmeticmean)ofthenumberofpagesinthe5-bookset,whichofthefollowingbestindicatesallpossiblevaluesofx?
(A)130<x<150
(B)131<x<149
(C)133<x<145
(D)134<x<145
(E)135<x<145
Canyouseethedifference?YoucanprobablydoQuestion1withyoureyesclosed.ForQuestion12,youprobablyhavetoopenyoureyesanddosomecalculationsonscratchpaper.Question25maycauseyoutowincealittleandthengetstartedonsomeheavy-dutythinking.
EasyQuestionsHaveEasyAnswers;DifficultQuestionsDon’t
Duh,butwithanexplanation.Theeasyquestionsarestraightforwardanddon’thaveanyhiddentricks.Theobviousanswerisalmostalwaysthecorrectanswer.SoforQuestion1theanswerisindeedchoice(E).
Whenyouhitthedifficultstuff,youhavetothinkharder.Theinformationisnotstraightforwardandtheanswersaren’tobvious.Youcanbetthatyourfirst-choice,easyanswerwillbewrong.Ifyoudon’tbelieveit,let’stakeacloserlookatthedifficultsolutionforQuestion25.
25.Inasetof5books,notwoofwhichhavethesamenumberofpages,thelongestbookhas150pagesandtheshortestbookhas130pages.Ifxpagesistheaverage(arithmeticmean)ofthenumberofpagesinthe5-bookset,whichofthefollowingbestindicatesallpossiblevaluesofxandonlypossiblevaluesofx?
(A)130<x<150
(B)131<x<149
(C)133<x<145
(D)134<x<145
(E)135<x<145Yes,it’sdifficultmostlybecausetheprocessyouhavetousetofindthesolutionisdifficult.Let’sstartbyeliminatinganswerchoices.Choice(A)isabadguess.Youseethesameinfoasyouseeinthewordproblemsoyoufigureit’sgottoberight.Wrong.Allitdoesissaythattheshortestbookis130pages,thelongestbookis150pages,andtheaverageisbetween130and150.Simpleandwrong.
Choice(B)illustratesthereasoningthat“notwobookshavethesamenumberofpages,sotheaveragemustbeonepagemorethantheshortestbookandonepagelessthanthelongest.”Remember,it’sadifficultquestion,it’salsonotthateasyananswer.
OKthen,let’sskiptothecorrectanswer,whichischoice(E),andfindouthowwegotthere.First,youwanttofindtheminimumvalueforx,soyouassumethattheotherthreebookscontain131,132,and133pages.Sotheaveragewouldbe:
Soxmustbemorethan135.Nowassumethattheotherthreebookscontain149,148,and147pages.Thentheaveragelengthofallfivebookswouldbe:
Thenxwouldbegreaterthan135butlessthan145.
WhenGuessingatHardQuestions,YouCanTossOutEasyAnswers
Nowthatyouknowthedifficultquestionswon’thaveeasyorobviousanswers,useaguessing
strategy.(Useallthehelpyoucanget!)Whenyouhavelessthanaclueaboutadifficultquestion,scantheanswerchoicesandeliminatetheonesthatseemeasyorobvious,suchasanythatjustrestatetheinformationinthequestion.Ditchthoseandthentakeyourbestguess.
QuestionsofAverageDifficultyWon’tHaveTrickAnswers
Let’slookagainatQuestion12:
12.Forhowmanyintegersxis–7<2x<–5?
(A)None
(B)One
(C)Two
(D)Three
(E)IndefinitenumberThisisabitmoredifficultthanQuestion1,butit’sstillprettystraightforward.Thereisonlyoneintegerbetween–7and–5,andthat’s–6.There’salsoonlyonevalueforintegerxsothat2xequals–6,andthatis–3.Getit?2(–3)=–6.So,choice(B)isthecorrectanswer.Trustyourjudgmentandyourreasoning;notrickshere.
It’sSmarttoTestAnswerChoices
Everystandardmultiple-choicemathproblemincludesfour(ISEE)orfive(SSAT)answerchoices.Oneofthemhastobecorrect;theothersarewrong.Thismeansthatit’salwayspossibletosolveaproblembytestingeachoftheanswerchoices.Justplugeachchoiceintotheproblemandsoonerorlateryou’llfindtheonethatworks!Testinganswerchoicescanoftenbeamucheasierandsurerwayofsolvingaproblemthanattemptingalengthycalculation.
WhenTestingChoices,It’sSmarttoStartNeartheMiddle
Remember,theanswerissomewhererightinfrontofyou.Ifyoutestalltheanswerchoices,you’llfindtherightone.However,thesmartplacetostartisalwaysasclosetothemiddleaspossible.Why?Becausethequantitiesinthechoicesarealwaysarrangedinorder,eitherfromsmallesttolargestortheotherwayaround.Ifyoustartatthemiddleandit’stoolarge,you’lljusthavetoconcentrateonthesmallerchoices.There,you’veknockedoffsomechoicesinaheartbeat.Let’sgiveita“test”run,sotospeak....
Ifarectanglehassidesof2xand3xandanareaof24,whatisthevalueofx?
(A)2
(B)3
(C)4
(D)5
(E)6Youknowthatoneoftheseisright.Getstartedbytestingchoice(C),andassumethatx=4.Thenthesideswouldhavelengths2(4)=8and3(4)=12andtherectanglewouldhaveanareaof8×12=96.Because96islargerthan24(theareainthequestion),startworkingwiththesmalleranswerchoices.[Whichmeans,ofcourse,thatyoucanimmediatelyforgetaboutchoices(D)and(E).Great!]Whenyouplug3intothefiguring,youget2(3)=6and3(3)=9and6×9=54;stilltoolarge.Theonlychoiceleftischoice(A),anditworks.
Nowtrythistestingbusinesswithamoredifficultquestion:
Afarmerraiseschickensandcows.Ifheranimalshaveatotalof120headsandatotalof300feet,howmanychickensdoesthefarmerhave?
(A)50chickens
(B)60chickens
(C)70chickens
(D)80chickens
(E)90chickensHeregoes—startingwithchoice(C).Ifthefarmerhas70chickens,shehas50cows.(Youknowthefarmerhas120animals,becausetheyeachhaveonlyonehead,right?)Sonowyou’retalkingabout70×2=140chickenfeetand50×4=200cowfeet,foragrandtotalof340animalfeet.Well,that’smorethanthe300animalfeetinthequestion.Howwillyoulosesomeofthosefeet?First,assumethatthefarmerhasmorechickensandfewercows(cowshavemorefeetthanchickensdo).Givechoice(D)—80—atry.Test80×2=160and40×4=160;yourtotalis320feet,whichiscloserbutnotquiteright.Theonlyanswerleftischoice(E),andthat’sthecorrectone.Checkitout:
90×2=180and30×4=120andthetotalis...300!
It’sEasiertoWorkwithNumbersThanwithLetters
Becausenumbersaremoremeaningfulthanletters,trypluggingthemintoequationsandformulasinplaceofvariables.Thistechniquecanmakeproblemsmucheasiertosolve.Herearesomeexamples:
Ifx–4is2greaterthany,thenx+5ishowmuchgreaterthany?
(A)l
(B)3
(C)7
(D)9
(E)11Chooseanyvalueforx.Let’ssayyoudecidetomakex=4.Allright,4–4=0,and0is2greaterthany.Soy=–2.Ifx=4,thenx+5=4+5=9,andsox+5is11morethany.Therefore,thecorrectanswerischoice(E).
Theunitcostofpensisthesameregardlessofhowmanypensarepurchased.Ifthecostofppensisddollars,whatisthecost,indollars,ofxpens?
(A)xd
(B)xpd
(C)
(D)
(E)
Timetopluginsomerealnumbersbecauseyouneedrealmoneytobuyanything,includingpens.Saythatfourpens(p)cost$2(d),soeachpenwouldcost50cents.Andsaythatyoureallyonlyneedonepen(x),soyou’respendingonly$0.50.Thenp=4,d=2,andx=1,andtherightanswerwouldbe0.5.Now,startusingthesenumberswiththeanswerchoices:
(A)xd=(1)(2)=2(Nope.)
(B)xpd=(1)(4)(2)=8(Nope,again.)
(C) = =0.5(Yes,thereitis.)
(D) = =2(Nope.)
(E) = =8(Nope.)
Ifaquestionasksforanoddintegeroraneveninteger,goaheadandpickanyoddorevenintegeryoulike.
It’sOkaytoWriteinYourTestBooklet,SoUseItforScratchWork
Thetestbookletisyours,sofeelfreetouseitforyourscratchwork.Also,goaheadandmarkupanydiagramswithlengthorangleinformation;ithelps.Butdon’twastetimetryingtoredraw
diagrams;it’sjustnotworthit.
ARealityCheckCanHelpYouEliminateAnswersThatCan’tPossiblyBeRight
Knowingwhetheryourcalculationsshouldproduceanumberthat’slargerorsmallerthanthequantityyoustartedwithcanpointyoutowardtherightanswer.It’salsoaneffectivewayofeliminatingwronganswers.Here’sanexample:
Usinghisbike,Darylcancompleteapaperroutein20minutes.Jennifer,whowalkstheroute,cancompleteitin30minutes.Howlongwillittakethetwokidstocompletetherouteiftheyworktogether,onestartingateachendoftheroute?
(A)8minutes
(B)12minutes
(C)20minutes
(D)30minutes
(E)45minutesImmediatelyyoucanseethatchoices(C),(D),and(E)areimpossiblebecausethetwokidsworkingtogetherwillhavetocompletethejobinlesstimethaneitheroneofthemworkingalone.Infact,thecorrectanswerischoice(B),12minutes.
Multiplyby60toclearfractions:
3x+2x=60
5x=60
x=12
TIPCirclewhat’sasked.Formultiple-choicemathquestions,
circlewhat’sbeingaskedsothatyoudon’tpickawronganswerbymistake.Thatway,forexample,youwon’tpickananswerthatgivesaperimeterwhenthequestionasksforanarea.
YourEyeIsaGoodEstimator
Figuresinthestandardmultiple-choicemathsectionarealwaysdrawntoscaleunlessyouseethewarning“Note:Figurenotdrawntoscale.”Thatmeansyoucansometimessolveaproblemjustbylookingatthepictureandestimatingtheanswer.Here’showthisworks:
IntherectanglePQRSshown,TUandWVareparalleltoSR.IfPS=6,UV=1,andPR(notshown)=10,whatistheareaofrectangleTUVW?
(A)8
(B)12
(C)16
(D)24
(E)32Tosolvetheproblem,youwillneedtofindthelengthofTU.YoucandothisbyusingthePythagoreanTheorem.ThetrianglePSRhassidesof6and10,soSR=8.BecauseTU=SR,TU=8,sotheareaofthesmallrectangleisequalto1×8=8.Asanalternative,youcouldsimplyestimatethelengthofTU.TUappearstobelongerthanPS(6),andTUmustbeshorterthanPR(10).Therefore,TUappearstobeapproximately8.Andtheareamustbeapproximately1×8=8.Isthatsufficientlyaccuratetogettherightanswer?Lookatthechoices.Choice(A)is8,andit’stheonly
choicethatisevencloseto8.
IfSomeQuestionsAlwaysGiveYouTrouble,SaveThemforLast
Youknowwhichlittledemonshauntyourmathskills.Ifyoufindquestionsthatyouknowwillgiveyounightmares,savethemforlast.Theywilltakeupalotofyourtime,especiallyifyou’repanicking,andyoucanusethattimetodomoreoftheeasierquestions.
TESTYOURSELFQUIZZESTakethefollowingquizzestohelpyoudeterminewhatyourweaknessesmightbe.Answerscanbefoundhere.
TestYourself1
Directions:Eachofthefollowingquestionshasfoursuggestedanswers.Decidewhichoneisbest.
1.Inthesimplestform,–11–(–2)is
(A)7
(B)9
(C)–9
(D)–11
2.Findtheaverageof6.47,5.89,3.42,0.65,and7.09.
(A)3.920
(B)4.704
(C)4.705
(D)5.812
3.Change0.03125toacommonfraction.
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
4.Arollofcarpetingwillcover224squarefeetoffloorspace.Howmanyrollswillbeneededtocarpetaroom36'×8'andanother24'×9'?
(A)2.25
(B)2.50
(C)4.25
(D)4.50
5.Afterdeductingadiscountof30%,thepriceofacoatwas$35.Whatwastheregularpriceofthecoat?
(A)$24.50
(B)$42
(C)$50
(D)$116.67
6.Findthesumof–16,14,–38,26,and20.
(A)6
(B)4
(C)0
(D)–6
7.Thenumberofcubicfeetofsoilneededforaflowerbox3feetlong,8incheswide,and1footdeepis
(A)24
(B)12
(C)
(D)2
8.Usingexponents,write359inexpandedform.
(A)(3×102)+(5×10)+9
(B)(32×10)+(52×10)+9
(C)(3×102)+(5×10×32)
(D)(3×103)+(5×10+32)
9.Thescaleofacertainmapis4inches=32miles.Thenumberofinchesthatwouldrepresent80milesis
(A)16
(B)12
(C)10
(D)8
10.15is20%of
(A)3
(B)18
(C)35
(D)75
11.Thebargraphbelowshowsthepopulationofatownduringa30-yearperiod.Bywhatnumberofpeopledidthepopulationdecreasebetween1960and1970?
(A)1000
(B)1500
(C)2500
(D)15,000
12.Whichofthesefractionsisgreaterthan ?
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
13.Ify=x–4,theny–2=
(A)x–6
(B)x+2
(C)x–2
(D)x+6
14. =
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
15.Ifa–b=7andaandbarebothpositiveintegers,whatistheminimumpossiblevalueofa+b?
(A)11
(B)9
(C)8
(D)0
TestYourself2
Directions:Eachofthefollowingquestionshasfoursuggestedanswers.Decidewhichoneisbest.
1.Whatisthesumof and ?
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
2.Astoresoldsuitsfor$65each.Thesuitscostthestore$50each.Whatisthepercentageofincreaseofsellingpriceovercost?
(A)40%
(B) %
(C) %
(D)30%
3.72dividedby0.0009=
(A)0.125
(B)80
(C)800
(D)80,000
4.Whatisthesimpleintereston$460fortwoyearsat %?
(A)$20
(B)$23
(C)$25
(D)$28
5.Ahouseplanusesthescale inch=1foot,and,inthedrawing,thelivingroomis7
incheslong.Ifthescaleischangedto1inch=1foot,whatwillthelengthofthelivingroombeinthenewdrawing?
(A)18inches
(B)28inches
(C)30inches
(D)36inches
6.Duringhissummervacation,aboyearned$14.50perdayandsaved60%ofhisearnings.Ifheworked45days,howmuchdidhesave?
(A)$287.93
(B)$391.50
(C)$402.75
(D)$543.50
7. expressedasapercentis
(A)40.625%
(B)42.188%
(C)43.750%
(D)45.313%
8.Iftheformulafortheareaofacircleisπr2,findtheareaofacirclethathasadiameter8in.long.
(A)50.24sq.in.
(B)100.48sq.in.
(C)102.34sq.in.
(D)200.96sq.in.
9.If8>x>5and3>y>–2,then
(A)x<y
(B)x≤y
(C)x≥y
(D)x>y
10.53×34=
(A)5×3×3×4
(B)5×5×5×3×3×3
(C)5×5×5×3×3×3×3
(D)5×5×5×5×3×3×3
11.Ifa+b=200°,andc+d+e+f=140°,whatisthenumberofdegreesinangleg?
(A)10°
(B)20°
(C)30°
(D)45°
12.Ifasteelbaris0.39feetlong,itslengthininchesis
(A)lessthan4.
(B)between4and4 .
(C)between4 and5.
(D)between5and6.
13.Thegraphbelowshowsthenumberofhoursineach8-hourworkingdaythatMr.Smithspentonthetelephonelastweek.WhatfractionrepresentstheaverageofthepartofthedayMr.Smithspendsonthetelephone?
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
14.Multiply:(10a3)(5a).
(A)14a3
(B)50a4
(C)40a3
(D)15a4
15.TheformulafortheareaofatriangleisA= bh.FindAifb=12andh=10.
(A)22
(B)32
(C)50
(D)60
TestYourself3
Directions:Eachofthefollowingquestionshasfoursuggestedanswers.Decidewhichoneisbest.
1.Findthehypotenuseofarighttriangleifthelegsare6and8.
(A)8
(B)9
(C)10
(D)11
2.Onemanearns$24,000peryear.Anotherearns$1875permonth.Howmuchmoredoesthefirstmanmakeinayearthanthesecondman?
(A)$2500
(B)$2000
(C)$1500
(D)$1000
3.Thesquarerootof53isclosestto
(A)8
(B)7
(C)6.5
(D)6
4.Solveforx:4x–8=16.
(A)4
(B)6
(C)8
(D)10
5.Alibrarycontains60booksonartsandcrafts.Ifthisis0.05%ofthetotalnumberofbooksontheshelves,howmanybooksdoesthelibraryown?
(A)1200
(B)12,000
(C)120,000
(D)1,200,000
6.ThegraphbelowrepresentsMs.Lawson’smonthlybudget.Whatpercentageofhersalarydoesshespendonthingsotherthanhousingcosts?
(A)35%
(B)40%
(C)52%
(D)65%
7.FindthelengthininchesofdiagonalDBintherectanglebelow:
(A)5
(B)7
(C)9
(D)11
8.Awomanborrowed$5000andagreedtopay %simpleinterest.Ifsherepaidthe
loanin6months,howmuchinterestwouldshepay?
(A)$287.50
(B)$575
(C)$2875
(D)$5750
9.Solveforx:2x2–6=44.
(A)±4
(B)±5
(C)±12.5
(D)±25
10.Atanannualrateof$0.40per$100,whatistheannualfireinsurancepremiumforahousethatisinsuredfor$80,000?
(A)$3.20
(B)$32
(C)$320
(D)$3200
11.Simplify: .
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
12.Whichofthefollowingistrue?
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
13.Findthemissingtermintheproportionx:5=24:30.
(A)3
(B)4
(C)6
(D)8
14.Adistanceof25milesisrepresentedonamapby inches.Onthemap,howmany
milesarerepresentedby1inch?
(A)6
(B)8
(C)10
(D)12
15.Iftheschooltaxrateinacommunityis$33.50per$1000ofassessedvaluation,findtheamountoftaxonpropertyassessedat$50,000.
(A)$167.50
(B)$420.02
(C)$1675.00
(D)$4200.02
TestYourself4
Directions:Eachofthefollowingquestionshasfoursuggestedanswers.Decidewhichoneisbest.
1.Ajuniorhighschoolestablishedaschoolsavingsaccount,andtheeighthgradesaved$990.Ifthiswas45%ofthetotalamountsavedbytheschool,findthetotalamount.
(A)$220
(B)$1210
(C)$2100
(D)$2200
2.Ateamwon25gamesandlost8.Whatistheratioofthenumberofgameswontothenumberofgamesplayed?
(A)33:25
(B)25:33
(C)58:25
(D)25:58
3.Acircularflowergardenhasadiameterof21feet.Howmanyfeetoffencingwillberequiredtoenclosethisgarden?
(A)72
(B)66
(C)60
(D)
4.Solveforx:7x–4=115.
(A)17
(B)19
(C)21
(D)22
5.Thebestapproximateanswerfor1.2507623×72.964896is
(A)100
(B)90
(C)70
(D)9
6.
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
7.Theareaofarectangularroomis1000squarefeet.Ifthewidthoftheroomis25feet,whatisthelengthoftheroom?
(A)30feet
(B)35feet
(C)40feet
(D)45feet
8.Whatwillanorderfor345machineboltsat$4.15perhundredcost?
(A)$0.1432
(B)$1.14
(C)$14.32
(D)$143.20
9.Onthefirstdayofitsdrive,ajuniorhighschoolraised$40,whichwas %ofits
quota.Howmuchwasthequota?
(A)$120
(B)$100
(C)$80
(D)$68
10.Accordingtothe1950census,14,830,192peoplewerethenlivinginthestateofNewYork.Roundthisnumberofftothenearestthousand.
(A)14,000
(B)148,300
(C)1,483,000
(D)14,830,000
11.Simplify:x–[8–(x–2)].
(A)–10
(B)2x–10
(C)2x+10
(D)2x–6
12.Sharonmadeacirclegraphanddrewanangleof45ºtoshowthenumberofpupilsinhergradewhohadearnedanAinmathematics.WhatpercentofhergradeearnedanA?
(A)10%
(B)12 %
(C)16 %
(D)20%
QUESTIONS13–15REFERTOTHEGRAPHBELOW.
13.Thenumberofpupilshavingthehighestintelligencequotient(I.Q.)isabout
(A)5
(B)20
(C)145
(D)160
14.ThenumberofpupilshavinganI.Q.of80isidenticalwiththenumberofpupilshavinganI.Q.of
(A)68
(B)100
(C)110
(D)128
15.Theintelligencequotientthathasthegreatestfrequencyis
(A)95
(B)100
(C)105
(D)160
TestYourself5
Directions:Eachofthefollowingquestionshasfoursuggestedanswers.Decidewhichoneisbest.
1.Yourollafair,six-sideddietwice.Whatistheprobabilitythatthediewilllandwiththesamesidefacingupbothtimes?
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
2.Theareaoftheshadedportionoftherectanglebelowis
(A)90sq.in.
(B)54sq.in.
(C)45sq.in.
(D)36sq.in.
3.Theratioof16:36is
(A)3:5
(B)3:21
(C)4:8
(D)4:9
4.595writteninexpandedformwithexponentsis
(A)(5×10)+(9×10)+(5×1)
(B)(5×102)+(9×10)+5
(C)(5×102)+(9×10)+(5×5)
(D)(5×102)+(3×10)+5
5.Janesaved$5bybuyingajacketatasalewherea25%discountwasgiven.Whatwastheoriginalpriceofthejacket?
(A)$14
(B)$16
(C)$18
(D)$20
6.Howmanysquareyardsarethereintheareaofarugthatis15feetlongand12feetwide?
(A)18
(B)20
(C)22
(D)24
7.Solveforx:3x2+15=90.
(A)±75
(B)±60
(C)±25
(D)±5
8.Ascaledrawingofabirdis theactualsize.Ifthedrawingis incheshigh,findin
inchestheheightoftherealbird.
(A)2
(B)4
(C)6
(D)8
9.Findthesumof–8,17,29,–12,–3,and5.
(A)–18
(B)28
(C)29
(D)33
10.Ifamanwalks milein5minutes,whatishisaveragerateofwalkinginmilesperhour?
(A)4
(B)
(C)
(D)
11.Solveforx: .
(A)18
(B)20
(C)22
(D)24
12.Onamap,1inchrepresents500miles.Howmanymilesapartaretwoplacesthatare
inchesapartonthemap?
(A)750
(B)1000
(C)1250
(D)1500
13.(6×103)+(8×102)+(7×10)+3isequalto
(A)6873
(B)60,873
(C)68,730
(D)600,873
14.Asalesmanreceivedasalaryof$150aweekplus5%commissiononhistotalweeklysales.Duringoneweekhistotalsalesamountedto$1800.Howmuchdidheearnthatweek?
(A)$90
(B)$240
(C)$330
(D)$340
15.Ifacaraverages18milestoagallonofgasoline,howmanygallonsofgasolinewillbeusedonatripof369miles?
(A)18
(B)
(C)
(D)22
TestYourself6
Directions:Eachofthefollowingquestionshasfivesuggestedanswers.Decidewhichoneisbest.
1.Aboy’squarterlytestmarkswere67,74,86,and89.Whatwastheaverageofhistestmarks?
(A)75
(B)79
(C)81
(D)84
(E)85
2.Whatfractionisequalto2.5%?
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)
3.Tothenearesttenth,findthesquarerootof48.
(A)5.9
(B)6.5
(C)6.9
(D)7.2
(E)7.3
4.Solveforx: .
(A)
(B)2
(C)
(D)3
(E)
5.Simplify:
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)
6.Usingascaleof inch=1foot,whatlengthlinewouldbeneededtorepresent23feet?
(A)
(B)
(C)3
(D)
(E)
7.Whichofthesefractionsisequalto ?
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)
8.Theformulaforfindingtheareaofatriangleis .Findtheareaofthetriangle
below:
(A)3sq.in.
(B) sq.in.
(C) sq.in.
(D)1sq.in.
(E) sq.in.
9.Solveforx: =27.
(A)272
(B)243
(C)181
(D)81
(E)3
10.Asalespersongetsacommissionof4%onhersales.Ifshewantshercommissiontoamountto$40,shewillhavetosellmerchandisetotaling
(A)$10
(B)$100
(C)$160
(D)$1000
(E)$10,000
11.UsingtheformulaA=πr2,findtheareaofacirclewhosediameteris14feet.
(A)154sq.ft.
(B)256sq.ft.
(C)286sq.ft.
(D)544sq.ft.
(E)615.4sq.ft.
12.UsingtheformulaV=lwh,findthevolumeofarectangularsolidwhosedimensionsarel=46ft.,w=38ft.,h=40ft.
(A)89,176cu.ft.
(B)79,507cu.ft.
(C)75,380cu.ft.
(D)69,920cu.ft.
(E)7538cu.ft.
13.Whatisthestandingofaseventh-gradebaseballteamthatwontengamesandlostfivegames?
(A)0.667
(B)0.500
(C)0.333
(D)0.250
(E)0.200
14.Ifx=10,whichofthefollowingstatementsistrue?
(A)x2<2x
(B)x2=15x–50
(C)3x>x3
(D)x3=x2+2x
(E)x3<x2+x2
15.921writteninexpandedexponentialformis
(A)(9×102)+(2×10)+21
(B)(9×100)+(2×10)+1
(C)(9×l02)+(2×10)+1
(D)(9×103)+(2×102)+1
(E)(9×103)+(2×10)+1
TestYourself7
Directions:Eachofthefollowingquestionshasfivesuggestedanswers.Decidewhichoneisbest.
1.HowmanydegreesareinangleAofthetrianglebelow?
(A)60º
(B)70º
(C)80º
(D)90º
(E)100º
2.Whatisthecostofnineouncesofcheeseat$0.80perpound?
(A)$0.36
(B)$0.45
(C)$0.48
(D)$0.52
(E)$0.55
3.Amanborrowed$3600foronemonthatanannualrateof5%.Howmuchinterestdidheowe?
(A)$5
(B)$7.50
(C)$12.50
(D)$15
(E)$30
4.Onepieceofwireis25ft.8in.longandanotheris18ft.10in.long.Whatisthedifferenceinlength?
(A)6ft.l0in.
(B)6ft.11in.
(C)7ft.2in.
(D)7ft.4in.
(E)7ft.5in.
5.Theratioof24to64is
(A)8:3
(B)24:100
(C)3:8
(D)64:100
(E)8:12
6.Expressalgebraicallytheperimeterofthefigurebelow:
(A)3x
(B)5x
(C)7x
(D)9x
(E)24x
7.Ifthreetimesacertainnumber,increasedby4,isequalto19,whatisthenumber?
(A)10
(B)8
(C)7
(D)6
(E)5
Questions8–10refertothefollowinggraph.
8.Whatwastheapproximatetemperatureat3:30p.m.?
(A)26°
(B)27°
(C)28°
(D)29°
(E)30°
9.Whatwasthepercentofdecreaseintemperaturebetween2and5p.m.?
(A)50%
(B)45%
(C)38%
(D)25%
(E)20%
10.Theratiooftherateoftemperaturedecreasebetween1and3p.m.and4and7p.m.is
(A)2:3
(B)3:4
(C)1:4
(D)1:2
(E)3:5
11.Ifaboxof24candybarsisboughtfor$0.80,andthebarsaresoldfor$0.05each,whatis
thepercentofprofitonthecost?
(A)25%
(B)30%
(C)45%
(D)50%
(E)75%
12.Findthelengthofthediagonalintherectanglebelow:
(A)12"
(B)13"
(C)16"
(D)17"
(E)20"
13.Multiply:(–8)(+6).
(A)–2
(B)–14
(C)–48
(D)+24
(E)+48
14.Ifx>9,then
(A)x2>80
(B)x2–2=47
(C)x2<65
(D)x2–2>90
(E)x2+x<90
15.Divide by .
(A)
(B)1
(C)
(D)
(E)0
TestYourself8
Directions:Eachofthefollowingquestionshasfivesuggestedanswers.Decidewhichoneisbest.
1.Ifthescaleonamapindicatesthat inchesequal500miles,5inchesonthatmap
representapproximately
(A)1800miles.
(B)1700miles.
(C)1300miles.
(D)700miles.
(E)350miles.
2.Change0.03125toacommonfraction.
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)
3.Solveforx:2x2–5=93.
(A)±7
(B)±9
(C)±12
(D)±36
(E)±49
4.Findtheareaoftheshadedportionofthefigurebelow:
(A)18.50sq.in.
(B)23.98sq.in.
(C)25.72sq.in.
(D)28.86sq.in.
(E)32.24sq.in.
5.Whatisthesimpleinterestonaloanof$20,000takenforfiveyearsat12%interest?
(A)$240
(B)$1200
(C)$2400
(D)$6000
(E)$12,000
6.Whatisthesumof(103+2)+(3×102)?
(A)13,002
(B)3102
(C)1302
(D)312
(E)132
7.Awomanwhosesalaryis$225perweekhas12%deductedfortaxesand5%deductedforSocialSecurity.Whatishertake-homesalary?
(A)$213.75
(B)$198
(C)$186.75
(D)$112.80
(E)$39.25
8.Findthevolumeofacubewhosesidemeasures5yds.
(A)25cu.yd.
(B)100cu.yd.
(C)125cu.yd.
(D)225cu.yd.
(E)625cu.yd.
9.42÷0.06=
(A)0.07
(B)0.7
(C)7
(D)70
(E)700
10.Solveforx:x–62=–18.
(A)124
(B)80
(C)44
(D)–44
(E)–80
11.Onamathematicstest, %ofaclassreceivedmarksofD, %receivedCs,25%
receivedmarksofB,andtheremainderreceivedAs.WhatpercentoftheclassreceivedamarkofA?
(A)20%
(B)25%
(C)28%
(D)30%
(E) %
12.Thescaleonablueprintis =1'.Aroomwhoseactualdimensionsare28'by14'
wouldbewhatsizeinthedrawing?
(A)14"×7"
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)
13.(2×104+1)–(103+9)=
(A)18,992
(B)16,540
(C)1892
(D)1654
(E)992
14.Findtheapproximateareaofacirclewhoseradiusis21in.
(A)138sq.in.
(B)795sq.in.
(C)989sq.in.
(D)1385sq.in.
(E)3725sq.in.
15.Ifx=3.5,then
(A)x2<10
(B)4x+6=18
(C)x3–5<4
(D)x2+x2=15.75
(E)x3+x<50
TestYourself9
Directions:Eachofthefollowingquestionshasfivesuggestedanswers.Decidewhichoneisbest.
1.Onemanearns$21,000peryear.Anothermanearns$1675permonth.Howmuchmoredoesthefirstmanearninayearthanthesecondman?
(A)$19
(B)$90
(C)$190
(D)$900
(E)$1900
2.Solveforx:2x2–2=30.
(A)±2
(B)±4
(C)±5
(D)±16
(E)±32
3.Bypurchasinghercoatonsale,Jansaved$25,asavingsof %.Whatwasthe
originalpriceofthecoat?
(A)$120
(B)$100
(C)$90
(D)$75
(E)$60
4.Findthevolumeofacubewhoseedgeis4incheslong.
(A)32cu.in.
(B)48cu.in.
(C)64cu.in.
(D)84cu.in.
(E)96cu.in.
5.Whichofthefollowinghasthesamevalueas0.5%?
(A) %
(B) %
(C) %
(D) %
(E) %
6.Onamap, inchesrepresent25miles.Howmanymilesapartaretwoplacesthatare
inchesapartonthemap?
(A)50miles
(B)55.5miles
(C)60miles
(D)62.5miles
(E)67.5miles
7.Findthesumof–11,–22,60,2,and–36.
(A)–131
(B)–7
(C)0
(D)7
(E)131
8.Acertaindepartmentstorearrivesatitsretailpricesbyaddinga150%mark-uptowholesaleprices.Ifadresscostthestore$30wholesale,whatwillitsretailpricebe?
(A)$75
(B)$70
(C)$65
(D)$60
(E)$45
9.Findthedifferencebetween(34+4)and(43+1).
(A)21
(B)20
(C)18
(D)14
(E)3
10.Solveforx: =7.5.
(A)78
(B)80
(C)84
(D)90
(E)102
11.Awomanboughtgroceriestotaling$22.73andgavetheclerkthreeten-dollarbillsandthreepennies.Howmuchchangedidshereceive?
(A)$8.30
(B)$8.20
(C)$7.30
(D)$7.27
(E)$7.20
12.Findthetotalsurfaceareaforarectangularsolidwiththesedimensions:l=8",w=4",h=8".
(A)64sq.in.
(B)128sq.in.
(C)256sq.in.
(D)320sq.in.
(E)512sq.in.
13.Awomanboughtalampfor$16.75.Shereturneditthenextdayandchosealampthatcost$18.95.Shegavetheclerkafive-dollarbilltopaythedifferenceinprice.Howmuchchangedidsheget?
(A)$2.10
(B)$2.30
(C)$2.40
(D)$2.60
(E)$2.80
14.Aboysold$60worthofmagazinesubscriptions,forwhichhewaspaid$18.Whatrateofcommissionwashepaid?
(A)20%
(B)30%
(C)40%
(D)50%
(E)60%
15.Whichconsecutiveintegersforxandywouldmake true?
(A)100and101
(B)40and50
(C)27and33
(D)14and15
(E)10and11
TestYourself10
Directions:Eachofthefollowingquestionshasfivesuggestedanswers.Decidewhichoneisbest.
1.Lastyeartheenrollmentinakindergartenwas150pupils.Thisyeartheenrollmentis180pupils.Whatwasthepercentoftheincreaseinenrollment?
(A)10%
(B)15%
(C)20%
(D)25%
(E)30%
2.Thedimensionsofaroomare:l=15feet,w=12feet,andh=8feet.Howmanysquarefeetofwallpaperwillberequiredtocoverthewallsofthisroom?
(A)192sq.ft.
(B)216sq.ft.
(C)240sq.ft.
(D)432sq.ft.
(E)648sq.ft.
3.Ifa=8andb=3,findthevalueof4a+3b2.
(A)39
(B)41
(C)59
(D)66
(E)70
4.Modeltrainsarebuiltonascaleof1inch=1foot.Ifaparticularmodeltrainis3feet7incheslong,howmanyyardslongwouldtheactualtrainbe?
(A)14.3
(B)28
(C)36
(D)43.5
(E)57.75
5.Arecipecallsfor1 cupsofsugar.Itisnecessarytomakeeighttimestherecipefora
churchsupper.If2cupsofsugarequal1pound,howmanypoundsofsugarwillbeneededtomaketherecipeforthesupper?
(A)4
(B)6
(C)8
(D)10
(E)12
6.Thetaxrate,indecimalform,foracertaincommunitywas0.029oftheassessedvaluation.Expressthistaxrateindollarsper$1000oftheassessedvaluation.
(A)$25per$1000
(B)$29per$1000
(C)$32per$1000
(D)$34per$1000
(E)$290per$1000
7.Whichofthefollowingisamemberofthesolutionsetofx–y>10?
(A)(8,–3)
(B)(6,–3)
(C)(3,–7)
(D)(–3,7)
(E)(–6,3)
8.Findtheareaofthetrianglepicturedbelow:
(A)72sq.in.
(B)40sq.in.
(C)36sq.in.
(D)32sq.in.
(E)18sq.in.
9.Solveforx: =18.
(A)±72
(B)±36
(C)±9
(D)±8
(E)±6
10.Thedailyalmanacreportforonedayduringthesummerstatedthatthesunroseat6:14a.m.andsetat6:06p.m.Findthenumberofhoursandminutesinthetimebetweentherisingandsettingofthesunonthatday.
(A)11hr.2min.
(B)11hr.48min.
(C)11hr.52min.
(D)12hr.8min.
(E)12hr.48min.
11.Express894inexpandedform,usingexponents.
(A)(8×102)+(9×10)+4
(B)(8×10)+(9×10)+4
(C)(92+8)+4
(D)(8×103)+(9×102)+4
(E)(82+33)+22
12.Thepriceofeggsincreasedfrom50centsto60centsadozen.Whatwasthepercentofincreaseinprice?
(A)10%
(B)15%
(C)20%
(D)25%
(E)30%
13.Tomspent2hoursand30minutesstudyingforthreeclasses.Whatwastheaveragetimeinminutesthathespentinstudyingforeachclass?
(A)30
(B)40
(C)45
(D)50
(E)55
14.Findtheperimeterofaparallelogramwhosedimensionsarel=16inches,w=12inches.
(A)24in.
(B)28in.
(C)38in.
(D)56in.
(E)63in.
15.Approximatethesquarerootof91tothenearesttenth.
(A)9.9
(B)9.5
(C)9.1
(D)8.9
(E)8.5
ANSWERKEYSTestYourself1
1.C2.B3.D
4.A5.C6.A
7.D8.A9.C
10.D11.B12.C
13.A14.C15.B
TestYourself2
1.C2.D3.D
4.B5.B6.B
7.B8.A9.D
10.C11.B12.C
13.B14.B15.D
TestYourself3
1.C2.C3.B
4.B5.C6.D
7.A8.A9.B
10.C11.D12.C
13.B14.C15.C
TestYourself4
1.D2.B3.B
4.A5.B6.D
7.C8.C9.A
10.D11.B12.B
13.A14.C15.B
TestYourself5
1.A2.B3.D
4.B5.D6.B
7.D8.C9.B
10.C11.D12.A
13.A14.B15.B
TestYourself6
1.B2.B3.C
4.C5.D6.B
7.D8.E9.B
10.D11.A12.D
13.A14.B15.C
TestYourself7
1.C2.B3.D
4.A5.C6.D
7.E8.C9.E
10.D11.D12.B
13.C14.A15.B
TestYourself8
1.B2.D3.A
4.C5.E6.C
7.C8.C9.E
10.C11.B12.D
13.A14.D15.E
TestYourself9
1.D2.B3.D
4.C5.A6.D
7.B8.A9.B
10.D11.C12.C
13.E14.B15.D
TestYourself10
1.C2.D3.C
4.A5.B6.B
7.A8.E9.E
10.C11.A12.C
13.D14.D15.B
EXERCISES:QUANTITATIVEABILITY
Directions:Followingeachprobleminthissection,therearefivesuggestedanswers.Workeachprobleminyourheadorinthespaceprovided(therewillbespaceforscratchworkinyourtestbooklet).Thenlookatthefivesuggestedanswersanddecidewhichisbest.
1.Agastankis empty.Whenfull,thetankholds18gallons.Howmanygallonsareinthe
tanknow?
(A)3
(B)6
(C)8
(D)12
(E)18
2.Whichofthefollowingistheleast?
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)
3.Ifthesumofxandx+3isgreaterthan20,whichisapossiblevalueforx?
(A)–10
(B)–8
(C)–2
(D)8
(E)10
4.Ifasquarehasaperimeterof88,whatisthelengthofeachside?
(A)4
(B)11
(C)22
(D)44
(E)110
5.IfasetRcontainsfourpositiveintegerswhoseaverageis9,whatisthegreatestnumbersetRcouldcontain?
(A)4
(B)9
(C)24
(D)33
(E)36
6.WhichofthefollowingisNOTamultipleof4?
(A)20
(B)30
(C)36
(D)44
(E)96
Questions7and8refertothefollowingdefinition:Forallrealnumbersm,*m=10m–10.
7.*7=
(A)70
(B)60
(C)17
(D)7
(E)0
8.If*m=120,thenm=
(A)11
(B)12
(C)13
(D)120
(E)130
9.AttheShopHere,anitemthatusuallysellsfor$9isonsalefor$6.Whatapproximatediscountdoesthatrepresent?
(A)10%
(B)25%
(C)33%
(D)50%
(E)66%
10.InLinda’sgolfclub,8ofthe12membersareright-handed.Whatistheratioofleft-handedmemberstoright-handedmembers?
(A)1:2
(B)2:1
(C)2:3
(D)3:4
(E)4:3
11.Thesumoffiveconsecutivepositiveintegersis35.Whatisthesquareofthegreatestoftheseintegers?
(A)5
(B)9
(C)25
(D)81
(E)100
12.22×23×23=
(A)24
(B)64
(C)28
(D)210
(E)218
13.Iftheareaofasquareis100s2,whatisthelengthofonesideofthesquare?
(A)100s2
(B)10s2
(C)100s
(D)10s
(E)10
14.If10bookscostddollars,howmanybookscanbepurchasedfor4dollars?
(A)
(B)40d
(C)
(D)
(E)
15.Ifgisaneveninteger,hisanoddinteger,andjistheproductofgandh,whichofthefollowingmustbetrue?
(A)jisafraction.
(B)jisanoddinteger.
(C)jisdivisibleby2.
(D)jisbetweengandh.
(E)jisgreaterthan0.
16.Ifaclassof6studentshasanaveragegradeof78beforeaseventhstudentjoins,whatmusttheseventhstudentgetasagradeinordertoraisetheclassaverageto80?
(A)80
(B)84
(C)88
(D)92
(E)96
17.If6isafactorofacertainnumber,whatmustbefactorsofthatnumber?
(A)1,2,3,and6
(B)2and3only
(C)6only
(D)2and6only
(E)1,2,and3
18.
x=
(A)8
(B)30
(C)50
(D)65
(E)70
19.Forwhatpriceditemdoes40%offequala$2.00discount?
(A)$5.00
(B)$4.00
(C)$10.00
(D)$80.00
(E)$40.00
20.OnMonday,Gerriate ofanapplepie.OnTuesday,sheate ofwhatwasleftofthe
pie.WhatfractionoftheentirepiedidGerrieatonbothdays?
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)
21.Iftheareaofasquareisequaltoitsperimeter,whatisthelengthofonesideofthatsquare?
(A)1
(B)2
(C)4
(D)8
(E)10
ANSWERSANDEXPLANATIONS
1.Thecorrectansweris(D).Ifthetankis empty,itmustbe full. ofthetotalcapacity
of18gallonsis12.
2.Thecorrectansweris(E).Thevalueofchoice(A)is ;thevalueofchoice(B)is ;
thevalueofchoice(C)is or ;thevalueofchoice(D)is or ;andthevalueof
choice(E)is or .Therefore,choice(E)hastheleastvalue.
3.Thecorrectansweris(E).Ifx+(x+3)>20,then2x>17.Sox>8.5.Theonlyanswerthatisappropriateis10.
4.Thecorrectansweris(C).Theperimeterofasquareisfoundbysummingthelengthsofeachside.Becausethelengthsareequalonasquare,youcanmultiplyonesideby4togettheperimeter.Therefore,4s=88,sos=22.
5.Thecorrectansweris(D).Tofindthegreatestvalueofthefour,assumetheremainingthreevaluesaretheleastpossiblepositiveinteger,1.Theaveragethenis
.Solveforx.3+x=36,sox=33.
6.Thecorrectansweris(B).Multiplesof4include:4,8,12,16,20,24,28,32,36,40,44,etc.Comparingthesewiththeanswersprovided,noticethatthenumber30isnotamultipleof4.
7.Thecorrectansweris(B).Substitute7form.*7=10(7)–10=70–10=60.
8.Thecorrectansweris(C).If*m=10m–10and*m=120,then10m–10=120.Solveform:10m=130,m=13.
9.Thecorrectansweris(C).Thetotaldiscountedamountis$3or($9–$6).Theoriginalamount×thediscountedpercent=thetotaldiscountedamount.
$9×discountedpercent=$3.
Thediscountedpercent=
10.Thecorrectansweris(A).Thenumberofleft-handedmembersisequalto12–8,or4.Theratioofleft-handerstoright-handersis4:8,whichsimplifiesto1:2.
11.Thecorrectansweris(D).Letthefiveconsecutiveintegersbe:x,x+1,x+2,x+3,andx+4.
Thenx+x+1+x+2+x+3+x+4=35;5x+10=35;5x=25;x=5.
Sincetheleastofthefiveintegersis5,thegreatestis5+4,or9.92=81.
12.Thecorrectansweris(C).Whenmultiplyinglikevaluesraisedtoapower,addtheexponents.
22×23×23=22+3+3=28
13.Thecorrectansweris(D).Theareaofasquareisequaltothe(lengthoftheside)2,orL2.
14.Thecorrectansweris(D).Setuparatioforthisproblemandsolve:
Letxrepresentthenumberofbookspurchasedwith4dollars.
10×4=d×x(usingcross-multiplication)
15.Thecorrectansweris(C).Sinceintegerscanbebothpositiveandnegative,andtheproductofapositiveandnegativeintegerisalwaysnegative,choice(E)mustbefalse.Lookingfurtherattheanswers,noticethatchoices(B)and(C)areoppositesofoneanother.Therefore,oneofthosemustbetrueandtheotherfalse.Substitutetwonumbersforgandhandseewhichofthetwoistrue.Ifg=–4andh=5,g×h=–4×5=–20.Since–20iseven,choice(C)iscorrect.
16.Thecorrectansweris(D).Thesumofthefirstsixgradesis78×6=468.(Tofindtheaveragegradeof78,dividethesumofthesixgradesby6.)
Theaveragewithsevenstudentsis468+x=80×7.
468+x=560;x=92
17.Thecorrectansweris(A).
Allfactorsof6arefactorsofthenumber.Thefactorsof6are:
1×6
2×3
18.Thecorrectansweris(C).Sincethisisanisoscelestriangle,theanglesoppositethecongruentsidesarealsocongruent.Thesumoftheanglesinatriangleequal180°.So65°+65°+x°=180°andx=50°.
19.Thecorrectansweris(A).
Letpequalthepriceoftheitem.
Price×DiscountRate=DiscountAmount
20.Thecorrectansweris(C).OnMonday, ofthepiewaseaten.OnTuesday,therewas
ofthepieleft.
21.Thecorrectansweris(C).Theperimeterofasquareequals4s.Theareaofasquareequalss2.Settingthemequalwilldeterminethelengthofoneside,s.
s2=4s
s=4or0
Sinceitwouldmakenosenseforthelengthtobe0,thecorrectansweris4.
SUMMINGITUP
•Withmultiple-choicequestions,thecorrectanswerisalwaysonthepageinfrontofyou.Soevenifyou’reestimating,you’llbeabletonarrowdownthechoices.
•Somemultiple-choicequestionsrequirenocalculations—thecorrectanswerisbasedonhowwellyouknowtheconceptsinthequestion.
•Somemultiple-choicequestionsincludegraphs,charts,ortablesforyoutointerpret.•Theanswerchoicesarearrangedinorderbysizefromsmallesttolargestorfromlargesttosmallest.
•Thequestionnumberusuallytellsyouhowhardthequestionwillbesincethequestionsgofromeasytohardasyouworktowardtheend.
•Formultiple-choicemathquestions,circlewhat’sbeingaskedsoyoudon’tpickawronganswerbymistake.Forexample,youwon’tpickananswerthatgivesaperimeterwhenthequestionasksforanarea.
•QuantitativeAbilityisreallyafancywaytosay“math.”
Chapter12
QuantitativeComparisons(ISEEOnly)
OVERVIEW
•Whatarethesestrange-lookingquestions?•Howdoyousolvequantitativecomparisons?•Whatdosmarttest-takersknow?•Testyourselfquizzes•Answerkeys•Summingitup
WHATARETHESESTRANGE-LOOKINGQUESTIONS?Youpickedupthisbook.Youflippedthroughsomepages.Yougottothischapterandthought,“WhattheheckamIsupposedtodowiththeseweirdquestions?Whatdotheywantfrommenow?”Well,quantitativecomparisonsarenotquiteaswackyastheylook.Youcanrecognizequantitativecomparisonquestionseasilybecausetheylookverydifferentfromothermathquestions.Eachonehastwoside-by-sideboxescontainingquantitiesthatyoumustcompare.Thenyouchoosethecorrectanswersfromchoices(A)through(D):
(A)ifthequantityinColumnAisgreater
(B)ifthequantityinColumnBisgreater
(C)ifthequantitiesareequal
(D)iftherelationshipcannotbedeterminedfromtheinformationgiven
Therearesomegoodthingstorememberaboutthese.First,thechoicesarealwaysthesame
(checkoutthesampledirectionshere).Second,youdon’tactuallyhavetosolveaproblem.Thequestionsarereallytestingknowledgeofmathematicalprinciplesratherthanyourcalculatingskills.Third,sometimesthetestingfolksgiveyoualittlehelpandprovideadiagramorotherinformationcenteredabovetheboxeswiththeinformationyouarecomparing.
HOWDOYOUSOLVEQUANTITATIVECOMPARISONS?Yourestimatingandcomparisonskills,aswellasthefollowingfoursteps,willhelpyoucopewiththesequestions.Onceyougetusedtothechoices,thingscanmoveprettyquickly.
FourStepsforQuantitativeComparisons:GettingItRight
Memorizetheanswerchoices.Foreachquestion,comparetheboxedquantities.Considerallpossibilitiesforanyvariables.Chooseyouranswer.
Nowlet’slookatthesefourstepsinmoredetail:Don’tjustlearnthedirections;trytomemorizetheanswerchoices.(Remembertheyarealwaysthesame.)Thenyoucansavetimebecauseyouwon’tneedtorefertothemforeveryquestion.Eventhoughtherearetwoquantitiesineachquestion,dealwithoneatatime.Ifthereisextrainformationabovetheboxes,seehoweachquantityrelatestoit.Thendoanyfiguringyouneedtodo.(Therewon’tbemuch.)Considerallpossibilitiesforanyunknowns.Thinkwhatwouldhappenifspecialnumberssuchas0,negativenumbers,orfractionswereputintoplay.Chooseyouranswer.Youshouldn’thavetodoinvolvedcalculationstogettotheanswer.Ifyou’recalculatingendlessly,you’veprobablymissedthemathematicalprinciplethequestionisaskingabout.
ColumnA ColumnB
Thepriceofapoundofcheeseincreasedfrom$2to$2.50.
Thepercentincreaseinthepriceofcheese 25%
Memorizetheanswerchoices.Thecenteredinformationtellsyouthatcheeseincreasedinpricefrom$2to$2.50per
pound.ColumnAasksforthepercentincrease,whichis .ColumnBrequiresnocalculation,andit’sequaltoColumnA.Therearenovariables,sogoontoStep4.
Sincethetwocolumnsareequal,theanswerischoice(C).Markchoice(C)ontheanswersheet.
ColumnA ColumnB
x2+y2 (x+y)2
Memorizetheanswerchoices.TheexpressioninColumnBis(x+y)2=x2+2xy+y2.ThisisthesameastheexpressioninColumnAwiththeadditionofthemiddleterm2xy.Thetermsxandyarevariablesthatcanbepositiveornegativeorzero.Forexample,ifxwere1andywere2,ColumnAwouldbe12+22=5andColumnBwouldbe(1+2)2=9.Thecorrectanswerwouldthenbechoice(B).Butifxwere–1andywere2,ColumnAwouldbe(–1)2+22=5andColumnBwouldbe(–1+2)2=12=1.Thistimethecorrectanswerwouldbechoice(A).
TIPVariablesstayconstant.Avariablethatappearsinbothcolumnshasthesamemeaningineachcolumn.
Anytimemorethanoneanswercanbetrueforacomparison—asisthecasehere—thentheanswertothatquestionmustbechoice(D),“therelationshipcannotbedeterminedfromtheinformationgiven.”Markchoice(D)ontheanswersheet.
ALERT!Figurescanbedeceiving.Ifafigurecarriesawarningthatitisnotdrawntoscale,don’tdependonestimatingormeasuringtohelpyousolvetheproblem.
Rememberthatmanyquantitativecomparisonscanbesolvedwithoutdoinganycalculatingatall.Inmanycases,youshouldbeabletoarriveatthecorrectanswersimplybyapplyingyourknowledgeofbasicmathrulesandprinciples.Lookattheseexamples:
ColumnA ColumnB
A C
A B
a+b c
1.Iftwosidesofatriangleareunequal,theanglesoppositethemareunequal,andthelargerangleisoppositethelongerside.So,theanswerforthisquestionischoice(B).
2.Becausewecan’treallytellwhetheraorbisgreater,wecan’ttellwhichangleisgreater,sochoice(D)isthecorrectanswer.
3.Thesumofanytwosidesofatrianglemustalwaysbegreaterthanthelengthofthethirdside.Theonlyanswerforthisquestionischoice(A).
WHATDOSMARTTEST-TAKERSKNOW?Quantitativecomparisonsmaylookcomplex,butifyoucomeatthemfromtherightangle(pardonthepun),youcanstreamlinetheansweringprocess.
AComparisonIsForever
Inquantitativecomparisons,choice(A)iscorrectonlyifthequantityisalwaysgreaterthanthatinColumnB.Thereverseistrueofchoice(B);itmustalwaysbegreaterthantheinformationinColumnA.Ifyouchoose(C),itmeansthatthetwoquantitiesarealwaysequal.Theconditionmustholdtrueregardlessofwhatnumberyoupluginforavariable.
TheHighertheNumber,theToughertheChoice
Justliketheothersetsofquestions,quantitativecomparisonsgofromeasytodifficultasyouprogressthroughthesection.
QuantitativeComparisonsAreNotAboutCalculating
Ifyoufindyourselfcalculatingupastormonaquantitativecomparison,you’veprobablymissedtheboat.There’ssuretobeasimpler,shorterwaytosolvetheproblem.Findawaytoreducetheamountofactualmathyouneedtodo.Takealookattheseexamples:
ColumnA ColumnB
31×32×33×34×35 32×33×34×35×36
Youdon’thavetodoanycalculationstogettheanswer.Youwouldbecomparingtheproductoffiveconsecutiveintegers,butnoticethattheintegersinColumnBarelarger.Therefore,theproductofthosenumberswouldbegreaterthantheproductofthoseinColumnA.So,thecorrectansweris(B),andyoudidn’thavetomultiplyathing.
ColumnA ColumnB
TheformulaforthevolumeofarightcircularcylinderisV=πr2h.
Thevolumeofarightcircularcylinderwithr=3andh=6
Thevolumeofarightcircularcylinderwithr=6andh=3
Youmightthinkthatforthisquestionyouabsolutelyhavetodothecompletecalculationstofindthevolumeofeachcylinder.Butyoudon’t!Takealookathowsimplythisproblemcanbesolved.
VolumeA=π(32)(6)=(3.14)(3)(3)(6)
VolumeB=π(62)(3)=(3.14)(6)(6)(3)
Sinceyou’redoingthesameoperationforbothformulas—multiplyingby3.14—thatcancelsout.Sotheproblemthenshiftstotheotherfactors:Whichislarger,(32)(6)or(62)(3)?Atthispointyoushouldbeabletoseethatthesecondoneislarger.Ifyoustillneedtotakeitanotherstep,multiply(32)(6)=(9)(6)=54andthen(62)(3)=(36)(3).Youdon’thavetofinishbecauseyoucanseethat(36)(3)islargerthan54.
IftheMathIsNotDifficult,YouShouldDoIt
ColumnA ColumnB
(0.6)(0.6)
Thecorrectansweris(C).Dothissimplemathandyou’vegotaguaranteedcorrectanswer.Theybothequal0.36,soyourchoiceis(C).
WhentheCenteredInformationHasUnknowns,YouShouldSolvefortheUnknowns
ColumnA ColumnB
3x=124y=20
x y
Thecorrectansweris(B).Youneedtoknowwhateachoftheunknownsis,soyouhavetosolveforboth.
NOTEFormostofthequestionsyoucanestimate,oruseyourknowledgeofbasicmathematicalprinciplestomakeyourcomparisons.
ItPaystoSimplify
ColumnA ColumnB
Thecorrectansweris(B).Thereareacoupleofthingstonoticeherethatwillhelpyousimplifytheproblem.First,bothdenominatorsarereallythesame:462is231×2,sothedenominatorsbecome(231)(2)(8).Next,the(17)’sinbothnumeratorscanceleachotherout.Now,allyouhavetodoisfigureouttheresultsof(8)(45)and(9)(42),compare,andmarkthecorrectanswer.(Itischoice(B),sincethequantityinColumnBisgreater.)
YouCanSimplifybyAddingorSubtractingtheSameValueinEachColumn
ColumnA ColumnB
4x+5 3x+6
Thecorrectansweris(D).Youmightnotseethatrightaway,sowe’llshowyouwhyit’strue.Thefirstthingyoudoissubtract5frombothsides.Theresultis4xand3x+1.Nowsubtract3xfrombothsides;youendupwithxand1.Sinceyoudon’tknowwhatxis,youcan’tknowifitislargerorsmallerthan1.That’swhychoice(D)isthecorrectanswer:therelationshipcannotbedeterminedfromtheinformationgiven.
YouCanSimplifybyMultiplyingorDividingEachSidebytheSamePositiveNumber
ColumnA ColumnB
999–998 998
Youbegintosimplifybydividingbothsidesby998.
91–90 90
1
9–1
8 1
Thecorrectansweris(A).ThisprovesthatthequantityinColumnAislarger,eventhoughyouhaven’tsolvedfortheexactquantity.
YouHavetoConsiderAllthePossibilities
Whenthereareunknownsinthequantitiesbeingcompared,youhavetoremembertoconsiderallpossibilitiesforwhatthoseunknownsmightbe.Forexample,anunknownmightbe1,0,afraction,oranegativenumber.Ineachofthesecases,thenumberhasspecialpropertiesthatwillaffectyourcalculations.Or,unlessotherwisestated,twounknownscouldevenbeequal.
AnUnknownMightBeaZero
Zerohasspecialpropertiesthatcomeintoplaywhenyouplugitinforanunknown.
ColumnA ColumnB
x>0,y>0,z=0
3z(2x+5y) 3x(2z+5y)
Thecorrectansweris(B).Ifz=0,then3z=0andtheproductofColumnAis0.InColumnB,though,2z=0,soitcomesoutoftheexpression.Theproductwillbe(3x)(5y),whichwillbeapositivenumber.
ColumnA ColumnB
x<0,y>0,z=0
3z(2x+5y) 3x(z+5y)
Thecorrectansweris(A).Again,theproductofColumnAis0,because3zstillequals0.ThechangecomesinColumnB.Becausexislessthan0,3xwillbenegativeand5ywillbepositive,sotheproductwillbeanegativenumber.
AnUnknownMightBeaNegativeNumber
ColumnA ColumnB
3x=4y
x y
Thecorrectansweris(D).Don’tthinkthatchoice(A)isthecorrectanswer,eventhoughifxandyarepositive,xisgreaterthany.Whatifxandyarenegative,asin3(–4)=4(–3);thenyisgreaterthanx.Andifxandyarebothzero,bothcolumnsareequal.Sinceyouhavenowayofknowingwhatthevaluesare,thecorrectansweris(D).
AnUnknownMightBeaFraction
ColumnA ColumnB
x>0andx≠1
x2 x
Thecorrectansweris(D).Ifxislargerthan1,thenx2islargerthanx.Butifxisbetween0and1—afraction—thenx2issmallerthanx.
TIPNeedaneasywaytorememberthedirectionsforquantitativecomparisons?Justkeepthiskeyinmind:
(A)=Aisbigger
(B)=Bisbigger
(C)=Columnsareequal
(D)=Determinationimpossible
FractionsCanPlayTricks
Rememberthataproperfractionraisedtoapositivepowerissmallerthanthefractionitself.
ColumnA ColumnB
Thecorrectansweris(A).Ifyoukeepthemathprincipleinmind,youdon’tevenhavetothinkaboutdoingthesecalculations.Sinceeachsuccessivemultiplicationwouldresultinasmallerfraction,ColumnAwillalwaysbelargerthanColumnB,soyouranswerischoice(A).
InQuantitativeComparisons,FiguresAreNotNecessarilyDrawntoScale
ColumnA ColumnB
MinorarcsPQandRShaveequallengthandeachcirclehascenterO.
NOTE:Figurenotdrawntoscale.
DegreemeasureofanglePOQ
DegreemeasureofangleROS
Inthefigure,anglesPOQandROSseemtobeequal,butrememberthewarning.You’retoldthatthefigureisnotdrawntoscale,sodon’tbefooled.
Thecorrectansweris(A).Youcanprovethisbythefigurebelowthatisdrawntoscale.
PlugginginNumbersCanHelp
Ifyou’restuckonacomparisonwithunknowns,trysubstitutingnumbers.Choosethenumbersatrandomandplugthemintotheequations.Dothiswiththreedifferentsubstitutionsandseeifthereisanyconsistentresult.It’snotaguarantee,butit’sdefinitelyworthashot.
StrategicGuessingCanRaiseYourScore
Whenallelsefails,callupyourguessingskills.Here’showyoucantipthescalesinyourfavor,evenifit’sonlyalittlebit:
•Ifacomparisoninvolvesonlynumberswithoutanyunknowns,chancesarethatyou’llbeabletofigureoutthequantitiesandmakeacomparison.Sointhissituation,don’tguesschoice(D).
•Ifthecomparisondoescontainanunknownorafigure,asalastresortguesschoice(D).
TESTYOURSELFQUIZZESTakethefollowingquizzestohelpyoudeterminewhatyourweaknessesmightbe.Clickherefortheanswers.
TestYourself1
Directions:Foreachofthefollowingquestions,twoquantitiesaregiven—oneinColumnA,theotherinColumnB.Comparethetwoquantitiesandchoosethebestanswerfromthechoicesbelow:
(A)ifthequantityinColumnAisgreater
(B)ifthequantityinColumnBisgreater
(C)ifthequantitiesareequal
(D)iftherelationshipcannotbedeterminedfromtheinformationgiven
ColumnA ColumnB
1. Theaverageof18,20,22,24,26 Theaverageof19,21,23,25
2. 8+14(8–6) 14+8(8–6)
3. 6%of30 Thenumber30is6%of
4.
5. 22
6. (8–6)(2+7)
ColumnA ColumnB
Theratioofgirlstoboysinamathclassis3:1.
7. Ratioofboystotheentireclass
Asportjacketpriced$48aftera20%discount.
8. Originalpriceofthesportjacket $60
9. 117 171
10.Priceofpackageofmeatweighing1.8lbs.(unitprice
92.6¢perlb.)
Priceofpackageofmeatweighing2.3lbs.(unitprice
67.5¢perlb.)
x–y=–6x+y=–2
11. x y
(x–6)(x+4)=0
12. Thesmallestrootoftheequation
Thenegativeofthegreatestrootoftheequation
ColumnA ColumnB
13. x y
x=–1
14. 3x2–2x+4 2x3+x2+4
6>y>–2
15.
TestYourself2
Directions:Foreachofthefollowingquestions,twoquantitiesaregiven—oneinColumnA,theotherinColumnB.Comparethetwoquantitiesandchoosethebestanswerfromthechoicesbelow:
(A)ifthequantityinColumnAisgreater
(B)ifthequantityinColumnBisgreater
(C)ifthequantitiesareequal
(D)iftherelationshipcannotbedeterminedfromtheinformationgiven
ColumnA ColumnB
x<0y<0
1. x+y x–y
t<0
2. t3 t2
ColumnA ColumnB
3. a+b c+d
AB=ACA< B
4. BC AB
5. Sumofthemissingnumbersonthenumberline
Sumofthemissingnumbersonthenumberline
6. $0.41 Sumofonequarter,twonickels,andthreepennies
7. Thewholenumberinthisgroupoffractions
Thewholenumberinthisgroupoffractions
ColumnA ColumnB
8. Thelargestnumberthatcanbewrittenbyrearrangingthedigitsin263
Thelargestnumberthatcanbewrittenbyrearrangingthedigitsin192
9. Circumferenceofthecircle Perimeterofthesquare
10. 2morethan of63 2lessthan of66
11. Twoeightsplusthree Eighttwosplusthree
12. 4×4×6 6×6×4
13. Theaverageofthenumbers2,7,9 Theaverageofthenumbers3,5,9
ColumnA ColumnB
14. AC BD
15. x y
ANSWERKEYSTestYourself1
1.C2.A3.B
4.B5.C6.A
7.B8.C9.B
10.A11.B12.A
13.D14.A15.D
TestYourself2
1.B2.B3.D
4.B5.B6.A
7.C8.B9.A
10.A11.C12.B
13.A14.B15.A
EXERCISES:QUANTITATIVECOMPARISONS
Directions:Foreachofthefollowingquestions,twoquantitiesaregiven—oneinColumnA,theotherinColumnB.Comparethetwoquantitiesandchoosethebestanswerfromthechoicesbelow:
(A)ifthequantityinColumnAisgreater
(B)ifthequantityinColumnBisgreater
(C)ifthequantitiesareequal
(D)iftherelationshipcannotbedeterminedfromtheinformationgiven
ColumnA ColumnB
a>0x>0
1. a–x a+x
2. Theaverageof18,20,22,24 Theaverageof17,19,21,23
3. 5%of34 Thenumber34is5%of
s=1t=3a=–2
4. [5a(4t)]3 [4a(5s)]2
ColumnA ColumnB
a<b
5. KR KT
4>x>–3
6.
7.
a>bx<a+b
8. a+b y
ColumnA ColumnB
y=anoddinteger
9. Thenumericalvalueofy2 Thenumericalvalueofy3
10. (8+6)÷[3–7(2)] (6+8)÷[2–7(3)]
11. threefourthsof
NC=NYN> C
12. NC CY
13. Agivenchordinagivencircle
Theradiusofthesamecircle
14.
15.
ANSWERSANDEXPLANATIONS
1.Thecorrectansweris(B).Thegiveninformation,a>0andx>0,informsusthatbothaandxarepositivenumbers.Thesumoftwopositivenumbersisalwaysgreaterthantheirdifference.
2.Thecorrectansweris(A).ThenumbersinColumnAarerespectivelylargerthanthenumbersinColumnB;therefore,theiraveragemustbegreater.
3.Thecorrectansweris(B).
4.Thecorrectansweris(B).
Apositiveproductisgreaterthananegativeone.
5.Thecorrectansweris(A).
b>a (given)KR>KT (inatriangle,thegreatersideliesoppositethegreaterangle)
6.Thecorrectansweris(D).Becausexcouldbeanyintegerfrom–3to4,thevaluesofthefractionsareimpossibletodetermine.
7.Thecorrectansweris(A).
8.Thecorrectansweris(C).
y=a+b(anexteriorangleofatriangleisequaltothesumofthetwointeriorremoteangles)
9.Thecorrectansweris(D).Thereisnotenoughinformation,asycouldequal1,whichwouldmakebothquantitiesequal;orycouldbegreaterthan1,whichwouldmakey3greaterthany2.Ifywereanegativeinteger,theny2wouldbegreaterthaty3.
10.Thecorrectansweris(B).
(8+6)÷[3–7(2)]
=14÷–11=
(6+8)÷[2–7(3)]
=14÷–19=
11.Thecorrectansweris(C).
12.Thecorrectansweris(B).
NC=NY (given)C= Y (anglesoppositeequalsidesareequal)N> C (given)N> Y (substitution)CY>NC (thegreatersideliesoppositethegreaterangle)
13.Thecorrectansweris(D).Theradiuscouldbelessthan,equalto,orgreaterthanthechord.
14.Thecorrectansweris(C).
15.Thecorrectansweris(C).
SUMMINGITUP
•Rememberthesestepsasyouworkthroughthequestionsinthissection:memorizetheanswerchoices;foreachquestion,comparetheboxedquantities;considerallpossibilitiesforanyvariables;andchooseyouranswer.
•Thequantitativecomparisonquestionsusuallyrequirelessreadingandcomputationthanthestandardmultiple-choicequestions.
•Youmaynotactuallyhavetosolvetheproblem;youjustneedtodeterminewhichexpression,ifany,isgreater—orifthereisnotenoughinformationtodeterminetherelationship.
•Quantitativecomparisonquestionsgofromeasytohard.
PARTVIIWRITINGSAMPLEREVIEW
CHAPTER13:WritingMechanics(SSATandISEE)
CHAPTER14:TheEssay(SSATandISEE)
Chapter13
WritingMechanics(SSATandISEE)
OVERVIEW
•Whatarewritingmechanics?•Whataretherulesofspelling?•Spellingdemons•Whataretherulesofpunctuation?•Whataretherulesforcapitalization?•Whataretherulesofgrammar?•WhatiscorrectEnglishusage?•>HowcanIimprovemywriting?•Summingitup
WHATAREWRITINGMECHANICS?Themechanicsofwritingarespelling,capitalization,punctuation,grammar,andusage.NeithertheSSATnortheISEEincludestestquestionsthatdirectlymeasureanyofthesetopics,althoughsomeoftheCatholichighschoolentranceexamsandotherlesscommonlyusedprivatesecondaryschooladmissionstestsdo.
Youwon’thavetotakeatestofyourknowledgeofwritingmechanics,butyouwillhavetosubmitawritingsampleintheformofanessayonanassignedtopic.Theessaytestsfarmorethanmechanics.Itshowsyourabilitytoorganizeandconveyyourthoughts.Youressaywillnotbescored.Itwillbephotocopiedandsenttotheschoolstowhichyouapply.Theessaywillgivetheschoolanoverallimpressionofyourmaturityandpowerofself-expression.
Clearthinkingandagoodvocabularyareimportantaspectsofawell-writtenessay.Correctspelling,capitalization,punctuation,grammar,andEnglishusagealsodomuchforthequalityofanessay.Thischaptergivesyousomeofthemostimportantrulestohelpyouthroughthemechanicsofyouressaywritingandsomepracticalexercisestohelpyouputtousetheinformationyouarelearning.
WHATARETHERULESOFSPELLING?Rule1
Ifaone-syllablewordendswithashortvowelandoneconsonant,•DOUBLETHEFINALCONSONANTbeforeaddingasuffixthatbeginswithavowel.•DONOTDOUBLETHEFINALCONSONANTbeforeaddingasuffixthatbeginswithaconsonantorifthewordhastwovowelsbeforetheconsonantorendsintwoconsonants.
DoubletheFinalConsonant
-er -er,-est -y -en -ing -ed
blotter biggest baggy bidden budding noddedchopper dimmer blurry bitten clipping plottedclipper fattest funny fatten dropping rubbedfitter flatter furry flatten fanning scarredhopper gladdest muddy gladden fretting skippedplotter grimmer sloppy hidden grinning stabbedquitter hottest starry madden gripping steppedshipper madder stubby sadden hopping stoppedshopper reddest sunny trodden quitting tanned
DoNOTDoubletheFinalConsonant
-ing,-ed,-er -ly -ness -ful -y
acting badly baseness baleful dirtyburned dimly bigness boastful duskyclimber gladly coldness doleful fishycoasted madly dimness fitful frostycooked manly fatness fretful leafyfarmer nearly grimness masterful mistyfeared sadly redness sinful rainyfeasting thinly sadness soapyrailed trimly wetness weedy
Rule2
Ifawordofmorethanonesyllableendswithashortvowelandoneconsonant,•DOUBLETHEFINALCONSONANTbeforeaddingasuffixthatbeginswithavowelif
theaccentisonthelastsyllable.•DONOTDOUBLETHEFINALCONSONANTiftheaccentisnotonthelastsyllableorifthesuffixbeginswithaconsonant.
DoubletheFinalConsonant
-ing,-ed -ence,-ent -ance -al
befitting abhorrence acquittance acquittalbefogged concurrent admittance transmittalcommitting excellence remittance noncommittalcompelled intermittent transmittancecontrolling occurrenceimpelling recurrentincurredomitting -er -en -ablepermitted beginner forbidden controllablepropelling propeller forgotten forgettableregretted transmitter regrettablesubmitting
DoNOTDoubletheFinalConsonant
EndingINTWOConso-nants
TwovowelsBeforetheConsonant
Accentnotonthefinalsyllable
SuffixBeginswithaconsonant
-ing,-ed -ing,-ed -ing,-ed -ment
consenting concealing benefiting allotmentconverted contained blossomed annulmentdemanding detaining differed commitmentdiverted disdained gathered defermentrequesting refraining limiting equipmentsubsisted remounted profited intermentsupplanting restraining quarreling prefermentsupported retained solicitingtranscending revealing summoned
Rule3
Ifawordendswithasilente,•DROPTHEEbeforeaddingasuffixthatbeginswithavowel.•DONOTDROPTHEEbeforeasuffixthatbeginswithaconsonant.
DroptheSilentE
-ing,-ed -able -ation -ive
achieving believable admiration abusivebalanced debatable continuation appreciativebelieving desirable declaration creative
capsized endurable derivation decorativerelieved excitable exhalation demonstrativerevolving imaginable inclination expensivetelephoned measurable inhalation illustrativetrembled observable quotation intensivetrembling pleasurable repulsiveexchanging
DoNOTDroptheSilentE
-ful -ment -ly -ness
careful achievement accurately completenessdisgraceful amusement affectionately cutenessdistasteful announcement bravely finenessfateful engagement extremely genuinenesshopeful enlargement genuinely lamenessprideful enslavement immediately latenesstasteful entanglement intensely likenessvengeful management intimately ripenesswasteful replacement sincerely wideness
EXCEPTIONSacknowledgment changeable judgment peaceableacreage chargeable manageable pronounceableadvantageous duly noticeable replaceableargument dyeing(color) outrageous serviceableawful
Rule4
Tomakeawordplural,•ADD-EStowordsendingins,x,z,ch,orsh.•ADD-Stoallotherwords.
ADD-S ADD-ES
advantages croutons annexes fizzesangles distances birches hoaxesbeacons effects brushes marshesbriquets rings caresses witnessescandles coaches
Rule5
Ifawordendswithaythathasavowelsound,•CHANGETHEYTOIbeforeaddinganysuffixEXCEPTonethatbeginswiththeletteri.
•DONOTCHANGETHEYifitisprecededbyanothervowel,orifthesuffixbeginswithi.
ChangetheYtoI
-er,-est,-ly,-ness -ous -ance,-ant -able,-ful
craftier ceremonious alliance beautifuldaintiest harmonious appliance fancifulhealthier industrious compliant justifiableheavily injurious defiant mercifulmoldiness luxurious pliant pitiablemoodiest melodious reliance pliablemurkiness mysterioussleepiness studioussteadily victorious
DoNOTChangetheY EXCEPTIONS-ing -ly,-ness -ous
allying dryly beauteousapplying dryness bounteouscomplying shyly duteousdefying shyness miscellaneousfortifying slyly piteousjustifying slyness plenteousmultiplying sprylypitying wrylysupplying
Rule6
Putibeforee,
Exceptafterc,
Orwhensoundedlikea,
Asinneighbororweigh.
IBEFOREEEXCEPTAFTERC
ORSOUNDSLIKEA EXCEPTIONS
achieve ceiling deign ancientbelieve conceit eight consciencefiend conceive freight deficientfierce deceit inveigh efficientgrief deceive neighbor foreignrelieve perceive reign glacierreprieve receipt skein heiferretrieve receive vein leisure
sieve weigh proficientweird
Rule7
Thesuffix-fulneverhastwol’s.When-fulisaddedtoaword,thespellingofthebaseworddoesnotchange.
Examples
careful disdainful distastefulforceful grateful hopefulmasterful powerful sorrowful
Rule8
Whenthesuffix-lyisaddedtoaword,thespellingofthebaseworddoesnotchange.
Examples
coyly quickly frankly swiftly forcefully
EXCEPTIONS
When-lyisaddedtoawordendingwith-le,theeisreplacedbyay.forcibly despicably illegiblyindelibly probably suitablyWhenthebasewordendswithayfollowingaconsonant,theyischangedtoibefore-ly.busily daintily heavilyluckily merrily sleepily
Rule9
Whenasyllableendsinalongvowelsound,thatsoundismadebythevowelalone:OPENSYLLABLE.
Alongvowelsoundoccurringinaone-syllableword,orinasyllablethatendswithaconsonant,isusuallyspelledbyavowelteam:CLOSEDSYLLABLE.
OPENSYLLABLE CLOSEDSYLLABLE
recent sublimepremium infantilesequence crayonstationary attainmentfatality cavalcade
OPENSYLLABLE CLOSEDSYLLABLE
abrasion genteelmotivate intercedecustodian sincerecomponent ridicule
proprietor vestibulemicrobe clapboardcyclone disclosecucumber telescopehumane growth
SPELLINGDEMONSaberration essential patientabscess exaggerate peculiarabundance exceed picnicaccumulation exhortation pneumoniaacquaint existence possessionadjunct fascinated preciousaggravate feudal presumptuousalleged financier publicityamendment harassment punctiliousancient hearth regrettableanecdote heritage rehearsalannoyance hindrance relevantapparatus imminent repetitiousarraignment impartiality resilienceascertain incongruous rhetoricalassessment indict rhythmbeleaguered inimitable sacrilegiousbureau irreparably scissorscharacter jeopardy separatecolumn journal sophomorecommittal judgment sourcecommittee laboratory sovereigncommunity lacquer specializedconfectionery liquidate specificallycorrelation maneuver staunchcrystallized masquerade subversivecurrency matinee surgeondeferred mechanical symmetricalderogatory medieval temperamentaldesecrated memoir thoroughdilapidated mischievous tomorrowdisappearance negligible transientdissatisfied nickel vacillatedistinguished occasionally vacuumecstasy occur vengeanceembarrass official whethereminent pamphlet whollyemphasis panicky wieldemphatically parliamentary yacht
WHATARETHERULESOFPUNCTUATION?
Apostrophe(’)
Theapostropheisused:•Toindicatepossession:
Bob’shat;Burns’poems
NOTE:Useapostropheonly(withoutthes)forcertainwordsthatendins:a.Whensorzsoundcomesbeforethefinals:
Moses’journey
Cassius’planb.Afterapluralnoun:
girls’shoes
horses’reins
WheretoPlacetheApostrophe
Example:
These(ladie’s,ladies’)blousesareonsale.
Theapostrophemeansbelongingtoeverythingtotheleftoftheapostrophe.
ladie’smeansbelongingtoladie(nosuchword)
ladies’meansbelongingtoladies(correct)
Example:
These(childrens’,children’s)coatsaresize8.
Onecannotsaybelongingtochildrens(childrens’);therefore,children’s(belongingtochildren)iscorrect.
NOTE:a.Whentwoormorenamescompriseonefirm,possessionisindicatedinthelastname:
Lansdale,Jackson,andRoosevelt’slawfirm
SacksandCompany’ssaleb.Inacompoundnoun,separatedbyhyphens,theapostrophebelongsinthelastsyllable—father-in-law’s.
Notethatthepluralsofcompoundnounsareformedbyaddingthes(noapostrophe,ofcourse)tothefirstsyllable:Ihavethreebrothers-in-law.
Theapostrophehastwootherusesbesidesindicatingpossession:
•Forpluralsoflettersandfigures:threed’s;five6’s•Toshowthataletterhasbeenleftout:let’s(forletus)
NOTEA:ours,yours,his,hers,its,theirs,andwhose—allarepossessivebuthavenoapostrophe.
NOTEB:Theapostropheisomittedoccasionallyintitles:TeachersCollege,ActorsEquityAssociation.
Colon(:)
Thecolonisused:•Aftersuchexpressionsas“thefollowing,”“asfollows,”andtheirequivalents:
Thesciencesstudiedinhighschoolsareasfollows:biology,chemistry,andphysics.
Thegraduatesareallattendingcollegesanduniversities,includingthefollowing:Amherst,Harvard,Wesleyan,andYale.
•Afterthesalutationinabusinessletter:Gentlemen:
DearMr.Jones:
NOTE:Acomma(seebelow)isusedafterthesalutationinafriendlyletter:
DearTed,
DearAuntSharon,
Comma(,)
Ingeneral,thecommaisusedinwritingjustasyouuseapauseinspeaking.Herearethespecificsituationsinwhichcommasareused:
•Directaddress:Mr.Adams,hasthereportcomeinyet?
•Apposition:Sam,ourbuyer,gaveussomegoodadvice.
•Parentheticalexpression:Wecouldnot,however,gethimtoagree.
•Complimentaryclosingofaletter:Sincerely,
Trulyyours,•Date,address:
November11,2008
Cleveland,Ohio•Series:
Wehadsoup,salad,icecream,andmilkforlunch.•Phraseorclauseatthebeginningofasentence(iflongerthanfourwords):
AsIlefttheroomtogotoschool,mymothercalledme.•Separatingtwoindependentclausesjoinedbyaconjunction:
WeaskedforMr.Smith,buthehadalreadyleftforhome.•Clarity:
Afterplanting,thefarmerhadhissupper.•Directquotation:
Mr.Arnoldblurtedout,“Thisisafinemess!”•Modifierexpressionsthatdonotrestrictthemeaningofthethoughtthatismodified:
Airtravel,whichmayormaynotbesafe,isanessentialpartofourwayoflife.NOTE:Travelthatisonthegroundissaferthanairtravel.(NOCOMMAS)
EMDash(—)
Thedashisabouttwiceaslongasthehyphen.Thedashisused:•Tobreakupathought:
Therearefive—rememberIsaidfive—goodreasonstorefusetheirdemands.•Insteadofparentheses:
Abeautifulhorse—BlackBeautyisitsname—istheheroofthebook.
ExclamationMark(!)
Theexclamationmarkisusedafteranexpressionofstrongfeeling:
Ouch!Ihurtmythumb.
Hyphen(-)
Thehyphendividesaword:
mother-in-law
NOTE:Whenwrittenout,numbersfromtwenty-onethroughninety-ninearehyphenated.
Parentheses()
Parenthesessetoffthatpartofthesentencethatisnotabsolutelynecessarytothecompletenessofthesentence:
Iwasabouttoremark(thismayberepetition)thatwemustarrivethereearly.
Parenthesesarealsousedtoencloseortosetofffigures,letters,signs,anddates:
Shakespeare(1564–1616)wasagreatdramatist.
Thefourformsofdiscourseare(a)narration,(b)description,(c)exposition,(d)argument.
Period(.)
Theperiodisused:•Afteracompletethoughtunit:
Thesectionmanagerwillreturnshortly.•Afteranabbreviation:
LosAngeles,Calif.;Mr.;Mrs.;Dr.
QuestionMark(?)
Thequestionmarkisusedafterarequestforinformation:
Whendoyouleaveforlunch?
QuotationMarks(“”)
Quotationmarksareused:•Toenclosewhatapersonsaysdirectly:
“Noonecouldtell,”shesaid,“thatitwouldoccur.”
Heexclaimed,“Thisistheend!”
“Don’tleaveyet,”thebosstoldher.•Toencloseatitleofshortwork:
Ihavejustfinishedreadingthepoem“TheRoadNotTaken.”
Semicolon(;)
Thesemicolonisnotusedmuch.Thefollowing,however,arethecommonusesofthesemicolon:
•Toavoidconfusionwithnumbers:Addthefollowing:$1.25;$7.50;and$12.89.
•Beforeexplanatorywordsorabbreviations—namely,e.g.,etc.:
Weareabletosupplyyouwithtwodifferentgaugesofnylonstockings;namely,45and51.
NOTE:Thesemicolongoesbeforetheexpression“namely.”Acommafollowstheexpression.
•Toseparateshortstatementsofcontrast:Warisdestructive;peaceisconstructive.
WHATARETHERULESFORCAPITALIZATION?Capitalize:
•Thefirstwordofasentence:Withcooperation,adepressioncanbeavoided.
•Allpropernames:America,SanteFeChief,GeneralMotors,AbrahamLincoln
•Daysoftheweekandmonths:ThecheckwasmailedonThursday.
NOTE:Theseasonsarenotcapitalized.Example:InFlorida,winterismild.•Theworddearwhenitisthefirstwordinthesalutationofaletter:DearMr.Jones:
but—MydearMr.Jones:•Thefirstwordofthecomplimentarycloseofaletter:Trulyyours,
Verytrulyyours,•Thefirstandallotherimportantwordsinatitle:TheArtofSalesmanship
•Awordusedaspartofapropername:WilliamStreet(but—Thatstreetisnarrow.)
MorningsideTerrace(but—Wehaveaterraceapartment.)•Titles,whentheyrefertoaparticularofficialorfamilymember:
ThereportwasreadbySecretaryMarshall.
(but—MissShaw,oursecretary,isill.)
Let’svisitUncleHarry.
(but—Ihavethreeuncles.)•Pointsofacompass,whentheyrefertoparticularregionsofacountry:
We’regoingtotheSouthnextweek.(but—NewYorkCityissouthofAlbany.)
NOTE:Write:theFarWest,thePacificCoast,theMiddleEast,etc.•Thefirstwordofadirectquotation:
ItwasAlexanderPopewhowrote,“Alittlelearningisadangerousthing.”
NOTE:Whenadirectquotationsentenceisbroken,thefirstwordofthesecondhalfofthesentenceisnotcapitalized.
“Don’tphone,”Lillytoldme,“becausethey’renotinyet.”
WHATARETHERULESOFGRAMMAR?Therulesofgrammargovernthewaysinwhichpartsofspeechareorganizedinasentence.Therearerulesconcerningwordendings,wordorder,andwhichwordsmaybeusedtogether.Youmustknowthepartsofspeechinordertofollowtherulesofgrammar.
PartsofSpeech
ANOUNisthenameofaperson,place,thing,oridea:
teacher city desk democracy
PRONOUNSsubstitutefornouns:
he they ours those
AnADJECTIVEdescribesanoun:
warm quick tall blue
AVERBexpressesactionorastateofbeing:
yell interpret feel are
AnADVERBmodifiesaverb,anadjective,oranotheradverb:
fast slowly friendly well
CONJUNCTIONSjoinwords,sentences,andphrases:
and but or nor
APREPOSITIONshowspositionintimeorspace:
in during after behind
Nouns
Therearedifferentkindsofnouns.
Commonnounsaregeneral:
house girl street city
Propernounsarespecific:
WhiteHouse Jane MainStreet NewYork
Collectivenounsnamegroups:
team crowd organization Congress
Nounshavecases:
Nominative—thesubject,nounofaddress,orpredicatenoun
Objective—thedirectobject,indirectobject,orobjectofthepreposition
Possessive—theformthatshowspossession
Pronouns
Theantecedentofthepronounisthenountowhichapronounrefers.Apronounmustagreewithitsantecedentingender,person,andnumber.
Thereareseveralkindsofpronouns.(Pronounsalsohavecases.)
Demonstrativepronoun:this,that,these,those
Indefinitepronoun:all,any,nobody
Interrogativepronoun:who,which,what
Personalpronoun:
NOMINATIVE OBJECTIVE POSSESSIVE
SINGULAR
1stperson I me my,mine
2ndperson You you your,yours
3rdperson he,she,it him,her,it his,hers
PLURAL
1stperson We us our,ours
2ndperson You you your,yours
3rdperson They them their,theirs
Adjectives
Adjectivesanswerthequestions:
“Whichone?”
“Whatkind?”
“Howmany?”
Therearethreeusesofadjectives:
Anounmodifierisusuallyplaceddirectlybeforethenounitdescribes:
Heisatallman.
Apredicateadjectivefollowsaninactiveverbandmodifiesthesubject:
Sheishappy.Ifeelterrible.
Articleornounmarkerareothernamesfortheseadjectives:
the,a,an.
Adverbs
Adverbsanswerthequestions:
“Why?”
“How?”
“Where?”
“When?”
“Towhatdegree?”
Adverbsshouldnotbeusedtomodifynouns.
TwentyPrinciplesofGrammar
Thesubjectofaverbisinthenominativecaseeveniftheverbisunderstoodandnotexpressed.Thewordwhoisinthenominativecase.Whomisintheobjectivecase.Thewordwhoeverisinthenominativecase.Whomeverisintheobjectivecase.Nounsorpronounsconnectedbyaformoftheverbtobeshouldalwaysbeinthenominativecase.Theobjectofaprepositionorofatransitiveverbshoulduseapronounintheobjectivecase.Itisunacceptabletousethepossessivecaseinrelationtoinanimateobjects.Apronounagreeswithitsantecedentinperson,number,gender,andcase.Anounorpronounlinkedwithagerundshouldbeinthepossessivecase.Each,every,everyone,everybody,anybody,either,neither,noone,nobody,andsimilarwordsaresingularandrequiretheuseofsingularverbsandpronouns.Whenmodifyingthewordskindandsort,thewordsthisandthatalwaysremaininthesingular.Theworddon’tisnotusedwiththird-personsingularpronounsornouns.Averbagreesinnumberwithitssubject.Averbshouldnotbemadetoagreewithanounthatispartofaphrasefollowingthesubject.Thenumberoftheverbisnotaffectedbytheadditiontothesubjectofwordsintroducedbywith,togetherwith,nolessthan,aswellas,andsoon.Singularsubjectsjoinedbythewordsnorandortakeasingularverb.Asubjectconsistingoftwoormorenounsjoinedbythewordandtakesapluralverb.Averbshouldagreeinnumberwiththesubject,notwiththepredicatenoun.Inthereisandthereare,theverbshouldagreeinnumberwiththenoun(s)thatfollow(s)it.Anadjectiveshouldnotbeusedtomodifyaverb.Statementsequallytrueinthepastandinthepresentareusuallyexpressedinthepresenttense.Thewordwereisusedtoexpressaconditioncontrarytofactorawish.
WHATISCORRECTENGLISHUSAGE?CorrectEnglishusagereferstowordchoice.CorrectEnglishusagemeansusingtherightword
withthespecificmeaningintended.ManyEnglishwordsareeasilyconfusedandmisused.Hereisalistofcommonlymisusedwordsandexamplesofhowtousethemcorrectly.
accede—meanstoagreewith.
concede—meanstoyield,butnotnecessarilyinagreement.
exceed—meanstobemorethan.
Weshallaccedetoyourrequestformoreevidence.
Toavoiddelay,weshallconcedethatmoreevidenceisnecessary.
Federalexpendituresnowexceedfederalincome.
access—meansavailability.
excess—meanstoomuch.
Thelawyerwasgivenaccesstothegrandjuryrecords.
Theexpendituresthismontharefarinexcessofincome.
accept—meanstotakewhenoffered.
except—meansexcluding.(preposition)
except—meanstoleaveout.(verb)
Thedraftboardwillacceptallseniorsasvolunteersbeforegraduation.
Alleighteen-year-oldsexceptseniorswillbecalled.
Thedraftboardwillexceptallseniorsuntilaftergraduation.
adapt—meanstoadjustorchange.
adopt—meanstotakeasone’sown.
adept—meansskillful.
Childrencanadapttochangingconditionsveryeasily.
Thewarorphanwasadoptedbythegeneral’sfamily.
Properinstructionmakeschildrenadeptinvariousgames.
NOTE:adaptto,adoptby,adeptinorat.
adaptedto—impliesoriginalornaturalsuitability.
Thegillsofthefishareadaptedtounderwaterbreathing.
adaptedfor—impliescreatedsuitability.
Atomicenergyisconstantlybeingadaptedfornewuses.
adaptedfrom—implieschangedtobemadesuitable.
ManyofRichardWagner’soperalibrettoswereadaptedfromoldNorsesagas.
addition—meanstheactorprocessofadding.
edition—meansaprintingofapublication.
Inadditiontoadictionary,shealwaysusedathesaurus.
ThefirsteditionofShakespeare’splaysappearedin1623.
advantage—meansasuperiorposition.
benefit—meansafavorconferredorearned(asaprofit).
Hehadanadvantageinexperienceoverhisopponent.
Theruleswerechangedforhisbenefit.
NOTE:totakeadvantageof,tohaveanadvantageover.
adverse—(pronouncedAD-verse)meansunfavorable.
averse—(pronounceda-VERSE)meansdisliking.
Hetooktheadversedecisioninpoortaste.
Manystudentsareaversetocriticismbytheirclassmates.
advise—meanstogiveadvice.Adviseislosingfavorasasynonymfornotify.
Acceptable:Theteacherwilladvisethestudentinhabitsofstudy.
Unacceptable:Weareadvisingyouofadeliveryunderseparatecover.(SAY:notifying)
affect—meanstoinfluence.(verb)
effect—meansaninfluence.(noun)
effect—meanstobringabout.(verb)
Youreducationmustaffectyourfuture.
Theeffectofthelastwarisstillbeingfelt.
Adiplomaeffectedatremendouschangeinherattitude.
NOTE:Affectalsohasameaningofpretend.
Shehadanaffectedmanner.
after—isunnecessarywiththepastparticiple.
SAY:Aftercheckingthetimetable,Ileftforthestation.
DON’TSAY:Afterhavingchecked(omitafter)thetimetable,Ileftforthestation.
ain’t—isanunacceptablecontractionforamnot,arenot,orisnot.
aisle—isapassagewaybetweenseats.
isle—isasmallisland.(Bothwordsrhymewithpile.)
allready—meanseverybodyoreverythingready.
already—meanspreviously.
Theywereallreadytowritewhentheteacherarrived.
Theyhadalreadybegunwritingwhentheteacherarrived.
alright—isunacceptable.
allright—isacceptable.
all-round—meansversatileorgeneral.
allaround—meansalloveragivenarea.
RaferJohnson,decathlonchampion,isanall-roundathlete.
Thepolicewerelinedupformilesallaround.
alltogether—meanseverybodyoreverythingtogether.
altogether—meanscompletely.
Theboysandgirlssangalltogether.
Thiswasaltogetherstrangeforapersonofthattype.
allways—meansineverypossibleway.
always—meansatalltimes.
Shewasinallwaysacceptabletothevoters.
Hisreputationhadalwaysbeenspotless.
allude—meanstomakeareferenceto.
elude—meanstoescapefrom.
OnlyincidentallydoesColeridgealludetoShakespeare’spuns.
Itisalmostimpossibleforonetoeludetaxcollectors.
allusion—meansareference.
illusion—meansadeceptionoftheeyeormind.
Thestudentmadeallusionstohisteacher’shabits.
Illusionsofthemind,unlikethoseoftheeye,cannotbecorrectedwithglasses.
alongsideof—meanssidebysidewith.
alongside—meansparalleltotheside.
BillstoodalongsideofBarb.
Parkthecaralongsidethecurb.
alot—isunacceptable.Itshouldalwaysbewrittenastwowords:alot.
among—isusedwithmorethantwopersonsorthings.
NOTE:Amongstshouldbeavoided.
between—isusedwithtwopersonsorthings.
Theinheritancewasequallydividedamongthefourchildren.
Thebusiness,however,wasdividedbetweenthetwodaughters.
amount—appliestoquantitiesthatcannotbecountedonebyone.
number—appliestoquantitiesthatcanbecountedonebyone.
Alargeamountofgrainwasdeliveredtothestorehouse.
Alargenumberofbagsofgrainweredelivered.
annual—meansyearly.
biannual—meanstwiceayear.(Semi-annualmeansthesame.)
biennial—meansonceintwoyearsoreverytwoyears.
anywheres—isunacceptable.
anywhere—isacceptable.
SAY:Wecan’tfinditanywhere.
ALSOSAYnowhere(NOTnowheres),somewhere(NOTsomewheres).
aren’tI—iscolloquial.Itsuseistobediscouraged.
SAY:AmInotentitledtoanexpla-nation?(preferredtoAren’tI…)
as—(usedasaconjunction)isfollowedbyaverb.
like—(usedasapreposition)isNOTfollowedbyaverb.
DoasIdo,notasIsay.
Trynottobehavelikeachild.
Unacceptable:Hewaslikescreamingquiteloudly.
asfaras—expressesdistance.
sofaras—indicatesalimitation.
Wehikedasfarasthenextguesthouse.
Sofarasweknow,thebarnwasadequateforanight’sstay.
asgoodas—shouldbeusedforcomparisonsonly.
Thismotelisasgoodasthenextone.
NOTE:AsgoodasdoesNOTmeanpractically.
Unacceptable:Theyasgoodaspromisedusaplaceinthehall.
Acceptable:Theypracticallypromisedusaplaceinthehall.
asif—iscorrectlyusedintheexpression,“Hetalkedasifhisjawhurthim.”
Unacceptable:“Hetalkedlikehisjawhurthim.”
ascared—nosuchword.Itisunaccept-ableforscared.
Thechildwasscaredofghosts.(NOTascared).
ascent—istheactofrising.
assent—meansapproval.
Theascenttothetopofthemountainwasperilous.
CongressgaveitsassenttothePresident’semergencydirective.
assay—meanstoanalyzeorexamine.
essay—meansashortliterarycomposition.
Thechemistassayedthecontentoftheore.
Thecandidateexpressedherviewsinanessay.
attendto—meanstotakecareof.
tendto—meanstobeinclinedto.
Oneoftheclerkswillattendtothemailinmyabsence.
Inactivepeopletendtogainweight.
back—shouldNOTbeusedwithsuchwordsasreferandreturnsincetheprefixremeansback.
Unacceptable:Referbacktothetext,ifyouhavedifficultyrecallingthefacts.
Bothareacceptableandmaybeusedinterchangeablyasanadverb.
Wetriedtorunbackward.(orbackwards)
Backwardasanadjectivethatmeansslowinlearning.(DON’Tsaybackwardsinthiscase.)
Abackwardpupilshouldbegiveneveryencouragement.
berth—isarestingplace.
birth—meansthebeginningoflife.
Thenewlinerwasgivenawideberthintheharbor.
Hewasafortunatemanfrombirth.
beside—meanscloseto.
besides—referstosomethingthathasbeenadded.
Helivedbesidethestream.
Hefoundwildflowersandweedsbesides.
better—meansrecovering.
well—meanscompletelyrecovered.
Sheisbetternowthanshewasaweekago.Inafewmoreweeks,shewillbewell.
both—meanstwoconsideredtogether.
each—meansoneoftwoormore.
Bothoftheapplicantsqualifiedfortheposition.
Eachapplicantwasgivenagener-ousreference.
NOTE:Avoidusingsuchexpressionsasthefollowing:
Bothgirlshadanewcomputer.(Useeachgirlinstead.)
Bothgirlstriedtooutdotheother.(Useeachgirlinstead.)
Theyarebothalike(OMITboth).
breath—meansanintakeofair.
breathe—meanstodrawairinandgiveitout.
breadth—meanswidth.
Beforeyoudivein,takeaverydeepbreath.Itisdifficulttobreatheunderwater.
Inasquare,thebreadthshouldbeequaltothelength.
bring—meanstocarrytowardthepersonwhoisspeaking.
take—meanstocarryawayfromthespeaker.
Bringthebookshere.
Takeyourraincoatwithyouwhenyougoout.
broke—isthepasttenseofbreak.
broke—isunacceptablefor“withoutmoney.”
Hebrokehisarm.
“Goforbroke”isaslangexpressionwidelyusedingamblingcircles.
bunch—referstothings.
group—referstopeopleorthings.
Thislookslikeadeliciousbunchofbananas.
Whatawell-behavedgroupofchildren!
NOTE:Thecolloquialuseofbunchappliedtopeopleistobediscouraged.
Abunchoftheboyswerewhoopingitup.(Numberispreferable.)
certainly—(andsurely)isanadverb.
sure—isanadjective.
Hewascertainlylearningfast.
Unacceptable:Hesurewaslearningfast.
cite—meanstoquote.
sight—referstovisionorappearance.
site—meansaplaceforabuilding.
HewasfondofcitingfromtheScriptures.
Thesightofthewreckwasappalling.
TheBoardofEducationisseekingasiteforthenewschool.
coarse—meansvulgarorharsh.
course—meansapathorastudy.
Wewereshunnedbecauseofhiscoarsebehavior.
Theshiptookitsusualcourse.
WhichcourseinEnglishareyoutaking?
cometobe—shouldNOTbereplacedwiththeexpressionbecometobe,sincebecomemeanscometobe.
Truefreedomwillcometobewhenalltyrantshavebeenoverthrown.
comic—meansintentionallyfunny.
comical—meansunintentionallyfunny.
Aclownisacomicfigure.
Thepeculiarhatsheworegaveheracomicalappearance.
conscience—meanssenseofright.
conscientious—meansfaithful.
conscious—meansaware.
Hisconsciencepreventedhimfrombecomingcompletelyselfish.
Wealldependonhimbecauseheisconscientious.
Theinjuredwomanwascompletelyconscious.
considerable—isproperlyusedonlyasanadjective,NOTasanoun.
cease—meanstoend.
seize—meanstotakeholdof.
Willyoupleaseceasemakingthosesounds?
Seizehimbythecollarashecomesaroundthecorner.
cent—meansacoin.
scent—meansanodor.
sent—isthepasttenseofsend.
Theone-centpostalcardisathingofthepast.
Thescentofrosesispleasing.
Weweresenttotherearofthebalcony.
calendar—isasystemoftime.
calender—isasmoothingandglazingmachine.
colander—isakindofsieve.
Inthispartoftheworld,mostpeoplepreferthetwelve-monthcalendar.
Inceramicwork,thepottingwheelandthecalenderareindispensable.
Garden-pickedvegetablesshouldbewashedinacolanderbeforecooking.
can—meansphysicallyable.
may—impliespermission.
Icanliftthischairovermyhead.
Youmayleaveafteryoufinishyourwork.
cannothelp—mustbefollowedbyan-ingform.
Wecannothelpfeeling(NOTfeel)distressedaboutthis.
NOTE:cannothelpbutisunacceptable.
can’thardly—isadoublenegative.Itisunacceptable.
SAY:Thechildcanhardlywalkinthoseshoes.
capital—isthecity.
capitol—isthebuilding.
ParisisthecapitalofFrance.
TheCapitolinWashingtonisoccupiedbytheCongress.
(TheWashingtonCapitoliscapitalized.)
NOTE:Capitalalsomeanswealth.
compareto—meanstolikentosome-thingthathasadifferentform.
comparewith—meanstocomparepersonsorthingswitheachotherwhentheyareofthesamekind.
contrastwith—meanstoshowthedifferencebetweentwothings.
Aministerissometimescomparedtoashepherd.
Shakespeare’splaysareoftencomparedwiththoseofMarlowe.
Thewritercontrastedthesensitivityofthedancerwiththegrossnessofthepugilist.
complement—meansacompletingpart.
compliment—isanexpressionofadmiration.
Herwitwasacomplementtoherbeauty.
Hecomplimentedhersenseofhumor.
consul—meansagovernmentrepresentative.
council—meansanassemblythatmeetsfordeliberation.
counsel—meansadvice.
Americansabroadshouldkeepintouchwiththeirconsuls.
TheCityCouncilenactslocallawsandregulations.
Thedefendantheededthecounselofhisfriends.
convenientto—shouldbefollowedbyaperson.
convenientfor—shouldbefollowedbyapurpose.
Willtheseplansbeconvenienttoyou?
Youmustagreethattheyareconvenientfortheoccasion.
copy—isanimitationofanoriginalwork.(NOTnecessarilyanexactimitation)
facsimile—isanexactimitationofanoriginalwork.
Thecounterfeitersmadeacrudecopyofthehundred-dollarbill.
Theofficialgovernmentengraver,however,preparedafacsimileofthebill.
couldof—isunacceptable.(Shouldofisalsounacceptable.)
couldhave—isacceptable.(Shouldhaveisacceptable.)
Acceptable:Youcouldhavedonebetterwithmorecare.
Unacceptable:Icouldofwon.
ALSOAVOID:mustof,wouldof.
decent—meanssuitable.
descent—meansgoingdown.
dissent—meansdisagreement.
Thedecentthingtodoistoadmityourfault.
Thedescentintothecavewastreacherous.
Twooftheninejusticesfiledadissentingopinion.
deduction—meansreasoningfromthegeneral(lawsorprinciples)totheparticular(facts).
induction—meansreasoningfromtheparticular(facts)tothegeneral(lawsorprinciples).
Allhumansaremortal.SinceJohnishuman,heismortal.(deduction)
Thereare10,000orangesinthistruckload.Ihaveexamined100fromvariouspartsoftheloadandfindthemallofthesamequality.Iconcludethatthe10,000orangesareofthisquality.(induction)
delusion—meansawrongideathatwillprobablyinfluenceaction.
illusion—meansawrongideathatwillprobablynotinfluenceaction.
Peoplewereunderthedelusionthattheearthwasflat.
Itisjustanillusionthattheearthisflat.
desert—(pronouncedDEZZ-ert)meansanaridarea.
desert—(pronounceddi-ZERT)meanstoabandon;alsoarewardorpunishment.
dessert—(pronounceddi-ZERT)meansthefinalcourseofameal.
TheSaharaistheworld’smostfamousdesert.
Ahusbandmustnotdeserthiswife.
Executionwasajustdesertforhiscrime.
Wehadplumpuddingfordessert.
differentfrom—isacceptable.
differentthan—isunacceptable.
Acceptable:Jackisdifferentfromhisbrother.
Unacceptable:Florida’sclimateisdifferentthanNewYork’sclimate.
doubtthat—isacceptable.
doubtwhether—isunacceptable.
Acceptable:Idoubtthatyouwillpassthisterm.
Unacceptable:Wedoubtwhetheryouwillsucceed.
dual—meansrelatingtotwo.
duel—meansacontestbetweentwopeople.
Dr.Jekylhadadualpersonality.
AlexanderHamiltonwasfatallyinjuredinaduelwithAaronBurr.
dueto—isunacceptableatthebegin-ningofasentence.Usebecauseof,onaccountof,orsome
similarexpressioninstead.
Unacceptable:Duetotherain,thegamewaspostponed.
Acceptable:Becauseoftherain,thegamewaspostponed.
Acceptable:Thepostponementwasduetotherain.
eachother—referstotwopeople.
oneanother—referstomorethantwopeople.
Thetwogirlshaveknowneachotherformanyyears.
Severalofthegirlshaveknownoneanotherformanyyears.
either...or—isusedwhenreferringtochoices.
neither...nor—isthenegativeform.
EitheryouorIwillwintheelection.
NeitherBillnorBarbisexpectedtohaveachance.
eliminate—meanstogetridof.
illuminate—meanstosupplywithlight.
Letustrytoeliminatetheunneces-sarysteps.
Severallampswereneededtoilluminatethecorridor.
emerge—meanstoriseoutof.
immerge—meanstosinkinto.(ALSOimmerse)
Theswimmeremergedfromthepool.
Thelaundererimmergedthedressinthetubofwater.
emigrate—meanstoleaveone’scoun-tryforanother.
immigrate—meanstoenteranothercountry.
TheNorwegiansemigratedfromNorwayinthemid-1860s.
ManyoftheNorwegianimmigrantssettledintheMiddleWest.
everyone—iswrittenasonewordwhenitisapronoun.
everyone—(twowords)isusedwheneachindividualisstressed.
Everyonepresentvotedfortheproposal.
Everyoneofthevotersacceptedtheproposal.
NOTE:Everybodyiswrittenasoneword.
everywheres—isunacceptable.
everywhere—isacceptable.
Wesearchedeverywhereforthemissingbook.
NOTE:Everyplace(oneword)islikewiseunacceptable.
feelbad—meanstofeelill.
feelbadly—meanstohaveapoorsenseoftouch.
IfeelbadabouttheaccidentIsaw.
Thenumbnessinhislimbscausedhimtofeelbadly.
feelgood—meanstobehappy.
feelwell—meanstobeingoodhealth.
Ifeelverygoodaboutmyrecentpromotion.
Springweatheralwaysmademefeelwell.
flaunt—meanstomakeadisplayof.
flout—meanstoinsult.
HesterPrynneflauntedherscarlet“A.”
Maryfloutedtheauthorityoftheprincipal.
formally—meansinaformalway.
formerly—meansatanearliertime.
Theletterofreferencewasformallywritten.
Maxwasformerlyadelegatetotheconvention.
former—meansthefirstoftwo.
latter—meansthesecondoftwo.
Theformerhalfofthebookwasinprose.
Thelatterhalfofthebookwasinpoetry.
forth—meansforward.
fourth—comesafterthird.
Theywentforthlikewarriorsofold.
TheFourthofJulyisourIndepen-denceDay.
NOTE:spellingofforty(40)andfourteen(14).
get—isaverbthatstrictlymeanstoobtain.
Pleasegetmybag.
TherearemanyslangformsofGETthatshouldbeavoided:
AVOID:Doyougetme?(SAY:Doyouunderstandme?)
AVOID:Youcan’tgetawaywithit.(SAY:Youwon’tavoidpunishmentifyoudoit.)
AVOID:Getwisetoyourself.(SAY:Usecommonsense.)
AVOID:Wedidn’tgettogo.(SAY:Wedidn’tmanagetogo.)
got—meansobtained.
Hegottheticketsyesterday.
AVOID:You’vegottodoit.(SAY:Youhavetodoit.)
AVOID:Wehavegotnosympathyforthem.(SAY:Wehavenosympathyforthem.)
AVOID:Theyhavegotagreatdealofproperty.(SAY:Theyhaveagreatdealofproperty.)
hanged—isusedinreferencetoaperson.
hung—isusedinreferencetoathing.
Theprisonerwashangedatdawn.
Thepicturewashungabovethefireplace.
however—meansnevertheless.
however—meansinwhatpossibleway.
Wearecertain,however,thatyouwilllikethisclass.
Wearecertainthat,howeveryoudecidetostudy,youwillsucceed.
if—introducesacondition.
whether—introducesachoice.
IshallgotoEuropeifIwintheprize.
HeaskedmewhetherIintendedtogotoEurope.(notif)
ifitwas—impliesthatsomethingmighthavebeentrueinthepast.
ifitwere—impliesdoubt,orindicatessomethingthatiscontrarytofact.
Ifyourbookwastherelastnight,itistherenow.
Ifitweresummernow,wewouldallgoswimming.
in—usuallyreferstoastateofbeing.(nomotion)
into—isusedformotionfromoneplacetoanother.
Therecordsareinthatdrawer.
Iputtherecordsintothatdrawer.
NOTE:“Wewerewalkingintheroom”iscorrecteventhoughthereismotion.Themotionisnotfromoneplacetoanother.
irregardless—isunacceptable.
regardless—isacceptable.
Unacceptable:Irregardlessoftheweather,Iamgoingtothegame.
Acceptable:Regardlessofhisability,heisnotlikelytowin.
its—meansbelongingtoit.
it’s—meansitis.
Thehouselostitsroof.
It’sanexposedhouse,now.
areunacceptableforrather.
SAY:Weareratherdisappointedinyou.
last—referstothefinalmemberinaseries.
latest—referstothemostrecentintime.
latter—referstothesecondoftwo.
Thisisthelastbulletin.Therewon’tbeanyotherbulletins.
Thisisthelatestbulletin.Therewillbeotherbulletins.
Ofthetwomostrecentbulletins,thelatterismoreencouraging.
lay—meanstoplace.
lie—meanstorecline.
Notetheformsofeachverb:
Tense Lay(Place)
Present Thechickenislayinganegg.
Past Thechickenlaidanegg.
Pres.Perf. Thechickenhaslaidanegg.
Tense Lie(Recline)
Present Thechildislyingdown.
Past Thechildlaydown.
Pres.Perf. Thechildhaslaindown.
lightening—isthepresentparticipleoftolighten.
lightning—meanstheflashesoflightaccompaniedbythunder.
Leavingtheextrafoodbehindresultedinlighteningthepack.
Summerthunderstormsproducestartlinglightningbolts.
many—referstoanumber.
much—referstoaquantityinbulk.
Howmanyinchesofrainfelllastnight?
Idon’tknow,butIwouldsaymuchrainfelllastnight.
may—isusedinthepresenttense.
might—isusedinthepasttense.
Wearehopingthattheymaycometoday.
Hemighthavedoneitifyouhadencouragedhim.
it’sI—isalwaysacceptable.
it’sme—isacceptableonlyincolloquialspeechorwriting.
alwaysunacceptable:
alwaysacceptable:
noplace—asasolidword,isunaccept-ablefornoplaceornowhere.
Acceptable:Younowhavenowheretogo.
number—issingularwhenthetotalisintended.
Thenumber(ofpagesinthebook)is500.
number—ispluralwhentheindividualunitsarereferredto.
Anumberofpages(inthebook)wereprintedinitalictype.
ofany—(andofanyone)isunacceptableforofall.
SAY:Herswasthehighestmarkofall.
(NOTofanyorofanyone)
offof—isunacceptable.
SAY:Hetookthebookoffthetable.
outloud—isunacceptableforaloud.
SAY:Janereadaloudtoherfamilyeveryevening.
outdoor—(andout-of-door)isanadjective.
outdoors—isanadverb.
Wespentmostofthesummeratanoutdoormusiccamp.
Mostofthetimeweplayedstringquartetsoutdoors.
NOTE:Out-of-doorsisacceptableineithercase.
people—compriseaunitedorcollectivegroupofindividuals.
persons—areindividualsthatareseparateandunrelated.
ThepeopleofNewYorkCityhaveenthusiasticallyaccepted“Shakespeare-in-the-Park”productions.
Onlyfivepersonsremainedinthetheaterafterthefirstact.
persecute—meanstomakelifemiser-ableforsomeone.(Persecutionisillegal.)
prosecute—meanstoconductacrimi-nalinvestigation.(Prosecutionislegal.)
Somepeopleinsistuponpersecutingotherethnicgroups.
TheDistrictAttorneyisprosecutingtheracketeers.
precede—meanstocomebefore.
proceed—meanstogoahead.(Procedureisthenoun.)
supersede—meanstoreplace.
Whatwerethecircumstancesthatprecededtheattack?
Wecanthenproceedwithourplanforresistingasecondattack.
ItisthenpossiblethatPlanBwillsupersedePlanA.
principal—meanschieformain(asanadjective);aleader(asanoun).
principle—meansafundamentaltruthorbelief.
Hisprincipalsupporterscamefromamongthepeasants.
Theprincipaloftheschoolaskedforcooperationfromthestaff.
HumilitywastheguidingprincipleofBuddha’slife.
NOTE:Principalmayalsomeanasumplacedatinterest.
Partofhermonthlypaymentwasappliedasinterestontheprincipal.
sit—meanstakeaseat.(intransitiveverb)
set—meansplace.(transitiveverb)
Notetheformsofeachverb:
Tense Sit(TakeaSeat)
Present Hesitsonachair.
Past Hesatonthechair.
Pres.Perf. Hehassatonthechair.
Tense Set(Place)
Present Hesetsthelamponthetable.
Past Hesetthelamponthetable.
Pres.Perf. Hehassetthelamponthetable.
sometime—meansaportionoftime.
sometime—meansatanindefinitetimeinthefuture.
sometimes—meansoccasionally.
I’llneedsometimetomakeadecision.
Letusmeetsometimeafternoon.
Sometimesitisbettertohesitatebeforesigningacontract.
somewheres—isunacceptable.
somewhere—isacceptable.
stationary—meansstandingstill.
stationery—meanswritingmaterials.
Inancienttimespeoplethoughttheearthwasstationary.
Weboughtwritingpaperatthestationerystore.
stayed—meansremained.
stood—meansremaineduprightorerect.
Thearmystayedinthetrenchesforfivedays.
Thesoldiersstoodatattentionforonehour.
sure—forsurelyisunacceptable.
SAY:Yousurely(NOTsure)arenotgoingtowritethat!
takein—isunacceptableinthesenseofdeceiveorattend.
SAY:Weweredeceived(NOTtakenin)byhisoilymanner.
Weshouldliketoattend(NOTtakein)afewplaysduringourvacation.
their—meansbelongingtothem.
there—meansinthatplace.
they’re—meanstheyare.
Wetooktheirbookshomewithus.
Youwillfindyourbooksoverthereonthedesk.
They’regoingtotheballparkwithus.
theirselves—isunacceptableforthemselves.
SAY:Mostchildrenofschoolageareabletocareforthemselvesinmanyways.
thesekind—isunacceptable.
thiskind—isacceptable.
Iamfondofthiskindofapple.
NOTE:Thesekindswouldalsobeacceptable.
through—meaningfinishedorcompletedisunacceptable.
SAY:We’llfinish(NOTbethroughwith)theworkbyfiveo’clock.
tryto—isacceptable.
tryand—isunacceptable.
Trytocome(NOTtryandcome).
NOTE:planongoingisunaccept-able;plantogoisacceptable.
two—isthenumeral2.
to—meansinthedirectionof.
too—meansmorethanoralso.
Therearetwosidestoeverystory.
Threetwos(or2’s)equalsix.
Weshallgotoschool.
Weshallgo,too.
Theweatheristoohotforschool.
Ifsomethingiscontrarytofact(notafact),usewereineveryinstance.
IwishIwereinBermuda.
Unacceptable:Ifhewassensible,hewouldn’tactlikethat.
(SAY:Ifhewere...)
ways—isunacceptableforway.
SAY:Weclimbedalittleway(NOTways)upthehill.
wentandtook—(wentandstole,andsoon)isunacceptable.
SAY:Theystole(NOTwentandstole)ourtools.
when(andwhere)—shouldNOTbeusedtointroduceadefinitionofanoun.
SAY:Atornadoisatwisting,highwindonland(NOTiswhenatwisting,highwindisonland).
Apoolisaplaceforswimming.(NOTiswherepeopleswim)
whereabouts—isunacceptableforwhere.
SAY:Where(NOTwhereabouts)doyoulive?
NOTE:Whereaboutsasanounmeaningaplaceisacceptable.
Doyouknowhiswhereabouts?
whether—shouldNOTbeprecededbyoforasto.
SAY:ThePresidentwillconsiderthequestionwhether(NOTofwhether)itisbetterto
askforordemandhighertaxesnow.
Heinquiredwhether(NOTastowhether)weweregoingornot.
which—isusedincorrectlyinthefollowingexpressions:
Heaskedmetostay,whichIdid.(CORRECT:HeaskedmetostayandIdid.)
Ithasbeenaseverewinter,whichisunfortunate.(CORRECT:Unfortunately,ithasbeenaseverewinter.)
Youdidnotwrite,besideswhichyouhavenottelephoned.(CORRECT:Omitwhich)
while—isunacceptableforandorthough.
SAY:Thelibraryissituatedonthesouthside;(OMITwhile)thelaboratoryisonthenorthside.
Though(NOTwhile)Idisagreewithyou,Ishallnotinterferewithyourrighttoexpressyouropinion.
Though(NOTwhile)Iaminmyofficeeveryday,youdonotattempttoseeme.
Thefollowingisamethod(withoutgoingintogrammarrules)fordeterminingwhento
useWHOorWHOM:
“Tellme(Who,Whom)youthinkshouldrepresentourcompany?”
Step1:Changethe“who,whom”partofthesentencetoitsnaturalorder.
“Youthink(who,whom)shouldrepresentourcompany?”
Step2:SubstituteHEforWHO,HIMforWHOM.
“Youthink(he,him)shouldrepresentourcompany?”
YouwouldsayHEinthiscase.
THEREFORE:“TellmeWHOyouthinkshouldrepresentthecompany?”iscorrect.
Notetheseconstructions:
ItisIwhoamthemostexperienced.
Itishewhois...
ItisheorIwhoam...
ItisIorhewhois...
ItisheandIwhoare...
whose—meansofwhom.
who’s—meanswhois.
Whoseisthenotebook?
Who’sinthenextoffice?
wouldhave—isunacceptableforhad.
SAY:Iwishyouhad(NOTwouldhave)calledearlier.
youall—isunacceptableforyou(plural).
SAY:Wewelcomeyou,thedelegatesfromEthiopia.
Youareallwelcome,delegatesofEthiopia.
HOWCANIIMPROVEMYWRITING?Writtencommunicationstartswiththesentence.Agroupofrelatedsentencesformsaparagraph.Aseriesofconnectedparagraphsbecomesacomposition.
Thefirststepinimprovingyourwritingistoknowwhatmakesagoodsentence.
WhatIsaSentence?
Asentencemusthaveasubjectandanactionwordorverb.Inaddition,asentencemustexpressacompletethought.
ExamplesofSentences: Bobwalks.
Ericswims.
Otherwordscanbeaddedtomakethesesentencesmoredescriptive.
ImprovedSentences: Bobwalksbriskly.
Ericswimsrapidly.
Addingphrasesthattellmoreaboutthesubjectortheverbcanmakethesesametwosentencesevenmoreinteresting.
GoodSentences: Bobwalksbrisklydowntheroad.
Ericswimsrapidlyacrossthepool.
Theadditionofanotherphraseateitherthebeginningortheendofthesesentencesprovidesan
evenclearerpictureofBobandEric.
BetterSentences: Inahurrytogettoschoolontime,Bobwalksbrisklydowntheroad.
Ericswimsrapidlyacrossthepool,attemptingtoovertakehisopponent.
Themoreyoucanpracticewritingclear,descriptivesentences,thebetteryouwillbecomeatwritingthem.
Thesecondstepinimprovingyourwritingistolearnwhatmakesagoodparagraph.
WhatIsaParagraph?
Aparagraphisagroupofsentencesthatdevelopsonemainidea.Usuallythismainideaortopicisslatedinthefirstsentenceoftheparagraph.Therestoftheparagraphcanprovidedetailsaboutthetopicoritcanclarifythetopicbyprovidingspecificexamples.
Therearenorulesfordeterminingthelengthofaparagraph.However,itisagoodideatomakemostparagraphsinacompositionorreportatleastthreesentenceslong.
ExampleofaParagraphDevelopedbyDetails:
Themanopenedthedoorcautiouslyandslippedquietlyintothecrowdedwaitingroom.Hewasdressedinacleanbutwell-wornovercoatandsneakersthathadseenbetterdays.Onhisheadwasablackknittedcap,pulleddowntocoverhisforeheadandears.
Everysentenceinthisparagraphprovidesadditionaldetailsaboutthetopic—theman.
ExampleofaParagraphDevelopedbyExamples:
Intramuralsportsareavaluablepartofthehighschoolcurriculum.Asportsprogramprovidesaconstructiveoutletfortheenergythathasbeenstoredupduringtheschoolday.Practicesessionsorgamestakeupthetimethatmightotherwisebespenthangingoutonstreetcornerslookingfortrouble.Tossingabasketballaroundthegymprovidesanacceptablealternativetotossingrocksatstreetlightsorstorewindows.
Eachsentenceinthisparagraphprovidesaspecificexampleofthevalueofintramuralsports.
Anewparagraphindicatesachange.Startanewparagraphtoshowachangein:•Thetime,theplace,ortheactioninastory•Themoodorpointofviewinadescription•Ideasorstepsinanexplanation•Speakersinaconversation
ConnectingParagraphs
Justasyoumustprovideforanorderlyflowofsentenceswithinaparagraph,youmustalsoprovideforalogicaltransitionfromparagraphtoparagraphinanycompositionorreport.
Thethreemostcommonmeansofconnectingparagraphsare:Repetitionofakeywordorphraseintroducedinoneparagraphandexpandeduponinthenextparagraph.Useofpronounsthatrefertoapersonoranideamentionedinthepreviousparagraph.
Examplesofpronouns:he,she,they,this,that,these,those,such,both,allUseoftransitionalwordsandphrasestoillustratetherelationshipofonetopictoanother.
Examplesoftransitionalwordsandphrases:although,asaresult,consequently,forexample,incomparison,incontrast,infact,nevertheless,therefore,thus.
ExampleofParagraphsConnectedbyRepetitionofaKeyWord:
LastsummerourwholefamilypiledintothecaranddrovetoDisneyWorldinFlorida.Althoughwehadheardabouttheamusementparkfromfriendswhohadalreadybeenthere,thiswouldbeourfirstexperienceataDisneypark.Wewerealleagertogetthere,butwereallydidnotknowwhattoexpect.
OurfirstdayatDisneyWorldwentbeyondanyexpectationswemighthavehad…
Theseparagraphsareconnectedbytheuseofformsofthesameword.Expectinparagraph1isrepeatedasexpectationsinparagraph2,allowingonethoughttoflowfromthefirstparagraphtothesecond.ThesecondparagraphwillcontinuewithspecificthingsthefamilydidatDisneyWorld.
ExampleofParagraphsConnectedbyTransitionalWords:
Teenagealcoholismisaseriousproblemtoday.Itisaproblemthataffectsyoungpeopleofalltypes,regardlessofethnicbackgroundorsocio-economiclevel.Alcoholismshowsnodiscriminationinchoosingitsvictims.
Althoughtheproblemisfarfrombeingsolved,stepsarebeingtakenbybothfamiliesandschoolstodealwithalcoholismamongteens…
Theseparagraphsareconnectedbytheuseofthetransitionalwordalthoughandtherepetitionofthekeywordproblem.Thesecondparagraphwillcontinuebydetailingsomeofthestepsthatarebeingtakentocombatalcoholism.
EXERCISES:SPELLING
Directions:Eachofthefollowingexercisescontainsagroupoffourwords.Onlyoneofthesewordsisspelledcorrectly.Choosetheletterofthecorrectlyspelledword.Youwillfindthecorrectanswerandareferencetooneofthespellingrulesyouhavejustlearnedintheanswerexplanations.
1.(A)transient
(B)transeint
(C)transent
(D)transint
2.(A)heratage
(B)heritage
(C)heiritage
(D)heretage
3.(A)retreivable
(B)retrievable
(C)retrievible
(D)retreivible
4.(A)foriegn
(B)foreign
(C)foureign
(D)fouriegn
5.(A)witneses
(B)wittnesses
(C)witnesses
(D)wittneses
6.(A)priceing
(B)pricing
(C)priseing
(D)prising
7.(A)intermittent
(B)intermitant
(C)intermittant
(D)intermitent
8.(A)disgracefully
(B)disgracefull
(C)disgracful
(D)disgracefuly
9.(A)complyeing
(B)complieing
(C)complying
(D)compling
10.(A)acheivment
(B)achievment
(C)acheivement
(D)achievement
Directions:Ineachofthefollowingexercisesyoufindagroupofthreewords,pluschoice(D),NOERROR.Youhavetodecidewhetheroneofthethreewordsismisspelled.Theincorrectlyspelledwordisspelledcorrectlyintheanswerexplanation.Youarereferredbacktothespellingrules,ifnecessary.
11.(A)nuisanse
(B)obedience
(C)nonsense
(D)NOERROR
12.(A)confidential
(B)initial
(C)marsial
(D)NOERROR
13.(A)Saturday
(B)Thursday
(C)Wendsday
(D)NOERROR
14.(A)confessing
(B)aroussing
(C)caressing
(D)NOERROR
15.(A)medicine
(B)feminine
(C)paraffin
(D)NOERROR
16.(A)pleasure
(B)measure
(C)liesure
(D)NOERROR
17.(A)libary
(B)contemporary
(C)canary
(D)NOERROR
18.(A)prosperity
(B)university
(C)susceptibility
(D)NOERROR
19.(A)immaterial
(B)immeasurable
(C)implicit
(D)NOERROR
20.(A)ocassionaly
(B)necessarily
(C)recommended
(D)NOERROR
21.(A)feudal
(B)fugitive
(C)muetiny
(D)NOERROR
22.(A)donkies
(B)territories
(C)secretaries
(D)NOERROR
23.(A)squashes
(B)shelfs
(C)lenses
(D)NOERROR
24.(A)blamless
(B)nervous
(C)immensity
(D)NOERROR
25.(A)concurence
(B)remittance
(C)appearance
(D)NOERROR
26.(A)gracefully
(B)intimately
(C)steadyly
(D)NOERROR
27.(A)deficient
(B)wierd
(C)financier
(D)NOERROR
28.(A)forcible
(B)irascible
(C)tyrannical
(D)NOERROR
29.(A)driest
(B)dryly
(C)driness
(D)NOERROR
30.(A)embargos
(B)topazes
(C)sheaves
(D)NOERROR
Directions:Ineachofthefollowingexercisesyoufindagroupoffourwords.Oneofthesefourisspelledincorrectly.Youaretofindtheincorrectlyspelledword.Itisspelledcorrectlyintheanswerexplanation.Youarereferredbacktothespellingrules,ifnecessary.
31.(A)heinous
(B)arrainment
(C)bureau
(D)repetitious
32.(A)corrugated
(B)regrettable
(C)deliberasion
(D)yacht
33.(A)posession
(B)blamable
(C)bookkeeping
(D)whether
34.(A)mediocrity
(B)dilapidated
(C)derogatory
(D)irelevant
35.(A)soverein
(B)mischievous
(C)harassment
(D)masquerade
36.(A)anemia
(B)equilibrium
(C)presumptious
(D)baccalaureate
37.(A)vengance
(B)punctilious
(C)vacillation
(D)resilience
38.(A)beatitude
(B)aggravation
(C)description
(D)beleagered
39.(A)inimitable
(B)iminent
(C)eminent
(D)impartial
40.(A)recognizeable
(B)incongruity
(C)temperamentally
(D)complacency
ANSWERSANDEXPLANATIONS1.Thecorrectansweris(A).SeeRule6andtheDemonslist.
2.Thecorrectansweris(B).SeetheDemonslist.
3.Thecorrectansweris(B).SeeRule6.
4.Thecorrectansweris(B).SeeRule6,Exceptions.
5.Thecorrectansweris(C).SeeRule4.
6.Thecorrectansweris(B).SeeRule3.
7.Thecorrectansweris(A).SeeRule1.
8.Thecorrectansweris(A).SeeRule7.
9.Thecorrectansweris(C).SeeRule5.
10.Thecorrectansweris(D).SeeRules3and6.
11.Thecorrectansweris(A).nuisance
12.Thecorrectansweris(C).martial
13.Thecorrectansweris(C).Wednesday
14.Thecorrectansweris(B).arousing.SeeRule3.
15.Thecorrectansweris(D).Noerror.
16.Thecorrectansweris(C).leisure.SeeRule6.
17.Thecorrectansweris(A).library
18.Thecorrectansweris(D).Noerror.
19.Thecorrectansweris(D).Noerror.
20.Thecorrectansweris(A).occasionally.SeetheDemonsList.
21.Thecorrectansweris(C).mutiny.SeeRule9.
22.Thecorrectansweris(A).donkeys.SeeRule5.
23.Thecorrectansweris(B).Shelvesisthepluralformofthewordshelf.
24.Thecorrectansweris(A).blameless.SeeRule3.
25.Thecorrectansweris(A).concurrence.SeeRule2.
26.Thecorrectansweris(C).steadily.SeeRule8,Exceptions.
27.Thecorrectansweris(B).weird.SeeRule6,Exceptions.
28.Thecorrectansweris(D).Noerror.
29.Thecorrectansweris(C).dryness.SeeRule5.
30.Thecorrectansweris(A).embargoes
31.Thecorrectansweris(B).arraignment.SeetheDemonsList.
32.Thecorrectansweris(C).deliberation
33.Thecorrectansweris(A).possession.SeetheDemonsList.
34.Thecorrectansweris(D).irrelevant
35.Thecorrectansweris(A).sovereign.SeetheDemonsList.
36.Thecorrectansweris(C).presumptuous.SeetheDemonsList.
37.Thecorrectansweris(A).vengeance.SeetheDemonsList.
38.Thecorrectansweris(D).beleaguered.SeetheDemonsList.
39.Thecorrectansweris(B).imminent.SeetheDemonsList.
40.Thecorrectansweris(A).recognizable.SeeRule3.
EXERCISES:PRINCIPLESOFGRAMMAR
Directions:Eachofthesentencesbelowisgrammaticallyincorrect.Rewriteeachsentencecorrectly.TheanswerexplanationsrefertothePrincipleofGrammarthatgovernseachsentence.
1.Theyareasoldasus.
2.Whomdoyousupposepaidusavisit?
3.Punishwhomeverisguilty.
4.Itisme.
5.Canitbethem?
6.ItwouldbeimpossibleforyouandI.
7.Hehaddifficultywiththestore’smanagement.
8.I,who’solder,knowbetterthanyou.
9.IsthereanycriticismofArthurgoing?
10.Everybodytriedtheirhardest.
11.Idonotlikethesesortofcakes.
12.Shedon’tliketoengageinsuchactivity.
13.Theuseofliquorsaredangerous.
14.Thedistrictattorney,aswellasmanyofhisaides,havebeeninvolvedintheinvestigation.
15.Eitherthefifthortheseventhofthecoursestheyhadlaidopenaretobeaccepted.
16.Thefightingandwrestlingofthetwomenisexcellent.
17.Theworstfeatureoftheplayweretheabominableactors.
18.Thereispresentachildandtwodogs.
19.Hespokeslowandcareful.
20.HesaidthatVenuswasaplanet.
21.IwishIwasaclown.
ANSWEREXPLANATIONS1.Theyareasoldaswe(are).SeePrinciple1.
2.Whodoyousupposepaidusavisit?SeePrinciple2.
3.Punishwhoeverisguilty.SeePrinciple3.
4.ItisI.SeePrinciple4.
5.Canitbethey?SeePrinciple4.
6.Itwouldbeimpossibleforyouandme.SeePrinciple5.
7.Hehaddifficultywiththemanagementofthestore.SeePrinciple6.
8.I,whoamolder,knowbetterthanyou.SeePrinciple7.
9.IsthereanycriticismofArthur’sgoing?SeePrinciple8.
10.Everybodytriedhis(orher)hardest.SeePrinciple9.
11.Idonotlikethissortofcake.SeePrinciple10.
12.Shedoesn’tliketoengageinsuchactivity.SeePrinciple11.
13.Theuseofliquorsisdangerous.SeePrinciple12.
14.Thedistrictattorney,aswellasmanyofhisaides,hasbeeninvolvedintheinvestigation.SeePrinciple13.
15.Eitherthefifthortheseventhofthecoursestheyhavelaidopenistobeaccepted.SeePrinciple14.
16.Thefightingandwrestlingofthetwomenareexcellent.SeePrinciple15.
17.Theworstfeatureoftheplaywastheabominableactors.SeePrinciple16.
18.Therearepresentachildandtwodogs.SeePrinciple17.
19.Hespokeslowlyandcarefully.SeePrinciple18.
20.HesaidthatVenusisaplanet.SeePrinciple19.
21.IwishIwereaclown.SeePrinciple20.
SUMMINGITUP
•Themechanicsofwritingarespelling,capitalization,punctuation,grammar,andusage.•TheSSATandtheISEEdonotincludetestquestionsthatdirectlymeasurethemechanicsofwriting,butyouwillhavetosubmitawritingsample.
•Thewritingsampleshowsyourabilitytoorganizeandconveyyourthoughts.•Correctspelling,capitalization,punctuation,grammar,andEnglishusagecontributetothequalityofanessay.
Chapter14
TheEssay(SSATandISEE)
OVERVIEW
•Whatisthepurposeoftheessay?•Howdoyouwriteanessayundertimepressure?•Whatdosmarttest-takersknow?•Summingitup
WHATISTHEPURPOSEOFTHEESSAY?Theessayonyourhighschoolentranceexamservesasawritingsample.Itspurposeistoshowtheschooladmissionscommitteehowwellyouexpressyourselfinwriting.Theschoolisinterestedinhowyouorganizeyourthoughtsandhowyouconveythosethoughtstoareader.Theessayisnotgradedanddoesnotcounttowardyourtestscore.Eachschoolthatreceivesyourtestscorealsoreceivesacopyofyouressay.
TheSSATEssay
TheSSATessayisthefirstpartoftheSSATexam.Youwillbegivenachoiceoftwotopics,onecreativewritingtopic,andonetopicthatasksforyouropinionaboutanissue.Youhave25minutestoreadthetopics,choosethetopicyouwishtowriteabout,organizeyouressay,andwrite.
TheISEEEssay
TheISEEessayisthelastpartoftheISEEexam.Thereisonlyonetopicprovided.Youwillbegiven30minutestoreadandconsiderthetopic,decidewhattosay,organizeyourthoughts,andwritetheessay.
NOTETheessaydoesnotcounttowardyourscoreatall.Infact,theessayisnotevengraded.Theessaydoescounttowardtheimpressionyoumakeontheschool.Admissionsofficersreadyouressaytolearnhowwellyouexpressyourselfinwriting.
HOWDOYOUWRITEANESSAYUNDERTIMEPRESSURE?Towriteacoherent,correctessayin25or30minutes,followthesesixsteps:SixStepsForEssayWriting:GettingItRight
Readthequestiontofindoutexactlywhatitasksyoutodo.Chooseapointofviewordecidehowtoanswerthequestion.Outlineyouressay.Forcreativewritingtopics,usethetopicgivenasthefirstsentenceofyouressay.Thenwriteadescriptivestorywithaclearbeginning,middle,andend.Forallotheressays,youwillprobablywantfourparagraphs:anintroduction,twoparagraphsfortwosupportingideasorillustrations,andaconclusion.Writetheessay.Proofread.Correcterrorsinpunctuation,spelling,grammar,andwordchoice.Ifneeded,makephrasingchangesasneatlyaspossible.
Nowlet’strythesestepsonacoupleofsampletopics:
Topic:Everystudentshouldberequiredtocomplete60hoursofcommunityserviceduringhisorherhighschoolyears.Doyouagreeordisagree?
Thisquestionisaskingyoutochoosesides,thensupportyourposition.Youmustnowdecidewhetheryouwanttowriteinfavororinopposition.Choosethesidethatyouwillfindeasiertodefendwithstrongexamples;whichsideyouchoosedoesnotmatter.Thequestionisnotreallyseekingyouropinion.Forthisexercise,let’sdisagree.Introduction:Communityserviceshouldnotbecompulsory.Point1:Involuntaryactivitiesareneverperformedwell.
A.Beneficiariessufferfromhalf-heartedservice.
B.Studentisresentfulandgainsnosatisfaction.Point2:Teenagersmustlearntoarrangeprioritiesandmanagetheirtimefortheirownbenefit.
A.Somepoorstudentscannotaffordtogiveupsomuchstudytime.
B.Manybeneficialextracurricularactivitiescompeteforprecioustime.
C.Somestudentsmustholdpart-timejobstohelptheirfamilies.Conclusion:Communityserviceshouldbeencouraged,notbecompulsory.Writetheessay.Proofread.Askyourselfthesequestions:•Doeseachparagraphhaveatopicsentence?Isthetopicsentencewelldevelopedwithintheparagraph?
•Ismylanguagecolorfulanddescriptive?HaveIvariedmysentencestructure?
•DoImakeaconvincingargumentformyposition?•Howismyspelling?Ismypunctuationcorrect?Whataboutmygrammar?Refinetheessayifnecessary.Remember:Neatnesscounts.
TIPAnswerthequestionyouarebeingaskedtoaddress.Yougetnocreditforanessaythatdoesnotdowhatisaskedfor.
Topic:Ifyouwereinchargeofplanningyourfamily’snexttwo-weekvacation,wherewouldyougoandwhatwouldyoudo?Why?
Thisquestionisaskingyoutotellaboutaplaceyouwanttoseeoranactivityyouespeciallyenjoyandtoexplainwhythisappealstoyou.Youmustnameaplacetowhichyouwouldliketogoor,ifyourswillbeastay-close-to-homevacation,anactivity,orseriesofactivities.Ifyouhaveanidealvacationinmind,describeit.Youmightalsodescribeavacationyouhavealreadytaken.Thereadersarenotinterestedinthevacationyouchoose;theywanttoknowhowyouwriteaboutit.Forthisexercise,let’schooseasummervacationineasternCanada.Introduction:Canadaisanearbyneighborwithmuchtoofferintermsofcultureandvacationactivities.
Paragraph:Weshouldknowmoreaboutourclosestneighborandtradingpartner.
A.PeoplespeakEnglish;easytolearnaboutlifestylesandideas.
B.Easytogetto,candrive.Paragraph:Canadaoffersscenicbeauty,recreationalactivities,andforeignculture.
A.NovaScotia,PrinceEdwardIsland,andLaurentiansallscenic.
B.Hikingandwatersportsavailable.
C.MontrealandQuebecofferfood,architecture,generalfeelofFrenchcities.Conclusion:SummervacationinCanadawillbeinteresting,fun,andnottooexpensive.
TIPOrganizeyourthoughtsbeforeyoubegin.Yourfirstdraftisyouronlydraft.Thereisnotimetorewrite.
Writetheessay.Proofread.Askyourselfthesequestions:•Doeseachparagraphhaveatopicsentence?Isthetopicsentencewelldevelopedwithintheparagraph?
•Ismylanguagecolorfulanddescriptive?HaveIvariedmysentencestructure?•DoImakeaconvincingargument?Doesmyvacationsoundappealing?•Howismyspelling?Ismypunctuationcorrect?Whataboutmygrammar?
Refinetheessayifnecessary.Remember:Neatnesscounts.Becertainyourwritingislegible.
WHATDOSMARTTEST-TAKERSKNOW?PlanningComesFirst
Allowyourself2to3minutesforplanning.
Donoteventhinkaboutbeginningtowriteuntilyouhavecarefullyreadtheessaytopicandhaveansweredthesequestionsforyourself:
•WhatmustIprove?
•HowmanythingsamIbeingaskedtodo?•HowmanyparagraphswillIneedforthis?
Ifyouareaskedtodiscussadvantagesanddisadvantages,youmustrepresentbothsides.
Ifyouareaskedforyouropinion,youmuststateitclearlyandsupportyourpositionwithgoodreasons.
Ifyouareaskedtosupportyourstatementswithaspecificnumberofexamplesfromyourownexperience,fromhistory,orfromliterature,youmustprovidetherequestednumberofexamplesfromtheappropriatesources.
Ifyouchooseacreativewritingtopic,youmustdevelopastorylinebasedaroundtheideagiveninthetopic.Thetopicmustbethefirstsentenceofyourcreativewritingresponse.
Jotdownyourideasonthetopic.Thinkofwhatyouwanttosay,andsketchoutyourpointsandsupportingstatements.Asgooddescriptivewordsorphrasespopintoyourhead,writethemdownonthesamescratchpaper.Don’tletanythoughtsgetaway.You’llwanttorefertoyourlistofideasasyouwritesothatyoudon’thavetosqueezeideasbetweenthelinesafteryouhavewrittenyouressay.
OutlinesAreImportant
Spend3to5minutesdraftingyouroutline.
Nomatterhowlittletimeyouhave,anoutlinewillsaveyoutimeintheend.Theoutlineisaframeworkforyouressaytohangon.Youroutlineconsistsofspecificdetailsintheorderinwhichyouwouldlikethemtoappearintheessay.Youroutlinewillnotbesenttotheschools,soyoudonotneedtobeconcernedwithcompletesentences,spellingandpunctuation,andlegibilityforanyonebutyourself.
Thefollowingisatypicaloutlineplanforanopinion-typeessay,butyoumayuseanyformatthatworkswellforyou.Includeasmanyparagraphoutlinesasyouneedtocoverthepointsyoumustmakeinyouressay.
I.Introductoryparagraph
A.Topicsentence(rephraseorstateyourpositiononthequestion)
B.Sentencethatintroducessecondparagraph
C.Sentencethatintroducesthirdparagraph
D.Optionalsentenceleadingintosecondparagraph
II.Thefirstpointyouhavetomake
A.Topicsentence
B.Firstideathatsupportsthispoint
1.Detailorillustration—experience,citingofexample
2.Detailorillustration
C.Secondideasupportingfirstpoint
1.Detailorillustration
2.Detailorillustration
III.Thesecondpointyouhavetomake—repeatthesamestructureasinPartII.
IV.Conclusion
Finishyouressaywithasummarystatement.
TopicSentencesAreaMust
Thoughtfultopicsentenceswillkeepyourwritingontargetandhelpyouproveyourpoints.
AWell-TargetedTopicSentenceIsCrucial
Remember:Atopicsentencehasanideathatcanbefullyproveninoneparagraph.Forexample,thesentence“Youcanlearnalotabouthumannaturejustbyobservingpeople”issobroadthatitcannotbeproveninonesingleparagraph.Butifwewrite:
“Youcanlearnalotabouthumannaturebywatchingpeopleatabusstation”
or
“Youcanlearnalotabouthumannaturebywatchingpeopleatthebeach,”
wehaveatopicthatwecanproveinoneparagraph.
Anotherwaytolookattopicsentencesisthroughthecontrollingidea.Thisisakeywordorgroupofwordsthatexpressesthebasicideaofthesentence.Whenthecontrollingideaisclear,theentiresentencewillbespecificandclear.
Example:Anencyclopediaisahandybookforstudents.“Handy”isthecontrollingidea.Intheparagraphthatfollows,youwillexplainhowtheencyclopediaishandy.Example:Travelingbytrainhasseveraladvantagesovertravelingbycar.“Severaladvantages”isthecontrollingidea.Theparagraphwilldetailtheseadvantages.Example:GoodEnglishisclear,appropriate,andvivid.
“Clear,appropriate,andvivid”isthecontrollingidea.Theparagraphwillofferillustrationsofclear,appropriate,andvividEnglish.
DescriptiveWordsMakeWritingInteresting
Toproveyourpointandmakeyourwritinginteresting,youhavetousespecificwordsandphrases.Thisisespeciallyhelpfulforcreativewritingessays.Hereisanexample:
Hisfacewas_____withfright.
colorless scarlet chalky pale
“Chalky”isthebestword,becauseinadditiontocolor—apale,drywhite—itimpliesatexture—dryandlifeless.“Scarlet”isincorrectbecauseyourfacedoesnotbecomescarlet(red)whenyouareafraid.“Colorless”and“pale”aretoovague.“Chalky”isthemostdescriptivewordandtheonethatmakesthissentencemosteffective.
Thesunishighandhot,theairissultry;itis_____time.
siesta sleep nap rest
“Siesta”describesanapthatistakenwhenitisverywarmduringthemiddleofthedayandisthusthemostpreciseword.Thenwouldcome:
nap(ashortsleep)
sleep(atypeofrest)
rest(anysittingdownandrelaxing)
TIPKeepyourhandwritinglegible.Iftheycan’treadit,theywon’tbeabletoassessyourwritingskills.
ProofreadingWillImproveYourEssay
Writingyouressayshouldtakeyouabout15minutes.Allowatleast3minutestoproofreadandmakecorrections.Checkforthefollowing:
•DidIanswerthequestion?•DidIprovidegood,specificdetailstosupportmyideas?•DidIorganizemyanswerinthebestpossiblewaytomakemypointclearly?•DidImakeanyerrorsinspelling,grammar,punctuation,orworduse?
Proofreadingtimeistimewellspent.Checkoverwhatyousaid,beingsuretoreadwhatisreallythereandnotwhatyouthinkisthere.Donotreadtooquicklyoryoumaymissobviouserrors.Ifyoufindthatasentencemightbeimprovedbydifferentphrasingorthatalineisillegible,rewritemoreclearlyatthebottomofthepage,crossouttheoffendingportionneatly,andindicatebyarrowswherethesubstitutionshouldbeinserted.
EXERCISES:ESSAYWRITING1
Directions:Choosetheessaytopicappropriatetoyourexamandwriteanessay.Sampleresponsesbeginonthenextpage.
SSAT-StyleTopic
25Minutes
Topic:Someeducatorssuggestthatallelementary,middleschool,andhighschoolstudentsshouldberequiredtowearschooluniforms.Whatdoyouthink?
ISEE-StyleTopic
30Minutes
Topic:Tellaboutatimewhenyoufeltaverystrongemotion.Whatwasit?Whydidyoufeelit?
EXERCISES:ESSAYWRITING2
Directions:Youarealreadyfamiliarwiththefollowingessaytopics,whattheyrequireofyou,andhowtheymightbeorganized.Choosethetopicappropriatetoyourexamandwriteyourownessay.
SSAT-StyleTopic
25Minutes
Topic:Everystudentshouldberequiredtocomplete60hoursofcommunityserviceduringhisorherhighschoolyears.Doyouagreeordisagree?
ISEE-StyleTopic
30Minutes
Topic:Ifyouwereinchargeofplanningyourfamily’snexttwo-weekvacation,wherewouldyougoandwhatwouldyoudo?Why?
SAMPLERESPONSES1SSAT-StyleTopic
Manypeoplehavesuggestedthatallstudentsberequiredtowearuniformstoschool.Somestudentsobjecttothisideabecauseittakesawaytheirindividuality,butIthinkthereareanumberofreasonswhyschooluniformsmightbeagoodidea.
Overthepastfewyears,therehavebeennodressguidelinesandnodresscodesinourschools.Somestudentsjustnaturallydressneatlyandappropriately,butothersaretrulysloppy.Whenpeopledressinsloppyclothing,theytendtobetoorelaxed.Thisleadstosloppythinking.Prettysoontheyloserespectforschoolandteachersandthewholelearningprocess.Schooluniformswouldremindthesestudentsthattheyareinschoolforapurpose.Ithinkthatifeveryoneweredressedinthesameuniformtherewouldbemoreschoolspirittoo.Studentswouldallfeelasiftheywerepartofsomethingimportant.
Somestudents,especiallygirls,worrytoomuchabouttheirclothesandhowtheylook.Theybothertheirparentstospendtoomuchonclothes,oftenmorethantheirfamiliescanafford,andarealwaystryingtocompete.Ihaveheardaboutboysfightingover“status”clothes.Therehavebeencasesofstealingfancyjacketsandsneakersandevensomeknifings.Schooluniformsmightcostmore,buteachstudentneedsonlytwoorthreeofthem.Thiswouldtakethepressureoffpoorerfamilies.Ifeveryonedressedalike,therewouldbenocompetition.Aspecialbenefitthateducatorsprobablyhaven’tthoughtofisthatofextrasleep.Withnochoiceofwhattowear,itwillbemuchquickertodressandgetoutinthemorning.
Ithinkweshouldtryoutschooluniforms.Iexpectthatdiscipline,payingattention,andschoolspiritwillgoupwhilesquabblesaboutappearanceandfightsoverclothingwillgodown.AndIthinkthatmanystudentswillbehappierwithoutthecompetition,andparentswillbehappiertoo.
ISEE-StyleTopic
OnOctober15thoflastyearmygrandmotherdied.Grandmotherhadbeensickandinpainforsomemonths,soherdeathwasnotasurpriseandinsomewaysitwasareliefandablessing.ButIwasunbelievablysaddenedwhenshedied.Ihadneverfeltthistypeordegreeofsadnessbefore.
Mygrandmotherwasanextraordinarywoman.Herownparentsdiedwhenshewasateenager,andsheraisedtwoyoungersistersalone.Thenherhusbanddiedwhileshewasstillinherthirties,leavingherwithmymother,thenonlysevenyearsold,andmyuncle,thenonlynine.Still,shemaintainedasenseofhumorandgreatdignity.AsIgrewup,mygrandmotherwasalwaysthereforme.Shelistenedtomyjoysandproblemsandalwaysgavemegoodadvice.Shewasneverjudgmentalbut
alwaysgavemeunconditionalloveandmuchwarmth.Iwillmissheralot.
Partofmysadness,Ithink,wassadnessformymotherwhoisnowanorphanherself.Sheandmygrandmotherwerealwaysveryclose.Grandmotherwasthelastfamilymemberofhergeneration.Thereisnowavoidinthefamily,andcelebrationswillalwayshaveanemptyplace.
Ilovedmygrandmotherverymuch,andnowsheisgone.Iwasvery,verysadwhenshedied.Ihaveovercomethatsadnessbynow,butmanylittlethingsremindmeofher.EveryonceinawhilesomethinghappensandIfirstthinkthatImusttellGrandmother—thatshewillbeinterestedoramused.ThenIrememberthatGrandmotherisgone,andIfeelatwingeofsadnessagain.
SAMPLERESPONSES2SSAT-StyleTopic
Theschoolboardhasbeendebatingaboutaproposednewgraduationrequirement.Theyaresuggestingthateverystudentberequiredtocomplete60hoursofcommunityserviceduringthehighschoolyears.Ithinkthatcommunityserviceisanobleconceptbutthatitshouldnotbecompulsory.
Astudentwhoisforcedtoperformanactivityagainsthisorherwillisunlikelytoperformitwell.Theveryfactofthecoercionalmostguaranteesahalf-heartedapproach.Communityservicenotdonewellishardlyserviceatall.Yet,someonethinksthatserviceisbeingperformed.Thentheintendedbeneficiariessufferfromthelackofservice.Communityserviceissupposedtobeennobling.Yetthestudentwhoisforcedtoperformthisserviceisresentfulandgainsnosatisfactionfromit.
Therearemoredownsidestocompulsorycommunityservice.Studentsmustlearntoarrangetheirownprioritiesandtomanagetheirowntime.Somepoorstudentscannotaffordtogiveupsomuchstudytime,yettheyarenotpermittedtodevotethestudytimetheywouldlikebecauseoftherequiredcommunityservice.Otherstudentsmustholdpart-timepaidjobstohelpouttheirfamiliesortohaveanyspendingmoneyforthemselves.Communityservicetotheextentproposedwouldbeahardshipforthem.Stillotherstudentsaresodeeplyintoextracurriculars—sports,music,drama,orreligiousstudies—thatcompulsorycommunityservicewouldcutintostudytimeorsleeptime.
Communityserviceiscertainlyaworthwhilegoal,andallstudentsshouldbeencouragedtoengageinsomeservicethatsuitstheirinterests,abilities,andtimeschedule.However,Idon’tthinkthatcompulsorycommunityserviceisagoodidea.Schooladministratorsandteachersshouldinsteadhelpstudentsdevisecreativeformsofcommunityservicethatthestudentswillwanttofitintotheirbusylives.
ISEE-StyleTopic
Canadaisaforeigncountry,yetitisonlyanautomobiledriveawayfrommanystatesinthenorthernpartoftheUnitedStates.InCanada,therearerivers,lakes,mountains,andseacoastalongwithinterestingcities.ItshouldbeeasytoplanaCanadianvacation.
TheUnitedStatessharesitsborderswithonlytwocountries—MexicotothesouthandCanadatothenorth.Wereallyshouldknowmoreabouttheseneighbors.SinceIliveinNewEngland,Canadaiseasierformyfamilytovisit.WecandrivetoCanada’snortheastinoneday.Bestofall,nearlyallCanadiansspeakEnglishsoitshouldbeeasytogetaroundandeasytolearnaboutlifestylesandideas.
BecauseCanadaissobig,itofferseverykindofvacation.NovaScotiaand
PrinceEdwardIslandarefilledwithquaintfishingvillagesandspectacularseacoastscenery.Theyareprobablycoldforoceanswimming,butgreatforhiking.TheLaurentianMountainsareknownforskiing,buttheirlakesofferallsortsofwatersportsandwemightcampinthemountains.Andtovarythevacation,weshouldvisitthecitiesofMontrealandQuebec,whichretainmuchFrenchinfluence.IamlookingforwardtorealFrenchfood.
Forasummervacationthatwillbefun,nottooexpensive,andeducationalbesides,Canadacan’tbebeat.Itshouldnotbetoohardtoconvincemyfamily.
SUMMINGITUP
Reviewthispagethenightbeforeyoutakeyourexam.Itwillhelpyouwriteanimpressiveessay.
•Theessaydoesnotcounttowardyourscore,butitdoesinfluencetheadmissionscommittee.
•Followthesesteps:readthequestiontofindoutexactlywhatitasksyoutodo;chooseapointofviewordecidehowtorespondtothetopic;outlineyouressay(sketchinandorganizetheideasthatyouwanttoincludeineachparagraph);writetheessay,payingattentiontomechanics;proofread;correcterrorsinpunctuation,spelling,grammar,andwordchoice;andmakechangesandrefinementsasneatlyaspossible.
•Remember:Youressaymustbelegible.
PARTVIIIFOURPRACTICETESTS
PRACTICETEST2:SSAT(UpperLevel)
PRACTICETEST3:SSAT(UpperLevel)
PRACTICETEST4:ISEE(UpperLevel)
PRACTICETEST5:ISEE(UpperLevel)
PracticeTest2:SSAT(UpperLevel)
PARTI:WRITINGSAMPLE25Minutes
Directions:Readthetopics,choosetheonethatinterestsyouthemost,andplanyouressayorstorybeforewriting.Writealegibleessay.
TopicA:Toreducetheaccidentrate,thestatelegislatureshouldpassaproposaltoraisetheminimumdrivingagefrom16to18.
Doyouagreeordisagreewiththisstatement?Supportyourpositionwithexamplesfromyourownexperience,theexperienceofothers,currentevents,oryourreading.
TopicB:Shecouldn'tbelievewhatshewashearing.
Writeastoryusingthisstatementasthefirstsentence.Besureyourstoryhasaclearbeginning,middle,andend.
PARTII:MULTIPLECHOICESection1:Quantitative(Math)
25Questions•30Minutes
Directions:Calculatetheanswertoeachofthefollowingquestions.Selecttheanswerchoicethatisbest.
1.1 +0.750+0.1010=
(A)1.001
(B)2.051
(C)2.055
(D)2.351
(E)2.551
2.Evaluate: .
(A)220
(B)16
(C)8
(D)2
(E)120
3.503.384÷62.3=
(A)7.08
(B)7.68
(C)8.08
(D)9.08
(E)10.08
4.Evaluate: .
(A)1
(B)2
(C)12
(D)13
(E)14
5.2.01÷1.02=
(A)0.507
(B)1.83
(C)1.97
(D)2.0001
(E)3.03
6.–3–[(2–1)–(3+4)]=
(A)12
(B)6
(C)3
(D)–6
(E)–9
7.3003–699=
(A)2294
(B)2304
(C)2314
(D)2404
(E)2414
8.Ifa=5andb= ,whatisthevalueofawhenexpressedintermsofb?
(A)25b
(B)20b
(C)5 b
(D)5b
(E) b
9.140%of70is
(A)0.98
(B)9.8
(C)98
(D)150
(E)9800
10.
(A)2gal.2qt.1pt.
(B)2gal.6qt.2pt.
(C)3gal.3qt.1pt.
(D)4gal.3qt.1pt.
(E)4gal.9qt.1pt.
11.Inthefraction ,ifthevalueofzisdoubledandthevalueofxishalved,thevalueof
thefractionis
(A)multipliedbyfour.
(B)decreasedby .
(C)increasedby .
(D)doubled.
(E)dividedbyfour.
12.20is8%of
(A)1.60
(B)160
(C)200
(D)250
(E)400
13.Howmuchlargerthan80is100?
(A)18%
(B)20%
(C)25%
(D)35%
(E)40%
14.If inchesonascaledrawingisequivalenttoonefootatfullscale,whatdistanceonthe
drawingwillstandfor40inches?
(A) inches
(B) inches
(C)1 inches
(D)2 inches
(E)8 inches
15.6÷ + ×9=
(A)
(B)11
(C)24
(D)54
(E)168
16.Ifx–3<12,xmaybe
(A)lessthan15.
(B)greaterthan16.
(C)equalto15.
(D)lessthan18.
(E)equalto18.
17.Ifa=9,b=2,andc=1,whatisthevalueof ?
(A)16
(B)7
(C)6
(D)4
(E)2
18.Theaverageof–10,6,0,–3,and22is
(A)4
(B)3
(C)2
(D)–3
(E)–6
19.Inthefraction , canbereplacedbyallofthefollowingEXCEPT
(A)+3
(B)+2
(C)0
(D)–1
(E)–2
20.0.10101÷10isequivalentto
(A)0.0010101
(B)0.0100
(C)0.010101
(D)0.1001
(E)1.0101
21.Davidwalkedfromhishometotown,adistanceof5miles,in1hour.Thereturntriptook2hoursbecausehemadeseveralstopsalongtheway.Whatwashisaveragerateofspeed(inmilesperhour)fortheentirewalk?
(A) mph
(B)1 mph
(C)1 mph
(D)3 mph
(E)4mph
22.7isto21as isto
(A)3
(B)2
(C)
(D)1
(E)
23.Ifn= ,then
(A)9>n>8
(B)n=9.5
(C)10>n>9
(D)8<n<9
(E)n2>100
24.
Thesumofwhichpointsonthenumberlineabovewouldbeequaltozero?
(A)B,D,E,I
(B)C,D,G,H
(C)A,C,F,I
(D)D,E,F,G
(E)B,C,H,I
25.Howmanyfourthsaretherein ?
(A)
(B)
(C)1
(D)2
(E)3
Section2:ReadingComprehension
40Questions•40Minutes
Directions:Readeachpassagecarefully.Thendecidewhichofthepossibleresponsesisthebestanswertoeachquestion.
Asrecentlyasthe1860s,mostpeoplebelievedthattheearth,andhumanitywithit,wascreatedamere6,000to7,000yearsago.Forcenturies,beautifullyworkedflintswereregardedastheworkofelves,anotiononcefarmoreplausiblethantheideathathumansroamedtheworld’swildernessesinsmallbandslongbeforethedaysoftheGreekandRomanEmpires.Evenwhenthesestoneswereacceptedasman-madetools,theywereattributedtotheRomansorEarlyBritons.
Today,wethinkinwiderterms,buttheolderideasabouthumanity’sbeginningsfadedslowly.Duringthelateeighteenthandearlynineteenthcenturies,excavators,mainlyenthusiasticamateurs,begantoassociatefossilremainsofmenandextinctanimalswiththestonetools.Still,mostgeologistscontinuedtothinkinBiblicalterms,maintainingthattheseassociationsweremerelycoincidental.TheybelievedtheFloodhadmixedthebonesofancientanimalswiththetoolsandremainsofrecenthumans.Thesetheoriesfinallycrumbledasarchaeologistsbegantofindbonesandtoolstogetherinunflooded,undisturbeddeposits,includinganumberofimportantsitesonthebanksoftheSommesRiver.BritishinvestigatorscametochecktheFrenchdeposits,wereconvincedthatthebonesandtoolshadnotcollectedasaresultofflooding,andannouncedtheirconclusionsin1859.ThiswasthesameyearthatDarwinpublishedOntheOriginofSpecies,thedatethatmarksthebeginningofmodernresearchintohumanevolution.
1.AllofthefollowingtypesofarchaeologicalevidencewerementionedEXCEPT
(A)carbondating.
(B)fossils.
(C)extinctanimalremains.
(D)man-madeobjects.
(E)flint.
2.Theturningpointinscientifictheoriesabouttheageofhumanity’sexistenceonearthwas
(A)thediscoveryinFranceoftheremainsofextinctanimalsandhumanstogetherinanunfloodedarea.
(B)thepublicationofDarwin’sOntheOriginofSpecies.
(C)newtheologicalresearchoftheBible.
(D)newtheoriesabouttheFloodanditseffectsonhumanity.
(E)evidenceleftbytheGreeks,Romans,andearlyBritons.
3.Intheearlynineteenthcentury
(A)elvesmadeflintsincaves.
(B)smallbandsofRomansroamedtheearth.
(C)geologistsdatedhumanity’searlyexistenceto1859.
(D)stoneswereacceptedasancienttoolsandartifactsof20,000-year-oldman.
(E)mostpeoplebelievedthathumanity’sexistencewas6,000to7,000yearsold.
Nextmorning,Isawforthefirsttimeananimalthatisrarelyencounteredfacetoface.Itwasawolverine.Thoughrelativelysmall,rarelyweighingmorethan40pounds,heis,aboveallanimals,theonemosthatedbytheIndiansandtrappers.Heisafinetreeclimberandarelentlessdestroyer.Deer,reindeer,andevenmoosesuccumbtohisattacks.Wesatonarockandwatchedhimcome,abobbingrascalinblackish-brown.Becausethemalewolverineoccupiesaverylargehuntingareaandfightstothedeathanymalethatintrudesonhisdomain,wolverinesarealwaysscarce,andinordertoavoidextinctionneedalltheprotectionthathumanscangive.Asatrapper,Henrywantedmetoshoothim,butIrefused,forthisisthemostfascinatingandlittleknownofallourwonderfulpredators.Hishunchbackgaitwasawkwardandungainly,lopsidedyettireless.
4.Wolverinesareveryscarcebecause
(A)theysufferinthesurvivalofthefittest.
(B)theyareafraidofallhumankind.
(C)theyareseldomprotectedbyman.
(D)trapperstaketheirtollofthem.
(E)theirfoodsupplyislimited.
5.Theauthorofthisselectionismostprobablya(n)
(A)consciousnaturalist.
(B)experiencedhunter.
(C)inexperiencedtrapper.
(D)youngIndian.
(E)farmer.
6.Thewordsuccumbmeans
(A)outmaneuver.
(B)surrender.
(C)overcome.
(D)invite.
(E)repel.
WhenJason,thesonofthedethronedkingofSolcus,wasalittleboy,hewassentawayfromhisparentsandplacedunderthequeerestschoolmasterthateveryouheardof.Thislearnedpersonwasoneofthepeople,orquadrupeds,calledCentaurs.Helivedinacavernandhadthebodyandlegsofawhitehorse,withtheheadandshouldersofaman.HisnamewasChiron;and,inspiteofhisoddappearance,hewasaveryexcellentteacherandhadseveralscholarswhoafterwarddidhimcreditbymakinggreatfiguresintheworld.ThefamousHerculeswasone,andsowasAchilles,andPhiloctetes,likewise,andAesculapius,whoacquiredimmensereputeasadoctor.ThegoodChirontaughthispupilshowtoplayupontheharpandhowtocurediseasesandhowtousetheswordandshield,togetherwithvariousotherbranchesofeducationinwhichtheladsofthosedaysusedtobeinstructed,insteadofwritingandarithmetic.
—fromTheGoldenFleece,byNathanielHawthorne
7.Themainpurposeofthispassageisto
(A)describeJason.
(B)describeChiron.
(C)describeJason’seducation.
(D)explainJason’sfamilyrelationships.
(E)namethescholarstaughtbyChiron.
8.Thewordquadrupedprobablymeansa(n)
(A)creaturewithfourfeet.
(B)creaturewithtwofeet.
(C)strangeschoolmaster.
(D)educatedperson.
(E)scholar.
9.Chiron
(A)taughtwritingandarithmetictohispupils.
(B)acquiredareputationasadoctor.
(C)instructedtheCentaurs.
(D)wasthesonofSolcus.
(E)hadthebodyandlegsofahorseandtheheadandshouldersofaman.
ThekangarooisfoundnowhereintheworldbutinAustralasia.Agesago,whenthatpartofourearthwascutofffromtheAsianmainland,thisfantasticanimalfromnature’slong-agowasalsoisolated.ThereareabouttwodozenspeciesdistributedthroughAustralia,southwardtoTasmaniaandnorthwardtoNewGuineaandneighboringislands.Somearenobiggerthanrabbits;somecanclimbtrees.Theyareknownbyavarietyofpicturesquenames:wallabies,wallaroos,potoroos,boongaries,andpaddymelons.Butthekangaroo—theonethatisAustralia’snationalsymbol—isthegreatgraykangaroooftheplains,admiringlyknownthroughouttheislandcontinentastheOldMan,andalsoasBoomer,Forester,andManoftheWoods.Hissmallermate,inAustraliantalk,iscalledaflyer.TheirbabyisknownasJoey.
Afull-grownkangaroostandstallerthanaman,andcommonlyweighs200pounds.Evenwhenhesitsinhisfavoriteposition,reposingonhishaunchesandtiltingbackontheproppingsupportofhis“thirdleg”—histail—hisheadisfivefeetormoreabovetheground.Hishugehindlegs,withsteel-springpower,cansendhimsailingoveraten-footfencewithease,orinafightcanbeatoffadozendogs.Atwitchofhistailcanbreaksomeone’sleglikeamatchstick.
Kangaroosprovideanendlesssupplyoftalltalestowhichwide-eyedvisitorsaretreatedinthelandDownUnder.Thebeautyofthetalltalesaboutthekangarooisthattheycanbealmostastallasyoupleaseandstillbeclosetofact.
10.Kangaroosarefoundonly
(A)inAustralia.
(B)inAustralasia.
(C)ontheAsianmainland.
(D)inTasmania.
(E)onNewGuinea.
11.Afemalekangarooiscalled
(A)awallaby.
(B)apotoroo.
(C)aJoey.
(D)aflyer.
(E)theOldMan.
12.Theamazingjumpingpowerofthekangarooischieflyduetothe
(A)powerofthehindlegs.
(B)supportofthetail.
(C)kangaroo’ssize.
(D)kangaroo’sweight.
(E)kangaroo’stiltedsittingposition.
13.Whichstatementistrueaccordingtothepassage?
(A)Thename“OldMan”showsthepeople’sdislikeofkangaroos.
(B)VisitorstoAustraliahearverylittleaboutkangaroos.
(C)Akangaroo’stailisapowerfulweapon.
(D)Themostwidelyknownspeciesofkangarooisnolargerthanarabbit.
(E)Kangarooshavethreelegs.
14.Theauthorbelievesthatthestoriestoldaboutkangaroosaregenerally
(A)harmful.
(B)true.
(C)suspicious.
(D)beautiful.
(E)ancient.
Whatisacordofwood?Somepeoplesaythecordisthemostelasticunitofmeasureeverdevisedbythemindofhumans.A“standard”cordisapileofstackedwood4×4×8feet;that’s128cubicfeet.Howmuchofthisiswood?Thatdependsonwhatkindofwood,thesizeandstraightnessofthesticks,andwhodoesthepiling.Smallcrookedsticks,cutfromhardwoodlimbsandpiledbyoneofthosecordwoodartistswhoknowhowtomakeairspaces,maycontainlessthan30cubicfeetofsolidwoodpercord.Smooth,roundwoodsuchasbirchorspruce,insizeseightinchesandbetter,willaverage100cubicfeetormorepercord.That’swiththebarkon.Peeledwoodwillmake10to12percentmorecubicvolumeinthe
samesizedstack.
Theheatingvalueofwoodvariesenormouslywiththekindoftree.Blacklocust,whiteoak,hickory,blackbirch,andironwoodarethebest.Acordofanyofthesewoods,whenseasoned,isworthapproximatelyatonofcoal.Beech,yellowbirch,sugarmaple,ash,andredoakarenext.Whitebirch,cherry,softmaple,sycamore,andelmarecomparativelypoorfuelwoods,withbasswood,butternut,poplar,andthesoftwoodsatthebottomofthescale.
15.Whichtitlebestexpressesthemainideaofthisselection?
(A)“Fuels”
(B)“TheValueofaCordofWood”
(C)“KindsofTrees”
(D)“StandardMeasures”
(E)“ModernHeating”
16.Astandardcordofwood
(A)alwayscontains128cubicfeetofwood.
(B)willaverage100cubicfeetofwood.
(C)containslessthan30cubicfeetofsolidwood.
(D)isstackedwoodinapile4×4×8feet.
(E)ismeasuredbyweightofthewoodperfoot.
17.Removalofthebarkbeforestacking
(A)increasesthecubicvolumeofwoodinacord.
(B)makesthestackingeasier.
(C)allowsmoreairspacesinacordofwood.
(D)preventsseasoningofwood.
(E)decreasesthemeasurementsofthewood.
18.Theamountofheatsuppliedbywooddependsuponthe
(A)personwhohaspiledthewood.
(B)typeoftreefromwhichthewoodcame.
(C)waythewoodwascut.
(D)straightnessofthesticks.
(E)amountofbarkleftonthewood.
19.Themostvaluablefuelwoodscomefrom
(A)allkindsofbirchesandoaks.
(B)anykindofwoodthatiswell-seasoned.
(C)home-grownbeech,maple,cherry,andelmtrees.
(D)hickory,ironwood,blackbirch,blacklocust,andwhiteoak.
(E)sycamore,ash,butternut,andpoplarthathavebeensprayed.
Eightofthecity’stwelveworkersinVenetianglassrecentlyfinishedoneofthemostunusualmuralsevermadeforaNewYorkskyscraper.Itisanabstract,thecreationofHansHofmann,a77-year-oldGerman-bornpainter.
Themuralcovers1,200squarefeetoftheouterwalloftheelevatorshaftintheWilliamKaufmanBuildingat711ThirdAvenue.Morethanahalf-milliontilesincloseto500shadesofcolorhavegoneintoit.Blue,red,andyellowarethechiefcolors.EachtilewasmadeinVeniceandissomewhatlessthanpostage-stampsize.Eachisbeatenintoaspecialeverlastingconcretewithakindofflatwoodenhandtoolusedfornothingelse.
Mr.Hofmanndidtheoriginalcolorsketchaboutone-sixthofthefinalsize.Thiswasphotographed,andfromthenegativeanenlargementwashand-coloredbytheartist,cutintosections,andsentinthatformtotheVincentFoscatoplantinLongIslandCity,whichspecializesinVenetianglasstile,ormosaic.TheretheVenetianspecialists,whosetradehasbeenhandeddownthroughfamiliesthroughthecenturies,seteachmosaicintoplaceonthecartoonsection,withpainstakingfidelitytoMr.Hofmann’scolorrendering.AlthoughMr.Foscato’splantkeeps1,400shadesoftheglassmosaic,ithadtohavetwelveadditionalshadesspeciallymadeinVenicetomatchthesketchcoloringforperfectblending.Whenallthesectionshadbeenfilledandapproved,theywerecarriedbytrucktothebuildinglobby,thewallswerecoveredwithaspecialcement,andtheworkerscarefullybeateachbitintoplace.
20.Whichtitlewouldbebestforthisselection?
(A)“PicturebyGermanArtisttoHanginNewYork”
(B)“NewMosaicDesignedbyVincentFoscato”
(C)“UnusualPhotographDecoratesNewYorkBuilding”
(D)“Venetian-GlassMuralInstalledinSkyscraper”
(E)“TheWilliamKaufmanBuilding”
21.Theoriginaldesignwas
(A)paintedonthewalloftheKaufmanbuilding.
(B)afractionofthesizeofthefinishedmural.
(C)importedfromVenice.
(D)largerthanthefinishedmural.
(E)projectedonalargesheetofpaper.
22.Mr.Hofmann
(A)learnedfromhisfatherhowtodomosaicwork.
(B)isanativeofNewYork.
(C)isapainter.
(D)livesinLongIslandCity.
(E)isaVenetian-glassspecialist.
23.Inmakingthemural
(A)theshadesoftilethattheFoscatoplanthadinstockwerenotadequate.
(B)1,412shadeswereneeded.
(C)halfamillioncolorswereused.
(D)over500shadesofcolorwereused.
(E)1,400specialistswereconsulted.
24.Mr.Hofmann
(A)tookacolorphotographofhispainting.
(B)usedonlythemostunusualshadesofred,blue,andgreen.
(C)hadnofurtherconnectionwiththeworkaftermakingtheoriginalsketch.
(D)diedshortlybeforethemuralwascompleted.
(E)coloredtheenlargedreproductionoftheoriginal.
25.Ofthetilesused
(A)someweremadeofspecialcolorsbyMr.Foscato.
(B)allweremadebytheworkerswhoputthemuralinplace.
(C)allweremadeinItaly.
(D)allweremadeinNewYork.
(E)manyweremadebyawoodenhandtool.
26.Themosaicwasassembledby
(A)HansHofmann.
(B)anartistspecializinginVenetianglass.
(C)VincentFoscatoofLongIsland.
(D)workersintheFoscatoplant.
(E)Venetianworkers.
Thehistoryofmodernpollutionproblemsshowsthatmosthaveresultedfromnegligenceandignorance.Wehaveanappallingtendencytointerferewithnaturebeforeallofthepossibleconsequencesofouractionshavebeenstudiedin-depth.Weproduceanddistributeradioactivesubstances,syntheticchemicals,andmanyotherpotentcompoundsbeforefullycomprehendingtheireffectsonlivingorganisms.Oureducationisdangerouslyincomplete.
Itisoftenarguedthatthepurposeofscienceistomoveintounknownterritory,toexplore,andtodiscover.Itcanbesaidthatsimilarriskshavebeentakenbefore,andthattheserisksarenecessarytotechnologicalprogress.
Theseargumentsoverlookanimportantelement.Inthepast,riskstakeninthenameofscientificprogresswererestrictedtoasmallplaceandabriefperiodoftime.Theeffectsoftheprocesseswenowstrivetomasterareneitherlocalizednorbrief.Airpollutioncoversvasturbanareas.Oceanpollutantshavebeendiscoveredinnearlyeverypartoftheworld.Syntheticchemicalsspreadoverhugestretchesofforestandfarmlandmayremaininthesoilfordecades.Radioactivepollutantswillbefoundinthebiosphereforgenerations.Thesizeandpersistenceoftheseproblemshavegrownwiththeexpandingpowerofmodernscience.
Onemightalsoarguethatthehazardsofmodernpollutantsaresmallcomparedtothedangersassociatedwithotherhumanactivity.Noestimateoftheactualharmdonebysmog,fallout,orchemicalresiduescanobscuretherealitythattherisksarebeingtakenbeforebeingfullyunderstood.
Theimportanceoftheseissuesliesinthefailureofsciencetopredictandcontrolhumaninterventionintonaturalprocesses.Thetruemeasureofthedangerisrepresentedbythehazardswewillencounterifweenterthenewageoftechnologywithoutfirstevaluatingourresponsibilitytotheenvironment.
27.Accordingtotheauthor,themajorcauseofpollutionistheresultof
(A)designingsyntheticchemicalstokilllivingorganisms.
(B)alackofunderstandingofthehistoryoftechnology.
(C)scientistswhoaretoowillingtomoveintounknownterritory.
(D)changingourenvironmentbeforeunderstandingtheeffectsofthesechanges.
(E)notpassingenoughlaws.
28.Theauthorbelievesthattheriskstakenbymodernsciencearegreaterthanthosetakenbyearlierscientificeffortsbecause
(A)theeffectsmaybefeltbymorepeopleforalongerperiodoftime.
(B)scienceisprogressingfasterthaneverbefore.
(C)technologyhasproducedmoredangerouschemicals.
(D)thematerialsusedaremoredangeroustoscientists.
(E)theproblemsaregreater.
29.Theauthorapparentlybelievesthattheproblemoffindingsolutionstopollutiondependson
(A)theremovalofpresenthazardstotheenvironment.
(B)theremovalofallpotentialpollutantsfromtheirpresentuses.
(C)overcomingtechnicaldifficulties.
(D)thewillingnessofscientiststounderstandpossibledangersbeforeusingnewproductsintheenvironment.
(E)anewageofsciencethatwillrepairthefaultsofourpresenttechnology.
30.Theauthorseemstofeelthattheattitudeofscientiststowardpollutionhasbeen
(A)naïve.
(B)concerned.
(C)confused.
(D)ignorant.
(E)nonchalant.
31.Thewordsyntheticmeans
(A)new.
(B)unsafe.
(C)polluting.
(D)man-made.
(E)progressive.
Athirdofourlivesisspentinthemysteriousstateofsleep.Throughoutourhistory,wehaveattemptedtounderstandthisremarkableexperience.Manycenturiesago,forexample,sleepwasregardedasatypeofanemiaofthebrain.Alemaeon,aGreekscientist,believedthatbloodretreatedintotheveins,andthepartiallystarvedbrainwenttosleep.Platosupportedtheideathatthesoulleftthebodyduringsleep,wanderedtheworld,andwokeupthebodywhenitreturned.
Recently,morescientificexplanationsofsleephavebeenproposed.Accordingtoonetheory,thebrainisputtosleepbyachemicalagentthataccumulatesinthebodywhenitisawake.Anothertheoryisthatwearybranchesofcertainnervecellsbreakconnectionswithneighboringcells.Theflowofimpulsesrequiredforstayingawakeisthendisrupted.Thesemorerecenttheorieshavehadtobesubjectedtolaboratoryresearch.
Whydowesleep?Whydowedream?Modernsleepresearchissaidtohavebeguninthe1950s,whenEugeneAserinsky,agraduatestudentattheUniversityofChicago,andNathanielKleitman,hisprofessor,observedperiodsofrapideyemovements(REMs)insleepingsubjects.WhenawakenedduringtheseREMperiods,subjectsalmostalwaysremembereddreaming.Ontheotherhand,whenawakenedduringnon-REMphasesofsleep,thesubjectsrarelycouldrecalltheirdreams.
GuidedbyREMs,itbecamepossibleforinvestigatorsto“spot”dreamingfromoutsideandthenawakenthesleeperstocollectdreamstories.Theycouldalsoalterthedreamers’experienceswithnoises,drugs,orotherstimulibeforeorduringsleep.
Sincethemid-1950s,researchershavebeendrawnintosleeplaboratories.There,bedroomsadjoinotherroomsthatcontainrecordersknownaselectroencephalograph(EEG)machines.
TheEEGamplifiessignalsfromsensorsontheface,head,andotherpartsofthebody,whichtogetheryieldtracingsofrespiration,pulse,muscletension,andchangesofelectricalpotentialinthebrainthataresometimescalledbrainwaves.Theserecordingssupplycluestothechangesofthesleepingperson’sactivities.
32.Themainpurposeofthispassageisto
(A)describeearlybeliefsaboutsleep.
(B)comparemodernscientifictheoriestoearlyideasaboutsleep.
(C)pointouttheimportanceofREMsinhumansleep.
(D)describemodernresearchtechniques.
(E)giveashorthistoryofhuman’sinterestinsleep.
33.ThispassageimpliesthattheimportanceoftheresearchofAserinskyandKleitmanwas
mainlyinthe
(A)reportstheypublished.
(B)problemstheyattacked.
(C)informationtheyobservedandrecorded.
(D)understandingstheyuncovered.
(E)conclusionstheydrewfortreatmentofsleepdisorders.
34.AllofthefollowingwerementionedaspossiblecausesofsleepEXCEPT
(A)exhaustednerveendings.
(B)abuild-upofcertainbodychemicals.
(C)recurrentperiodsofrapideyemovement.
(D)theabsenceoftheconsciousspirit.
(E)thedepartureofthesoulfromthebody.
35.Inparagraph4,thewordstimulimeans
(A)substancesthatmakeapersonmorealert.
(B)drugs.
(C)sleepinducing.
(D)comatose.
(E)thingsthatcausethebodytoreactinacertainway.
Ashethrewhisheadbackinthechair,hisglancehappenedtorestuponabell,adisusedbell,thathungintheroomandcommunicated,forsomepurposenowforgotten,withachamberinthehigheststoryofthebuilding.Itwaswithgreatastonishment,andwithastrangeinexplicabledread,that,ashelooked,hesawthisbellbegintoswing.Soonitrangoutloudly,andsodideverybellinthehouse.
Thiswassucceededbyaclankingnoise,deepdownbelowasifsomepersonweredraggingaheavychainoverthecasksinthewinemerchant’scellar.Thenheheardthenoisemuchlouderonthefloorsbelow;thencomingupthestairs;thencomingstraighttowardhisdoor.
Itcameinthroughtheheavydoor,andaspecterpassedintotheroombeforehiseyes.Anduponitscomingin,thedyingflameleapedup,asthoughitcried,“Iknowhim!Marley’sghost!”
—fromAChristmasCarol,
byCharlesDickens
36.Thewordinexplicablemeans
(A)explaininginsimpleterms.
(B)notabletobetakenoutof.
(C)withoutanexpressedreason.
(D)eerie.
(E)incapable.
37.Thebellthatbeganringing
(A)waslargeandheavy.
(B)didsobyitself.
(C)couldberungfromanotherroom.
(D)wasattachedtoeverybellinthehouse.
(E)restedfirstonhisglance.
38.Themanwhowaslisteningtothebell
(A)draggedachainacrossthewinecasks.
(B)satperfectlystill.
(C)wasapparentlyveryfrightened.
(D)wasMarley’sghost.
(E)wasquitecurious.
39.Thewordspecterprobablymeans
(A)along-handledsword.
(B)abrightlight.
(C)ahazy,recognizablevision.
(D)strangenoises.
(E)clankingchains.
40.Themaninthestory
(A)firstheardnoisesinhisroom.
(B)isprobablyawinemerchant.
(C)hadbeenasleep.
(D)recognizedMarley’sghost.
(E)settheroomonfire.
Section3:Verbal
60Questions•30Minutes
TheVerbalsectionconsistsoftwodifferenttypesofquestions.Therearedirectionsforeachtypeofquestion.
Directions:Eachquestionshowsawordincapitallettersfollowedbyfivewordsorphrases.Choosethewordorphrasewhosemeaningismostsimilartothewordincapitalletters.
1.DETER
(A)halt
(B)steer
(C)sting
(D)turn
(E)hinder
2.HOSTILE
(A)friendly
(B)unfriendly
(C)suspicious
(D)indifferent
(E)doubtful
3.UTILIZE
(A)makeuseof
(B)utilities
(C)modernize
(D)sing
(E)undo
4.ABDICATE
(A)resign
(B)explain
(C)remorse
(D)disprove
(E)control
5.PROMINENT
(A)disturbing
(B)secret
(C)outstanding
(D)extravagant
(E)surreptitious
6.BOUNDARY
(A)hovel
(B)limit
(C)ceiling
(D)map
(E)seam
7.ILLITERATE
(A)unabletovote
(B)unmanageable
(C)sickly
(D)unabletoread
(E)unclean
8.ORATOR
(A)professor
(B)poet
(C)speaker
(D)ear
(E)student
9.CORROBORATE
(A)confirm
(B)understand
(C)cooperate
(D)agree
(E)disagree
10.RATIFY
(A)delete
(B)consider
(C)approve
(D)examine
(E)assess
11.PERILOUS
(A)careless
(B)conniving
(C)irregular
(D)estranged
(E)hazardous
12.STATIONARY
(A)paper
(B)moving
(C)immobile
(D)position
(E)mobile
13.TRANSCRIBE
(A)copy
(B)illustrate
(C)circulate
(D)request
(E)author
14.PROFICIENT
(A)well-known
(B)professional
(C)adept
(D)practice
(E)prolific
15.DECEIVE
(A)rearrange
(B)mislead
(C)pretend
(D)stun
(E)examine
16.AGILE
(A)strong
(B)similar
(C)anxious
(D)rested
(E)nimble
17.DURATION
(A)area
(B)temptation
(C)term
(D)wait
(E)former
18.AMBIGUOUS
(A)unclear
(B)adhere
(C)aspire
(D)afflict
(E)certain
19.PREROGATIVE
(A)command
(B)choice
(C)prerequisite
(D)conviction
(E)haggard
20.INTRIGUING
(A)business
(B)furtive
(C)mystery
(D)fascinating
(E)boorish
21.CLANDESTINE
(A)overt
(B)dated
(C)exclusive
(D)fortunate
(E)secret
22.BOUNTEOUS
(A)elastic
(B)industrious
(C)abundant
(D)mutinous
(E)energetic
23.DIVERGE
(A)annoy
(B)changecourse
(C)stay
(D)analyze
(E)distract
24.BENIGN
(A)gentle
(B)blessed
(C)initial
(D)virulent
(E)malignant
25.CAUCUS
(A)dispersal
(B)corpse
(C)meeting
(D)partnership
(E)cosmetic
26.DISSEMINATE
(A)collate
(B)strip
(C)collect
(D)disagree
(E)spread
27.CHAGRIN
(A)delight
(B)alter
(C)embarrass
(D)wreck
(E)anger
28.VALOR
(A)courage
(B)disclosure
(C)treason
(D)hate
(E)foreboding
29.NONCHALANT
(A)interested
(B)caring
(C)impoverished
(D)indifferent
(E)persecuted
30.LIAISON
(A)permission
(B)laziness
(C)scarf
(D)remedy
(E)association
Directions:Thefollowingquestionsaskyoutofindrelationshipsbetweenwords.Readeachquestion,andthenchoosetheanswerthatbestcompletesthemeaningofthesentence.
31.Begistoborrowasofferisto
(A)lender
(B)bank
(C)lend
(D)repay
(E)security
32.Lazyistoinertasresististo
(A)refuse
(B)reply
(C)respond
(D)active
(E)insist
33.Cylinderistocircleaspyramidisto
(A)sphere
(B)point
(C)triangle
(D)angle
(E)height
34.Crocodileistoreptileaskangarooisto
(A)amphibian
(B)marsupial
(C)opossum
(D)canine
(E)tail
35.Milliliteristoquartas
(A)poundistogram
(B)millimeteristoyard
(C)inchistoyard
(D)pintistoquart
(E)footistoyard
36.Destroyistodemolishas
(A)winistolose
(B)candidistosecret
(C)amendistochange
(D)establishistoabolish
(E)attemptistosucceed
37.Plaintiffistodefendantas
(A)plainistoordinary
(B)lawyeristocourtroom
(C)professoristocollege
(D)complainistocomplainant
(E)prosecuteistodefend
38.Fundamentalistofrivolousas
(A)fantasyistofiction
(B)nonfictionistofact
(C)regulationistorule
(D)truthistononsense
(E)strangeistocommon
39.Wildistowolfasdomesticisto
(A)dog
(B)coyote
(C)pet
(D)cat
(E)animal
40.Hammeristocarpenteras
(A)awlistocobbler
(B)computeristoprinter
(C)sawistotimber
(D)authoristotypewriter
(E)scaleistomusician
41.Subjectistopredicateassenatoristo
(A)congress
(B)president
(C)capitol
(D)representative
(E)senate
42.Pungentistoodoras
(A)intenseistoemotion
(B)pervadeistoatmosphere
(C)infectistospread
(D)proverbistoparagraph
(E)resentistodenial
43.Exploitistoadventureas
(A)ruleistogovernor
(B)safariistoexpedition
(C)schoolistofieldtrip
(D)attackistohunt
(E)chaseistoescape
44.Spreadistoscatterasseparateisto
(A)integrate
(B)distribute
(C)reap
(D)group
(E)displace
45.Exuberantistomoodasadroitisto
(A)proficient
(B)adept
(C)hand
(D)dexterous
(E)movement
46.Defianceistooppositionasexertionisto
(A)expert
(B)vigor
(C)endeavor
(D)restraint
(E)challenge
47.Foodistonutritionaslightisto
(A)watt
(B)bulb
(C)electricity
(D)reading
(E)vision
48.Perpetuityistoimpermanenceasinterminableisto
(A)impertinent
(B)brief
(C)incessant
(D)eternal
(E)occasional
49.Erraticistopredictableasexorbitantisto
(A)reasonable
(B)productive
(C)absorbent
(D)small
(E)implicit
50.Commentistospeechas
(A)questionistoanswer
(B)exclamationistostatement
(C)writtenistospoken
(D)proseistoessay
(E)noteistoletter
51.Flammableistoinflammableas
(A)persistentistoimportant
(B)opportuneistoinopportune
(C)relevantistoincoherent
(D)truculentistointrusion
(E)impartialistodisinterested
52.Tailoristopatternasbuilderisto
(A)architect
(B)contractor
(C)foundation
(D)construct
(E)blueprint
53.Impeachistodismissas
(A)arraignistoindict
(B)accuseistocharge
(C)imprisonistojail
(D)plantistosow
(E)absentistopresent
54.Speedyistogreyhoundas
(A)woolistolamb
(B)sharkistovoracious
(C)cleveristofox
(D)mammalistowhale
(E)finistofish
55.Exhaleistolungas
(A)exhumeistocorpse
(B)pumpistoheart
(C)thinkistobrain
(D)perspireistoskin
(E)tasteistotongue
56.Celebrateistobirthas
(A)grieveistodeath
(B)announceistobirthday
(C)crimeistopenalty
(D)joyistolament
(E)partyistograduation
57.Recommendistourgeas
(A)requestistoplead
(B)refuseistodeny
(C)harassistobother
(D)cajoleistoinsult
(E)applyistoreceive
58.Weepingistotearsasbreathingisto
(A)air
(B)lungs
(C)nose
(D)mouth
(E)carbondioxide
59.Planeistoairpocketas
(A)vehicleistorut
(B)hangaristoairport
(C)groundistosky
(D)safetyistodanger
(E)horseistoreins
60.Arbitrateistodisputeas
(A)solveistomystery
(B)regardistoproblem
(C)exacerbateistoproblem
(D)organizeistolabor
(E)managementistounion
Section4:Quantitative(Math)
25Questions•30Minutes
Directions:Eachquestionbelowisfollowedbyfivepossibleanswers.Selecttheonethatisbest.
1.In2hours,theminutehandofaclockrotatesthroughanangleof
(A)60°
(B)90°
(C)180°
(D)360°
(E)720°
2.Whichofthefollowingfractionsislessthanonethird?
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)
3.
Thelengthofeachsideofthesquareaboveis +1.Theperimeterofthesquareis
(A) +4
(B)
(C) +4
(D) +16
(E) +2
4.
Thediagramshowsacube.ThedistancefromAtoXis
(A)2inches
(B) inches
(C) inches
(D)1inch
(E) inches
5.Amotoristtravels120milestohisdestinationatanaveragespeedof60milesperhourandreturnstothestartingpointatanaveragespeedof40milesperhour.Whatistheaveragespeedforhisentiretrip?
(A)53milesperhour
(B)52milesperhour
(C)50milesperhour
(D)48milesperhour
(E)45milesperhour
6.Asnapshotmeasures2 inchesby1 inches.Itistobeenlargedsothatthelonger
dimensionwillbe4inches.Thelengthoftheenlargedshorterdimensionwillbe
(A)2 inches.
(B)2 inches.
(C)3inches.
(D)3 inches.
(E)3 inches.
7.Fromapieceoftinintheshapeofasquare6inchesonaside,thelargestpossiblecircleiscutout.Ofthefollowing,theratiooftheareaofthecircletotheareaoftheoriginalsquareisclosestinvalueto
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)
8.Iftheouterdiameterofametalpipeis2.84in.andtheinnerdiameteris1.94in.,thethicknessofthemetalis
(A)0.45in.
(B)0.90in.
(C)1.42in.
(D)1.94in.
(E)2.39in.
9.Asportswriterclaimsthatherfootballpredictionsareaccurate60%ofthetime.Duringfootballseason,afankeptrecordsandfoundthatthewriterwasinaccurateforatotalof16games,althoughshedidmaintainher60%accuracy.Forhowmanygameswasthesportswriteraccurate?
(A)5
(B)15
(C)24
(D)40
(E)60
10.Inacertainboys’camp,30%oftheboysarefromNewYorkStateand20%ofthesearefromNewYorkCity.WhatpercentoftheboysinthecamparefromNewYorkCity?
(A)60%
(B)50%
(C)33%
(D)10%
(E)6%
11.
Aunitblockforconstructionis1×2×3inches.Whatisthenumberofwholeblocks
requiredtocoveranarea1footlongby1 feetwidewithonelayerofblocks?
(A)30blocks
(B)60blocks
(C)72blocks
(D)90blocks
(E)180blocks
12.Ifthenumberofsquareinchesintheareaofacircleisequaltothenumberofinchesinitscircumference,thediameterofthecircleis
(A)4inches.
(B)2inches.
(C)1inch.
(D)πinches.
(E)2πinches.
13.Theleastcommonmultipleof20,24,and32is
(A)240
(B)480
(C)960
(D)1920
(E)15,360
14.If9x+5=23,thenumericalvalueof18x+5is
(A)46
(B)41
(C)38
(D)36
(E)32
15.Whenthefractions , , ,and arearrangedinascendingorderofsize,theresultis
(A) , , ,
(B) , , ,
(C) , , ,
(D) , , ,
(E) , , ,
16.Ifacubicinchofametalweighs2pounds,acubicfootofthesamemetalweighs
(A)8pounds.
(B)24pounds.
(C)96pounds.
(D)288pounds.
(E)3456pounds.
17.Amicromillimeterisdefinedasonemillionthofamillimeter.Alengthof17micromillimetersmayberepresentedas
(A)0.00017mm.
(B)0.000017mm.
(C)0.0000017mm.
(D)0.00000017mm.
(E)0.000000017mm.
18.Tofindtheradiusofacirclewhosecircumferenceis60inches,
(A)multiply60byπ.
(B)divide60by2π.
(C)divide30by2π.
(D)divide60byπandextractthesquarerootoftheresult.
(E)multiply60by .
19.Acarpenterneedsfourboards,each2feet9incheslong.Ifwoodissoldonlybythefoot,howmanyfeetmusthebuy?
(A)9
(B)10
(C)11
(D)12
(E)13
20.Theapproximatedistance,S,infeetthatanobjectfallsintsecondswhendroppedfromaheightcanbefoundbyusingtheformulaS=16t2.In8secondstheobjectwillfall
(A)256feet.
(B)1024feet.
(C)1084feet.
(D)2048feet.
(E)15,384feet.
Questions21and22refertothefollowinggraph.
21.Duringwhichyearsdidthepopulationincreaseatthefastestrate?
(A)Years5–7
(B)Years1–3
(C)Years4–5
(D)Years7–9
(E)Years9–10
22.Duringwhichyeardidthesizeofthepopulationdecreasethemost?
(A)Years4–5
(B)Years3–4
(C)Years9–10
(D)Years1–2
(E)Years4–6
23.ThenumberoftelephonesinAdelaide,Australia,is48,000.Ifthisrepresents12.8telephonesper100people,thepopulationofAdelaidetothenearestthousandis
(A)128,000
(B)375,000
(C)378,000
(D)556,000
(E)575,000
24.Onepersoncanloadatruckin25minutes,asecondcanloaditin50minutes,andathirdcanloaditin10minutes.Howlongwouldittakethethreetogethertoloadthetruck?
(A)5 minutes
(B)6 minutes
(C)8 minutes
(D)10minutes
(E)28 minutes
25.EventAoccursevery4minutes,eventBevery6minutes,andeventCevery15minutes.Iftheyoccursimultaneouslyatnoon,whenisthenexttimeallthreeeventswilloccurtogetheragain?
(A)1p.m.
(B)1:30p.m.
(C)3p.m.
(D)6p.m.
(E)12a.m.
ANSWERSANDEXPLANATIONSPartI:WritingSample
Exampleofawell-writtenessay.
Theproposaltoraisetheminimumlicensingagefrom16to18shouldberejectedforanumberofreasons.Therearenosolidstatisticsprovingthatyouthscausetheaccidentsthattheyareinvolvedin,sothe16-and17-year-oldagegroupshouldnotbepenalizedforthoseaccidents.Also,formanyyoungpeople,useofacarisanabsolutenecessity.
Legislatorsshouldaskthemselveswhy16-to18-year-olddriverstendtobeinvolvedinaccidents.Ithinkthatthemaincauseoftheseaccidentsislackofexperience.Ifastudyweremade,Isuspectthatitwouldshowthatnewdriversofanyagetendtohaveaccidents.Raisingthelicensingagewouldonlyraisetheageofdriversinvolvedinaccidents.Abettercuremightbedrivingeducationprogramsthatstressjudgmentontheroadandarequirementforalongerperiodofdrivingundersupervisionbeforelicensing.
Raisingthedrivingagewouldcreatearealfinancialhardshipforsometeenagersandtheirfamilies.Manyworkingparentscountontheirhighschoolerstotransportyoungerchildrenintheafternoonandtorunerrands.Otherteenshavepart-timejobsinlocationsthatcanbereachedonlybycar.Attemptingtosolvetheaccidentproblembycreatingfinancialproblemsdoesnotseemlogical.
Raisingthelicensingagecouldactuallyleadtoahigheraccidentrate.Teenagerswhohavetodrivewoulddriveanyway,butwithoutbenefitofdrivereducationorthetestingthatisrequiredforgettingthatlicense.Untrained,untestedteenagedriverswouldbeamenaceontheroads.The16-yearminimumshouldberetainedforthesafetyofall.
PartII:MultipleChoice
Section1:Quantitative(Math)
1.Thecorrectansweris(D).Rename1 asthedecimal1.5andadd.
2.Thecorrectansweris(B).Whendividingnumbershavingthesamebase,simplysubtracttheexponents.
=212–8=24=16
3.Thecorrectansweris(C).
4.Thecorrectansweris(D).Simplifythenumeratorofthefraction,andthendivide.
5.Thecorrectansweris(C).
6.Thecorrectansweris(C).Beginworkingwiththeinnermostparenthesesandworkyourwayout.
7.Thecorrectansweris(B).Thisisagoodproblemtodoinyourhead.Mentallysubtract700from3003andget2303.Thenlookattheanswerscarefullyandnotethatonlychoice(B)isclosetoyourestimate.
8.Thecorrectansweris(A).Theproblemstatesthata=5andb= ; is of5.
Therefore,thevalueofaexpressedintermsofbis25× =5,or25b.
9.Thecorrectansweris(C).Thisisagoodproblemtodoinyourhead.Notethat10%of70is7.140%,then,is14×7,or98.
10.Thecorrectansweris(C).Borrowagallonandadditto2quarts.Rewritetheproblem.Rememberthatyouborrowed.
11.Thecorrectansweris(E).Bydoublingthedenominatorofafraction,weactuallydivideitby2.Byhalvingoneofthefactorsinthenumerator,wealsohalvethevalueofthefraction.Bydoingboth,wehaveactuallydividedtheoriginalvalueby4.Pluginsomevaluesforx,y,andz,andtrythis.
12.Thecorrectansweris(D).Thisisagoodproblemtoestimate.Since8%isslightlyless
than ,youcanmultiply20by12toapproximatetheanswer.Notethat250isclose
enoughtoyour240estimate.Tobeprecise:
20÷0.08=
13.Thecorrectansweris(C).100is20largerthan80.20isonefourth,or25%,of80.
14.Thecorrectansweris(C).40inchesequals3 feet.Since in.onthedrawingequals1
footatfullscale,
15.Thecorrectansweris(C).Bracketthemultiplicationanddivisionfirst,andsolvetheproblem.
=18+6
=24
16.Thecorrectansweris(A).Sincex–3<12,xcanbeanynumberlessthan15.
17.Thecorrectansweris(D).Substitutethevaluesintotheexpression.
18.Thecorrectansweris(B).Tofindtheaverage,findthesumoftheaddendsanddividethatsumbythenumberofaddends.
–10+6+0+–3+22=15
15÷5=3
19.Thecorrectansweris(B).Bysubstituting+2forthetriangle,thedenominatorofthefractionbecomeszero.Adenominatorofzeroisundefinedinmathematics.
20.Thecorrectansweris(C).Simplymovethedecimalpointoneplacetotheleftandinsertazerointhenewlycreateddecimalplace.
0.10101÷10=0.010101
21.Thecorrectansweris(D).Theformulaforrateisrate=distance÷time.Inthis
problem,rate=10miles÷3hours,or3 milesperhour.
22.Thecorrectansweris(B).7isonethirdof21,and isonethirdof2.Asaproportion:
=
23.Thecorrectansweris(C).Thesquarerootof85isbetween9,whosesquareis81,and10,whosesquareis100.
24.Thecorrectansweris(A).–6+–2+0+8=0
25.Thecorrectansweris(E).Simplydivide by .
Section2:ReadingComprehension
1.Thecorrectansweris(A).Thisisadetailquestionthatyouanswerthroughaprocessofelimination.Choices(D)and(E)arementionedinthefirstparagraph,whereas(B)and(C)maybefoundinthesecondsentenceofthesecondparagraph.
2.Thecorrectansweris(A).Carefulreadingwillfindthisdetailinlines13–17.
3.Thecorrectansweris(E).Seethefirstsentence.
4.Thecorrectansweris(A).Youmustinferthisanswerfromtheinformationgiven.Because“themalewolverine...fightstothedeathanymalethatintrudesonhisdomain...”onlythefittest,thebestfighters,survive,andnumbersarehelddown.
5.Thecorrectansweris(A).Thewriter’stotalfascinationwithandexpertiseonthesubjectofthewolverineleadsustoinferthatheisanaturalist.Thefactthatheiscarryingaguninwildcountrydoesnotnecessarilyimplythatheisahunter.Prudentnaturalistsmaycarrygunsforself-defenseinthewilderness.
6.Thecorrectansweris(B).Thewolverineisadestroyer,andevenlargeanimalssuccumbtohisattacks.Thelargeanimalsareovercomebythewolverine,butthewordsuccumbisanactiveverb;therefore,whattheanimalswhoareovercomedoissurrender.
7.Thecorrectansweris(B).Thisisamain-ideaquestion.TheparagraphdescribesChiron.
8.Thecorrectansweris(A).TheparagraphstatesthatChironhadthelegsofahorse;ahorsehasfourlegs.Frombasicetymology,youknowthat“quad”means“four”andthat“ped”referstofeet.
9.Thecorrectansweris(E).Readcarefully.Thephysicaldescriptionistheonlychoicesupportedbytheparagraph.ThelastsentencespecificallystatesthatChirondidnotteachwritingandarithmetic.
10.Thecorrectansweris(B).Seethefirstsentence.
11.Thecorrectansweris(D).Seethenext-to-lastsentenceofthefirstparagraph.
12.Thecorrectansweris(A).Lines15–16providethisinformation.
13.Thecorrectansweris(C).Youcertainlycaninferthisfromthelastsentenceofthesecondparagraph.
14.Thecorrectansweris(B).Thisistheauthor’smeaninginthelastsentence,inwhichtheauthorstatesthatthetalltalesareclosetofact.
15.Thecorrectansweris(B).Thisisamain-ideaquestion,andyoumustchoosethemostinclusivetitlefortheentireselection.Theselectiondiscussesthevalueofacordofwood—thevolumevalueinthefirstparagraphandtheheatingvalueinthesecondparagraph.
16.Thecorrectansweris(D).Thisdetailquestionisansweredinthethirdsentence.
17.Thecorrectansweris(A).Seethelastsentenceofthefirstparagraph.
18.Thecorrectansweris(B).Seethefirstsentenceofthesecondparagraph.
19.Thecorrectansweris(D).Seethesecondsentenceofthesecondparagraph.
20.Thecorrectansweris(D).Theselectionisallaboutthemural.
21.Thecorrectansweris(B).Thefirstsentenceofthethirdparagraphgivesthisinformation.
22.Thecorrectansweris(C).ThesecondsentencetellsusthatMr.Hofmannisapainter.Alltheotherchoicesconfuseotherinformation.
23.Thecorrectansweris(A).Thisisadifficultquestionrequiringconcentrationonthemeaningsofstatements.TheselectiontellsusthattheFoscatoplanthad1,400shadesinstockyethadtosendtoItalyfor12specialshades,butitdoesnotsaythatall1,400shadesinstockwereused.
24.Thecorrectansweris(E).Findtheanswertothisquestionbymeansofeliminationandinference.ThepassagetellsusthatMr.Hofmanncoloredtheenlargedreproductionoftheoriginal.Noneoftheotherchoicescanbesupportedbythetext.
25.Thecorrectansweris(C).Thenext-to-lastsentenceofthesecondparagraphstatesthateachtilewasmadeinVenice.VeniceisinItaly.
26.Thecorrectansweris(D).Inthemiddleofthethirdparagraphwelearnthatthemosaicwasassembled—eachmosaicwassetintoplace—byspecialistsintheFoscatoplant.
27.Thecorrectansweris(D).Readcarefullythesecondsentenceofthefirstparagraph.
28.Thecorrectansweris(A).Youcaninferthisanswerfromthethirdparagraphinwhichtheauthorstatesthat“Theeffectsoftheprocesses...areneitherlocalizednorbrief.”
29.Thecorrectansweris(D).Thisanswercanbeinferredfromthewholetoneoftheselection.Noneoftheotherchoicescanbesupportedbytheselection.
30.Thecorrectansweris(E).Nonchalantmeanscasuallyindifferent.Negligenceandignoranceonthepartofscientistscertainlyimpliesnonchalance.
31.Thecorrectansweris(D).Syntheticmeansnotnaturalorman-made.
32.Thecorrectansweris(E).Theapproachoftheentireselectionishistorical.Eachoftheotherchoicesfocusesononeparagraph,onephaseofthishistory.
33.Thecorrectansweris(C).AserinskyandKleitmanobserved,recorded,andreported;theydidnotexplain.Theirobservationsopenedlinesforfutureresearch.
34.Thecorrectansweris(C).Rapideyemovementismentionedasapartofsleep,notasacause.
35.Thecorrectansweris(E).Astimulusisanythingthatproducessomekindofreaction,physicalormental.StimuliisthepluralofthisLatinword.
36.Thecorrectansweris(C).Usewordarithmetic.In=not;able=abletobe;explic=explained;inotherwords,withoutanexpressedreason.
37.Thecorrectansweris(B).Ifadisusedbellsuddenlybegantoswing,itmusthavedonesoallbyitself.
38.Thecorrectansweris(C).Greatastonishmentandinexplicabledreadcertainlyimplyfright.
39.Thecorrectansweris(C).Youcangetthisdefinitionfromthelastparagraph.Aspecterisaghost.
40.Thecorrectansweris(D).Thisistheonlychoicesupportedbytheselection.Theanswerisinthelastsentence.Choice(A)isincorrectbecausethemanfirstsawthebellbegintomove,andthenheheardnoises.
Section3:Verbal
1.Thecorrectansweris(E).ToDETERistodiscourageapersonorgroupfromdoingsomething.Fearofretaliationmaydeterourenemiesfromattacking.
2.Thecorrectansweris(B).HOSTILEmeansantagonisticorunfriendly.Itisthenatureofcatstobehostiletodogs.
3.Thecorrectansweris(A).ToUTILIZEistomakepracticaluseof.Youcanutilizethemicrowaveforquickdefrosting.
4.Thecorrectansweris(A).ToABDICATEistogiveupformallyortoresign.King
EdwardabdicatedfromtheEnglishthronetomarryadivorcedwoman.
5.Thecorrectansweris(C).PROMINENTmeansstickingout,noticeable,oroutstanding.ComedianJimmyDurantehadaprominentnose.
6.Thecorrectansweris(B).ABOUNDARYisaborder.MexicosharesaboundarywiththestateofTexas.
7.Thecorrectansweris(D).ILLITERATEmeansunabletoread.Onewhoisliterateiseducatedandisabletoread.Theprefixil-createsthenegative.Manyofthehomelessareunemployablebecausetheyareilliterate.
8.Thecorrectansweris(C).AnORATORisonewhospeaks.(Canyouseetherootoral?)Thekeynotespeakerattheconventionwasasuperborator.
9.Thecorrectansweris(A).ToCORROBORATEistostrengthen,tosupport,ortoconfirm.Thebloodyknifeservedtocorroboratetheeyewitness’stestimony.
10.Thecorrectansweris(C).ToRATIFYistogiveofficialsanctiontoortoapprove.Ifthreemorestatesratifytheproposedamendment,itwillbecomeapartofourConstitution.
11.Thecorrectansweris(E).PERILOUSmeansriskyordangerous.Constructionofskyscrapersisperilouswork.
12.Thecorrectansweris(C).STATIONARYmeansnotmovingornotmovable.Itistheadjectiveformofthenounstation.Choice(A)referstothehomophonestationery.UnlikeEaster,Christmasisastationaryholiday;italwaysoccursonthesamedate.
13.Thecorrectansweris(A).ToTRANSCRIBEistowriteoutinfullortomakearecording.Thecourtstenographertranscribedthefullproceedingsofthetrial.
14.Thecorrectansweris(C).PROFICIENTmeanshighlyskilled,competent,oradept.Theconcertpianistisproficientattheart.
15.Thecorrectansweris(B).ToDECEIVEistomakeapersonbelievewhatisnottrue.Thepurposeofalieistodeceive.
16.Thecorrectansweris(E).AGILEmeansdeft,active,andlively.Prize-winninggymnastsarealwaysagile.
17.Thecorrectansweris(C).TheDURATIONisthetimethatathingcontinuesorlasts.Thedurationofaschoolsemesterisafour-monthterm.
18.Thecorrectansweris(A).AMBIGUOUSmeanshavingtwomeaningsorbeingvagueanduncertain.Theprefixambi-meansbothandimpliesthatbothpossibleinterpretationsmightbecorrectandthereforeneitherisclear.Herambiguousanswerleftusuncertainastowhethershemeant“Yes”or“No.”
19.Thecorrectansweris(B).APREROGATIVEisaright,privilege,orspecialadvantage.Theagedandthedisabledhavetheprerogativeofsittingatthefrontofthebus.
20.Thecorrectansweris(D).ThatwhichisINTRIGUINGexcitesinterestandcuriosityandisfascinating.Hisinterpretationoftheeventpresentsanintriguingnewtheory.
21.Thecorrectansweris(E).CLANDESTINEmeanssurreptitiousorsecret,usuallyforsomeillicitreasonorpurpose.Themarriedmanhadclandestinemeetingswithhismistress.
22.Thecorrectansweris(C).BOUNTEOUSmeansplentiful,generous,andabundant.Attheendofafavorablegrowingseason,wehadabounteousharvest.
23.Thecorrectansweris(B).ToDIVERGEistomoveoffindifferentdirectionsortobecomedifferent.Parallellinesdonotdiverge.
24.Thecorrectansweris(A).BENIGNmeansgood-natured,kindly,orharmless.Whenappliedtoatumor,benignmeansharmlessasopposedtomalignant,whichimplieslife-threatening.ThePopefacedhisaudiencewithabenignsmile.
25.Thecorrectansweris(C).ACAUCUSisameetingofpeoplewithsimilargoals,usuallyagroupofpeoplewithinalargergroup.TheCongressionalBlackCaucusmeetsperiodicallytodiscussminorityissues.
26.Thecorrectansweris(E).ToDISSEMINATEistoscatterwidely.ItisimportantthatwedisseminateinformationaboutthetransmissionofHIV/AIDS.
27.Thecorrectansweris(C).CHAGRINisembarrassmentorhumiliation.Thebettorwaschagrinedthatthehorsehehadpraisedsoloudlycameinlast.
28.Thecorrectansweris(A).VALORishighvalue,courage,orbravery.ThesoldiersdefendedtheAlamowithvalor.
29.Thecorrectansweris(D).NONCHALANTmeanswithoutenthusiasmorindifferent.Thestudentwassononchalantaboutherawardthatshedidnoteventellherparents.
30.Thecorrectansweris(E).ALIAISONisalinkinguporaconnection.Theliaisonofalliesfromanumberofcountriesledtothedefeatofenemyforces.
31.Thecorrectansweris(C).Therelationshipisnotofprecisesynonyms,butitisclose.Bothbegandborrowhavetodowithaskforandtake.Bothofferandlendhavetodowithgive.Repayalsohastodowithgive,butitimpliesapreviousactivitynotimpliedintherelationshipofbegandborrow.
32.Thecorrectansweris(A).Onewhoislazyisinert.Onewhoresists,refuses.Therelationshipisoneofcharacteristicsorevensynonyms.
33.Thecorrectansweris(C).Acircleisthebaseofacylinder;atriangleisthebaseofapyramid.Wehaveexplainedthisasapart-to-wholerelationship.Theactualstatementoftheanalogyiswhole-to-part.
34.Thecorrectansweris(B).Thisisatruepart-to-wholeanalogy.Acrocodileispartofalargergroup,reptiles.Akangarooispartofalargergroup,marsupials.
35.Thecorrectansweris(B).Thisisanotherpart-to-wholerelationship.Aquartisroughly
equivalenttoaliter,andamilliliteris ofaliter.Ayardisroughlyequivalenttoa
meter,andamillimeteris ofameter.Choice(A)reversestherelationship.The
otherchoicesdonotmovefrommetrictoAmericanmeasures.
36.Thecorrectansweris(C).Thesearetruesynonyms.
37.Thecorrectansweris(E).Thesearetrueantonyms.
38.Thecorrectansweris(D).Inneithersetarethetermstrueantonyms,buttheyclearlyhaveoppositeconnotations.Choice(E)alsooffersoppositeconnotations,buttheorderofthetermsisreversed.
39.Thecorrectansweris(A).Wildisacharacteristicofwolfasdomesticisacharacteristicofbothdogandcat.Youmustnarrowfurthertochoosethebestanswer.Dogisthedomesticcounterpartofwolf,sodogcreatesthebestanalogy.
40.Thecorrectansweris(A).Thisisapurposerelationship.Ahammerisatoolusedbyacarpenter;anawlisatoolusedbyacobbler.Choice(D)reversestheorderoftoolanditsuser.
41.Thecorrectansweris(D).Thisisapart-to-partrelationship.Bothsubjectandpredicatearepartsofasentence;bothsenatorandrepresentativearepartsofthecongress.(A)isanincorrectanswerbecauseasenator’srelationshiptocongressisthatofpart-to-whole.
42.Thecorrectansweris(A).Thisisanassociationrelationship.Pungentisanadjective
usedtodescribeadegreeofodor.Intenseisanadjectiveusedtodescribeadegreeofemotion.
43.Thecorrectansweris(B).Theanalogyisbasedonsynonyms.
44.Thecorrectansweris(B).Allfourtermsaresynonyms.
45.Thecorrectansweris(E).Therelationshipisoneofassociationorcharacteristic.Exuberantisanadjectiveusedtodescribemood;adroitisanadjectiveusedtodescribemovement.
46.Thecorrectansweris(E).Oppositionleadstodefiance;challengeleadstoexertion.Theactualstatementoftheanalogyiseffectanditscause.
47.Thecorrectansweris(E).Thisisatruecause-and-effectrelationship.Foodpromotesnutrition;lightpromotesvision.Lightdoesnotpromoteanyoftheotherchoices.
48.Thecorrectansweris(B).Therelationshipisthatoftrueantonyms.Thefalsechoicesaresynonymsorpartialantonyms,makingthisaverydifficultanalogyquestion.
49.Thecorrectansweris(A).Thisantonymrelationshipiseasiertoseeataglance.
50.Thecorrectansweris(E).Thismaybeeitherapart-to-wholerelationshiporananalogyofdegree.Eitheracommentispartofaspeechandanoteispartofaletteroracommentismuchshorterthanaspeechandanoteismuchshorterthanaletter.
51.Thecorrectansweris(E).Becareful.Flammableandinflammablearesynonyms;bothmeaneasilyinflamed.Disinterestedmeansimpartial.
52.Thecorrectansweris(E).Thisisapurposerelationship.Atailorfollowsapatterntoconstructapieceofclothing;abuilderfollowsablueprinttoconstructabuilding.
53.Thecorrectansweris(A).Therelationshipissequential.Impeachment(accusation)comesbeforedismissal.Arraignment(accusation)comesbeforeindictment(placementofcharges).
54.Thecorrectansweris(C).Therelationshipisofcharacteristictoanimal.Choice(B)reversestherelationship.
55.Thecorrectansweris(D).Allchoicesexcept(A)involvetheactivityofabodilyorgan,soyoumustthinkfurther.Bothexhalationandperspirationinvolvegivingoffsomethingfromwithinthebody.
56.Thecorrectansweris(A).Youcelebrateabirth;yougrieveoveradeath.Theanalogystatestheeffectanditscause.
57.Thecorrectansweris(A).Thisisananalogyofdegree.Tourgeistorecommendstrongly;topleadistorequeststrongly.Choice(B)offerssynonymsofequaldegree;choice(C)reversestheorder.
58.Thecorrectansweris(E).Thisisacause-and-effectrelationship.Whenoneweeps,onegivesofftears;whenonebreathes,onegivesoffcarbondioxide.
59.Thecorrectansweris(A).Therelationshipishardtocategorizebuteasytospot.Anairpocketmakesaplanebounce;aruthasthesameeffectonavehicle.
60.Thecorrectansweris(A).Thisisaverb-to-nounrelationship.Arbitrateiswhatonedoestoadispute;solveiswhatmustbedonetoamystery.
Section4:Quantitative(Math)
1.Thecorrectansweris(E).Inonehour,theminutehandofaclockgoesaroundinacompletecircle.Intwohours,itrevolvesthroughtwocircles.Becauseeachcircleconsistsof360°,tworevolutionsequal720°.
2.Thecorrectansweris(C).Afractionislessthan ifthreetimesthenumeratorisless
thanthedenominator.Ofthefractionslisted,only hasanumeratorthatislessthan
ofthedenominator.
3.Thecorrectansweris(A).Thefigureisasquare,soallfoursidesareequalinlength.Theperimeteristhesumofthelengthsofthefoursides.
Eachsideis +1.
Thesum,then,is + + + = +4.
Youcouldalsomultiply +1by4forthesameresult.
4.Thecorrectansweris(C).Thefaceofthecubeisasquare,1"by1".UsethePythagoreanTheoremtofindthelengthofthediagonalofthesquare.
c2=a2+b2
c2=12+12
c2=2
c=
5.Thecorrectansweris(D).Theaveragespeedfortheentiretripisthetotaldistance(240miles)dividedbythetotaltime(5hours),whichyields48mph.
6.Thecorrectansweris(C).Thisisaproportionproblem.Setuptheproportionasfollows:
Dividebothsidesbythecoefficientofxandcalculate:
7.Thecorrectansweris(D).Tofindtheratiooftheareaofthecircletotheareaofthe
square,firstfindtheareaofeach.Notethatthediameterofthecircleequalsthewidthofthesquare.
Areaofthesquare=6"×6"=36sq.in.
Areaofcircle=π32=9π=9• = =28sq.in.,approximately.
Ratiooftheareaofthecircletotheareaofthesquare: =
8.Thecorrectansweris(A).Thedifferenceis0.90inches,buttheoutsidediameterconsistsoftwothicknessesofmetal(oneoneachside).Therefore,thethicknessofthemetalis0.90÷2=0.45inches.
9.Thecorrectansweris(C).If60%ofthegameswerepredictedaccurately,40%ofthegameswerepredictedinaccurately.
Letx=gamesplayed0.40x=16x=40gamesplayed40–16=24gameswon
Therefore,thesportswriterwasaccuratefor24games.
10.Thecorrectansweris(E).ThirtypercentoftheboysarefromNewYorkState,and20%ofthem(0.20ofthem)arefromNewYorkCity.Therefore,6%(0.20×0.30)oftheboysinthecamparefromNewYorkCity.
11.Thecorrectansweris(A).Anarea1footlongby1 feetwideis12"×15"or180
squareinchesinarea.Eachblockis6squareinchesinarea.Therefore,thenumberofblocksneededis =30blocks.Theheightofeachblockisirrelevanttothesolution
oftheproblem.
12.Thecorrectansweris(A).Theareaofacircleisequaltoπr2.Thecircumferenceofacircleisequaltoπd.Ifthenumberofinchesineachareequal,thenπd=πr2,orthediameterequalsthesquareoftheradius.Theonlyvalueforwhichthediametercanequalthesquareoftheradiusisadiameterof4inches.
13.Thecorrectansweris(B).TheLCMisfoundbyrewritingeachnumberinprimefactorizationandfindingtheproductofeachuniqueprimefactor.22and23arenotselectedbecauseeachisafactorof25.
20=22•5
24=23•332=25
LCM=5•3•25=480Trialanderrorcanalsogiveyouthisanswer.
14.Thecorrectansweris(B).If9x+5=23,then9x=18,andx=2.Therefore,18x+5equals18(2)+5=41.
15.Thecorrectansweris(D).Fractionsaremosteasilycomparedbycomparingcross-
products.Startbycomparing with .Theproductof3and5is15.Theproductof7and
2is14.Therefore, islargerthan .
Continuethisprocesswiththeotherfractionstobecompared.
,note > andalso > ,note >
,note > andalso <
Therefore, < < < .
16.Thecorrectansweris(E).Acubicfootcontains12"×12"×12",or1728,cubicinches.Ifeachcubicinchweighstwopounds,thesubstanceweighs2•1728,or3456pounds.
17.Thecorrectansweris(B).17millionthsindecimalsis0.000017.Thenumberofplacestotherightofthedecimalpointisequaltothenumberofzerosinthewholenumber.17,000,000hassixzeros.
18.Thecorrectansweris(B).Becausethecircumferenceofacircleisequivalenttoπtimesthediameter,thecircumferenceisalsoequaltoπtimestwicetheradius.Dividethecircumferenceby2π.
19.Thecorrectansweris(C).Fourboards,each2'9"long,total11feet.Thecarpentermustbuy11feetofwood.
20.Thecorrectansweris(B).Findtheanswertothisproblembysubstitutingthevaluesgivenintotheformula.
S=16t2
S=16(8)2=16(64)=1024feet
21.Thecorrectansweris(D).Thegraphissteepestbetweenyears7and9.Thepopulationwasapproximately1000inyear7andincreasedtoover2500byyear9.
22.Thecorrectansweris(A).Thesizeofthepopulationwasquiteconstantfromyear3toyear4anddecreasedfromyear4toyear5fromalmost1000to500.Noticethatthepopulationwasthesameinyear3asinyear7.
23.Thecorrectansweris(B).ByknowinghowmanytelephonesareinAdelaide(48,000),andhowmanyserveeachgroupof100inthepopulation(12.8),wecanfindhowmanygroupsof100areinthepopulation.
48,000telephones÷12.8telephonesper100ofpopulation=3750groupsof100inthepopulation.
3750×100=375,000people
24.Thecorrectansweris(B).Thefirstpersondoes ofthejobin1minute.Thesecond
persondoes ofthejobin1minute.Thethirdpersondoes ofthejobin1minute.
Together: + + = ,or ,ofthejobin1minute.Thisis minutesforthe
entirejob,or minutes.
25.Thecorrectansweris(A).Tofindthenumberofminutesthatmustpassbeforetheeventsnextoccursimultaneously,calculatetheleastcommonmultipleof4,6,and15.TheLCMis60minutes.Iftheeventslastoccurredtogetheratnoon,thenextoccurrencewillthusbe60minuteslater,orat1p.m.
SCOREYOURSELFCheckyouranswersagainsttheanswerkeys.Countupthenumberofanswersyougotrightandthenumberyougotwrong.
SECTION NO.RIGHT NO.WRONG
Quantitative(Math)
ReadingComprehension
Verbal
Nowcalculateyourrawscores:
Quantitative(Math): (________) – (_________) = (_________)
No.Right No.Wrong RawScore
ReadingComprehension: (________) – (_________) = (_________)
No.Right No.Wrong RawScore
Verbal: (________) – (_________) = (_________)
No.Right No.Wrong RawScore
NowcheckyourRawScoreagainsttheconversionchartstogetanideaoftherangeinwhichyourtestscoresfell:
RawScore Quantitative(Math)Reading
Comprehension Verbal
60 350
55 350
50 350 343
45 344 334
40 335 348 325
35 325 324 316
30 316 314 307
25 306 304 298
20 297 294 289
15 288 284 280
10 278 274 271
5 269 264 261
0 260 254 252
–5orlower 250 250 250
Remember:•Thesameexamisgiventostudentsingrades8through11.Youarenotexpectedtoknowwhatyouhavenotbeentaught.
•Youwillbecomparedonlytostudentsinyourowngrade.Useyourscorestoplanfurtherstudyifyouhavetime.
PracticeTest3:SSAT(UpperLevel)
PARTI:WRITINGSAMPLE25Minutes
Directions:Readthetopics,choosetheonethatinterestsyouthemost,andplanyouressayorstorybeforewriting.Writealegibleessay.
TopicA:Highschoolsshouldrequirestudentstomaintainacertaingradepointlevelinordertoplayoncompetitivesportsteams.
Doyouagreeordisagreewiththisstatement?Supportyourpositionwithexamplesfromyourownexperience,theexperienceofothers,currentevents,oryourreading.
TopicB:Itwasicecoldintheroom.
Writeastoryusingthisstatementasthefirstsentence.Besureyourstoryhasaclearbeginning,middle,andend.
PARTII:MULTIPLECHOICESection1:Quantitative(Math)
25Questions•30Minutes
Directions:Calculatetheanswertoeachofthefollowingquestions.Selecttheanswerchoicethatisbest.
1.
(A)1.750
(B)1.854
(C)1.9
(D)2.25
(E)2.35
2.Evaluate: .
(A)1billion
(B)1million
(C)1000
(D)100
(E)13
3.71.4×98.2=
(A)4011.38
(B)5321.48
(C)6921.38
(D)7011.48
(E)8231.48
4. =
(A)9
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)23
5.(0.25)2=
(A)0.00625
(B)0.0625
(C)0.625
(D)1.625
(E)16.25
6.(3+1)+[(2–3)–(4–1)]=
(A)6
(B)2
(C)0
(D)–2
(E)–4
7.10,001–8093=
(A)1908
(B)1918
(C)2007
(D)18,094
(E)20,007
8.Theratioof3quartsto3gallonsis
(A)3:1
(B)1:4
(C)6:3
(D)4:1
(E)1:3
9.10%of of$50is
(A)$100
(B)$5
(C)$1
(D)103
(E)
10.4hours12minutes10sec.–2hours48minutes35sec.
(A)2hr.23min.25sec.
(B)2hr.12min.40sec.
(C)1hr.23min.35sec.
(D)1hr.23min.25sec.
(E)1hr.12min.35sec.
11.Ifwedoublethevalueofaandcinthefraction ,thevalueofthefractionis
(A)doubled.
(B)tripled.
(C)multipliedby4.
(D)halved.
(E)unchanged.
12.Whatpercentageof220is24.2?
(A)909%
(B)99%
(C)40%
(D)27%
(E)11%
13.98reducedby isequivalentto
(A)28
(B)33
(C)66
(D)70
(E)85
14.Howlongshouldanobject feetlongbedrawn,ifaccordingtothescale, inchinthe
drawingequals1foot?
(A) inches
(B) inches
(C) inches
(D) inches
(E) inches
15.
(A)1
(B)
(C)20
(D)28
(E)
16.Ify+2>10,thenymaybe
(A)largerthan8.
(B)largerthan6.
(C)largerthan0.
(D)equalto0.
(E)unknown.
17.Theshadowofaman6feettallis12feetlong.Howtallisatreethatcastsa50-footshadow?
(A)100'
(B)50'
(C)25'
(D)15'
(E)10'
18.Inthefraction , couldbereplacedbyallofthefollowingEXCEPT
(A)0
(B)1
(C)4.2
(D)9
(E)10
19.0.0515×100isequivalentto
(A)5150÷100
(B)5.15×10
(C)0.00515×1000
(D)510,000÷10
(E)5150÷10,000
20.
m 2=60°
NOTE:Figurenotdrawntoscale.
Whichofthefollowingistrue?
(A)m 1+m 3>180°
(B)m 1>m 3
(C)m 1=m 3
(D)m 1–m 3>m 2
(E)m 1+m 3=120°
21.45isto_____as90isto0.45.
(A)0.225
(B)0.900
(C)4.50
(D)9.00
(E)22.5
22.Ifn= ,then
(A)
(B)3>n>2
(C)n=4.5
(D)4<n<5
(E)n>5
23.Howwouldyoumovealongthenumberlineabovetofindthedifferencebetween4and–6?
(A)FromEtoB
(B)FromAtoD
(C)FromBtoD
(D)FromDtoA
(E)FromBtoE
24.Howmanysixthsaretherein ?
(A)
(B)3
(C)
(D)
(E)6
25.Fourgamesdrewanaverageof36,500peoplepergame.Iftheattendanceatthefirstthreegameswas32,000,35,500,and38,000,howmanypeopleattendedthefourthgame?
(A)36,500
(B)37,000
(C)39,000
(D)40,500
(E)43,000
Section2:ReadingComprehension
40Questions•40Minutes
Directions:Readeachpassagecarefully.Thendecidewhichofthepossibleresponsesisthebestanswertoeachquestion.
Backintheseventeenthcentury,whenAbrahamRyckenownedit,RikersIslandwasatinyspitoflandintheEastRiver.ItbecamepartofNewYorkCityinthe1890sandwasusedasaconvenientplacetodeposittherockandsoildebrisofsubwayconstruction.Later,theislandbecametheendofthelineforthediscardsofcityhouseholds,inalandfilloperationthatwentonuntilRikersIslandreacheditspresentsizeof400acres.
RobertMoses,thenNewYork’sParkCommissioner,waslookingforwaystosupplycityparkswithshadetreesandeliminatetheexpenseofbuyingthemfromcommercialnurseries.Henotedthatweedsgrewprodigiouslyinthelandfill,thoughtthattreesandplantsmightdothesame,andarrangedtoclearafewacresforatrialplanting.In1944,thefirst287shrubsandtreesweretransplantedfromthefledglingnurserytothecity’sparks.Thenurserynowcoverssome115acresoftheisland,andseveralhundredthousandofitsshrubsandtreeshavebeenplantedalongcitystreets,inparks,aroundhousingprojects,andaroundthemallsandpathsoftheUnitedNations.
1.ToobtainplantingsforNewYorkCity,authorities
(A)buythemfromtheUnitedNations.
(B)purchasethemfromcommercialnurseries.
(C)transplantthemfromcity-ownedproperty.
(D)buythemfromRobertMoses.
(E)growtheminCentralPark.
2.RikersIslandiscurrently
(A)115acresinarea.
(B)alandfilloperation.
(C)ownedbyAbrahamRycken.
(D)400acresinarea.
(E)adumpinggroundforsubwaydebris.
3.Thesoiloftheisland
(A)isvolcanic.
(B)wasenrichedbydiscardedrubbish.
(C)wasbroughtinfromcommercialnurseries.
(D)isacombinationofmudandrock.
(E)wasbroughtinonsubways.
4.ThefirstplantingsweretakenfromRikersIsland
(A)adecadeago.
(B)about1890.
(C)intheseventeenthcentury.
(D)quiterecently.
(E)in1944.
Hatmakingwasoneofthefirstindustriestodevelopinthecolonies.Asearlyas1640,Americanhatswereoneofthedomesticproductsusedforbarterandexchange.Hatswerewornbybothmenandwomenforstyle,cleanliness,andprotectionagainsttheweather.Theywerealsoanimportantsymbolofsocialstatus,andthedemandforthemincreasedovertimeasthecoloniesgrew.
Woolwastheprincipalrawmaterialusedbyhatters,butlargenumbersofhatswerealsomadeoffurfeltthatcamefromnativebeaverpelts.Theaveragepriceofawoolhatwasbetween40and80cents,andbeaverhatsrangedfrom$2.50to$3.50.Beaverfurwaslong-lastingandwaterproof,makingitahighlydesiredmaterialforhatconstruction.Highdemandforbeaverfur,however,hadcausedasharpdeclineintheEuropeanbeaverpopulation.BeaversinNorthAmericabecameanimportantsourceoffurfeltforthesepopularhats.
Bythebeginningoftheeighteenthcentury,hatmakinghadbecomeoneofNewEngland’smostimportantindustries.ThecityofDanbury,Connecticutwouldeventuallybecomethelargestcenterofhatmakinginthecolonies,producingasmanyas5millionhatsinasingleyear.
Inthe1730s,hatswerebeingexportedfromthecoloniesinsufficientnumberstoarouseuneasinessamonghattersinEngland.Pressurewasexerted,andParliamentpassedalawprohibitingtheexportofhatsfromonecolonytoanotherandfromanycolonytoGreatBritain.TheHatActof1732placedlimitsonthenumberof
workersAmericanhatmakerscouldhireaswell,whichreducedthecapacityofmanufacturingfirmstomeetAmericanconsumerdemands.
5.Whichtitlebestexpressesthemainideaofthisselection?
(A)“ColonialExports”
(B)“KindsofAmericanHats”
(C)“AnEarlyAmericanIndustry”
(D)“HowColonialHatsWereMade”
(E)“HatmakingAroundtheWorld”
6.AlawrestrictinghatexportswasenactedbyParliamentinresponsetocomplaintsby
(A)colonists.
(B)Englishtaxcollectors.
(C)Englishnoblemen.
(D)citizensofforeigncountries.
(E)Englishhatmakers.
7.TheHatActof1732madeitillegalfor
(A)GreatBritaintoexporthats.
(B)thecoloniestoimporthats.
(C)thehatterstousebeaverfur.
(D)thecoloniestoexporthats.
(E)thecoloniststowearhats.
8.Americanhats
(A)weremadeprincipallyofwool.
(B)didnotsuitcustomersinGreatBritain.
(C)wereanunimportantpartofNewEngland’sindustry.
(D)werenotmadefromfuruntil1730.
(E)weremorestylishthanBritishhats.
9.Accordingtothepassage,beaverfelthatswere
(A)unpopular.
(B)cheaperthanwoolhats.
(C)moreexpensivethanwoolhats.
(D)notexported.
(E)warmerthanwoolhats.
Youknow,ofcourse,thatinChinatheEmperorisaChinaman,andallthepeoplearoundhimareChinamentoo.Ithappenedagoodmanyyearsago,butthat’sjustwhyit’sworthwhiletohearthestory,beforeitisforgotten.TheEmperor’spalacewasthemostsplendidintheworld;entirelyandaltogethermadeofporcelain,socostly,butsobrittle,sodifficulttohandlethatonehadtobeterriblycareful.Inthegardenweretobeseenthestrangestflowers,andtothemostsplendidofthemsilverbellsweretied,whichtinkledsothatnobodyshouldpassbywithoutnoticingtheflowers.Oh,theEmperor’sgardenhadbeenlaidoutverysmartly,anditextendedsofarthatthegardenerhimselfdidn’tknowwheretheendwas.Ifyouwentonandon,youcameintotheloveliestforestwithhightreesanddeeplakes.Theforestwentrightdowntothesea,whichwasblueanddeep;tallshipscouldsailrightinunderthebranchesofthetrees;andinthetreeslivedanightingale,whichsangsosweetlythateventhepoorfisherman,whohadmanyotherthingstodo,stoppedstillandlistenedwhenhehadgoneoutatnighttotakeuphisnetsandthenheardthenightingale.
—fromTheNightingale,byHansChristianAndersen
10.Theauthorwantstotellthisstory
(A)becausehecan’tforgetthenightingale.
(B)beforeitisforgotten.
(C)toteachusaboutChina.
(D)becauseheisawriterandstoryteller.
(E)inordertodescribethegarden.
11.TheEmperor’spalacewasmadeof
(A)brick.
(B)silverbells.
(C)hightrees.
(D)largestonesandboulders.
(E)porcelain.
12.Silverbellsweretiedtoflowersinthegardento
(A)drawattentiontotheirbeauty.
(B)frightenbirdsandmiceaway.
(C)playsoftmelodies.
(D)remindthegardenernottopickthem.
(E)sparkleinthesun.
13.TheEmperor’sgarden
(A)wasverystrange.
(B)wastoolargetocarefor.
(C)ledintoalovelyforest.
(D)housedararenightingale.
(E)wasasourceofpleasureforallinthekingdom.
14.Theforest
(A)wasdarkandthreatening.
(B)containedmanyrareanimals.
(C)wasaneasyplaceinwhichtogetlost.
(D)housedthenightingale.
(E)wasafisherman’shidingplace.
TheuseofwoodasamaterialfromwhichtomakepaperwasfirstsuggestedbyRenédeRéaumer,acelebratedFrenchnaturalist,in1719.Réaumerhadobservedwaspsastheybuilttheirnests,andheconcludedthatthewoodfilamentsusedbytheseinsectstoconstructtheirpaper-likenestscouldalsobeusedinthemanufactureofpaper.
Waspslookfordrywood,whichtheysaworraspintheirjaws.Thismaterialisthenmixedwithaglueysubstancesecretedbythewasp’sbodytomakeapastethat,whenspread,becomesthepapersubstanceofthenest.Ineffect,waspsareabletocreatepaperpulpintheirmouths.Nestsaretypicallymadefromanumberofdifferenttypesofwood,dependingonthespeciesofthewaspsandtheirlocation.
Waspnestsareexceptionallylightweight,darkincolor,andboundrepeatedlybybandsofpapertotheplacewheretheyaresuspended.Thenestsarenearlywaterproofbecauseoftheirroundedtopsandthefactthatthepaperstripsoverlapliketheshinglesontheroofofahouse.Thenestsprovideshelterfornewlyhatchedwaspsandensurethattheoffspringhaveadultwaspsnearbytoprotectthem.
Waspnestsaredifferentinsizeandstructure,dependingonwhethertheyarebuiltbysolitarywaspsorsocialwasps.Solitarywaspstendtohavesmallnestsdesignprimarilyforcaringforyoung.Socialwaspsbuildlargernestsandwilldefendtheminaswarmifthreatened.Thenestsofsocialwaspscanrangeinsizefromthesizeofahumanhandtomuchlarger.UpuntilApril2013,thelargestwaspnestonrecordwasaNewZealandnestmeasuring12feetlong.Thisrecordwasbrokenin2013bythediscoveryofa22-footwaspnestinsideanabandonedhouseinSpain.
15.Thewordfilamentsprobablymeans
(A)largechunks.
(B)waves.
(C)files.
(D)dust.
(E)threadlikepieces.
16.Themanwhofirstsuggestedmakingpaperfromwoodwasa
(A)farmer.
(B)industrialist.
(C)lumberjack.
(D)naturalist.
(E)painter.
17.Accordingtothepassage,awaspnestisusually
(A)attachedtoahouse.
(B)exceptionallylightweight.
(C)waterproofedwithaglueysubstance.
(D)constructedwithchunksofwood.
(E)brightincolor.
18.Theprimarymaterialusedbywaspsinnestbuildingis
(A)dirt.
(B)water.
(C)paste.
(D)wood.
(E)leaves.
19.Waspnestsarenearlywaterproofbecause
(A)theyareconstructedofheavymaterials.
(B)theyhangfromtheboughsoftrees.
(C)theirstripsofpaperoverlaplikeshingles.
(D)bandsmadeofrubberareplacedaroundthem.
(E)theyhavelong,straighttopsthatstoptherain.
ThepolicedepartmentofNewYorkCityhasonebranchthatmanydonotknowabout,althoughitwasestablishedalmostacenturyago.Thisistheharborprecinct’s14-boatfleetofpolicelaunches,whichpatrols578milesofwatersaroundthecity,payingparticularattentiontotheareascontaining500piersandsome90boatclubs.
Theboatsareequippedforvariousjobs.Oneboatisanice-breaker;anotherisequippedtorenderaidintheeventofanairplanecrashatLaGuardiaAirport.Alloftheboatsareequippedwithlifelineguns,heavygrapplingironstoraisesunkenautomobiles,andlasso-stickstorescueanimalsinthewater.Theyhavepowerpumpstobailoutsinkingcraft,first-aidkits,extralifepreservers,signalflags,andsearchlights.
Theforceof183officershaveallhadpreviousexperiencewithboats.SomeoftheofficersareNavyandCoastGuardveterans.Manyoftheharborpoliceofficershaveocean-goingMaster’sorHarborCaptain’slicenses.Allarehighlytrainedinthecareandhandlingofenginesandinnavigation.Allareskilledingivingfirstaid,andeachofficerisaqualifiedradiooperatorandatrainedmarksmanwitharevolver.
Theworkofthepoliceincludesmanytasks.Onedutyofthisforceistochecktheoperationofthefleetof43junkboatsthatplytheirtradeintheharbor,buyingscrap,rope,andotheritemsforresaleashore.Theseboatscouldjustaseasilybeusedtosmugglenarcotics,gems,aliens,orspiesintothecountry,sotheyarewatchedcloselybythecity’sharborpoliceforce.Duringthelastsummer,thepolicelaunchestowed450disabledboatsandgavesomekindofhelptothousandsofothers.Theofficersalsoarrestthosewhobreaknavigationlawsorwhoendangerthesafetyofbathersbyapproachingtooneartheshoreinspeedboats.
20.Theharborpolicewere
(A)introducedbyorderofthemayor.
(B)firstusedinthetwentiethcentury.
(C)inusebeforetheCivilWar.
(D)introducedbyveteransofWorldWarII.
(E)infullforcealmost100yearsago.
21.Theboatsused
(A)areuniformindesign.
(B)canallserveasice-breakers.
(C)areallequippedwithdeckguns.
(D)workatKennedyAirport.
(E)varyinfunction.
22.Theharborpolice
(A)arrestanymanfoundonajunkboat.
(B)preventtheresaleofscrapmaterial.
(C)regulatetheadmissionofspies.
(D)ensurelegaltrafficinjunk.
(E)regulatedisabledboats.
23.Theirservicesinclude
(A)towing,life-saving,andsalvage.
(B)customscollection,towing,andthesendingofradiomessages.
(C)firstaid,therescueofanimals,andfirepatrol.
(D)ice-breaking,thecollectionofjunk,andthetransportationofaliens.
(E)smuggling,firstaid,andrescue.
24.Thepoliceboats
(A)havenoresponsibilityforbathers.
(B)unloadshipsatthepiers.
(C)assistboatsofallkinds.
(D)warnoffendersbutdonotmakearrests.
(E)cannotdetainotherboats.
“TherearemanythingsfromwhichImighthavederivedgood,bywhichIhavenotprofited,Idaresay,Christmasamongtherest.ButIamsureIhavealwaysthoughtofChristmas time,whenithascomeround—apartfromthevenerationduetoitssacredorigin,ifanythingbelongingtoitcanbeapartfromthat—asagoodtime;a
kind,forgiving,charitable,pleasanttime;theonlytimeIknowof,inthelongcalendaroftheyear,whenmenandwomenseembyoneconsenttoopentheirshut-upheartsfreelyandtothinkofpeoplebelowthemasiftheyreallywerefellowtravelerstothegrave,andnotanotherraceofcreaturesboundonotherjourneys.Andtherefore,Uncle,thoughithasneverputascrapofgoldorsilverinmypocket,Ibelievethatithasdonemegood,andwilldomegood;andIsay,Godblessit!”
Theclerkinthetankinvoluntarilyapplauded.
“Letmehearanothersoundfromyou,”saidScrooge,“andyou’llkeepyourChristmasbylosingyoursituation!You’requiteapowerfulspeaker,sir,”headded,turningtohisnephew.“Iwonderyoudon’tgointoParliament.”
—fromAChristmasCarol,byCharlesDickens
25.Thewordvenerationprobablymeans
(A)worship.
(B)disapproval.
(C)agreement.
(D)love.
(E)participation.
26.Thefirstspeaker
(A)isaveryreligiousperson.
(B)enjoysandcelebratesChristmas.
(C)isdefendingChristmas.
(D)hasbeenfiredbyScrooge.
(E)isobviouslyfrightenedofScrooge.
27.ThefirstspeakerbelievesthatChristmas
(A)isapleasantnuisance.
(B)isanexcuseforpeopletothrowwildparties.
(C)hasbeenseparatedfromitsreligiousorigin.
(D)couldbeaprofitabletimeofyear.
(E)bringsoutthebestinpeople.
28.Thephrase“byoneconsent”issynonymouswith
(A)affirmation.
(B)reaffirmation.
(C)partially.
(D)unanimously.
(E)contractual.
29.Scroogeprobablyisangrywith
(A)thespeakerandtheclerk.
(B)onlythespeaker.
(C)onlytheclerk.
(D)peoplewhocelebrateChristmas.
(E)noone.
Onedayrecently,amaninaten-gallonhatappearedatthegateofNewYork’sfamousBronxZoo.“Juststoppedbyonmywaythroughtown,”hetoldzooofficials.“I’vegotananimaloutsideIthinkyoumightliketosee.”
Theofficialsraisedtheireyebrowsandlookedateachothermeaningfully,butthemaninthehatdidn’tseemtonotice.HewentontointroducehimselfasGeneHolter.“IcallitaZonkey,”hesaidcalmly,“becauseit’sacrossbetweenadonkeyandazebra.I’vegothisparentsoutthere,too.”
Thezooofficialsdidn’twaittohearabouttheparents.Theylefttheirdesksandstartedforthegate.Outside,Mr.Holteropenedthesidedoorofahugetruckandreachedinside.Calmly,hepulledoutagibbon,andhungit,byitstail,fromatree.ThenhewalkedpastfiveostrichesandcarriedoutthebabyZonkey.
Justthreeweeksold,theonlyZonkeyintheworldhadlongears,afaceandlegscoveredwithcandystripes,andabodycoveredwithbrownbabyfuzz.Theparentswereonhand,too.Thefatherwasnoordinaryzebra.Hewasbrokentoride,andoneofthezooofficialsrealizedalifelongdreamwhenhejumpedonthezebra’sbackandcanteredaround.
Whenlastseen,Mr.HolterandhiscaravanwereontheirwaytoDaytonandthentoAnaheim,California,wheretheyliveyear-round.
30.Mr.Holter’smannerwas
(A)boastful.
(B)excitable.
(C)demanding.
(D)matter-of-fact.
(E)personable.
31.WhenMr.Holterfirstapproachedthezooofficials,they
(A)wereexcitedabouthisannouncement.
(B)thoughthewastellingatalltale.
(C)thoughthewasaninterestingperson.
(D)couldn’twaittorealizealifelongdream.
(E)laughedbehindhisback.
32.Mr.Holterprobablymadealiving
(A)asaveterinarian.
(B)travelingandshowinghisanimals.
(C)breedinganimalsforscientificexperiments.
(D)workingasazooofficial.
(E)filminganimals.
Thereisevidencethattheusualvarietyofhighbloodpressureis,inpart,afamilialdisease.Sincefamilieshavesimilargenesaswellassimilarenvironment,familialdiseasescouldbeduetosharedgeneticinfluences,tosharedenvironmentalfactors,orboth.Forsomeyears,theroleofoneenvironmentalfactorcommonlysharedbyfamilies,namelydietarysalt,hasbeenstudiedatBrookhavenNationalLaboratory.Thestudiessuggestthatexcessiveingestionofsaltcanleadtohighbloodpressureinmanandanimals.Someindividualsandsomerats,however,consumelargeamountsofsaltwithoutdevelopinghighbloodpressure.Nomatterhowstrictlyallenvironmentalfactorswerecontrolledintheseexperiments,somesalt-fedanimalsneverdevelopedhypertension,whereasafewrapidlydevelopedveryseverehypertensionfollowedbyearlydeath.Thesemarkedvariationswereinterpretedtoresultfromdifferencesingeneticmakeup.
33.Themainideaofthisarticleisthat
(A)researchisdesperatelyneededinthefieldofmedicine.
(B)acureforhighbloodpressureisnear.
(C)researchshowssalttobeamajorcauseofhighbloodpressure.
(D)atendencytowardhighbloodpressuremaybeinherited.
(E)someanimalsneverdevelophighbloodpressure.
34.Accordingtothearticle,highbloodpressureis
(A)strictlyageneticdisease.
(B)strictlyanenvironmentaldisease.
(C)duetobothgeneticandenvironmentalfactors.
(D)causedonlybydietarysalt.
(E)amoresevereformofhypertension.
ThedarkandtheseaarefullofdangerstothefishermenofNorway.Awhalemaycomeanddestroythefloatingchainofcorksthatedgethenets,breakit,andcarryitoff.Orastormmaycomesuddenly,unexpectedly,outofthenight.Theseaseemstoturnsomersaults.Itopensandclosesimmensecavernswithterribleclashes,chasingboatsandmenwhomustfleefromtheirnetsandtheexpectedcatch.Thenthemenmaylifttheirnetsasemptyastheysetthem.Atothertimestheherringmaycomeinsuchmassesthatthelinesbreakfromtheweightwhenlifted,andthemenmustreturnhomeempty-handed,withoutlines,nets,ortheherring.
Butoftenthenetsarefullofherringthatshineandglistenlikesilver.Onceinawhile,acoupleofmenwillventureintheirboatsalongthenetlinestoseewhethertheherringarecoming,andwhenthecorksbegintobobandjerk,asifsomethingwerehittingthenetstowhichtheyareattached,thentheyknowthattheherringarethere.Thenetsarebeingfilled,andallthemensitinquietexcitement.Theydareonlytowhispertoeachother,afraidtodisturb,andquiteovercomebytheoverwhelminggenerosityofthesea.Eyesshineinhappyanticipation;handsarefoldedinthanks.Thenmusclesstrainwithpower.Itisasthoughthestrengthofthebodydoubled.Theycanworkdayandnightwithoutathoughtofweariness.Theyneedneitherfoodnorrest;thethoughtofsuccesskeepstheirvigorupalmostendlessly.Theywilltakefoodandrestwhenitisallover.
35.Whatisthebesttitleforthispassage?
(A)“WhalinginNorway”
(B)“ThePerilsandRewardsofFishing”
(C)“HardWorkinNorway”
(D)“RiskyBusiness”
(E)“TheGenerosityoftheSea”
36.Thefishermen’sdifficultiesinclude
(A)theeatingoftheherringbywhales.
(B)becalming.
(C)anattackonthemenbytheherring.
(D)thejerkingofthecorks.
(E)interferencebyroughseas.
37.Atthefirstindicationthatherringareenteringthenets,themen
(A)trynottofrightenthefishaway.
(B)straineverymuscletohaulinthecatch.
(C)glistenlikesilver.
(D)collectthenetsquickly.
(E)rowquicklyalongtheedgeofthenets.
38.Whichqualityoftheseaisnotmentioned?
(A)Itssuddenchanges
(B)Itsgenerosity
(C)Itsbeauty
(D)Itspower
(E)Itsdestroyingstrength
39.Thefishermenaredescribedas
(A)patient,brave,andcautious.
(B)angry,weary,andsickly.
(C)strong,angry,andreckless.
(D)skillful,impatient,andweary.
(E)hardworking,surly,andexcitable.
40.Whichisnotmentionedasaproblemtofishermen?
(A)Destructionofthenets
(B)Toolargeacatch
(C)Roughseas
(D)Unexpectedstorms
(E)Theftofthenetsbyother
fishermen
Section3:Verbal
60Questions•30Minutes
TheVerbalsectionconsistsoftwodifferenttypesofquestions.Therearedirectionsforeachtypeofquestion.
Directions:Eachquestionshowsawordincapitallettersfollowedbyfivewordsorphrases.Choosethewordorphrasewhosemeaningismostsimilartothewordincapitalletters.
1.AGENDA
(A)receipt
(B)agent
(C)combination
(D)correspondence
(E)schedule
2.CREDIBLE
(A)believable
(B)untrue
(C)correct
(D)suitable
(E)fortunate
3.PLACID
(A)explosive
(B)quiet
(C)public
(D)lenient
(E)crystalline
4.INTERVENE
(A)induce
(B)invert
(C)interfere
(D)solve
(E)intermediary
5.MUNDANE
(A)stupid
(B)extraordinary
(C)weekly
(D)immense
(E)common
6.DEHYDRATED
(A)airless
(B)deflated
(C)pointless
(D)worthless
(E)waterless
7.PREVALENT
(A)predating
(B)predominant
(C)preeminent
(D)prior
(E)predictive
8.SUCCINCT
(A)concise
(B)superfluous
(C)alert
(D)despicable
(E)fearful
9.NOCTURNAL
(A)bynight
(B)byday
(C)revolving
(D)alternating
(E)frequent
10.EQUITABLE
(A)preferential
(B)fair
(C)unreasonable
(D)biased
(E)prejudiced
11.EXPEDITE
(A)hinder
(B)harm
(C)send
(D)hasten
(E)block
12.TURBULENT
(A)authentic
(B)tranquil
(C)tamed
(D)fatal
(E)violent
13.TENACIOUS
(A)timid
(B)thin
(C)unyielding
(D)divisive
(E)stranded
14.PERTINENT
(A)applicable
(B)prudent
(C)irreverent
(D)irrelevant
(E)truthful
15.DOGMATIC
(A)bovine
(B)canine
(C)opinionated
(D)individualistic
(E)traditional
16.UNSCRUPULOUS
(A)filthy
(B)honest
(C)austere
(D)unprincipled
(E)unresolved
17.WILY
(A)crooked
(B)narrow
(C)cunning
(D)blunt
(E)broken
18.BLATANT
(A)insipid
(B)obvious
(C)shining
(D)closed
(E)secret
19.PRETEXT
(A)excuse
(B)reason
(C)preface
(D)fit
(E)doubt
20.ACUMEN
(A)beauty
(B)poise
(C)keenness
(D)illness
(E)courtesy
21.EVASION
(A)attack
(B)displeasure
(C)enjoyment
(D)avoidance
(E)fatigue
22.INDISPENSABLE
(A)incontrovertible
(B)essential
(C)impetuous
(D)ungovernable
(E)confused
23.OBLITERATE
(A)obligate
(B)subjugate
(C)exhibit
(D)maintain
(E)erase
24.AMIABLE
(A)allied
(B)disjointed
(C)indignant
(D)friendly
(E)introverted
25.WRITHE
(A)strangle
(B)topple
(C)trouble
(D)slide
(E)twist
26.ABATE
(A)letup
(B)continue
(C)forego
(D)placate
(E)intimidate
27.ENDORSEMENT
(A)inscription
(B)approval
(C)standard
(D)editorial
(E)article
28.CONVERT
(A)reform
(B)predict
(C)weave
(D)transform
(E)translate
29.ERUDITE
(A)knowledgeable
(B)meddlesome
(C)eroded
(D)careless
(E)intrusion
30.ENDEAVOR
(A)expectation
(B)attempt
(C)tack
(D)necessity
(E)ability
Directions:Thefollowingquestionsaskyoutofindrelationshipsbetweenwords.Readeachquestion,andthenchoosetheanswerthatbestcompletesthemeaningofthesentence.
31.Noneistolittleasneveristo
(A)nothing
(B)infrequently
(C)negative
(D)much
(E)often
32.Receiveistoadmitassettleisto
(A)resist
(B)anger
(C)remain
(D)adjust
(E)mediate
33.Dishonestyistodistrustas
(A)violinistobow
(B)handistopaper
(C)moneyistothief
(D)strangeistoodd
(E)carelessnessistoaccident
34.Sociologististogroupas
(A)psychologististoindividual
(B)doctoristonurse
(C)childrenistopediatrician
(D)biologististofrog
(E)mathematicianistoalgebra
35.Generousistofrugalas
(A)wastefulistosquander
(B)philanthropististomiser
(C)tastefulistogarish
(D)gratifyistodesire
(E)importantistononessential
36.Transparentistotranslucentas
(A)wateristomilk
(B)glassistocrystal
(C)translucentistoopaque
(D)muddyistoclear
(E)suspensionistomixture
37.Discontentistorebellionas
(A)frictionistospark
(B)complacentistorevolt
(C)successistostudy
(D)employmentistoretirement
(E)surgeonistooperation
38.Beakeristochemistashammeristo
(A)nails
(B)geologist
(C)construction
(D)architect
(E)noise
39.Followistoleadasdependentisto
(A)subservient
(B)supportive
(C)child
(D)autonomous
(E)anonymous
40.Stateistocountryascountryisto
(A)island
(B)capitol
(C)continent
(D)planet
(E)ocean
41.Acceleratoristomotionas
(A)catalystistochange
(B)inertiaistoimmobile
(C)ignitionistospeed
(D)automobileistovehicle
(E)experimentistohypothesis
42.Probableistocertainas
(A)approachistoreproach
(B)steadyistorocky
(C)correctistoaccurate
(D)saveistorecord
(E)plausibleistodefinite
43.Obstructistoimpedeasimpenetrableisto
(A)impervious
(B)hidden
(C)merciful
(D)porous
(E)transparent
44.Includeistoomitasacknowledgeisto
(A)notice
(B)ignore
(C)recognize
(D)greet
(E)know
45.Nucleusistoelectronas
(A)Earthistosatellite
(B)EarthistoSun
(C)constellationistoSun
(D)neutronistoproton
(E)atomistoneutron
46.Sculptoristostatueas
(A)actoristoplay
(B)paintistoartist
(C)composeristomusic
(D)orchestraistoconductor
(E)programmeristocomputer
47.Drearyistohappyas
(A)lightistograceful
(B)closeistonarrow
(C)dearthistosurplus
(D)curtainistoplay
(E)interdictistoexpect
48.Allowistorestrictas
(A)gainistosuccess
(B)seeingistobelieving
(C)heartistosoul
(D)encourageistoprevent
(E)terribleistoworse
49.Interruptistospeakas
(A)telephoneistotelegraph
(B)interfereistoassist
(C)shoutistoyell
(D)intercedeistointerfere
(E)intrudeistoenter
50.Modestyistoarroganceas
(A)debilityistostrength
(B)causeistopurpose
(C)hateistoemotion
(D)financeistopoverty
(E)agilityistostamina
51.Adversityistohappinessas
(A)fearistomisfortune
(B)solaceistosorrow
(C)graduationistosuperfluous
(D)vehemenceistoserenity
(E)troublesomeistopetulant
52.Extortionististoblackmailas
(A)kleptomaniacistosteal
(B)criminalistoarrest
(C)kidnapperistocrime
(D)businessmanistoprofit
(E)clerkistostock
53.Monsoonistorainas
(A)hurricaneistodestruction
(B)tornadoistowind
(C)sunistospring
(D)famineistodrought
(E)morningistodew
54.Introspectiveistowithdrawnas
(A)hesitantistohasty
(B)quickistofeelings
(C)introvertistoextrovert
(D)importistoexport
(E)gregariousistosocial
55.Equatoristoworldas
(A)boundaryistocountry
(B)capitalistostate
(C)furistoanimal
(D)waististoman
(E)latitudeistolongitude
56.Superficialistosurfaceas
(A)probingistodeep
(B)subwayistosubterranean
(C)crustistoEarth
(D)tepidistowarm
(E)internalistoexternal
57.Stagnantistopondas
(A)sandyistoriver
(B)noisyistosheep
(C)flowingistostream
(D)oceanicistotide
(E)tidalistowave
58.Sanctuaryistofortressas
(A)sanctumistoinner
(B)shelteristohouse
(C)violentistopeaceful
(D)gunsistofort
(E)sanctionistoassassinate
59.Mentoristoprofessoras
(A)advisoristocounselor
(B)childistoparent
(C)learningistoteacher
(D)mentalistophysical
(E)toothistodentist
60.Lucidistoclearas
(A)sullenistogloomy
(B)furtiveistoclever
(C)potentistoweak
(D)drollistoserious
(E)pensiveistohanging
Section4:Quantitative(Math)
25Questions•30Minutes
Directions:Eachquestionbelowisfollowedbyfivepossibleanswers.Selecttheonethatisbest.
1.Intwodaysapointontheearth’ssurfacerotatesthroughanangleofapproximately
(A)90°
(B)180°
(C)360°
(D)480°
(E)720°
2.Whichofthefollowinggroupsisarrangedinorderfromsmallesttolargest?
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)
3.Therectanglebelowhasalengthtwiceaslongasitswidth.Ifitswidthisx,itsperimeteris
(A)6
(B)2x2
(C)4x
(D)6x
(E)8x
4.Thissquarehasasideof1".Thediagonaldistancefromonecornertoanotheris
(A)1inch.
(B) inches.
(C) inches.
(D)2inches.
(E)3inches.
5.Aplumberneedseightsectionsofpipe,each3'2"long.Ifpipeissoldonlybythe10'section,howmanysectionsmusthebuy?
(A)1
(B)2
(C)3
(D)4
(E)5
6.Theratiooftheareaoftheshadedparttotheunshadedpartis
(A)
(B)2:1
(C)1:3
(D)1:2
(E)3:1
7.Anairplaneonatransatlanticflighttook4hours20minutestogetfromNewYorktoitsdestination,adistanceof3000miles.Toavoidastorm,however,thepilotwentoffhiscourse,addingadistanceof200milestotheflight.Approximatelyhowfastdidtheplanetravel?
(A)640mph
(B)710mph
(C)738mph
(D)750mph
(E)772mph
8.Aphotographmeasuring5"wide×7"longmustbereducedinsizetofitaspace4incheslonginanadvertisingbrochure.Howwidemustthespacebesothatthepictureremainsinproportion?
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)
9.Thetotalareaoftheshadedpartofthefigureis
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)
10.AcertainpopulationofmicrobesgrowsaccordingtotheformulaP=A×2n,wherePisthefinalsizeofthepopulation,Aistheinitialsizeofthepopulation,andnisthenumberoftimesthepopulationreproducesitself.Ifeachmicrobereproducesitselfevery20minutes,howlargewouldapopulationofonlyonemicrobebecomeafter4hours?
(A)16
(B)64
(C)128
(D)1028
(E)4096
11.Ifxisapositivenumberand ,asxincreasesinvalue,whathappenstoy?
(A)yincreases
(B)ydecreases
(C)yisunchanged
(D)yincreasesthendecreases
(E)ydecreasesthenincreases
12.Aboxwasmadeintheformofacube.Ifasecondcubicalboxhasinsidedimensionsthreetimesthoseofthefirstbox,howmanytimesasmuchdoesitcontain?
(A)3
(B)9
(C)12
(D)27
(E)33
13.Mr.Adamshasacircularflowerbedwithadiameterof4feet.Hewishestoincreasethesizeofthisbedsothatitwillhavefourtimesasmuchplantingarea.Whatmustbethediameterofthenewbed?
(A)6feet
(B)8feet
(C)12feet
(D)16feet
(E)20feet
14.AtrainleftAlbanyforBuffalo,adistanceof290miles,at10:10a.m.ThetrainwasscheduledtoreachBuffaloat3:45p.m.Iftheaveragerateofthetrainonthistripwas50mph,itarrivedinBuffalo
(A)about5minutesearly.
(B)ontime.
(C)about5minuteslate.
(D)about13minuteslate.
(E)morethan15minuteslate.
15.If3x–2=13,whatisthevalueof12x+20?
(A)5
(B)20
(C)30
(D)37
(E)80
16.Abakeryshopsoldthreekindsofcake.Thepricesofthesewere25¢,30¢,and35¢perpound.Theincomefromthesesaleswas$36.Ifthenumberofpoundsofeachkindofcakesoldwasthesame,howmanypoundsweresold?
(A)120pounds
(B)90pounds
(C)60pounds
(D)45pounds
(E)36pounds
17.Howmanymore9"×9"linoleumtilesthan1'×1'tileswillittaketocovera12'×12'floor?
(A)63
(B)98
(C)112
(D)120
(E)144
18.Ifppencilscostccents,npencilsatthesameratewillcost
(A) cents.
(B) cents.
(C)npccents.
(D) cents.
(E)n+p+ccents.
19.Which,ifany,ofthefollowingstatementsisalwaystrue?
(A)Ifthenumeratoranddenominatorofafractionareincreasedordecreasedbythesameamount,thevalueofthefractionisunchanged.
(B)Ifthenumeratoranddenominatorofafractionaresquared,thevalueofthefractionisunchanged.
(C)Thesquareofanynumberisgreaterthanthatnumber.
(D)Ifunequalquantitiesareaddedtounequalquantities,thesumsareunequal.
(E)Noneoftheabove
20.Ifthelengthandwidthofarectangleareeachdoubled,bywhatpercentistheareaincreased?
(A)50%
(B)75%
(C)100%
(D)300%
(E)400%
21.Ifonepipecanfillatankin hours,andanothercanfillthesametankin45minutes,
howlongwillittakeforthetwopipestofillthetanktogether?
(A) hour
(B) hour
(C) hour
(D)1hour
(E) hours
22.Abaseballteamhaswon50gamesoutof75played.Ithas45gamesstilltoplay.Howmanyofthesemusttheteamwintomakeitsrecordfortheseason60%?
(A)20
(B)22
(C)25
(D)30
(E)35
23.If9millionbarrelsofoilareconsumeddailyintheUnitedStates,howmanybarrelsarerequiredtomeetcommercialandindustrialneeds?
(A)2,840,000
(B)3,420,000
(C)4,750,000
(D)5,670,000
(E)7,400,000
24.Arealestateinvestorbuysahouseandlotfor$44,000.Hepays$1250tohaveitpainted,$1750tofixtheplumbing,and$1000forgradingadriveway.Atwhatpricemusthesellthepropertyinordertomakea12%profit?
(A)$53,760
(B)$52,800
(C)$52,000
(D)$49,760
(E)$44,480
25.Ifa=1,b=2,c=3,andd=5,thevalueof is
(A)2
(B)3.5
(C)4
(D)
(E)50
ANSWERSANDEXPLANATIONSPartI:WritingSample
Exampleofawell-writtenessay.
Icanunderstandwhysomeschoolsrequirestudentstomaintaintheirgradesiftheywanttobeinsports.Sportsaretimeconsumingandcutintostudytime.But,Ithinkthatlesscompetentstudentsshouldnotbedeprivedofthebenefitsofsportsparticipation.
Theargumentthatstudentsshouldkeepuptheirgradesiftheywanttobeinsportsisworthlisteningto.Afterall,thepurposeofgoingtoschoolistogetaneducation.Andsportspracticeandgamesdotakealotoftime.Thegradesofafewstudentsmightinfactsufferfromsportsparticipation,butIthinkthatmorestudentswillworkharderandwilllearntomanagetimebetteriftheyareallowedtoplayontheteam.Learningtoorganizetimeisalsoanimportantlessontobegainedfrom
school.Happypeopletendtoreachtomeetexpectations,andlesscapablestudentsmayevendobetterinschooltoprovethatbeinginsportsdidnotdothemanyharm.
Anequallygoodargumentisthateveryonemustsucceedatsomething.Ifapoorstudentcanexcelatsports,thatstudentwilldevelopself-esteem.Oncethatstudentfeelsgoodabouthimselforherself,thestudentmaytransferthatconfidencetoschoolworkandactuallygetbettergrades.Theoldadagethatsuccessbreedssuccessapplieshere.
Whiletheattitudethatschoolworkcomesfirstdoesmakeagoodpoint,Ithinkthatpermittingastudenttoparticipateinsportsandtodevelopagoodself-imageismoreimportant.Theschoolshouldgiveextrahelptothelesscompetentstudent,especiallyhelpinlearningtimemanagement.Thenitshouldletthatstudentcontributetoschoolspiritontheplayingfieldsaswellasintheclassroom.
PartII:MultipleChoice
Section1:Quantitative(Math)
1.Thecorrectansweris(B).Rename asadecimal: =0.6.
0.6+1.25+0.004=1.854
2.Thecorrectansweris(C).
=106–3=1000
or106=1,000,000and103=1000Therefore,1,000,000÷1000=1000
3.Thecorrectansweris(D).
4.Thecorrectansweris(D).Simplifythenumerator.
Proceedasyouwouldtodivideanyfraction:
5.Thecorrectansweris(B).(0.25)2=0.25×0.25=0.0625
6.Thecorrectansweris(C).Beginwiththeinnermostgroupandworkoutward:(3+1)+[(2–3)–(4–1)]
=(3+1)+[(–1)–(3)]
=(3+1)+[–1–3]
=(3+1)+[–4]
=4+[–4]=0
7.Thecorrectansweris(A).Trytoestimatetheanswerratherthancalculate:
8.Thecorrectansweris(B).3gallonscontain12quarts.Theratiois3quarts:12quarts,or,insimplestform,1:4.
9.Thecorrectansweris(C).Onefifthof$50is$10.Tenpercent,or ,of$10is$1.
10.Thecorrectansweris(C).Borrow1minutefromtheminutescolumn,and1hourfromthehourscolumn.Thensubtract:
11.Thecorrectansweris(E).Bydoublingthesizeofoneofthefactorsofthenumeratorandthesizeofthedenominator,wedonotchangethevalueofthefraction.Weareactuallywritinganequivalentfraction.Trythiswithfractionshavingnumericalvaluesforthenumeratoranddenominator.
12.Thecorrectansweris(E).Thisisagoodproblemforestimation.Notethat10%of220
=22.Onepercentof220=2.2and24.2=22(10percent)+2.2(1percent).Or, =
0.11.
13.Thecorrectansweris(A).Becareful.Thisproblemasksyouto
reduce98by .Inotherwords,find of98.
14.Thecorrectansweris(B).Since1footcorrespondsto inchinthedrawing,the
drawingshouldbe6 incheslong.
15.Thecorrectansweris(D).Bracketthemultiplicationanddivisionoperationsfromlefttoright.Thencalculate.
=[25]+[6]–3
=28
16.Thecorrectansweris(A).Sincey+2>10,y>10–2,ory>8.
17.Thecorrectansweris(C).Thisisasimpleproportion.Amancastsashadowtwiceaslongashisheight.Therefore,sodoesthetree.Therefore,atreethatcastsashadow50'longis25'high.
18.Thecorrectansweris(A).Thedenominatorofafractioncanneverbeequivalenttozero.Divisionbyzeroisundefinedinmathematics.
19.Thecorrectansweris(C).0.0515×100=5.15,andsodoes0.00515×1000.Youshouldbeabletodothisproblembymovingdecimalpointsandnotbymultiplyingout.Todivideby10,movethedecimalpointoneplacetotheleft.Moveittwoplacestothelefttodivideby100,threeplacestodivideby1000,andsoforth.Tomultiplyby10,100,1000,andsoforth,movethedecimalpointthecorrespondingnumberofplacestotheright.Thisisanimportantskilltoreview.
20.Thecorrectansweris(E).Thisisatrickyproblem.Choices(B),(C),and(D)mightbetrueinsomecases,dependingupontheexactmeasurementsof 1and 3Theonlyanswerthatistruenomatterwhatthemeasuresof 1and 3istheoneinwhichtheirsumisequalto120°.
21.Thecorrectansweris(A).Thiscanbesetupasaproportionwherexistheunknownnumber:
Thisisagoodproblemforestimation.Studythenumeratorsofthefractionsandnotethat45isonehalfof90.Therefore,thedenominatorsofthefractionsmusthavethesamerelationship.Onehalfof0.45is0.225.
22.Thecorrectansweris(D).Thesquarerootof20islessthanthesquarerootof25,whichis5,andgreaterthanthesquarerootof16,whichis4.Therefore,nisbetween4and5.
23.Thecorrectansweris(B).Tofindthedifference,wesubtract–6from4andmovefrom–6to4,adistanceof+10units.
24.Thecorrectansweris(C).Simplydivide by tofindtheanswer.
25.Thecorrectansweris(D).Fourgamesaveraging36,500peoplepergametotal146,000attendance.Thetotalforthefirstthreegameswas105,500.Thefourthgameattracted40,500people.
Section2:ReadingComprehension
1.Thecorrectansweris(C).Youwillfindtheanswertothisdetailquestioninthelasttwosentencesoftheselection.
2.Thecorrectansweris(D).Thisdetailisgiveninthelastsentenceofthefirstparagraph.AlltheotheranswerchoicesweretrueofthehistoryofRiker’sIslandbutarenottrueatthepresenttime.
3.Thecorrectansweris(B).Youcaninferthatthediscardsofcityhouseholdsincludedgarbage.Decayedgarbageisanexcellentfertilizer.
4.Thecorrectansweris(E).Seethenext-to-lastsentenceoftheselection.
5.Thecorrectansweris(C).TheselectiondiscusseshatmakingasanearlyAmericanindustry,touchingonmaterials,costs,andmarkets.
6.Thecorrectansweris(E).Seelines17–20,whereitstatesthatthehighnumberofhatsbeingexportedfromthecoloniescaused“uneasinessamongthehattersinEngland,”whoexertedpressureonParliament.
7.Thecorrectansweris(D).ProhibitionofexportofhatsfromonecolonytoanotherandfromanycolonytoGreatBritainwasaneffectivebanonexportofhatsaltogether.
8.Thecorrectansweris(A).Seethestartofthesecondparagraph,whichbegins,“Woolwastheprincipalrawmaterialusedbyhatters”.
9.Thecorrectansweris(C).Pricecomparisonsaremadeinthesecondparagraph:“Theaveragepriceofawoolhatwasbetween40and80cents,andbeaverhatsrangedfrom$2.50to$3.50.”
10.Thecorrectansweris(B).Theauthortellsyouhisreasoninthesecondsentence.
11.Thecorrectansweris(E).Seethethirdsentence.
12.Thecorrectansweris(A).Thefourthsentencegivesthisdetail.
13.Thecorrectansweris(C).Thesixthsentencetellsthatthegardenledtoaforest.Theselectionsaysthatthegardenextendedsofarthatthegardenerdidnotknowwhereitended,butitdoesnotsaythathewasunabletocareforitbecauseofitssize.
14.Thecorrectansweris(D).Inthelastsentencewelearnthattheforestwentdowntothesea,andinthetreesoftheforestatseasidelivedanightingale.
15.Thecorrectansweris(E).Thedictionarydefinitionoffilamentis“averyslenderthreadorfiber.”Youdonotneedtoknowthedictionarydefinitiontoanswerthisquestion.Waspscouldnotpossiblybehandlinglargechunksorfiles.Thewordfilamentsintheselectionappearsintheplural.Ifthemeaningwere“dust,”thewordwouldbeinthesingular.
16.Thecorrectansweris(D).ThefirstsentencedescribesRenédeRéaumerasaFrenchnaturalist.
17.Thecorrectansweris(B).Seethebeginningofthethirdparagraph:“Waspnestsareexceptionallylightweight,darkincolor,andboundrepeatedlybybandsofpapertotheplacewheretheyaresuspended.”
18.Thecorrectansweris(D).Thesecondparagraphoftheselectiondescribesthemannerinwhichwaspsusewoodtomakethepaperfromwhichtheyconstructnests.
19.Thecorrectansweris(C).Seethesecondsentenceofthethirdparagraph:“Thenestsarenearlywaterproofbecauseoftheirroundedtopsandthefactthatthepaperstripsoverlapliketheshinglesontheroofofahouse.”
20.Thecorrectansweris(E).Seethefirstsentence.Acenturyagowas100yearsago.
21.Thecorrectansweris(E).Thefirstsentenceofthesecondparagraphsaysthattheboatsareequippedforvariousjobs,whichmeansthattheyvaryinfunction.
22.Thecorrectansweris(D).Bycheckingontheoperationofthejunkboats,theharborpoliceensurethattheiractivitiesarelegal.
23.Thecorrectansweris(A).Theotherchoicesallincludesomeactivitythatisnotmentionedasanactivityoftheharborpolice.
24.Thecorrectansweris(C).The450disabledboatsthatweretowedandthethousandsthatneededsomesortofhelp(next-to-lastsentence)couldnotpossiblyhaveallbeenofthesamekind.
25.Thecorrectansweris(A).Contextshouldhelpyouhere.“...venerationduetoitssacredorigin...”impliessomethingreligiousandrelatedtoworship.
26.Thecorrectansweris(C).Thisisaninferentialquestion.ThespeakerprobablyenjoysandcelebratesChristmas,choice(B),aswell,buttheprimaryreasonforthisspeechisdefendingtheholidaytohisUncleScroogebylistingitsadvantagestomankind.
27.Thecorrectansweris(E).Thisisthewholepointofthefirstparagraph.
28.Thecorrectansweris(D).Again,useofthewordincontextshouldleadyoutoitsmeaning.Theparagraphspeaksofgoodwillamongallmenandwomen.Thisoneconsentthereforeisunanimousgoodfeeling.
29.Thecorrectansweris(A).Readthelastparagraphcarefully.ScroogeisfirstreactingtotheclerkwhohasjustapplaudedthespeechindefenseofChristmas.Scroogethreatenstheclerkwithfiring.Hethenturnsandmakesasarcasticremarktohisnephew.Itcanbeassumedthatheisangrywithbothcharacters.
30.Thecorrectansweris(D).“Juststoppedby...”isquiteamatter-of-factwayofspeaking.
31.Thecorrectansweris(B).Theraisedeyebrowsofthefirstsentenceofthesecondparagraphimplydisbelief.
32.Thecorrectansweris(B).Mr.Holterhadacaravanofanimals;wasinNewYorkonhiswaytoDayton,Ohio;andactuallylivedinAnaheim,California.Youcaninferthathemadehislivingtravelingandshowinghisanimals.
33.Thecorrectansweris(D).Thearticlediscusseshighbloodpressureasafamilialdisease,adiseasethatrunsinfamilies.Itgoesontodiscusstheroleofgeneticmakeupindeterminingreactiontodietaryfactors.Geneticmakeupreferstohereditaryfactors.
34.Thecorrectansweris(C).Thisisamain-ideaquestion.Themainpointoftheselectionisthatthereisaninterplayofgeneticandenvironmentalfactorsinfluencingthedevelopmentofhighbloodpressure.
35.Thecorrectansweris(B).Thefirstparagraphspeaksoftheperilsoffishing,thesecondaboutitsrewards.
36.Thecorrectansweris(E).Themiddleofthefirstparagraphdiscussestheproblemscreatedbyroughseas.Noneoftheotherchoicesisamentioneddifficulty.
37.Thecorrectansweris(A).Inthemiddleofthesecondparagraphwelearnthatwhenthefishermennotethatherringareenteringthenetstheysitinquietexcitementsoasnottofrightenthefishaway.Theyrowalongthenet,choice(E),inordertofindoutifthenetisfilling,andhaulinthenets,choices(B)and(D),whenthenetsarefull.Itisthefishthatglisten,notthefishermen.
38.Thecorrectansweris(C).Everythingismentionedexceptthebeautyofthesea.
39.Thecorrectansweris(A).Allotherchoicescontainatleastonetraitthatisnotascribedtothefishermen.
40.Thecorrectansweris(E).Onemightaddhonestytothetraitsofthefishermen.Theftisnotmentionedasaproblem.
Section3:Verbal
1.Thecorrectansweris(E).TheAGENDAistheprogramofthingstobedoneortheschedule.Preparationofnextyear’sbudgetwasthetopitemontheagendaforthemeeting.
2.Thecorrectansweris(A).CREDIBLEmeansplausible,reliable,orbelievable.Thepresenceofmanysquirrelsinmyyardisacredibleexplanationforthemanyholes.
3.Thecorrectansweris(B).PLACIDmeanstranquil,calm,orpeaceful.LakePlacidinNewYorkissoplacidthatitswatersareseldomstormy.
4.Thecorrectansweris(C).ToINTERVENEistocomebetweentwopeopleorthingseithertointerfereortoinfluencepositively.Interveneisaverb.Anintermediary(noun)mayinterveneinadispute.
5.Thecorrectansweris(E).MUNDANEmeanscommonplace,earthly,orordinary.EverymorningIperformthemundanetasksofbrushingmyteethandmakingmybed.
6.Thecorrectansweris(E).Todehydrateistoremovewater,thereforeDEHYDRATEDmeanswaterless.Theroothydr-referstowater,andtheprefixde-isanegativeprefix.Dehydratedfoodsarelightweightandareeasytostoreforlongperiodsoftime.
7.Thecorrectansweris(B).PREVALENTmeanswidelyexisting,prevailing,orgenerallyaccepted.Preeminentmeansexcelling.TheprevalentmoodamongtheBoyScoutswasoneofeageranticipation.
8.Thecorrectansweris(A).SUCCINCTmeansbriefandtothepoint.Thelegislatorgaveasuccinctbackgroundofthereasonsfortheproposedlaw.
9.Thecorrectansweris(A).ThatwhichisNOCTURNALhappensatnight.Batsdonotflyaboutinthedaytimebecausetheyarenocturnalcreatures.
10.Thecorrectansweris(B).EQUITABLEmeansfairandjust.Youshouldseetherootequalinthisword.Thewillprovidedforanequitabledistributionoftheproperty.
11.Thecorrectansweris(D).ToEXPEDITEistospeeduptheactionortosendquickly.TheLatinderivationofthiswordis“tofreeonecaughtbythefeet.”YoucanexpeditethedeliveryofmailbyusingZIPCodeplusfour.
12.Thecorrectansweris(E).TURBULENTmeansunrulyoragitated.Astheairplanepassedthroughturbulentair,weallfeltratherqueasy.
13.Thecorrectansweris(C).TENACIOUSmeansholdingontightlyorpersistent.Thetenacioussalesmancallstwiceaweekbetween5and7p.m.
14.Thecorrectansweris(A).PERTINENTmeansrelevant.Testimonyisadmittedincourtonlyifitispertinenttothechargesinthecase.
15.Thecorrectansweris(C).DOGMATICmeansdictatorialoropinionated.Thewordhastodowithdoctrineordogma,notwithdogs.Myuncleissodogmaticthatherefusestoevenlistentomypointofview.
16.Thecorrectansweris(D).OnewhoisUNSCRUPULOUSisnotrestrainedbyideasofrightandwrong.Theunscrupulousstockbrokerusedinsideinformationtosellbeforethestockpriceplummeted.
17.Thecorrectansweris(C).WILYmeanscraftyorsly.ThewilywolfoutwittedRedRidingHood.
18.Thecorrectansweris(B).BLATANTmeansloudandobtrusive.Themisspellingintheaddresswasablatanterrorinanotherwiseexcellentletter.
19.Thecorrectansweris(A).APRETEXTisafalsereasonoranexcuse.Illnesswashispretextforabsencefromschool;actuallyhewenttothebeach.
20.Thecorrectansweris(C).ACUMENiskeennessandquicknessinunderstandinganddealingwithasituation.Acumenwithrespecttoforeignculturesisagreatassetinthediplomaticcorps.
21.Thecorrectansweris(D).EVASIONissubterfugeoravoidance.Hismannerofevasionofembarrassingquestionswastomakealongspeechonanothertopic.
22.Thecorrectansweris(B).ThatwhichisINDISPENSABLEcannotbedispensedwith,thatis,itisabsolutelyessential.Thepresidentofthecompanyrefusedtotakeavacationbecausehehadthemistakennotionthathispresencewasindispensable.
23.Thecorrectansweris(E).ToOBLITERATEistodestroywithoutleavingatrace.Thewashingwavesobliteratedourfootstepsinthesand.
24.Thecorrectansweris(D).AMIABLEmeanspleasant,friendly,andgood-natured.Theamiableshopkeeperallowedustocontinuetryingonshoeseventhoughitwasalreadypastclosingtime.
25.Thecorrectansweris(E).ToWRITHEistotwist,squirm,orcontort,usuallyindiscomfort.Theskierwrithedinpainwhenshebrokeherankle.
26.Thecorrectansweris(A).ToABATEistodiminish.Wewillstaytiedupinportuntilthewindsabate.
27.Thecorrectansweris(B).AnENDORSEMENTisastatementofapproval.Thegovernorgavehisendorsementtothecandidateformayorofthecity.
28.Thecorrectansweris(D).ToCONVERTistochangefromoneformtoanother.UseatransformertoconvertDCcurrenttoACcurrent.
29.Thecorrectansweris(A).ERUDITEmeanslearnedorscholarly.Hehaslittle
information,buthisbeautifulcommandoftheEnglishlanguagemakeshimappeartobeerudite.
30.Thecorrectansweris(B).ToENDEAVORistoattemptortotry.Theexpeditionendeavoredtoreachthemountaintopbeforethethunderstorm.
31.Thecorrectansweris(B).Therelationshipofthetermsisoneofdegree.Noneistheultimate,theemptyset,oflittle;neverbearsthesamerelationshiptoinfrequently.
32.Thecorrectansweris(C).Ifyouthinkintermsofahouse,youcanseethatthetermsoneachsideoftherelationshiparesynonymous.Youcanreceiveapersonintoyourhomeoradmittheperson.Oncethepersondecidestoremain,thatpersonsettlesin.
33.Thecorrectansweris(E).Herethecause-and-effectrelationshipisclear.Recognizeddishonestyleadstodistrust;carelessnessleadstoaccidents.
34.Thecorrectansweris(A).Therelationshipisthatofactortoobject.Asociologiststudiesgroups;apsychologiststudiesindividuals.Therelationshipofthechildrentothepediatricianisinreverseorder.
35.Thecorrectansweris(B).Thetermsareantonyms.Generousistheoppositeoffrugal;aphilanthropististrulytheoppositeofamiser.Thetermsinchoices(C)and(E)arealsoantonyms.Whenfacedwithquestionsinwhichthesamerelationshipismaintainedbyanumberofthechoices,youmustlookforarelationshipamongallfourterms.Inthiscase,thethemetobecarriedthroughamongthechoicesofthecorrectanalogyis“money.”
36.Thecorrectansweris(C).Therelationshipisoneofdegree.Translucentisdenserthantransparent,thatis,onecanactuallyseethroughsomethingthatistransparentwhereasonlylightpassesthroughatranslucentmedium.Carryingontothenextdegree,opaqueisdenserthantranslucent.Notevenlightcanpassthroughsomethingthatisopaque.Choice(A)isincorrectbecauseitskipsadegreeandjumpsfromtransparenttoopaque.Choice(D)reversestheorder.Glassandcrystal,choice(B),maybothbetransparent.
37.Thecorrectansweris(A).Thisisaclassiccause-and-effectrelationship.Discontentleadstorebellion;frictioncreatesaspark.
38.Thecorrectansweris(B).Therelationshipisthatofworkertotool.Achemistusesabeakerinthelaboratory;ageologistusesahammertochipatrocksinthefieldorlaboratory.Avoidthe“trap”ofchoice(C).Ahammeriscertainlyusedinconstruction,buttherelationshipofthefirsttwotermsrequiresthatapersonbeinvolvedtocompletetheanalogy.
39.Thecorrectansweris(D).Thebasisoftheanalogyisantonyms.
40.Thecorrectansweris(C).Thisisapart-to-wholeanalogy.Astateispartofacountry;acountryispartofacontinent.
41.Thecorrectansweris(A).Causeandeffect.Anacceleratorcausesthemotionofthecar;acatalystcausesthechemicalchange.
42.Thecorrectansweris(E).Therelationshipisoneofdegree.Probableislikely,butlesslikelythancertain;plausibleispossible,butlesslikelythandefinite.
43.Thecorrectansweris(A).Therelationshipisoneoftruesynonyms.
44.Thecorrectansweris(B).Thisanalogyinvolvestrueantonyms.
45.Thecorrectansweris(A).Therelationshipisthatofobjecttoactor.Thenucleusistheobjectthatisorbitedbyanelectron;Earthistheobjectthatisorbitedbyasatellite.Choice(B)reversestheorderoftherelationship.
46.Thecorrectansweris(C).Heretherelationshipisthatofactortoobject.Asculptorcreatesastatue;acomposercreatesmusic.Anactorperformsinaplaybutdoesnotcreateit.Aprogrammercreatesaprogramwhileworkingatacomputer.
47.Thecorrectansweris(C).Theanalogyisbasedonanantonymrelationship.
48.Thecorrectansweris(D).Thisanalogyisalsobasedonantonyms.
49.Thecorrectansweris(E).Itishardtocategorizethisrelationship.Oneinterruptsbyspeakingoutofturn;oneintrudesbyenteringoutofturn.Therelationshipinchoice(B)mightbethatofopposites.
50.Thecorrectansweris(A).Thefirsttwotermsaretrueopposites.Onlychoice(A)offerstrueopposites.Financialstabilityistheoppositeofpoverty,butfinancebearsnorelationshiptopovertyatall.
51.Thecorrectansweris(D).Thisanalogyisbestunderstoodasanegativecauseandeffect.Adversityleadstoalackofhappiness;vehemenceleadstoalackofserenity.
52.Thecorrectansweris(A).Therelationshipisthatofactortoaction.Anextortionistblackmails;akleptomaniacsteals.
53.Thecorrectansweris(B).Thisisawhole-to-partrelationship.Amonsoonisamajorstormofwhichrainisacrucialcomponent;atornadoisamajorstormofwhichwindisacrucialcomponent.
54.Thecorrectansweris(E).Therelationshipbetweenthetwosetsofwordsisthatthewordsineachhalfoftheanalogyaresynonyms.Don’tworrythatthewordsinthefirsthalfareantonymsofthesecond.Youaren’tlookingathowallfourwordsrelatetooneanotherinthisanalogy,justathowthewordsineachhalfrelatetooneanother.
55.Thecorrectansweris(D).Youneedn’tcategorizeananalogy;youonlyneedtounderstandit.Theequatoristhemidlinethatcirclestheworld;thewaististhemidlinethatcirclestheman.
56.Thecorrectansweris(A).Oneachsideoftheanalogy,thefirsttermisacharacteristicofthesecond.
57.Thecorrectansweris(C).Thisanalogyisbasedoncharacteristicsofbodiesofwater.Apondmaybestagnant;astreamislikelytoflow.Sheepmaybenoisybutsincetherearetwochoicesthatinvolvecharacteristics,youmustchoosetheonethatisclosestinotheraspectstothefirstsetofterms,thatis,theoneinvolvingwater.
58.Thecorrectansweris(B).Thisisapurposefulorfunctionalrelationship.Afortressgivessanctuary;ahousegivesshelter.
59.Thecorrectansweris(A).Thetermsaresynonyms.
60.Thecorrectansweris(A).Thisanalogyisalsobasedonsynonyms.Choice(E)isincorrectbecausepensivemeansthoughtful.Ifyoumadethischoice,youweremistakingpensiveforpendant,whichdoesmeanhanging.
Section4:Quantitative(Math)
1.Thecorrectansweris(E).Anypointonthesurfacerotatesonceeachdayrelativetoapointinspace.Eachrevolutionisanangleof360°.Intwodays,tworevolutionstakeplace,360°×2=720°.
2.Thecorrectansweris(B). , ,and arealllessthan ; islargerthan .
Comparethesizeoffractionsthisway.
Becausetheproductof7and15islargerthantheproductof32and3, willbefound
tobelarger.Usingthesamemethod, < .
3.Thecorrectansweris(D).Ifthewidthisx,thelength,whichistwiceaslong,is2x.Theperimeterisequaltothesumofthefoursides:2x+2x+x+x=6x.
4.Thecorrectansweris(B).UsethePythagoreanTheoremc2=a2+b2tofindthelengthofthediagonal:
c2=12+12
c2=2
c=
5.Thecorrectansweris(C).Eightsections,each3'2"long,isequivalentto8×38"=304".
304"=25 feet;thereforethree10-footsectionsareneeded.
6.Thecorrectansweris(D).Thewidthoftheshadedareais ofthewidthofthesquare.
Therefore,theareaoftheshadedpartis theareaofthewholesquare.Theunshaded
partistwiceaslargeastheshadedpart.Theratiooftheshadedparttotheunshaded,therefore,is1:2.
7.Thecorrectansweris(C).Sincedistance=rate×time,rate=distance÷time.Totaldistancetraveledis3200miles.Totaltimeis4hours20minutes.
Rate=3200miles÷4hours20minutes
=3200miles÷4 hours
=738mph,approximately
8.Thecorrectansweris(B).Thisisasimpleproportion: .xistheunknownwidth.
Cross-multiply:
7x=20
x= ,or2
9.Thecorrectansweris(C).Subtracttheareaofthecirclefromtheareaofthesquaretofindtheareaofjusttheshadedpart.
Notethatthediameterofthecircleequalsthewidthofthesquare.
Areaofsquare=s2=4sq.in.
Areaofcircle=πr2=π(1)2=πsq.in.Areaofsquare–Areaofcircle
=4sq.in.– sq.in.
= sq.in.,or in.2
10.Thecorrectansweris(E).Thepopulationwouldreproduce12timesin4hours.ThesizethenisP=1×212
=2•2•2•2•2•2•2•2•2•2•2•2=4096
11.Thecorrectansweris(B).Thelargerthenumberofthedenominatorofafraction,the
smallerthequantityrepresented.Forexample, representsalesserquantitythan .
Therefore,asxbecomesgreater,ybecomessmaller.
12.Thecorrectansweris(D).Ifthesecondboxhaseachdimensionthreetimesthatofthefirstbox,thenitsvolumeis3×3×3=27timesasgreat.
13.Thecorrectansweris(B).Theareaoftheflowerbedis4πsq.ft.(A=πr2).Theareaofthenewbedistobefourtimesasgreat,or16πsq.ft.Abedwithanareaof16πsq.ft.musthaveadiameterof8',andaradiusof4',sinceA=πr2.
14.Thecorrectansweris(D).UsetheformulaD=R×TtofindthetimeitactuallytooktogettoBuffalo:time=distance÷rate.Traveltimeoftripwasequalto290miles÷50mph.
Traveltime=5 hours,or5hours48minutes.Scheduledtraveltimewasbetween10:10
a.mand3:45p.m,anintervalof5hours35minutes.Therefore,thetraintookabout13minuteslongerthanscheduled.
15.Thecorrectansweris(E).Solvetheequationforx:3x–2=133x=15x=5Ifx=5,then12x+20=12(5)+20=80.
16.Thecorrectansweris(A).Sincethenumberofpoundsofeachkindofcakesoldwasthesame,wecansaythatapoundofcakesoldforanaveragepriceof30¢perpound.
25¢+30¢+35¢=90¢÷3=30¢perlb.
Dividethetotalsalesincomeof$36by30¢tofindhowmanypoundsweresold.
$36÷0.30=120
17.Thecorrectansweris(C).Afloor12'×12'is144sq.ft.inarea,andwouldrequire144tilesthatareeach1footby1foot.Twelvetileswouldbeplacedalongthewidthandlengthoftheroom.If9"tilesareused,itrequires16ofthemplacedendtoendtocoverthelengthoftheroom.Therefore,itrequires16×16tilestocoverthefloor,or256tiles.Itrequires112more9"tilesthan12"tilestocoverthefloor.
18.Thecorrectansweris(B).Ifppencilscostccents,thecostofeachpencilis cents.
Tofindthecostofnpencils,wemultiplythecostofeachtimesn:
19.Thecorrectansweris(E).Ifnecessary,tryeachoftheanswersforyourself,toseethateachisfalse.Choice(C)isuntrueforthenumber1.
20.Thecorrectansweris(D).Thinkofarectanglewiththedimensions by Itsareais2squareinches.Ifwedoubleeachdimension,to by theareabecomes8squareinches,whichisfourtimestheareaofthefirstrectangle.Thisisequaltoanincreaseof300%.
21.Thecorrectansweris(B).Thefirstpipecanfillthetankin1 ,or ,hours;thatis,it
cando ofthejobin1hour.Thesecondpipecanfillthetankin45minutes,or ofan
hour,oritcando ofthejobin1hour.Togetherthepipescancomplete of
thejobin1hour. =2,ortwicethejobin1hour.Therefore,togetherthe2pipescould
fillthetankin hour.
22.Thecorrectansweris(B).Thewholeseasonconsistsof120games.Foraseasonrecordof60%,theteammustwin72games.Sinceithasalreadywon50,itmustwin22moregamesoutofthoseleft.
23.Thecorrectansweris(D).Commercialandindustrialneedstotal63%ofdailyoilconsumption.Sinceconsumptionis9millionbarrels,63%of9millionis5,670,000barrels.
24.Thecorrectansweris(A).Addthecostofthehouse,driveway,painting,andplumbing:$44,000+$1250+$1750+1000=$48,000
Ifhewantstomakea12%profitwhenresellingthehouse,heshouldincreasethetotalcostby12%tofindthenewsellingprice:
12%of$48,000=$5760
$48,000+$5760=$53,760
25.Thecorrectansweris(A).Thisisaproblemthatmustbedonecarefully.a=1,b=2,c=3,d=5
SCOREYOURSELFCheckyouranswersagainsttheanswerkeys.Countupthenumberofanswersyougotrightandthenumberyougotwrong.
SECTION NO.RIGHT NO.WRONG
Quantitative(Math)
ReadingComprehension
Verbal
Nowcalculateyourrawscores:
Quantitative(Math): (________) – (_________) = (_________)
No.Right No.Wrong RawScore
ReadingComprehension: (________) – (_________) = (_________)
No.Right No.Wrong RawScore
Verbal: (________) – (_________) = (_________)
No.Right No.Wrong RawScore
NowcheckyourRawScoreagainsttheconversionchartstogetanideaoftherangeinwhichyourtestscoresfell:
RawScore Quantitative(Math)Reading
Comprehension Verbal
60 350
55 350
50 350 343
45 344 334
40 335 348 325
35 325 324 316
30 316 314 307
25 306 304 298
20 297 294 289
15 288 284 280
10 278 274 271
5 269 264 261
0 260 254 252
–5orlower 250 250 250
Remember:•Thesameexamisgiventostudentsingrades8through11.Youarenotexpectedtoknowwhatyouhavenotbeentaught.
•Youwillbecomparedonlytostudentsinyourowngrade.Useyourscorestoplanfurtherstudyifyouhavetime.
PracticeTest4:ISEE(UpperLevel)
SECTION1:VERBALREASONING40Questions•20Minutes
Directions:EachquestionismadeupofawordinCAPITALlettersfollowedbyfourchoices.ChoosetheonewordthatismostnearlythesameinmeaningasthewordinCAPITALletters.
1.FEINT
(A)fool
(B)proclaim
(C)penalize
(D)scavenge
2.PEER
(A)officer
(B)beginner
(C)equal
(D)patient
3.TRITE
(A)unskilled
(B)common
(C)unlikely
(D)ignorant
4.AMIABLE
(A)forgetful
(B)friendly
(C)strange
(D)great
5.GRIMACE
(A)sneer
(B)grindstone
(C)journal
(D)treasure
6.COMPELLED
(A)calculated
(B)combined
(C)collected
(D)forced
7.ALLY
(A)opponent
(B)passage
(C)friend
(D)preference
8.SOLICIT
(A)consent
(B)comfort
(C)request
(D)help
9.REFUTE
(A)demolish
(B)postpone
(C)disprove
(D)assist
10.EXPLICIT
(A)ambiguous
(B)clearlystated
(C)giveinformationabout
(D)toblowout
11.RETAIN
(A)payout
(B)play
(C)keep
(D)inquire
12.CORRESPONDENCE
(A)letters
(B)files
(C)testimony
(D)response
13.LEGITIMATE
(A)democratic
(B)legal
(C)genealogical
(D)underworld
14.DEDUCT
(A)conceal
(B)understand
(C)subtract
(D)terminate
15.EGRESS
(A)extreme
(B)extrasupply
(C)exit
(D)highprice
16.HORIZONTAL
(A)marginal
(B)inacircle
(C)leftandright
(D)upanddown
17.CONTROVERSY
(A)publicity
(B)debate
(C)revolution
(D)revocation
18.PREEMPT
(A)steal
(B)empty
(C)preview
(D)appropriate
19.PERCAPITA
(A)foranentirepopulation
(B)byincome
(C)foreachperson
(D)foreveryadult
20.OPTIONAL
(A)notrequired
(B)infrequent
(C)choosy
(D)forsale
Directions:Eachofthefollowingquestionsismadeupofasentencecontainingoneortwoblanks.Thesentenceswithoneblankindicatethatonewordismissing.Sentenceswithtwoblankshavetwomissingwords.Eachsentenceisfollowedbyfourchoices.Choosetheonewordorpairofwordsthatwillbestcompletethemeaningofthesentenceasawhole.
21.Customhasso_____ourlanguagethatwecan_____onlywhathasbeensaidbefore.
(A)improved...repeat
(B)changed...understand
(C)enslaved...say
(D)dominated...hear
22.Afewofthecritics_____theplay,butingeneraltheyeitherdisregardedorridiculedit.
(A)discredited
(B)criticized
(C)denounced
(D)appreciated
23.Politiciansarenottheonlyoneswhohavemade_____;beinghuman,wehaveallblunderedatsometimeinourlives.
(A)explanations
(B)arguments
(C)errors
(D)excuses
24.Becauseofhis_____nature,heoftenactspurelyonimpulse.
(A)stoic
(B)reflective
(C)passionate
(D)wistful
25.Asystemofeducationshouldbe_____bythe_____ofstudentsitturnsout,forqualityispreferredtoquantity.
(A)controlled...intelligence
(B)justified...number
(C)examined...wealth
(D)judged...caliber
26.Weseldomfeel_____whenweareallowedtospeakfreely,butany_____ofourfreespeechbringsanger.
(A)angry...defense
(B)blessed...restriction
(C)scholarly...understanding
(D)enslaved...misuse
27.Theworstteamlostbecauseithadmanyplayerswhothoughnotcompletely_____werealsonotreally_____.
(A)qualified...agile
(B)clumsy...incompetent
(C)inept...proficient
(D)ungraceful...amateurish
28.Althoughthe_____ofthelegislaturebecomelaw,theexact_____ofthelawistheresultofjudicialinterpretation.
(A)ideas...enforcement
(B)bills...wording
(C)works...punishment
(D)words...meaning
29.Sincemovieshavebecomemore_____,manypeoplebelievetelevisiontobe_____.
(A)helpful...utilitarian
(B)expensive...necessary
(C)common...inadequate
(D)costly...useless
30.Sporesareaformoflifethatremain_____untilenvironmentalconditionsexistinwhichtheycanbecome_____.
(A)inactive...vibrant
(B)hidden...dangerous
(C)suppressed...visible
(D)controlled...rampant
31.Thespiritofscienceisalwaystryingtoleadpeopletothestudyof_____andawayfromthespinningoffancifultheoriesoutoftheirownminds.
(A)tradition
(B)order
(C)legalities
(D)literature
32.The_______childthoughtoldpeopleshouldbepolitetohim!
(A)submissive
(B)impertinent
(C)alternate
(D)classless
33.Thefameoftheauthordoesnot_____thequalityofhisorherworks.Wemustavoidequatingsuccesswithinfallibility.
(A)prejudice
(B)assure
(C)dignify
(D)extol
34.Themechanismsthatdevelophatredinmanaremostpotent,sincethereismore_____than_____intheworld.
(A)tolerance...prejudice
(B)joy...rapture
(C)love...hatred
(D)strife...tranquility
35.Miningisoftencalledthe_____industry,sinceitneithercreatesnorreplenisheswhatittakes.
(A)robber
(B)ecology
(C)natural
(D)evil
36.Theracialproblemisofsuch_____thatitmakesgoingtothemoonseem_____.
(A)complexity...helpful
(B)certainty...problematic
(C)magnitude...child’splay
(D)docility...effortless
37.Tobe_____atheatricalsettingmustresemble_____.
(A)believable...home
(B)effective...reality
(C)reasonable...beauty
(D)respectable...ideas
38.The_____mobroamedthroughthestreetsofthecity,shoutingtheir_____oflawandorder.
(A)influential...fear
(B)indifferent...horror
(C)disciplined...disrespect
(D)hysterical...hatred
39.Errorsinexistingtheoriesarediscovered,andthetheoriesareeither_____or_____.
(A)improved...obeyed
(B)removed...followed
(C)altered...discarded
(D)explained...excused
40.Inobservingthe_____societyoftheant,thescientistcanlearnmuchaboutthemore_____societyofman.
(A)hostile...evil
(B)elementary...complicated
(C)plain...homogeneous
(D)unadorned...unsophisticated
SECTION2:QUANTITATIVEREASONING37Questions•35Minutes
Note:YoumayassumethatallfiguresaccompanyingQuantitativeReasoningquestionshavebeendrawnasaccuratelyaspossibleEXCEPTwhenitisspecificallystatedthataparticularfigureisnotdrawntoscale.Letterssuchasx,y,andnstandforrealnumbers.TheQuantitativeReasoningTestincludestwotypesofquestions.Thereareseparatedirectionsforeachtypeofquestion.
Directions:Forquestions1-19workeachprobleminyourheadoronscratchpaper.Choosetheletterofyouranswerchoice.
1.Whichpairofvaluesforxand willmakethefollowingstatementtrue?2x 8
(A)(6,<)
(B)(4,>)
(C)(0,<)
(D)(–3,>)
2.Completethefollowingstatement:7(3×_____)+4=2104
(A)10
(B)10+2
(C)102
(D)103
3.0.5%isequalto
(A)0.005
(B)0.05
(C)
(D)0.5
4.Ascalenetrianglehas
(A)twoequalsides.
(B)twoequalsidesandonerightangle.
(C)noequalsides.
(D)threeequalsides.
5.Ifa–2b=–7,thenwhichexpressionisequaltoa?
(A)2b–7
(B)2b+7
(C)–2b+7
(D)–2b–7
6.Amillimeteriswhatpartofameter?
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
7.Whatistheleastcommondenominatorfor
(A)36
(B)32
(C)24
(D)18
8.Findtheareaofatrianglewhosedimensionsare:b=14inches,h=20inches.
(A)140squareinches
(B)208squareinches
(C)280squareinches
(D)288squareinches
9.Whatisthedifferencebetween(4×103)+6and(2×103)+(3×10)+8?
(A)168
(B)1968
(C)3765
(D)55,968
10.Thesetofcommonfactorsfor30and24is
(A){1,2,3,6}
(B){1,2,3,4,6}
(C){1,2,4,6}
(D){1,2,4,6,12}
11.
isequalto
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
12.Whatisthevalueoftheexpression
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
13.Theboardshownbelowis6feetlong,4incheswide,and2inchesthick.One-thirdofitwillbedrivenintotheground.Howmuchsurfacearearemainsaboveground?
(A)About4sq.ft.
(B)Slightlylessthan5sq.ft.
(C)Slightlymorethan5sq.ft.
(D)About8sq.ft.
14.OnerunnercanrunMmilesinHhours.AnotherfasterrunnercanrunNmilesinLhours.Thedifferenceintheirratescanbeexpressedas
(A)
(B)MH–HL
(C)
(D)
15.IfMaryisxyearsoldnowandhersisteris3yearsyounger,then5yearsfromnowhersisterwillbewhatage?
(A)x+5years
(B)x+3years
(C)x+2years
(D)8years
16.Inthefigurebelow,thelargestpossiblecircleiscutoutofasquarepieceoftin.Theareaoftheremainingpieceoftinisapproximately(insquareinches)
(A)0.14
(B)0.75
(C)0.86
(D)3.14
17.Asquarehasanareaof49sq.in.Thenumberofinchesinitsperimeteris
(A)7.
(B)14.
(C)28.
(D)98.
18.IfanenginepumpsGgallonsofwaterperminute,thenthenumberofgallonspumpedinhalfanhourmaybefoundby
(A)takingonehalfofG.
(B)dividing60byG.
(C)multiplyingGby30.
(D)dividing30byG.
19.Twocarsstartfromthesamepointatthesametime.Onedrivesnorthat20milesperhourandtheotherdrivessouthonthesamestraightroadat36milesperhour.Howmanymilesapartaretheyafter30minutes?
(A)Lessthan10
(B)Between10and20
(C)Between20and30
(D)Between30and40
Directions:Forquestions20–37,twoquantitiesaregiven—oneinColumn
AandtheotherinColumnB.Insomequestions,additionalinformationconcerningthequantitiestobecomparediscenteredabovetheentriesinthetwocolumns.Comparethequantitiesinthetwocolumns,andchooseyouranswerasfollows:
(A)ifthequantityinColumnAisgreater
(B)ifthequantityinColumnBisgreater
(C)ifthequantitiesareequal
(D)iftherelationshipcannotbedeterminedfromtheinformationgiven
ColumnA ColumnB
20.
s=1t=3a=–2
[5a(4t)]3 [4a(5s)]2
21. 4>x>–3
22.
a<bKR KT
23.
ColumnA ColumnB
24.
a>bx<a+b
a+b y
25. y=anoddinteger
Thenumericalvalueofy2 Thenumericalvalueofy3
26. (8+6)÷[3–7(2)] (6+8)÷[2–7(3)]
27. Threefourthsof
28.
NC=NYN> C
NC CY
29.
ColumnA ColumnB
30.
31.
ParallelogramABCDEisapointonAB
Areaof DEC Areaof AED+Areaof EBC
32. x=–1
x3+x2–x+1 x3–x2+x–1
33. Theedgeofacubewhosevolumeis27 Theedgeofacubewhosetotalsurfaceareais54
34.
35. Areaofacirclewhoseradiusisx3 Areaofacirclewhoseradiusis3x
ColumnA ColumnB
36.
Radiusoflargercircle=10Radiusofsmallercircle=7
Areaofshadedportion Areaofsmallercircle
37. a<0<b
a2
SECTION3:READINGCOMPREHENSION36Questions•35Minutes
Directions:Eachreadingpassageisfollowedbyquestionsbasedonitscontent.Answerthequestionsonthebasisofwhatisstatedorimpliedinthepassage.
Whenwesayasnake“glides,”wehavealreadypersuadedourselvestoshiveralittle.Ifwesaythatit“slithers,”weareasgoodasundone.Toavoidunsettlingourselves,weshouldstatethesimplefact—asnakewalks.
Asnakedoesn’thaveanybreastbone.Thetipsofitsribsarefreemovingandamount,sotospeak,toitsfeet.Asnakewalksalongonitsribtips,pushingforwarditsventralscutesateach“step,”anditspeedsupthismodeofprogressbyundulatingfromsidetosideandbytakingadvantageofeveryrough“toehold”itcanfindintheterrain.
Let’slookatitthisway:Ahumanorotheranimalgoingforwardonallfoursisusingasortoflocomotionthat’sfamiliarenoughtoallofusandisn’tatalldismaying.Now:Supposethiswalkerisenclosedinsidesomesortofpliableencasementlikeasacking.Thefront“feet”willstillstepforward,the“hindlegs”stillhitchalongafterward.Itwillstillbeastandardenoughsortofanimalwalking,onlyallwe’llseenowisasortofwigglingofthesackingwithoutvisiblefeet.That’sthesnakeway.Asnakehasitscoveringoutsideitsfeet,asaninsecthasitsskeletononitsoutsidewithnobonesintheinterior.There’snothingmore“horrid”abouttheonearrangementthanabouttheother.
Essentially,whensnakesmoveonland,theyusetheirmusclestopushoffofsomethingontheground.Theymightpushagainstarockorpieceofwood,orevenagainstaroughterrain.Thisformofmovementiscalledserpentinemovement,anditiscommonforsnakesmovingonlandandeveninthewater.Inthewater,snakesactuallyusethewateritselfasapointofresistance,pushingoffthewatertohelpthemmove.
1.Thetitlebelowthatexpressesthemainideaofthisselectionis
(A)“Snake’sLegs.”
(B)“ComparingSnakestoPeople.”
(C)“TheMovementofaSnake.”
(D)“ASlimyAnimal.”
2.Asnake’s“feet”areits
(A)toes.
(B)ribs.
(C)side.
(D)breastbone.
3.Thewordterrainmeans
(A)terraced.
(B)rockyledge.
(C)verticalhole.
(D)groundareas.
4.Wemayconcludethattheauthor
(A)raisesreptiles.
(B)dislikessnakes.
(C)iswellinformedaboutsnakes.
(D)thinkssnakesmovebetterthanhumans.
5.Thewordlocomotionmostnearlymeans
(A)train.
(B)limit.
(C)fuel.
(D)movement.
6.Theauthormostlikelybelievesthatsnakemovementis
(A)naturallyupsetting.
(B)agreatdeallikeflying.
(C)similaronlandandwater.
(D)morelikeglidingthanwalking.
Whenaluxurylineroracargoshipnudgesintoherslipafteranoceancrossing,her
firstphysicalcontactwithlandisaheavingline.Thesestreamerswithaweightattheendcalleda“monkeyfist”archgracefullyfromdecktopier.Onboardtheshiptheheavinglinesaretiedtoheavy,goldenyellowmanilamooringlines.Longshoremenquicklypullintheheavinglinesuntiltheycanfastenthemooringlinestoironbollards(posts).Soontheshipisstrungtoherpierbyfour,eight,orasmanyastwenty-onenine-inchorten-inchmanilalineswithperhapsafewwireropestostaymotionforeandaft.Theshipissecureagainsteventhewrathofthestormorhurricane.Ashipcoulddockwithouttheaidoftugboats—andmayhaveinNewYorkinmaritimestrikes—butnotwithoutthelinestomoorhertoherberth.
Themaritimeandtherelatedfishingindustryfindperhaps250applicationsforropeandcordage.Therearehundredsofdifferentsizes,constructions,tensilestrengths,andweightsinropeandtwine.Ropeissoldbythepoundbutorderedbylength,anditismeasuredbycircumferenceratherthanbydiameter.Themaritimevarietyismadechieflyfromfiberoftheabaca,ormanilaplant,whichisimportedfromthePhilippinesandCentralAmerica.HenequenfromMexicoandCuba,andsisalfromAfrica,theNetherlands,EastIndies,andotherareasarealsoused,butchieflyfortwine.
Nyloniscomingintoincreasinguse,particularlybytowingcompanies.Itismuchstronger,lighterinweight,andlonger-wearingthanmanila.Itislesssusceptibletomildewthanropesmadefromnaturalfibers,anditisalsomoreelasticandparticularlyadaptableforoceantowing.Itselasticityhelpsittocushionwellagainstshock,butadisadvantageisthatitcanbecometoostretchedoutforuseincertainapplications.
7.Indockingaship,ropeis
(A)onlyalittlelessimportantthanatugboat.
(B)essential.
(C)helpfulbutnotnecessary.
(D)seldomused.
8.Amonkeyfistisa
(A)deviceforweavingrope.
(B)slangtermforalongshoreman.
(C)ropestreamer.
(D)weightattheendofarope.
9.Mooringropesare
(A)teninchesindiameter.
(B)twenty-oneinchesincircumference.
(C)sixtimesthickerthanheavingropes.
(D)nineinchesincircumference.
10.WhichofthefollowingareNOTcorrectlypaired?
(A)SisalfromthePhilippines
(B)HenequenfromCuba
(C)AbacafromCentralAmerica
(D)SisalfromtheNetherlandsEastIndies
11.Thewordchieflymostnearlymeans
(A)mainly.
(B)initially.
(C)only.
(D)wisely.
12.Accordingtotheselection,whichofthefollowingisadisadvantageofnylon?
(A)Itcushionspoorlyagainstshock.
(B)Itcanbecomeoverstretched.
(C)Itisnotresistanttomildew.
(D)Itlacksstrengthcomparedtomanila.
Onapopulationmapoftheworld,desertsareshownasgreatblankspaces.Weoftenthinkofdesertsasvastexpansesofnothingness—stretchesofhot,drysandasfarastheeyecansee.Andthoughdesertsmayseembarrenatfirstglance,inrealitytheyareanythingbutemptyandlifeless.Infact,theseareascontributemanythingstoourlives.
Whenyougotothemarkettobuyaboxofdates,youarebuyingabitofsunshineanddryairfromtheoasesoftheSaharaDesertortheCoachellaValley.FreshpeasoralettucesaladforyourwinterdinnermightbetheproductofanirrigationfarmerintheSaltRiverValleyortheImperialValley.Thatfinebroadclothshirtyoureceivedforyourbirthdaywasmadefromsilky,long-fiberedcottongrowninEgypt.Ahalf-wool,half-cottonsweatermightcontainAustralianwoolandPeruviancotton,whicharesteppeanddesertproducts.
Theseproductsareonlyafewofthecontributionsthesedesertareasmaketothequalityofourlives.Theyhavealsomadeimportantculturalcontributions.
OurnumbersystemisderivedfromthesystemusedbytheancientcivilizationsofArabia.Theuseofirrigationtomakefarmingofdryareaspossiblewasdevelopedbytheinhabitantsofdesertregions.ThenecessityofmeasuringwaterlevelsandnotinglandboundariesfollowingfloodingbytheNileRiverledtothedevelopmentofmathematicsandthepracticesofsurveyingandengineering.Thedesertpeoplewerealsoourearlyastronomers.Theystudiedthelocationsofthestarsinordertofindtheirwayacrossthelimitlessexpanseofthedesertatnight.
Thenexttimeyougazeatadesertspaceonamap,then,youmightreflectonthenumerouscontributionsthatdesertareashavemadetoourheritage.Thecommonnotionthatdesertsholdlittleofinterestismerelyamyth.
13.Thepopulationoftheworld’sdesertsis
(A)scattered.
(B)starving.
(C)large.
(D)small.
14.TheImperialValleyproduces
(A)vegetables.
(B)winterdinners.
(C)shirts.
(D)irrigation.
15.Accordingtothispassage,broadclothismadeof
(A)wool.
(B)cotton.
(C)silk.
(D)halfwool,halfcotton.
16.Culturally,desertcivilizationshave
(A)madenocontributions.
(B)madeimportantcontributions.
(C)notinfluencedwesterncivilizations.
(D)beenblankspaces.
17.Surveyingwasdevelopedbecausepeopleneededto
(A)studyastronomy.
(B)findtheirwayacrossthedeserts.
(C)determinelandboundariesafterfloods.
(D)irrigatetheircrops.
18.Accordingtothepassage,thedevelopmentofmathematicswasinfluencedbytheareaofthe
(A)CoachellaValley.
(B)ImperialValley.
(C)NileRiver.
(D)SaltRiverValley.
ResidentsofMontanalaughinglyrefertothesmall,windblownsettlementofEkalakaintheEasternbadlandsas“SkeletonFlats,”butascuriousasitmaysound,thenameisappropriate.
Somanyfossilshavebeendugupinthisotherwiseunremarkabletownthatithasbecomeaparadiseforpaleontologists,scientistswhousefossilstostudyprehistoriclifeforms.Infact,dinosaurbonesaresoplentifulinthisareathatranchershavebeenknowntousethemasdoorstops!
Ekalaka’sfamebegantogrowmorethan50yearsagowhenWalterH.Peck,whosehobbywasgeology,foundthebonesofaStegosaurus,ahuge,plant-eatingdinosaur.TheentirecommunitysoonbecameinfectedwithPeck’senthusiasmforhisfind,andeveryonebegandiggingfordinosaurbones.Ledbythelocalscienceteacher,groupsofpeoplewouldgooutlookingfornewfindseachweekend,andtheyrarelyreturnedempty-handed.ItwouldseemthereisnoendtothefossilrichestobefoundinEkalaka.
AmongthemostprizedfindsweretheremainsofaBrontosaurus,an80-foot-longmonsterthatprobablyweighed40tons.TheskeletonofaTriceratopswasalsofound.Theheadofthisprehistoricgiantaloneweighedmorethan1,000pounds.Carefulsearchingalsoyieldedsmallfossilizedfish,completewithstonyscales,andtheremainsofahugeseareptile.
TheprizefindwasaPachycephalosaurus,adinosaurwhosepeculiarskullwasseveralinchesthick.Whendescriptionsofitreachedscientificcirclesintheeast,therewasgreatexcitementbecausethisparticularprehistoricanimalwasthencompletelyunknowntoscientists.
ResearchershaveusedthefossilremainsinEkalakaandthesurroundingareatohelppiecetogethermoreofwhatweknowaboutthebehaviorsofdinosaurs.Onewell-studiedfindingisthefossilofaTyrannosaurusrexknownasJane.Markings
discoveredontheleftsideofJane’sfaceindicatethatshewasmostlikelybittenbyanotherT.rexabouthersize.AsJanewasonly11or12whenshedied—ateenagerindinosauryears—theinjuriessuggestthatevenrelativelyyoungdinosaursmighthavebecomeinvolvedinferociousfighting,abehavioraldynamicthattheMontanafossilfindingshavehelpedtoconvey.
19.Inthefirstsentence,theauthorplaces“SkeletonFlats”inquotationmarkstoshowthatthisphraseis
(A)anicknamegiventothetownbyMontanaresidents,nottheactualnameofthetown.
(B)spelledincorrectly.
(C)beingspokenbysomeoneotherthantheauthor.
(D)ascientificterm.
20.Thisarticleisprimarilyabout
(A)paleontology.
(B)productsofthestateofMontana.
(C)fossilfindsinEkalaka.
(D)thePachycephalosaurus.
21.Accordingtothispassage,apaleontologistis
(A)someonewhosehobbyisgeology.
(B)aparadise.
(C)aplant-eatingdinosaur.
(D)someonewhostudiesfossils.
22.Inthethirdparagraph,theauthorisdescribingthe
(A)bonesofaStegosaurus.
(B)discoveryofthefirstfossilfindsinEkalaka.
(C)townofEkalaka.
(D)peopleofEkalaka.
23.DiscoveryofthePachycephalosauruscausedexcitementbecause
(A)itsskullwasseveralinchesthick.
(B)itwasthefirstevidenceofthiscreatureeverfoundandreportedtoscientists.
(C)newsofitreachedeasternscientificcircles.
(D)itreceivedaprize.
24.ThediscoveryofthedinosaurknownasJanerevealedthat
(A)ancientfishmostlikelywerecoveredinscales.
(B)theTriceratopshadanextremelylargehead.
(C)dinosaurswerelikelytobebittenbycrocodiles.
(D)teenagedinosaursengagedinintensecombat.
Powderedzirconiumismorefieryandviolentthanthemagnesiumpowderthatwentintowartimeincendiarybombs.Undersomeconditions,itcanbeignitedwithakitchenmatch,anditcannotbeextinguishedwithwater.Munitionsmakersoncetriedtoincorporateitintoexplosives,butturneditdownastoodangerousforeventhemtohandle.
Butwhenthisstrangemetalistransformedintoasolidbarorsheetortube,aslustrousasburnishedsilver,itstemperchanges.Itissodocilethatitcanbeusedbysurgeonsasasafecoveringplateforsensitivebraintissues.Itisalmostasstrongassteel,anditcanbeexposedtohydrochloricacidornitricacidwithoutcorroding.Itisevenusedinnuclearreactorsbecauseofitsabilitytowithstandcorrosion.
Zirconiumisalsosafeandstablewhenitisboundupwithotherelementstoformmineralcompounds,whichoccurinabundantdepositsinNorthandSouthAmerica,India,andAustralia.Althoughitisclassifiedasararemetal,itismoreabundantintheearth’scrustthannickel,copper,tungsten,tin,orlead.Untilnotlongago,scarcelyadozenpeoplehadeverseenzirconiuminpureform,buttodayitisthewondermetalofafantasticnewindustry,anexcitingstructuralmaterialforchemicalequipmentandforsuperrocketsandjetengines,andavitalcomponentoftelevision,radar,andradiosets.Itmaybemostwell-knownforitsroleinjewelrymaking,ascubiczirconiumgemsresemblediamondsinappearancebutsellforafractionoftheprice.
Despiteitswidespreaduseinmanydifferentapplications,somecontemporaryusesforzirconiumhavebeentriedanddiscarded.Itsirritatingpropertiesmakeitapoorchoiceforinclusioninskinproducts,asmanufacturersdiscoveredwhenitwastriedasacomponentintopicalskintreatmentsanddeodorants.
25.Whichtitlebestexpressesthemainideaofthisselection?
(A)“AVitalSubstance”
(B)“ASafe,StableSubstance”
(C)“Zirconium’sUsesinSurgery”
(D)“CharacteristicsofZirconium”
26.Theworddocilemeans
(A)calm.
(B)pliable.
(C)strong.
(D)profuse.
27.Theselectionemphasizesthat
(A)zirconiumrustseasily.
(B)chemistshavefoundmanyusesforzirconium.
(C)keysareoftenmadeofzirconiumnowadays.
(D)zirconiumislessabundantintheearth’scrustthanlead.
28.Zirconiumisnotsafetohandlewhenitis
(A)lustrous.
(B)powdered.
(C)intubes.
(D)inbarform.
29.Theselectiontellsusthatzirconium
(A)isametal.
(B)isfireproof.
(C)dissolvesinwater.
(D)isstrongerthansteel.
30.ZirconiumislikelytobeusefulinallofthesefieldsEXCEPT
(A)surgery.
(B)television.
(C)atomicresearch.
(D)themanufactureoffireworks.
Between1780and1790,inpiecemealfashion,atrailwasestablishedbetweenCatskillontheHudsonandthefrontieroutpost,Ithaca,intheFingerLakescountry.Thispath,bygraceoffollowingthevalleys,managedtothreaditswaythroughthemountainsbywhatareonthewholesurprisinglyeasygrades.Ultimately,thisroute
becametheSusquehannaTurnpike,butinpopularspeechitwasjusttheIthacaRoad.Itwas,alongwiththeMohawkTurnpikeandtheGreatWesternTurnpike,oneofthethreegreateast-westhighwaysofthestate.EventuallyitwastheroutetakenbythousandsofYankeefarmers,moreespeciallyConnecticutYankees,seekingnewfortunesinsouthwesternNewYork.Alongit,thetideofpioneerimmigrationflowedatfloodcrestforafullgeneration.
AstheroadleftCatskill,therewasnostreamthatmightnotbeeitherfordedorcrossedonacrudebridgeuntilthetravelerreachedtheSusquehanna,whichwasaconsiderableriverandarealobstacletohisprogress.TheroadcamedownoutoftheCatskillsviathevalleyoftheOuleoutCreekandstrucktheSusquehannajustabovethepresentvillageofUnadilla.Hitherabouttheyear1784cameaConnecticutman,NathanielWattles,whosettledthereanddedicatedhimselftohelpingtravelerscrosstheformidableriver.Wattlesprovidedbothaskiffandalargeflat-bottomedscowsothatthehomeseeker,hisfamily,team,andhouseholdbaggage—andoftentimesalittlecaravanoflivestock—mightbesetacrosstheriverdry-shodandinsafety.Wattleshereestablishedaninnwhereonemightfindlodgingandentertainment,andageneralstorewheremightbepurchasedsuchstaplesaswereessentialforthejourney.Healsoopenedroadsthatenabledsettlerstotravelfromtheareainanydirection.SoitwasthatWattles’FerrybecamethebestknownlandmarkontheIthacaRoad.
31.TheauthorindicatesthattheSusquehannaTurnpike
(A)beganasanarrowtrail.
(B)wasthemostimportantnorth-southhighwayinthestate.
(C)furnishedtravelerswithsurprisingobstacles.
(D)wentoutofuseafterageneration.
32.ThewesternendoftheSusquehannaTurnpikewaslocatedat
(A)theHudsonRiver.
(B)theConnecticutborder.
(C)Ithaca.
(D)Catskill.
33.TheSusquehannaTurnpikewasalsoknownas
(A)theIthacaRoad.
(B)Wattles’Ferry.
(C)theCatskillTrail.
(D)theMohawkTurnpike.
34.Accordingtothisselection,NathanielWattleswaspreparedtooffertravelersallofthefollowingEXCEPT
(A)guides.
(B)aplacetosleep.
(C)entertainment.
(D)groceries.
35.Thewordstaplesmostnearlymeans
(A)fasteners.
(B)supplies.
(C)transportation.
(D)experiences.
36.ThepurposeofWattles’Ferrywasto
(A)providetravelerswithovernightlodging.
(B)helpresidentsestablishhomesinUnadilla.
(C)helptravelerscrosstheSusquehannaRiver.
(D)teachfamiliesthetechniquesofriverrafting.
SECTION4:MATHEMATICSACHIEVEMENT47Questions•40Minutes
Directions:Eachquestionisfollowedbyfouranswerchoices.Choosethecorrectanswertoeachquestion.
1.Asquaremeasures8inchesononeside.Byhowmuchwilltheareabeincreasedifitslengthisincreasedby4inchesanditswidthdecreasedby2inches?
(A)14sq.in.
(B)12sq.in.
(C)10sq.in.
(D)8sq.in.
2.r=35–(3+6)(–n)n=2r=
(A)53
(B)17
(C)–17
(D)–53
3.(3+4)3=
(A)21
(B)91
(C)343
(D)490
4.WhichvalueisNOTequalto ?
(A)
(B)0.4444444
(C)
(D)
5.Aluminumbronzeconsistsofcopperandaluminum,usuallyintheratioof10:1byweight.Ifanobjectmadeofthisalloyweighs77pounds,howmanypoundsofaluminumdoesitcontain?
(A)7
(B)7.7
(C)10
(D)70
6.Howmanyboxes2inches×3inches×4inchescanfitintoacarton2feet×3feet×4feet?
(A)100
(B)144
(C)1000
(D)1728
7.Aclerkcanadd40columnsoffiguresanhourbyusinganaddingmachineand20columnsoffiguresanhourwithoutusinganaddingmachine.Whatisthetotalnumberofhoursit
willtaketheclerktoadd200columnsoffiguresif oftheworkisdonebymachineand
therestwithoutthemachine?
(A)6hours
(B)7hours
(C)8hours
(D)9hours
8.Mr.Lawsonmakesaweeklysalaryof$150plus7%commissiononhissales.Whatwillhisincomebeforaweekinwhichhemakessalestotaling$945?
(A)$196.15
(B)$206.15
(C)$216.15
(D)$226.15
9.Solveforx:x2+5=41.
(A)±6
(B)±7
(C)±8
(D)±9
10.Tworectangularboardseachmeasuring5feetby3feetareplacedtogethertomakeonelargeboard.Howmuchshorterwilltheperimeterbeifthetwolongsidesareplacedtogetherthanifthetwoshortsidesareplacedtogether?
(A)2feet
(B)4feet
(C)6feet
(D)8feet
11.Ifaplanetravels1000milesin5hours30minutes,whatisitsaveragespeedinmilesperhour?
(A)
(B)
(C)200
(D)215
12.Twoyearsagoacompanypurchased500dozenpencilsat40centsperdozen.Thisyearonly75percentasmanypencilswerepurchasedaswerepurchasedtwoyearsago,butthepricewas20percenthigherthantheoldprice.Whatwasthetotalcostofpencilspurchasedbythecompanythisyear?
(A)$180
(B)$187.50
(C)$240
(D)$257.40
13.Anadult’sskiliftticketcoststwiceasmuchasachild’s.Ifafamilyofthreechildrenandtwoadultscanskifor$49,whatisthecostofanadultticket?
(A)$7
(B)$10
(C)$12
(D)$14
14.Solveforx: +36=37.25.
(A)2.5
(B)3.5
(C)12.5
(D)18.5
15.Agroupof6peopleraised$690forcharity.Oneofthepeopleraised35%ofthetotal.Whatwastheamountraisedbytheother5people?
(A)$448.50
(B)$241.50
(C)$89.70
(D)$74.75
16.Whichexpressionisequivalenttotheexpression(y+5)(y–1)?
(A)y2–5
(B)y2+4
(C)y2–4y–5
(D) y2+4y–5
17.Ifthescaleonablueprintis inch=1foot,givetheblueprintdimensionsofaroomthat
isactually29feetlongand23feetwide.
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
18.Findtheareaofarectanglewithalengthof176feetandawidthof79feet.
(A)13,904sq.ft.
(B)13,854sq.ft.
(C)13,804sq.ft.
(D)13,304sq.ft.
19.63÷ =
(A)7
(B)56
(C)67
(D)567
20.Withan18%discount,Johnwasabletosave$13.23onacoat.Whatwastheoriginalpriceofthecoat?
(A)$69.75
(B)$71.50
(C)$73.50
(D)$74.75
21.Ifittakesthreemen56minutestofillatrench4'×6'×5',andtwoofthemenworktwiceasrapidlyasthethird,howmanyminuteswillittakethetwofastermenalonetofillthistrench?
(A)70minutes
(B)60minutes
(C)50minutes
(D)40minutes
22.Populationfiguresforacertainareashowthereare timesasmanysinglemenas
singlewomeninthearea.Thetotalpopulationis18,000.Thereare1122marriedcouples,with756children.Howmanysinglemenarethereinthearea?
(A)3000
(B)6000
(C)9000
(D)Itcannotbedeterminedfromtheinformationgiven.
23.Ifavehicleistocompletea20-miletripatanaveragerateof30milesperhour,itmustcompletethetripin
(A)20minutes.
(B)30minutes.
(C)40minutes.
(D)50minutes.
24.Solveforx:2x2+3=21.
(A)±3
(B)±5
(C)±9
(D)±10
25.Findtheareaofacirclewhosediameteris6".
(A)29.26
(B)28.26
(C)27.96
(D)27.26
26.Thescaleonamapis =25miles.Iftwocitiesare apartonthemap,whatisthe
actualdistancebetweenthem?
(A)31miles
(B)56miles
(C)675miles
(D)775miles
27.Ahousewasvaluedat$83,000andinsuredfor80%ofthatamount.Findtheyearlypremiumifitisfiguredat$0.45perhundreddollarsofvalue.
(A)$83.80
(B)$252.63
(C)$298.80
(D)$664
28.Ifacertainjobcanbeperformedby18clerksin26days,thenumberofclerksneededtoperformthejobin12daysis
(A)24clerks.
(B)30clerks.
(C)39clerks.
(D)52clerks.
29.72.61÷0.05=
(A)1.45220
(B)14.522
(C)145.220
(D)1452.20
30.Acardealersoldthreedifferentmakesofcars.Thepriceofthefirstmakewas$4200,thesecond$4800,andthethird$5400.Thetotalsaleswere$360,000.Ifthreetimesasmanyofthethirdcarweresoldasthefirst,andtwiceasmanyofthesecondmakeweresoldthanthefirst,howmanycarsofthethirdmakeweresold?
(A)15
(B)24
(C)36
(D)Itcannotbedeterminedbytheinformationgiven.
31.Onethirdofthenumberofpeopleattendingafootballgamewereadmittedatthenormalpriceofadmission.Howmanypeoplepaidfullprice,ifthegatereceiptswere$42,000?
(A)2800people
(B)3500people
(C)5000people
(D)Itcannotbedeterminedbytheinformationgiven.
32.7days3hours20minutes–4days9hours31minutes=
(A)2days17hours49minutes
(B)2days17hours69minutes
(C)3days10hours49minutes
(D)3days10hours69minutes
33.Findtheareaofatrianglewhosedimensionsareb=12',h=14'.
(A)168sq.ft.
(B)84sq.ft.
(C)42sq.ft.
(D)24sq.ft.
34.Increasedby150%,thenumber72becomes
(A)108
(B)170
(C)180
(D)188
35.Whichequationrepresentsthestatementfourtimesacertainnumberdividedbythree,minussix,equalstwo?
(A) –6=2
(B)4n2–6=2
(C)4n2÷3–6=2
(D) –6=2
36.If14x–2y=32andx+2y=13,thenx=
(A)8
(B)5
(C)4
(D)3
37.Anordinarydieisthrown.Whataretheoddsthatitwillcomeup1?
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
38.Whichisthelongesttime?
(A)25hours
(B)1440minutes
(C)1day
(D)3600seconds
39.Twocarsare550milesapart,bothtravelingonthesamestraightroadtowardeachother.Ifonetravelsat50milesperhour,theotherat60milesperhour,andtheybothleaveat1p.m.,whattimewilltheymeet?
(A)4p.m.
(B)4:30p.m.
(C)5:45p.m.
(D)6p.m.
40.Write493inexpandedform,usingexponents.
(A)(4×103)+(9×102)+(3×10)
(B)(4×102)+(9×10)+3
(C)(4×102)+(9×10)–7
(D)(4×101)+(9×10)+3
41.If10workersearn$5400in12days,howmuchwill6workersearnin15days?
(A)$10,500
(B)$5400
(C)$4050
(D)$2025
42.Thescaleofaparticularmapis =5miles.IfthedistancebetweenpointsAandBis
onthemap,whatisthedistanceinactuality?
(A)12miles
(B)36miles
(C)48miles
(D)60miles
43.Findthediameterofacirclewhoseareais78.5sq.in.
(A)25feet
(B)10feet
(C)25inches
(D)10inches
44.Ifab+4=52,anda=6,b=
(A)4
(B)8
(C)21
(D)42
45.If ofajarisfilledwithwaterin1minute,howmanyminuteslongerwillittaketofill
theremainderofthejar?
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
46.Agroupleftonatripat8:50a.m.andreacheditsdestinationat3:30p.m.Howlong,inhoursandminutes,didthetriptake?
(A)3hours10minutes
(B)4hours40minutes
(C)5hours10minutes
(D)6hours40minutes
47.Asquareischangedintoarectanglebyincreasingitslength10%anddecreasingitswidth10%.Itsarea
(A)remainsthesame.
(B)decreasesby10%.
(C)increasesby1%.
(D)decreasesby1%.
SECTION5:ESSAY30Minutes
Directions:Writealegible,coherent,andcorrectessayonthefollowingtopic.
Topic:Ifyoucouldspendanafternoonwithanyauthor,livingordead,withwhomwouldyouspendit?Whatwouldyoutalkabout?
ANSWERSANDEXPLANATIONSSection1:VerbalReasoning
1.Thecorrectansweris(A).ToFEINTistodeceiveormakeapretenseof.Oneoftheskillsoursoccercoachtaughtuswashowtoeludeopponentsbyfeintingintheoppositedirectionofwhereweplannedtopasstheball.
2.Thecorrectansweris(C).APEERissomeoneorsomethingthatisofequalstandingtoanother.Inademocraticsociety,eachcitizenisthepeerofalltheothercitizens.
3.Thecorrectansweris(B).TRITEmeansboringfromtoomuchuse.Heressaywasriddledwithtriteexpressions,suchas“apennysavedisapennyearned”and“allgoodthingscometothosewhowait.”
4.Thecorrectansweris(B).AMIABLEmeansgood-naturedandloveable.Theamiabledogwaggeditstailatthelettercarrier.
5.Thecorrectansweris(A).AGRIMACEisafacialexpressionofdisgustordispleasure.Thefirsttimethebabyatespinach,shescreweduphermouthinagrimaceandspitoutthefood.
6.Thecorrectansweris(D).ToCOMPEListoforce.OurgovernmentcompelsustopayincometaxeseachyearonApril15th.
7.Thecorrectansweris(C).AnALLYisanotherwithacommonpurpose,anassociate,orahelper.Thewordmeaning“passage”is“alley.”GreatBritainwasourallyduringWorldWarII.
8.Thecorrectansweris(C).ToSOLICITmeanstoapproachwitharequestorplea.Our
teacherwantsustosolicithelpfromherwheneverwedon’tunderstandthemathconceptsshepresentstotheclass.
9.Thecorrectansweris(C).ToREFUTEistoshowsomethingtobefalse.Thelawyerrefutedthewitness’stestimonybypresentingcontradictoryevidence.
10.Thecorrectansweris(B).EXPLICITmeansdistinct,observable,orclearlystated.Theexplicitinstructionsonthepackageleftnoopportunityformisunderstandingorerror.
11.Thecorrectansweris(C).ToRETAINistoholdontoortokeep.Retainthereceiptasproofofpayment.
12.Thecorrectansweris(A).CORRESPONDENCEisanexchangeoflettersorthelettersthemselves.IsaveallmycorrespondencewiththeschoolstowhichIhaveappliedinanenvelopemarked“HighSchools.”
NOTE:“Correspondence”canalsomean“agreement”or“conformity.”Yourexamwillneverofferyouachoiceoftwocorrectmeaningsforthesameword.
13.Thecorrectansweris(B).LEGITIMATEmeansconformingtothelaworabidingbytherules.Sincehisnameisonthedeed,hehasalegitimateclaimtoownershipoftheproperty.
14.Thecorrectansweris(C).ToDEDUCTistosubtract.Thewordwithameaningcloseto“understand”is“deduce.”Eachweek,myemployerdeductssocialsecuritytaxesfrommypaycheck.
15.Thecorrectansweris(C).TheEGRESSisthewayout.Theegressismarkedwithared“EXIT”sign.
16.Thecorrectansweris(C).HORIZONTAL,paralleltothehorizon,meansleft-to-rightasopposedto“vertical.”Placethelargebookshorizontallyontheshelfsothattheydonottoppleover.
17.Thecorrectansweris(B).CONTROVERSYistheexchangeofopposingopinionsorargument.Thechoiceofnewwallpaperisasubjectofcontroversy.
18.Thecorrectansweris(D).ToPREEMPTistoseizebeforeanyoneelsecanortoappropriate.Nodishonestyisimplied,justspeedorprivilege.Thepresident’sspeechwillpreemptthetimeslotusuallytakenbymyfavoritegameshow.
19.Thecorrectansweris(C).PERCAPITAliterallymeansforeachhead,thereforeforeachperson,one-by-one,withageirrelevant.Thepercapitaconsumptionofredmeathasdroppedto2poundsperweek.
20.Thecorrectansweris(A).ThatwhichisOPTIONALislefttoone’schoiceandisthereforenotrequired.YoumuststudyEnglishandhistory,butstudyofamusicalinstrumentisoptional.
21.Thecorrectansweris(C).Thesenseofthesentencecallsforawordwithanegativeconnotationinthefirstblank;therefore,weneedconsideronlychoices(C)and(D).Ofthesechoices,ENSLAVED...SAY,choice(C),isclearlythebettercompletion.
22.Thecorrectansweris(D).Sinceitisstatedthatmostcriticsdisregardedorridiculedtheplay,thefewcriticsremainingmusthavedonetheopposite,orAPPRECIATEDthework.
23.Thecorrectansweris(C).Thewordthatisneededmustbeasynonymforblunder(astupidorgrossmistake).ThatwordisERROR.
24.Thecorrectansweris(C).OnewhoactspurelyonimpulseismostlikelytohaveaPASSIONATE(emotionalorintense)nature.
25.Thecorrectansweris(D).If“qualityispreferredtoquantity”inaneducationalsystem,thenthemeasurebywhichthatsystemshouldbeJUDGEDistheCALIBER(degreeofabilityormerit)ofthestudentsitproduces.
26.Thecorrectansweris(B).Freedomofspeechissomethingwetakeforgranted,sowedonotfeelBLESSEDwhenallowedtoexercisethisfreedom;however,wedobecomeangrywhenanyRESTRICTION(limit)isimposedonourrighttospeakfreely.
27.Thecorrectansweris(C).Thequalitiesattributedtotheplayersontheworstteammustbeoppositesforcomparisonandadjectivesforparallelismwithinthesentence.INEPT,whichmeansawkward,andPROFICIENT,whichmeansskilled,makeuptheonlychoicethatmeetsbothrequirements.
28.Thecorrectansweris(D).Itisthefunctionofthelegislaturetowritelaws(theirWORDSbecomelaw).Itisthefunctionofthejudiciarytointerpretthewordsofthelaw(todeterminetheirMEANING).
29.Thecorrectansweris(B).Moviesandtelevisionarebothmediaofentertainment.Thesentencecomparesthetwomediaintermsoftheircost,statingthatmanypeoplebelievetelevision(whichisfreeaftertheinitialinvestmentintheset)isNECESSARYbecausemovieshavebecomesoEXPENSIVE(andthereforeoutofreachformanypeople).
30.Thecorrectansweris(A).Thesenseofthesentencecallsfortwowordsthatareoppositesandthatcanbothbeappliedtolifeforms.Sporesarethetinyparticlesincertainplantsthatactasseedsintheproductionofnewplants.ThesesporesremaindormantorINACTIVEuntiltheproperconditionsexisttorenderthemvigorousorVIBRANT,thuscreatinganewgenerationofplants.
31.Thecorrectansweris(B).Thecompletionneededisawordthatisoppositeinmeaningto“thespinningoffancifultheories.”Ofthechoicesgiven,thestudyofORDERbestfulfillsthisrequirement.
32.Thecorrectansweris(B).Thissentencedescribesarebelliousattitude.Impertinencemeans“insolence.”
33.Thecorrectansweris(B).Thesecondsentenceprovidesthecluetothemeaningofthefirst.Ifsuccessdoesnotmeaninfallibility(certainty),thenthefameofanauthordoesnotASSUREthequalityofhisorherwork.
34.Thecorrectansweris(D).Thecompletionheredemandswordsthatareopposites.Inaddition,thefirstblankrequiresawordthatwouldpromotehatred.OnlySTRIFE,meaningconflict,andTRANQUILITY,meaningpeace,fulfilltheserequirementsandcompletethemeaningofthesentence.
35.Thecorrectansweris(A).Sinceminingtakesawaywithoutreplacingwhatittakes,itmaybecalledaROBBERindustry.Withthesecharacteristics,miningmightalsobeconsideredtobeevil,butROBBERisthemostspecificcompletion.Itistheadjectivethatbestdescribesanindustrythatdoesnotreplenishwhatittakes.
36.Thecorrectansweris(C).Thissentencepresentstwoproblemsthatarebeingcomparedintermsoftheeaseoftheirsolution.TheonlychoicesthatfulfilltherequirementsofsuchacomparisonareMAGNITUDEandCHILD’SPLAY.
37.Thecorrectansweris(B).Atheatricalsettingservestocreateamoodorafeelingofbeinginanothertimeorplace.IfthesettingistobeEFFECTIVE(tomakethedesiredimpressionontheaudience),itmusthavesomesemblanceofREALITY.
38.Thecorrectansweris(D).Theword“mob”hasanegativeconnotationandrequiresanadjectivethatisalsonegative.HYSTERICAL(emotionalandunmanageable)bestmeetsthisrequirement.TheemotionthatashoutingmobismostlikelytoshowisHATREDoflawandorder.
39.Thecorrectansweris(C).Whenerrorsarediscoveredinexistingtheories,thosetheoriesmusteitherbeALTERED(changed)inthelightofthenewinformationortheymustbeDISCARDEDaltogether,ifthenewinformationrenderstheoldtheoriesfalse.
40.Thecorrectansweris(B).Thesentencecomparestwodifferentsocietiesandthereforerequirescompletionsthatarebothparallelandopposite.ELEMENTARY(simple)andCOMPLICATED(intricate)bestmeettheserequirements.
Section2:QuantitativeReasoning
1.Thecorrectansweris(C).Ifx=0,then2x<8because2(0)<8.Noneoftheotherpairsresultinatruestatement.
2.Thecorrectansweris(C).Substitutenfortheblankspace.7(3×n)+4=21047(3n)+4=210421n+4=210421n=2100
n=100,or102
3.Thecorrectansweris(A).Since1%=0.01,onehalfofonepercentiswritten0.005.Refertothepercentagereviewsectionforhelpifnecessary.
4.Thecorrectansweris(C).Ascalenetrianglehasnoequalsides.
5.Thecorrectansweris(A).Tosolvefora,add2btobothsidesoftheequation.Thisgivesusa=–7+2b.Wecanreordertheexpressiontoread2b–7.
6.Thecorrectansweris(C).Thereare1000millimetersinameter.
7.Thecorrectansweris(D).Choice(A)isalsoacommondenominator,butitisnottheleastcommondenominator.
8.Thecorrectansweris(A).Theareaofatriangleisfoundbyusing
A= bh
A= •14•20
=140sq.in.
9.Thecorrectansweris(B).
(4×103)+6=4006
(2×103)+(3×10)+8=2038
Thedifferenceis1968.
10.Thecorrectansweris(A).Thesetoffactorsfor24is:{1,2,3,4,6,8,12,24}
Thesetoffactorsfor30is:
{1,2,3,5,6,10,15,30}
Thesetofcommonfactorsis:
{1,2,3,6}
11.Thecorrectansweris(A).Theintersectionofthetwolinesegmentsistheplacetheyoverlap.Notethattheyoverlapintheintervalmarked .
12.Thecorrectansweris(B).Performthecalculations,usingtheorderofoperations:PEMDAS.First,performthecalculationsinparentheses:
Next,performcalculationsinvolvingexponents:
Now,performmultiplicationanddivision:
13.Thecorrectansweris(A).Onethirdoftheboardwillbedrivenintotheground,leaving4feetexposed.Theexposedpartoftheboardhas5faces:twofaces4feetlongby4incheswide;twofaces4feetlongby2incheswide;andoneface(theend)2inchesby4inches.Becausetheanswerchoicesareinunitsofsquarefeet,wewillcalculateinsquarefeet:
Thesumis sq.ft.ofboardremainingaboveground.
14.Thecorrectansweris(D).Therateofthefirstrunneris milesperhour.Therateof
thesecondis milesperhour.Thesecondrunnerisfaster,sothedifferenceintheirrates
iswritten .
15.Thecorrectansweris(C).Mary’sagenow=x
Hersister’sagenow=x–3In5yearshersister’sagewillbex–3+5=x+2
16.Thecorrectansweris(C).Theareaofasquare=s2
Theareaofthissquare=22=4
Theareaofacircle=π•r2
Theareaofthiscircle
Thedifferencebetweentheareaofthissquareandtheareaofthiscircleis4–3.14=0.86
17.Thecorrectansweris(C).Areaofasquare=s2
49=72
oneside=7inches
P=4sP=4×7"=28inches
18.Thecorrectansweris(C).Onehalfhour=30minutes,soyouwouldmultiplyGby30.Amount=rate(G)×time(30minutes)
19.Thecorrectansweris(C).Onecarwent20mphfor hour=10miles.
Theothercarwent36mphfor hour=18miles.Sincetheywentinoppositedirections,
addthetwodistancestofindthetotalnumberofmilesapart.10+18=28
20.Thecorrectansweris(B).
21.Thecorrectansweris(D).Sincexcouldbeanynon-zerovaluefrom4to–3,thevaluesofthefractionsareimpossibletodetermine.
22.Thecorrectansweris(A).a<b b>a(given).KR>KT(inatrianglethegreatersideliesoppositethegreaterangle)
23.Thecorrectansweris(A).
24.Thecorrectansweris(C).
y=a+b(anexteriorangleofatriangleisequaltothesumofthetwointeriorremoteangles)
25.Thecorrectansweris(D).Thereisnotenoughinformation,asycouldequal1,whichwouldmakebothquantitiesequal;orycouldbegreaterthan1,whichwouldmakey3greaterthany2.Ifywereanegativeinteger,theny2wouldbegreaterthany3.
26.Thecorrectansweris(B).(8+6)÷[3–7(2)]
(6+8)÷[2–7(3)]
27.Thecorrectansweris(C).
28.Thecorrectansweris(B).
NC=NY(given)
C= Y(anglesoppositeequalsidesareequal)
N> C(given)
N> Y(substitution)CY>NC(thegreatersideliesoppositethegreaterangle)
29.Thecorrectansweris(C).
30.Thecorrectansweris(C).
31.Thecorrectansweris(C).Atriangleinscribedinaparallelogramisequalinareatoonehalftheparallelogram.Therefore,theareaof DECequalsthecombinedareasofADEand EBC.
32.Thecorrectansweris(A).
x3+x2–x+1=
(–1)3+(–1)2–(–1)+1
=–1+1+1+1
=2
x3–x2+x–1=
(–1)3–(–1)2+(–1)–1
=–1–1–1–1
=–4
ColumnA>ColumnB
33.Thecorrectansweris(C).
ColumnA=ColumnB
34.Thecorrectansweris(A).
(multiplyingnumeratoranddenominatorby )
=
(multiplyingnumeratoranddenominatorby )
ColumnA>ColumnB
35.Thecorrectansweris(D).Wecannotdeterminetheareasofthecirclesunlessthevalueofxisknown.
36.Thecorrectansweris(A).
=π(102)–π(72)
=100π–49π
=51π
=π(72)
=49π
51π>49π
ColumnA>ColumnB
37.Thecorrectansweris(D).Anumbersmallerthan0isanegativenumber,soaisanegativenumber.Anegativenumbersquaredbecomesapositivenumber.Withoutknowingabsolutevaluesofaandb,thereisinsufficientinformationtodeterminetheanswertothisquestion.
Section3:ReadingComprehension
1.Thecorrectansweris(C).Theselectiongraphicallydetailsthemovementofasnake.Whilemuchofthedescriptionisintermsoflegsandfeet,thepointoftheselectionistofullydescribethemeansoflocomotion.
2.Thecorrectansweris(B).Thesecondsentenceofthesecondparagraphmakesthisstatement.Theremainderoftheparagraphexpandsonthetheme.
3.Thecorrectansweris(D).Thiswordappearsinline8.Readcarefullyandyoucanfigureoutthemeaningfromthecontext.Terrainmeansearth,withreferencetoitstopographicalfeatures.
4.Thecorrectansweris(C).Thedetailinthisselectionindicatesthattheauthorknowsagooddealaboutsnakes.
5.Thecorrectansweris(D).Thesentencestatesthatlocomotionisusedbyahumanorotheranimalgoingforward.Inthecontextofthesentence,locomotionmostnearlymeansmovement.Wecouldsubstitutethewordmovementforlocomotioninthissentence,andthesentencewouldstillmakesense.
6.Thecorrectansweris(C).Serpentinemovementisdescribedinparagraphfourasatypeofmovementthatsnakesuseonlandandeveninthewater.Asimilarmovementisusedbothonlandandwater,sochoice(C)iscorrect.
7.Thecorrectansweris(B).Thelastsentenceofthefirstparagraphtellsusthatropeisabsolutelyvitalfordocking.
8.Thecorrectansweris(D).Thesecondsentenceservesbywayofdefinition.
9.Thecorrectansweris(D).Inlines6–8welearnthattheshipissecuredbynine-inchorten-inchmooringlines.Sinceropeismeasuredbycircumferenceratherthanbydiameter(lines13–14),choice(D)isthecorrectanswer.
10.Thecorrectansweris(A).Checkbackandeliminate.SisaldoesnotcomefromthePhilippines.
11.Thecorrectansweris(A).Thesentencestatesthatthefibershenequenandsisalarealsousedinropemaking,butchieflyfortwine.Thesentenceexplainsthatmostoftheuseofthesefibersoccursinthemakingoftwine.Thewordchieflyhereisclosestinmeaningtotheworldmainly,sochoice(A)iscorrect.
12.Thecorrectansweris(B).Thelastsentenceofthelastparagraphstatesthatnyloncanbecometoostretchedoutforuseincertainapplications,sochoice(B)iscorrect.
13.Thecorrectansweris(D).Greatblankspacesonapopulationmapindicateverysmallpopulation.
14.Thecorrectansweris(A).(Seeline9.)Youmayeatthevegetablesatawinterdinner,butthefarmproducesonlythevegetables;itdoesnotcookthedinner.
15.Thecorrectansweris(B).Inlines9–11welearnthatbroadclothismadefromsilkycottongrowninEgypt.
16.Thecorrectansweris(B).Thethirdparagraphmakesthestatementthatdesertcivilizationshavemadeimportantculturalcontributions.Thelastparagraphtellswhatthesecontributionsare.
17.Thecorrectansweris(C).Seelines17–19.
18.Thecorrectansweris(C).ThepassagestatesinparagraphfourthatmathematicswasdevelopedasaresultoftheneedtomeasurewaterlevelsandnotelandboundariesfollowingfloodingbytheNileRiver.
19.Thecorrectansweris(A).ThenameofthetownisEkalaka,buttheycallit“SkeletonFlats.”
20.Thecorrectansweris(C).Theanswertothismain-ideaquestionshouldbeclear.Thearticleisaboutthevariousfossilfinds.
21.Thecorrectansweris(D).Lines5–6givethedefinition:“...paleontologists,scientistswhousefossilstostudyprehistoriclifeforms.”WalterPeck’shobbywasgeology,andinthecourseofpursuinghishobbyhemadethefirstfind,buthewasnotapaleontologist.
22.Thecorrectansweris(D).ThethirdparagraphdiscussesthepeopleofEkalakaintermsoftheirenthusiasmfordiggingandfossildiscovery.
23.Thecorrectansweris(B).Seethelastsentenceofthefifthparagraph.
24.Thecorrectansweris(D).ThesignificanceofJane’sdiscoveryisdiscussedinthelastparagraphofthepassage.Here,thepassagestatesthatJanehadmarkingsonherfacethatweremostlikelyinflictedbyanotherdinosaurabouthersize.Theseinjuriessuggestthatteenagedinosaurs,suchasJane,mighthavebecomeinvolvedinferociousfighting,sochoice(D)iscorrect.
25.Thecorrectansweris(D).Theselectiondescribesthepropertiesofzirconiuminitsvariousforms.
26.Thecorrectansweris(A).Considertheuseoftheworddocileasappliedtosolidzirconium,incontrasttotheuseofthewordviolentasappliedtopowderedzirconium.
27.Thecorrectansweris(B).Anemphasisoftheselectionisthatincreasingusesarebeingfoundforzirconium.
28.Thecorrectansweris(B).Thefirstparagraphmakesthispoint.
29.Thecorrectansweris(A).Inboththesecondandthirdparagraphs,zirconiumisdescribedasametal.
30.Thecorrectansweris(D).Ifzirconiumistoodangeroustobeusedinammunition,itismostcertainlytoodangeroustobeusedinfireworks.
31.Thecorrectansweris(A).Thefirstparagraphdescribestheoriginaltrailasapath.Theroadisalsodescribedasaneast-westroute.Itpresentedtravelerswithsurprisinglyfewobstacles.
32.Thecorrectansweris(C).Thefrontieroutpost,Ithaca,wasatthewesternendofthehighway.
33.Thecorrectansweris(A).Seeline6.
34.Thecorrectansweris(A).Guidesarenotmentionedintheselection.
35.Thecorrectansweris(B).ThesentencestatesWattlesestablishedageneralstorewheretravelerscouldpurchasesuchstaplesaswereessentialforthejourney.Essentialitemsforthejourneycouldalsobedescribedastravelsupplies,sochoice(B)iscorrect.Thewordfastenersissimilartoonemeaningofthewordstaples,butthisdefinitiondoesnotfitthecontexthere.
36.Thecorrectansweris(C).ThethirdsentenceofthelastparagraphstatesthatNathanielWattlesdedicatedhimselftohelpingtravelerscrosstheformidableriver.HisferryenabledtravelerstogetacrosstheSusquehannaRiverdrylyandsafely,sochoice(C)iscorrect.
Section4:MathematicsAchievement
1.Thecorrectansweris(D).Area=length×widthAreaofsquare=8×8=64sq.in.
Areaofrectangle=(8+4)(8–2)=12×6=72sq.in.
72–64=8sq.in.
2.Thecorrectansweris(A).r=35–(9)(–n)r=35–(9)(–2)r=35–(–18)
r=35+18=53Tosubtractsignednumbers,changethesignofthesubtrahendandproceedasinalgebraicaddition.
3.Thecorrectansweris(C).Firstperformtheoperationwithintheparentheses.Tocubeanumber,multiplyitbyitself,twotimes.
(3+4)3=(7)3=7×7×7=343
4.Thecorrectansweris(C).Thefraction isequivalenttothedecimalnumber
0.4444444.Thenumber4goesoninfinitely,soitcanbewrittenas .Thefraction
reducesto ,soitislargerthan .
5.Thecorrectansweris(A).Copperandaluminumintheratioof10:1means10partscopperto1partaluminum.
Letx=weightofaluminumThen10x=weightofcopper10x+x=7711x=77x=7
6.Thecorrectansweris(D).Volume=L×W×H
Volumeofcarton =2'×3'×4'=24cubicfeet
Volumeofonebox =2"×3"×4"=24cubicinches
1cubicfoot =12"×12"×12"=1728cubicinches
=1728boxeswillfitinthecarton
7.Thecorrectansweris(B). of200=120columnsbymachine@40columnsperhour
=3hours
200–120=80columnswithoutmachine@20columnsperhour=4hours
3hours+4hours=7hourstocompletethejob.
8.Thecorrectansweris(C).Histotalincomeisequalto7%ofhissalesplus$150;7%ofhissalesis$945×0.07=$66.15.
$66.15+$150=$216.15
9.Thecorrectansweris(A).
Ifx2+5=41
x2=41–5
x2=36x=±6
10.Thecorrectansweris(B).Perimeter=2l+2wIfthetwolongsidesaretogether,theperimeterwillbe
5+3+3+5+3+3=22
Ifthetwoshortsidesaretogether,theperimeterwillbe
3+5+5+3+5+5=26
26–22=4feetshorter
11.Thecorrectansweris(A).5hours30minutes= hours
1000miles÷5 hours=
12.Thecorrectansweris(A).500dozen@$0.40perdozen=purchaseoftwoyearsago
75%of500dozen=375dozenpencilspurchasedthisyear
20%of$0.40=$0.08increaseincostperdozen
375×$0.48=$180spentonpencilsthisyear
13.Thecorrectansweris(D).Achild’sticketcostsxdollars.Eachadultticketcoststwiceasmuch,or2xdollars.2(2x)=2adulttickets;3x=3children’stickets.Writeasimpleequation,andsolveforx.
$7isthecostofachild’sticket;$14isthecostofanadult’sticket.
14.Thecorrectansweris(A).
15.Thecorrectansweris(A).Onepersonraised35%of$690.
$690×0.35=$241.50.
Theremainderraisedbytheotherswas$690–241.50=$448.50
16.Thecorrectansweris(D).Todeterminethevalueofthisexpression,multiplythebinomialsusingFOIL.Multiplythefirst,outer,inner,andlastterms:
17.Thecorrectansweris(C).Forthelength,29feetwouldberepresentedby29unitsof
,resultingin ,or inches.Forthewidth,23feetwouldberepresentedby23
unitsof ,resultingin ,or inches.
18.Thecorrectansweris(A).Area=length×width
=176ft.×79ft.
=13,904sq.ft.
19.Thecorrectansweris(D).
Thisisagoodanswertoestimate.Bydividinganumberby ,youare,ineffect,
multiplyingitby9.Onlyoneofthesuggestedanswersisclose.
20.Thecorrectansweris(C).Theproblemasks,“Whatnumberis$13.2318%of?”$13.23÷0.18=$73.50.
21.Thecorrectansweris(A).Eachfastworkerisequivalenttotwoslowworkers;therefore,thethreemenaretheequivalentoffiveslowworkers.Thewholejob,then,requires5×56=280minutesforoneslowworker.Italsorequireshalfthattime,or140minutes,foronefastworker,andhalfasmuchagain,or70minutes,fortwofastworkers.
22.Thecorrectansweris(C).Subtractfromthetotalpopulationof18,000the756childrenandthe2244marriedpeople.18,000–756–2244=15,000singlemenandwomen.
Becausethereare1 timesasmanymenaswomen,weknowthat60%ofthe15,000
singlepeoplearemen,and40%arewomen.60%of15,000=9000.
23.Thecorrectansweris(C).Nocalculationsareneededhere.Notethata20-miletripat60mph(whichis1mileperminute)wouldtake20minutes.Sincethevehicleistravelinghalfasfast(30mph),the20-miletripshouldtaketwiceaslong,or40minutes.
24.Thecorrectansweris(A).
2x2+3=21
2x2=21–3
2x2=18
x2=9x=±3Youshouldhavebeenabletopredictthatxwouldbeasmallnumber,since,accordingtotheequation,twiceitssquareisnolargerthan21.
25.Thecorrectansweris(B).TheareaofacircleisA=πr2;theradiusequals the
diameter.r=3,and ,or3.14.
A=πr2
A=π(3)2
A=9π
A=9(3.14)=28.26sq.in.
26.Thecorrectansweris(D).Thescaleis =25miles.In thereare31 units.
Thedistanceis31•25=775miles.
27.Thecorrectansweris(C).Theamountthehousewasinsuredforis80%of$83,000,or$66,400.Theinsuranceiscalculatedat45¢perhundred,or$4.50perthousandofvalue.Sincethereare66.4thousandsofvalue,66.4×$4.50perthousandequalstheyearlypremiumof$298.80.
28.Thecorrectansweris(C).Thesizeofthejobcanbethoughtofthisway:18clerksworkingfor26daysdo18×26or468clerk-daysofwork.Todo468clerk-daysofworkinonly12dayswouldrequire468÷12=39clerks.
29.Thecorrectansweris(D).Thedigitsareallalike,soyoudonotneedtocalculate.Movethedecimalpointofthedivisortwoplacestotheright;dothesameforthedividend.
30.Thecorrectansweris(C).Solvethisproblemasyouwouldanymixture-valueproblem.Thenumbersofcarssoldareallrelatedtothenumberofthosesoldfor$4200.Callthenumberof$4200carssoldx.Then,thenumberof$5400carssoldis3x,andthenumberof$4800carsis2x.Thevalueof$4200carssoldis$4200•x.Thevalueof$4800carssoldis$4800•2x.Thevalueof$5400carssoldis$5400•3x.Thesumofthesevaluesequalsthetotalsales.
($4200•x)+($4800•2x)+(5400•3x)=$360,000$4200x+$9600x+$16,200x=$360,000$30,000x=$360,000x=$360,000÷$30,000x=12Sincex=12ofthe$4200cars,3x,or36,ofthe$5400modelweresold.
31.Thecorrectansweris(D).Thereisnotenoughinformationtoanswerthisproblem.Wemustknowhowmanyattendedthegametodeterminehowmanypaidfullprice.
32.Thecorrectansweris(A).Youmustborrowoneday’sworthofhoursandonehour’sworthofminutesandrewritetheproblemas:
6days26hr.80min.
–4days9hr.31min.
2days17hr.49min.
33.Thecorrectansweris(B).TheformulafortheareaofatriangleisA= bh.Pluginthe
numbers:
A=
A=84sq.ft.
34.Thecorrectansweris(C).Thisisatrickyquestion.Itdoesn’taskfor150%of72,butrathertoincrease72by150%.Since150%of72=108,weadd72and108forthecorrectanswer,180.
35.Thecorrectansweris(A).Choice(B)isread,“Fourtimesthesquareofacertainnumber,minus6,equals2.”Choice(C)isread,“Fourtimesthesquareofanumber,dividedby3,minus6,equals2.”Choice(D)isread,“Onefourthagivennumber,dividedby3,minus6,equals2.”
36.Thecorrectansweris(D).Writedownbothequationsandaddthemtogether.
14x–2y=32+x+2y=1315x=45x=3
37.Thecorrectansweris(B).Anordinarydiehassixsides,eachhavingadifferentnumber
ofdots.Thechanceofanyfacecomingupisthesame: .
38.Thecorrectansweris(A).First,pickthetwolongesttimes,thencomparethem.1440minutesand25hoursareobviouslythelongestperiods.25hourscontains1500minutes.
39.Thecorrectansweris(D).Thecarsaretravelingtowardeachother,sothedistancebetweenthemisbeingreducedat60+50=110milesperhour.Atarateof110mph,550mileswillbecoveredin5hours.Ifbothcarsleftat1p.m.,theyshouldmeetat6p.m.
40.Thecorrectansweris(B).Choice(A)is4930;choice(C)is483;choice(D)is133.
41.Thecorrectansweris(C).If10menearn$5400in12days,eachmanearns$540in12days,or$45perday.Therefore,6menworkingfor15daysat$45perdaywillearn$4050.
42.Thecorrectansweris(D).Themapdistanceis ,or or .Each =5
miles,andweknowtherearetwelve unitsin .Therefore,thetwelve units
correspondto60milesinactuality.
43.Thecorrectansweris(D).TheareaofacircleisfoundbyA=πr2.Theradiusishalfthediameter.Tofindthediameterwhentheareaisknown,dividetheareabyπtofindthesquareoftheradius.
78.5÷3.14=25
Sincethesquareoftheradiusis25,weknowtheradiusis5,andthediameteristwicetheradius,or10inches.
44.Thecorrectansweris(B).Ifa=6,ab+4=52becomes6b+4=52.If6b+4=526b=52–46b=48b=8
45.Thecorrectansweris(C).If ofthejarisfilledin1minute,then ofthejarisfilled
in minute.Sincethejaris full, remainstobefilled.Thejarwillbefullinanother
minute.
46.Thecorrectansweris(D).Firstconverttoa24-hourclock.3:30p.m.=15:30o’clock
15:30=14:90
–8:50=–8:50
6:40=6hours40minutes
Tosubtractalargernumberofminutesfromasmallernumberofminutes,borrow60minutesfromthehourtoenlargethesmallernumber.
47.Thecorrectansweris(D).
Assignarbitraryvaluestosolvethisproblem:
Asquare10ft.×10ft.=100sq.ft.
Arectangle9ft.×11ft.=99sq.ft.
100–99=1; =1%
Section5:Essay
Exampleofawell-writtenessay.
IfIcouldspendanafternoonwithanyauthor,IwouldhaveawonderfulconversationwithJulesVerne.IthinkofJulesVerneasthefatherofsciencefiction.Wewouldtalkabouthisbooksandwhytheymakesuchgoodreading.Iwouldtellhimhowmuchofhisfictionhasbecomefact.Thenwewouldprobablytalkaboutrecentsciencefictionandaboutthelatestscientificandtechnologicaladvances.Perhapswewouldpredictfuturedevelopments.
ThefirstbookIwouldmentionismyfavorite,TwentyThousandLeaguesUndertheSea.IwouldaskMr.VernehowhethoughtupthebookandwouldtellhimhowmuchIadmirehisworksandhowIrespecthisimagination.ThenIwouldtellhimaboutsubmarinesandsubmarinewarfareandwoulddescribeallthedeepseaexplorationsthatIknowabout.Itishardtopredictaconversationinadvance,butAroundtheWorldinEightyDayswouldcertainlybeagoodnexttopic,andwemightwellconsumetheremainderoftheafternoonwithdiscussionofmoderntravelandofallthecountriesandculturesthatcanbevisitedtoday.
NoconversationwithJulesVernecouldconcludewithoutmentionofmodernsciencefictionandofhowpredictiveitmightbe.IwonderwhatJulesVernewouldthinkofStarTrek.FinallyIwouldtellhimaboutspaceexploration,moonlandings,satellites,andalltheexcitingspaceworkthatisunfolding.
TheprospectofaconversationwithJulesVerneisveryappealing.EventhoughIknowitcannothappen,IamthinkingofmoreandmorethingsIwouldliketodiscusswithhim.Whatastimulatingafternoonitwouldbe.
SCOREYOURSELFScoresontheISEEaredeterminedbycomparingeachstudent’sresultsagainstallotherstudentsinhisorhergradelevelwhotookthatparticulartest.Ascaledscoreisthencalculated.Youcanusethefollowingcalculationstodeterminehowwellyoudidonthispracticetest,butkeepinmindthatwhenyoutaketheactualtest,yourscoremightvary.
Test RawScore ÷No.questions ×100= _____ %
Synonyms _____ ÷20 ×100= _____ %
SentenceCompletions _____ ÷20 ×100= _____ %
TotalVerbalAbility _____ ÷40 ×100= _____ %
Multiple-ChoiceQuantitative _____ ÷19 ×100= _____ %
QuantitativeComparisons _____ ÷18 ×100= _____ %
TotalQuantitativeAbility _____ ÷37 ×100= _____ %
ReadingComprehension _____ ÷36 ×100= _____ %
MathematicsAchievement _____ ÷47 ×100= _____ %
Highpercentagescoresshouldmakeyoufeelverygoodaboutyourself,butlowpercentagesdonotmeanthatyouareafailure.
Remember:•Scoresarenotreportedaspercentages.Alowpercentagemaytranslatetoarespectablescaledscore.
•Thesametestisgiventostudentsingrades8through12.Unlessyouhavefinishedhighschool,youhavenotbeentaughteverythingonthetest.Youarenotexpectedtoknowwhatyouhavenotbeentaught.
•Youwillbecomparedonlytostudentsinyourowngrade.
Useyourscorestoplanfurtherstudyifyouhavetime.
PracticeTest5:ISEE(UpperLevel)
SECTION1:VERBALREASONING40Questions•20Minutes
Directions:EachquestionismadeupofawordinCAPITALlettersfollowedbyfourchoices.ChoosetheonewordthatismostnearlythesameinmeaningasthewordinCAPITALletters.
1.IMPLIED
(A)acknowledged
(B)stated
(C)predicted
(D)hinted
2.FISCAL
(A)critical
(B)basic
(C)personal
(D)financial
3.STRINGENT
(A)demanding
(B)loud
(C)flexible
(D)clear
4.PERMEABLE
(A)penetrable
(B)durable
(C)unending
(D)allowable
5.SCRUPULOUS
(A)conscientious
(B)unprincipled
(C)intricate
(D)neurotic
6.STALEMATE
(A)pillar
(B)deadlock
(C)maneuver
(D)workslowdown
7.REDUNDANT
(A)concise
(B)reappearing
(C)superfluous
(D)lyingdown
8.SUPPLANT
(A)prune
(B)conquer
(C)uproot
(D)replace
9.COMMENSURATE
(A)identical
(B)ofthesameage
(C)proportionate
(D)measurable
10.ZENITH
(A)depths
(B)astronomicalsystem
(C)peak
(D)solarsystem
11.SUCCOR
(A)assistance
(B)nurse
(C)vitality
(D)distress
12.DISPATCH
(A)omitmentionof
(B)sendoutonanerrand
(C)tear
(D)dowithout
13.PORTABLE
(A)drinkable
(B)convenient
(C)havingwheels
(D)abletobecarried
14.VERBOSE
(A)vague
(B)brief
(C)wordy
(D)verbal
15.SUBVERSIVE
(A)secret
(B)foreign
(C)evasive
(D)destructive
16.MALLEABLE
(A)changeable
(B)equalizing
(C)decisive
(D)progressing
17.PETTY
(A)lengthy
(B)communal
(C)small
(D)miscellaneous
18.INTREPID
(A)willing
(B)fanciful
(C)cowardly
(D)fearless
19.NEGOTIATE
(A)argue
(B)think
(C)speak
(D)bargain
20.STERILE
(A)antique
(B)germ-free
(C)unclean
(D)perishable
Directions:Eachofthefollowingquestionsismadeupofasentencecontainingoneortwoblanks.Thesentenceswithoneblankindicatethatonewordismissing.Sentenceswithtwoblankshavetwomissingwords.Eachsentenceisfollowedbyfourchoices.Choosetheonewordorpairofwordsthatwillbestcompletethemeaningofthesentenceasawhole.
21.Undauntedbyhismanysetbacks,Joshua_____.
(A)crumpled
(B)drewback
(C)canceled
(D)persevered
22.Nationwide,collegeartsandsciencedepartmentsaretaking_____measurestoattractstudents.
(A)no
(B)puny
(C)innovative
(D)few
23.Withlesscapitalavailableandfewerdealsbeingdone,ithasclearlybecomea(n)_____market.
(A)heinous
(B)inflationary
(C)sellers’
(D)buyers’
24.Thepenaltyforviolatingthelawwould_____formultipleoffenses.
(A)accede
(B)nullify
(C)diminish
(D)escalate
25.Thehotelwasaworld-class_____propertyand,thankstorecentrefurbishingandclevermarketingefforts,itisexperiencinga_____.
(A)luxury...renaissance
(B)communal...withdrawal
(C)opulent...decline
(D)decadent...stalemate
26.Somecolleges,ratherthan_____studentstotakeartscourses,simplyforcethem.
(A)requiring
(B)enticing
(C)demanding
(D)allowing
27.Requiring_____bythecriminaltothevictimwouldbeafarbetterwayofdealingwithmanylawbreakersthan_____,sheargued.
(A)punishment...freedom
(B)imprisonment...pardon
(C)restitution...imprisonment
(D)meaculpa...negligence
28.Knowledgegainedfrombookswithoutthebenefitofpracticalexperienceisusuallynotsoprofitableineverydayworkastheopposite,_____without_____.
(A)culture...manners
(B)experiments...science
(C)experience...scholarship
(D)learning...knowing
29.To_____someofits_____overthehugeincreaseinstateinsurancepremiumsforemployees,theschooldistrictinvitedoneinsuranceexperttospeakatarecentboardmeeting.
(A)quell...anxiety
(B)dispel...myths
(C)aggravate...nervousness
(D)foment...trepidation
30.Whilemanyelderlyindeedare_____,povertyis_____amongthemillionsofolderAmericanswhorelysolelyonSocialSecurity.
(A)penurious...rampant
(B)invalid...abolished
(C)absolute...widespread
(D)comfortable...pervasive
31.Apoliceofficer’s_____jobistopreventcrime.
(A)primary
(B)only
(C)ostentatious
(D)ostensible
32.Thecandidate’sinabilitytoconnectwithmiddle-classvoterswashisgreatest_____.
(A)virtue
(B)extinction
(C)shortcoming
(D)performance
33.Despitereligiousdifferences,thefamily_____clashesbyrespectingeachother’svalues.
(A)denied
(B)averted
(C)condescended
(D)declined
34.Whilemarketingtohealth-consciousconsumerswill_____arestaurantchange,itwillalsohaveaneffectinsupermarkets.
(A)denigrate
(B)cancel
(C)encourage
(D)emit
35.Despitethepolitician’soverwhelmingloss,he_____hispopularitywithasmallcoreoffollowers.
(A)revoked
(B)maintained
(C)restrained
(D)encouraged
36.Thedecisiontoseektherapeutictreatmentisoftenprovokedbya(n)_____,suchasanarrestoradomesticdispute.
(A)dearth
(B)crisis
(C)enigma
(D)casualty
37.Knowingthatanyparticularnewbusinesscan_____,Joshuaavoidedinvestinginoneevenifthepotential_____washigh.
(A)succeed...downside
(B)reduce...profit
(C)dowell...monies
(D)fail...payoff
38.Becauseofthe_____causedbytheflood,livingconditionsintheareahave_____;manypeoplehavelostalloftheirbelongings.
(A)trepidation...augmented
(B)morass...careened
(C)devastation...deteriorated
(D)vertigo...ameliorated
39.Themanagementisprovidingallneededbuildingfacilitiestohelpthescientists_____theirresearchproject.
(A)magnify
(B)retard
(C)relinquish
(D)implement
40.Wecaneasilyforgoa_____wehaveneverhad,butonceobtaineditoftenislookeduponasbeing_____.
(A)requirement...unusual
(B)gift...useless
(C)luxury...essential
(D)bonus...unearned
SECTION2:QUANTITATIVEREASONING37Questions•35Minutes
Note:YoumayassumethatallfiguresaccompanyingQuantitativeReasoningquestionshavebeendrawnasaccuratelyaspossibleEXCEPTwhenitisspecificallystatedthataparticularfigureisnotdrawntoscale.Letterssuchasx,y,andnstandforrealnumbers.TheQuantitativeReasoningTestincludestwotypesofquestions.Thereareseparatedirectionsforeachtypeofquestion.
Directions:Forquestions1-19workeachprobleminyourheadoronscratchpaper.Choosetheletterofyouranswerchoice.
1.Ifthedecimalpointinanumberismovedoneplacetotheright,thenumberhasbeen
(A)dividedby10.
(B)multipliedby10.
(C)dividedby100.
(D)multipliedby100.
2.WhatisthetotalnumberofdegreesfoundinanglesAandCinthetrianglebelow?
(A)180°
(B)100°
(C)90°
(D)75°
3.Ifr+s=3s,thenwhichexpressionisequaltor?
(A)s
(B)2s
(C)4s
(D)3s2
4.Usingexponents,write329inexpandedform.
(A)(32×10)+(2×10)+9
(B)(3×102)+(2×10)+9
(C)(3×102)+(2×102)+9
(D)(3×103)+(2×10)+9
5.Findthecircumferenceofacirclewhoseradiusis21feet.
(A)65.94feet
(B)132feet
(C)153feet
(D)1769.4feet
6.Ifx>–4,andy<2,thenx∩yincludes
(A)–4,0,1,2
(B)–2,–1,1,2
(C)1,2,3,4
(D)–3,–2,–1,0,1
7.(6×2)+(7×3)=?
(A)(6×7)+(2×3)
(B)(7–6)+(3–2)
(C)(7×3)+(6×2)
(D)(7×3)×(6×2)
8.Whichofthefollowingwillsubstituteforxandmakethestatementbelowtrue?
56–(7–x)=53
(A)4
(B)3
(C)2
(D)1
9.Ananglethatisgreaterthan90°andlessthan180°isa(n)
(A)acuteangle.
(B)rightangle.
(C)reflexangle.
(D)obtuseangle.
10.Whatisthevalueoftheexpression
(A)21
(B)35
(C)44
(D)56
11. isgreaterthan
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
12.1centimeterequalswhatpartofameter?
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
13.Whatisthelowestcommondenominatorforthefractions ?
(A)24
(B)32
(C)36
(D)48
14.Thesetofcommonfactorsof36and64is
(A){1,2,4}
(B){1,2,3,4}
(C){1,2,4,6,18}
(D){1,2,3,4,6}
15.Ifoneangleofatrianglemeasures115°,whatisthesumoftheothertwoangles?
(A)245°
(B)195°
(C)75°
(D)65°
16.
=
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
17.Ifaplayingcardisdrawnfromastandarddeck,whatarethechancesitwillbea6?
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
18.Thescaleonamapis miles.If2townsare28milesapart,howmanyinches
willseparatethemonamap?
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
19.AcertainhighwayintersectionhashadAaccidentsovera10-yearperiod,resultinginBdeaths.Whatistheyearlyaveragedeathratefortheintersection?
(A)A+B–10
(B)
(C)
(D)
Directions:Comparethequantitiesinthetwocolumns,andchooseyour
answerasfollows:
(A)ifthequantityinColumnAisgreater
(B)ifthequantityinColumnBisgreater
(C)ifthequantitiesareequal
(D)iftherelationshipcannotbedeterminedfromtheinformationgiven
ColumnA ColumnB
20. x=–2
3x2+2x–1 x3+2x2+1
21.
AC BC
ColumnA ColumnB
22. (16÷4)+(8×2)–8 (3×4)+(10÷5)–3
23. Aradiopricedat$47.25includesa5%profit(basedoncost).
$44.89 Theoriginalcostbeforeprofit
24.a–b=–1–b–a=–3
b a
25. 25%ofthe300girlsintheschoolhaveblondehair.
Theratioofgirlswithblondehairtothosewithoutblondehair
26.
e+c=90°
b+a+d+f 270
ColumnA ColumnB
27.
ABCDisaparallelograminscribedincircleO.
a°+c° b°+d°
28. Differencebetween 0.5
29.Acandoajobalonein4days.Bcandoajobalonein3days.
ThenumberofdaysittakesAandBworkingtogethertodothejob 2days
30.Inacertaincollege,theratioofthenumberoffreshmentothenumberofseniorsis3:1.
Theratiobetweenthenumberofseniorsandthetotalenrollment
ColumnA ColumnB
31.
m n
32.a+b=xa–b=y
x y
33.
5 AB
34.
35.x>0.y<0
x–y x+y
36.Duringastoresale,a$43.50radiocan
bepurchasedata15%discount.
Thesellingpriceoftheradiowiththediscount $36
Duringastoresale,a$43.50radiocanbepurchasedata15%discount.
37.
SECTION3:READINGCOMPREHENSION36Questions•35Minutes
Directions:Eachreadingpassageisfollowedbyquestionsbasedonitscontent.Answerthequestionsonthebasisofwhatisstatedorimpliedinthepassage.
Comingintotherelaystationwitharush,thePonyExpressriderswungdownfromhisexhaustedmountandupontoafreshhorsewithhispreciousmochilla,thesaddlebagcontainingthemail.Hewasoffagainwithoutamoment’sdelay.Hewasexpectedtoreachthenextstation,andhedid,orhediedtrying.
Aridermightcomeintoastationatdawnonlytofindthatthestationhadbeenburned,thekeeperskilled,andthehorsesrunoffbyattackingIndians.Inthatcasehewouldcontinuetothenextstationwithoutfoodorrest.
“BuffaloBill,”aboyof18,madethelongestcontinuousruninthehistoryofthePonyExpress,384miles.Byriding280milesinjust22hours,JimMooreearnedthedistinctionofhavingmadethefastestrun.
Ninetyriderscoveredthetrailatalltimesofthedayandnight,oftenriskingtheirlivestogetthemailthroughwithintheten-daylimit.Mostmadeitineightdays.
Ontheaverage,theriderscouldtravel11milesanhour,aquickpaceoverterrainthatmightrequirethehorsetoswimriversorcat-footitswayalongnarrowclifftrails.
ThepaceofthemaildeliverybyPonyExpresswassnail-likebytoday’sstandards,butatthetimeofitscommencementin1860,itofferedthefastestcross-countrycommunicationthathadeverbeenachieved.AbrahamLincolnwaselectedpresidentduringthatyear,andthankstothePonyExpress,residentsofCaliforniareceivednewsofLincoln’svictoryinjustoveraweek.
ThePonyExpressriderscarriedthemailbetweenMissouriandCaliforniaforlessthantwoyears.Theystoppedridingin1861whenatelegraphlineofferedaswiftermeansofcommunication.TheeffortsoftheridersarememorializedatthePonyExpressNationalMuseum,establishedinSt.Joseph,Missouri.Accordingtotherecordsofthemuseum,thePonyExpresslostonlyasingledeliveryofmailduringtheentireperiodofitsoperation.
1.ThePonyExpressriderstoppedatastationto
(A)getafewhoursofsleep.
(B)getafreshmount.
(C)sortthemail.
(D)escapeNativeAmericanattacks.
2.Themochillareferstothe
(A)PonyExpressrider’ssaddlebags.
(B)PonyExpresshorses.
(C)stations.
(D)trails.
3.ThispassageimpliesthatmostofthePonyExpressriderswere
(A)sure-footed.
(B)faithfultotheirjobs.
(C)mountain-bred.
(D)killed.
4.ThosesendingmailbyPonyExpresscouldexpectthatitwouldreachitsdestinationwithin
(A)tendays.
(B)fivedays.
(C)amonth.
(D)beforedawn.
5.Thelongestcontinuousrunwas
(A)completedwithin22hours.
(B)280miles.
(C)madebytraveling11milesperhour.
(D)384miles.
6.Whichofthefollowingstatementsismostlikelytrue,basedonthepassage?
(A)ThePonyExpresswasreliableatdeliveringthemail.
(B)ThePonyExpresswasoperationalthroughoutthe1860s.
(C)MailwasdeliveredbyPonyExpressfromeastcoasttowestcoast.
(D)ThePonyExpresswaslessexpensivethanotherformsofmaildelivery.
Forgenerations,historiansandboatlovershavebeentryingtolearnmoreaboutthebraveshipthatbroughtthePilgrimstoAmerica.ThetaskisadifficultonebecauseMayflowerwassuchacommonnameforshipsbackinearlyseventeenth-centuryEnglandthattherewereatleasttwentyoftheminexistencewhenthePilgrimsleftfortheNewWorld.
AnexactduplicateoftheMayflowerhasbeenbuiltinEnglandandgiventothepeopleoftheUnitedStatesasasymbolofgoodwillandcommonancestrylinkingBritonsandAmericans.ThePilgrims’Mayflowerapparentlywasbuiltoriginallyasafishingvessel.Itseemstohavebeen90feetlongby22feetwide,displacing180tonsofwater.Theduplicatemeasures90feetby26feet,displaces183tons,andhasacrewof21,asdidtheoriginalvessel.ThenewMayflowerhasnomotorbuttravelsfasterthantheoldboat.
Whathappenedtothehistoricboat?Sofarascanbetold,theMayflowerwentbacktolesscolorfuljobsand,nottoomanyyearslater,wasscrapped.Whathappenedtothebeams,masts,andplankingisquestionable.IntheEnglishcityofAbingdon,thereisaCongregationalchurchthatcontainstwoheavywoodenpillars.SomesaythesepillarsaremastsfromtheMayflower.AbarnintheEnglishtownofJordansseemedtobebuiltofoldshiptimbers.Marineexpertssaidthesetimberswereimpregnatedwithsaltand,ifputtogether,wouldformavessel90feetby22feet.ThemanwhoownedthefarmwhenthepeculiarbarnwasbuiltwasarelativeofthemanwhoappraisedtheMayflowerwhenitwasscrapped.
SotheoriginalMayflowermaystillbedoingserviceashorewhileherduplicatesailstheseasagain.
7.AlongsearchwasmadeforthePilgrims’boatbecauseit
(A)containedvaluablematerials.
(B)mightstilldoseaservice.
(C)hashistoricalimportance.
(D)wouldlinkGreatBritainandAmerica.
8.IthasbeendifficulttodiscoverwhathappenedtotheoriginalMayflowerbecause
(A)manyshipsborethesamename.
(B)itwassuchasmallvessel.
(C)thesearchwasbeguntoolate.
(D)ithasbecomeimpregnatedwithsalt.
9.TheBritishrecentlyhadaduplicateoftheMayflowerbuiltbecause
(A)theoriginalcouldnotbelocated.
(B)theywantedtomakeagestureoffriendship.
(C)partsoftheoriginalcouldbeused.
(D)historiansrecommendedsuchastep.
10.ComparedwiththeoriginalMayflower,themodernduplicate
(A)islonger.
(B)isidentical.
(C)carriesalargercrew.
(D)issomewhatwider.
11.Thewordcolorfulmostnearlymeans
(A)humorous.
(B)decorative.
(C)bright.
(D)interesting.
12.Whentheauthorsaysthattheoriginalboatmaystillbedoingserviceashore,hemeansthat
(A)itmaybewholeandintactsomewhere.
(B)present-daybuildingsmayincludepartsofit.
(C)itmaybeinaboatlover’sprivatecollection.
(D)itmaybeintheserviceofpirates.
Fewanimalsareasdescriptivelynamedasthevaryinghare(Lepusamericanus),alsocommonlyknownasthesnowshoehare,whiterabbit,orsnowshoerabbit.Thevaryingharelivesintheforest,findingprotectionfrompredatorsinthethicketsofdenseunderbrush.Thespeciesderivesitsvariousnamesfromitsinterestingadaptationstotheseasonalchangesaffectingitshabitat.
Muchlikeachameleonchangesbodycolor,thehareisabletoadaptbychangingthecolorofitscoattoallowittobetterblendinwithitssurroundings.Thecolorchangesareeffectedbymeansofamolt,andaretimed(althoughthehareshavenovoluntarycontroloverthem)tocoincidewiththechangingappearancesofthebackground.
Theperiodsoftransition—fromwhitetobrowninthespring,andfrombrowntowhiteinthefall—requiremorethantwomonthsfromstarttocompletion,duringwhichtimetheharesareamottledbrownandwhite.Bywintertimeeachyear,theharesucceedsinturningcompletelywhiteoveritsentirebody,withtheexceptionofgreyatthetipsofitsearsandonitsfeet.Thewhitecoloringallowsittoeffectivelycamouflageitselfinthewintersnow.Inadditiontothechangesincolor,inthefallthesolesofthefeetdevelopaveryheavygrowthofhairthatfunctionsassnowshoes.
Thehares’dietconsistsprimarilyofbark,twigs,andstemsfromvarioustrees.Theymayalsoconsumecertainseasonalleavesandgrasses,dependingupontheiravailabilityinthesurroundinghabitat.
VaryingharesresidethroughoutNorthAmericaandhaveanextensiverange,fromtheeasternshoresofNewfoundland,Canada,toAlaskainthenorthwest.InNewYorkState,haresaremostabundantinandaroundtheAdirondackandCatskillMountains.Thrivingpopulations,withlessextensiveranges,arefoundinAllegany,Cattaraugus,Rensselaer,andChenangocounties.Smallercoloniesoflimitedrangearefoundinscatteredislands.
13.Whichtitlebestexpressesthemainideaofthisselection?
(A)“SeasonalChangesinBirds”
(B)“TheVaryingHare”
(C)“AnAmericanAnimal”
(D)“TheAbundanceofHares”
14.Termsusedtonametheserabbitsarerelatedtotheir
(A)abundanceinmanypartsofNewYorkState.
(B)sensitivitytoweatherconditionsthroughoutthestate.
(C)abilitytoadapttothechangeofseasons.
(D)thickwhitecoats.
15.Thewordmottledmostnearlymeans
(A)frightening.
(B)dedicated.
(C)speckled.
(D)relaxed.
16.Theserabbitshavebothbrownandwhitemarkingsin
(A)summerandwinter.
(B)springandfall.
(C)springandsummer.
(D)fallandwinter.
17.ThepartsofNewYorkStatewhererabbitpopulationsaremostplentifulare
(A)Allegany,Cattaraugus,Rensselaer,andChenangocounties.
(B)AdirondackandCatskillMountainregions.
(C)islandswithinthestate.
(D)snowyareasinthehills.
18.Whichstatementabouttheserabbitsistrueaccordingtotheselection?
(A)Theyarebecomingfewerinnumber.
(B)Theyarecapableofleapinggreatdistances.
(C)Theyaremoreplentifulinwinter.
(D)Theyhavenocontrolovertheircolorchanges.
LiketheUnitedStatestoday,Athenshadcourtswhereawrongmightberighted.Sinceanycitizenmightaccuseanotherofacrime,theAtheniancourtsoflawwereverybusy.Infact,unlessacitizenwasunusuallypeacefulorveryunimportant,hewouldbesuretofindhimselfinthecourtsatleastonceeveryfewyears.
Atatrial,boththeaccuserandthepersonaccusedwereallowedacertaintimetospeak.Thelengthoftimewasmarkedbyawaterclock.Freementestifiedunderoathastheydotoday,buttheoathofaslavewascountedasworthless.
Tojudgeatrial,ajurywaschosenfromthemembersoftheassemblywhohadreached30yearsofage.TheAthenianjurieswereverylarge,oftenconsistingof201;401;501;1,001;ormoremen,dependingupontheimportanceofthecasebeingtried.Byinvolvingalargenumberofjurors,theAtheniansystemhelpedeliminatethepossibilityofjurorsbeingbribedtovoteacertainwayinthetrial.Becauseitwouldbecostlytopaybribestohundredsofmen,thelargejurysystemhelpedthetrialtobedecidedinajustmanner.
Thejurymansworebythegodstolistencarefullytobothsidesofthequestionandtogivehishonestopinionofthecase.Eachjurymangavehisdecisionbydepositingawhiteorblackstoneinabox.UnlikeintheU.S.today,decisionsweremadewithoutdeliberationbythejury;jurymemberssimplycasttheirvotesindividually,basedontheirassessmentsofthecasespresentedbytheprosecutionandthedefense.Tokeepcitizensfrombeingtoocarelessinaccusingeachother,therewas
arulethatifthepersonaccuseddidnotreceiveacertainnumberofnegativevotes,theaccuserwascondemnedinstead.
19.Whichtitlebestexpressesthemainideaofthisselection?
(A)“AthensandtheUnitedStates”
(B)“JusticeinAncientAthens”
(C)“TestifyingUnderOath”
(D)“TheDutiesofJuries”
20.PeopleinAthenswerefrequentlyontrialinalawcourtbecause
(A)theylikedtoserveonjuries.
(B)ajurymanagreedtolistentobothsides.
(C)anypersonmightaccuseanotherofacrime.
(D)theslavesweretroublesome.
21.AnAthenianwaslikelytoavoidaccusinganotherwithoutagoodreasonbecause
(A)thejurymightcondemntheaccuserinsteadoftheaccused.
(B)thejurymightbeverylarge.
(C)caseswerejudgedbymenover30yearsold.
(D)therewasalimitonthetimeatrialcouldtake.
22.Whichstatementistrueaccordingtotheselection?
(A)Anaccusedpersonwasdeniedtheprivilegeoftellinghissideofthecase.
(B)Theimportanceofthecasedeterminedthenumberofjurors.
(C)Ajury’sdecisionwashandeddowninwriting.
(D)Acitizenhadtoappearincourteveryfewyears.
23.CasesweredecidedinancientAthensby
(A)individualvote.
(B)jurydeliberation.
(C)ajudge’sruling.
(D)briberyofjurors.
24.Inthecontextofthepassage,thephrasenegativevotesmostnearlymeansvotes
(A)forstrictpunishment
(B)againsttheaccused
(C)foralenientsentence
(D)againsttheaccuser
Thetemperatureoftheearth’supperatmosphereisoneofthemostrevealingpropertiesoftheearth’snearenvironment.Notonlydoesitvarywidelywithtimeandlocationbutitalsoreactsstronglytochangesinsolaractivity.Thevariationoftemperaturewithaltitudeandwithtimereflectsdirectlythedifferentenergysourcesthatinlargemeasuregovernthedynamicbehavioroftheupperatmosphere.Thetemperaturealsocontrolstherateofchangeofdensitywithaltitudethroughtherequirementofhydrostaticbalance.Inhydrostaticbalancetheatmosphericpressureatanyheightequalsthetotalweightoftheoverlyinggas,aconditionthatrequiresthatthepressureanddensityofthegasdecreaseexponentiallyatarateinverselyproportionaltothetemperature.
Thus,ifthealtitudeprofileofthetemperatureisknown,onecancalculatethealtitudeprofilesofpressureanddensityprovidedthemeanmolecularweightofthegasisalsoknown.Thisprovisoisnecessarybecausetherateofdecreaseofpressureanddensityisproportionaltothemeanmolecularweight.Sinceheavygases,suchasargonandcarbondioxide,aremoretightlyboundbytheearth’sgravitationalfield,theytendtoconcentrateatlowaltitudes,whilethedensityoflightconstituents,suchashydrogenandhelium,decreasesveryslowlywithheight.Ataltitudesbelowabout110kilometers,however,thistendencytowardgravitationalseparationoftheconstituentsisfullycounteractedbyturbulentmixingprocessessothemeanmolecularweightoftheatmospherevariesverylittlefromitssea-levelvalueof29atomicmassunits(amu).Athigheraltitudesthereislittlemixing.Theheavyconstituentsbecomeprogressivelymorerare,andthedominantatmosphericconstituentchanges,withincreasingaltitude,frommolecularnitrogen(28amu),toatomicoxygen(16amu),tohelium(4amu),and,atveryhighaltitudes,toatomichydrogen(1amu).
25.Allofthefollowingaffectthetemperatureoftheearth’supperatmosphereEXCEPT
(A)sun.
(B)altitude.
(C)time.
(D)weather.
26.Whichofthefollowingmoststronglyaffectstheupperatmosphere?
(A)Lackofoxygen
(B)Seasonalchanges
(C)Airpressure
(D)Heatofthesun
27.Whichofthefollowingaremostlikelytobetightlyboundbytheearth’sgravitationalfield?
(A)oxygenandhelium.
(B)hydrogenandhelium.
(C)argonandcarbondioxide.
(D)heliumandargon.
28.Themeanmolecularweightoftheatmosphereatsealevelisclosestto
(A)1atomicmassunit.
(B)4atomicmassunits.
(C)29atomicmassunits.
(D)36atomicmassunits.
29.Atthehighestaltitudeonewouldfind
(A)helium.
(B)oxygen.
(C)hydrogen.
(D)nitrogen.
30.Whichstatementbestreflectsthemainideaofthisarticle?
(A)Thereisagreatvariabilityinthetemperatureoftheearthfromplacetoplaceandfromtimetotime.
(B)Controloftheearth’supperatmospheredependsuponcontrolofitstemperature.
(C)Ourenvironmentiscontrolledbytheearth’stemperature.
(D)Highaltitudetemperaturetellsmuchabouttheearth’satmosphere.
OnMay8,1939,folksongcollectorandscholarHerbertHalpertarrivedinMississippitodocumentfolkloreandfolkmusicduringarecordingtouroftheSouthsponsoredbytheJointCommitteeontheArtsoftheWorksProgressAdministration(WPA).TheWPAwasoneofmanyNewDealagenciescreatedbyPresidentFranklinD.Roosevelttohelpboostthecountry’seconomyafterthesetbacksoftheGreatDepression.
Toconductthetour,HalpertdroveintoMississippiinanoldambulanceoutfittedwithcabinets,asmallcot,food,andclothes.Theambulancealsohadspeciallybuiltshelvesforthelatestinrecordingequipment—anacetatediscrecorderlentbytheArchiveofAmericanFolkSongattheLibraryofCongress.
TotakefulladvantageofHalpert’sshortvisit,localWPAworkersactedasintermediaries,precedingtherecordingtrucktomakearrangementswiththefolkmusicianshewouldvisitandgroupingartistsinconvenientplacestominimizetravelandmaximizerecordingtime.Followingtheirschedule,withafewsidetripstopursueacoupleofleadsofhisown,Halpertcut168recordsbetweenMay8andJune11,1939.
HalpertwasassistedbyAbbottFerriss,aMississippinative,wholaterwentontobecomeasociologistatColumbiaUniversity.FerrisswasemployedatthetimebyanotherNewDealprogramknownastheFederalWriters’Project.HeusedtheexperiencetogathersociologicalinformationaboutSouthernfolkmusiccommunitiesthatwouldeventuallyinfluencesomeofhisacademiccontributionstothefield.
Inadditiontohelpingwiththeactualrecording,Ferrisskeptfieldnotesonthetripandtookphotographsofthemusicians,theirfamilies,homes,andsurroundings.Attheproject’sconclusion,therecordingsbecamepartofthefolk-musiccollectionsattheLibraryofCongress.ThephotographsandmuchofthemanuscriptmaterialrelatedtotheprojectwereretainedinMississippi.
31.Accordingtothepassage,thepurposeofHalpert’sjourneytoMississippiwasto
(A)makearrangementsforthewritingoffolksongs.
(B)consultwithalocalnative.
(C)recordthefolkmusicofMississippiperformers.
(D)photographtheMississippilandscape.
32.Whichofthefollowingisnotstatedinthepassage?
(A)TheWPAsponsoredarecordingprojectintheSouth.
(B)LocalworkershelpedHalpertbysearchingformusicians.
(C)ThelocalworkerssoughttominimizeHalpert’straveltime.
(D)ThephotographsweresenttotheLibraryofCongress.
33.WhichofthefollowingcanbereasonablyinferredabouttheWPA?
(A)Itwasonlyinterestedinfolkmusic.
(B)IttookfulladvantageofshortvisitstotheLibraryofCongress.
(C)Itwasanationalorganizationwithlocaloffices.
(D)ItwassponsoredbytheJointCommitteeontheArts.
34.Accordingtothepassage,AbbottFerrisswasoriginallyfrom
(A)Columbia.
(B)Mississippi.
(C)NewYork.
(D)London.
35.DuringthetimeoftheMississippirecordingsin1939,AbbottFerrisswasemployedby
(A)theFederalWriters’Project.
(B)theLibraryofCongress.
(C)ColumbiaUniversity.
(D)folkmusiccommunities.
36.Thewordretainedmostnearlymeans
(A)lost
(B)repaired
(C)grown
(D)kept
SECTION4:MATHEMATICSACHIEVEMENT47Questions•40Minutes
Directions:Eachquestionisfollowedbyfouranswerchoices.Choosethecorrectanswertoeachquestion.
1.Arecipefor6quartsofpunchcallsfor cupofsugar.Howmuchsugarisneededfor9
quartsofpunch?
(A) cups
(B) cups
(C)1 cups
(D) cups
2.Howmanyyardsofribbonwillittaketomake45badgesifeachbadgeuses4inchesofribbon?
(A)5
(B)9
(C)11
(D)15
3.Asanemployeeataclothingstore,youareentitledtoa10%discountonallpurchases.Whenthestorehasasale,employeesarealsoentitledtoanadditional20%discountofferedtoallcustomers.Whatwouldyouhavetopayfora$60jacketboughtonasaleday?
(A)$6
(B)$10.80
(C)$36
(D)$43.20
4.Asectionofpavementthatis10feetlongand8feetwidecontainshowmanysquarefeet?
(A)18sq.ft.
(B)80sq.ft.
(C)92sq.ft.
(D)800sq.ft.
5.Thedecimalnumber0.375isequivalenttowhichofthefollowing?
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
6.In1972,approximately19,000fatalaccidentsweresustainedinindustry.Therewereapproximately130nonfatalinjuriestoeachfatalinjury.Thenumberofnonfatalaccidentsduring1972wasapproximately
(A)146,000
(B)190,000
(C)1,150,000
(D)2,500,000
7.Whatisthevalueofxwhen5x=5×4×2×0?
(A)6
(B)8
(C)1
(D)0
8.Aparticularstorehasa100%mark-upfromwholesaletoretailprices.Adressthatcosts$130retailwillcosthowmuchwholesale?
(A)$260
(B)$100
(C)$90
(D)$65
9.Thescaleusedonablueprintis =1foot.Ifaroomisactually17'×22'howlargewill
itbeonthedrawing?
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
10.Arollofcarpetingcontains90squarefeetofcarpet.Howmanyrollswillberequiredtocarpetaroom28'×20'?
(A)
(B)6
(C)
(D)
11.100–x=52.Whatisthevalueofx?
(A)75
(B)50
(C)25
(D)5
12.If72x=6y,andy=2,x=
(A)
(B)
(C)6
(D)12
13.
(A)54hr.44min.
(B)54hr.84min.
(C)55hr.44min.
(D)55hr.84min.
14.Whichofthefollowingrepresentsonehalfofacertainnumbersquared,minus6?
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
15.Amixturecontains20gallonsofwaterand5gallonsofnitricacid.If10moregallonsofwaterareadded,thepartthatiswateris
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
16.Whichisthelongesttime?
(A) ofaday
(B) hours
(C)100minutes
(D) ofamonth
17.Whatpercentageofacirclegraphwouldberepresentedbyaportionhavingarightangle?
(A)90%
(B)45%
(C)25%
(D)20%
18.Whichexpressionisequivalenttotheexpression(z+7)(z–7)?
(A)z2–49
(B)z2+49
(C)z2–14z–49
(D)z2+14z–49
19.Findtheperimeterofarectanglewiththedimensions115'×63'.
(A)7245'
(B)356'
(C)187'
(D)178'
20.6.28×1.003=
(A)0.629884
(B)6.29884
(C)62.9442
(D)629.884
21.Solveforx: =10.
(A)±5
(B)±10
(C)±20
(D)±25
22.IfMr.Greenborrowed$2000at12%simpleinterestfortwoyears,whatwouldthetotalinterestchargebe?
(A)$240
(B)$360
(C)$420
(D)$480
23.Thepuptentshownis3feetwideand2feethigh.Finditsvolumeifitis6feetlong.
(A)36sq.ft.
(B)18cu.ft.
(C)24cu.ft.
(D)36cu.ft.
24.Aboard30'longiscutintothreeunequalparts.Thefirstisthreetimesaslongasthesecond.Thethirdistwiceaslongasthefirst.Howlongisthelongestpiece?
(A)6'
(B)9'
(C)12'
(D)18'
25.Awinemerchanthas32gallonsofwineworth$1.50agallon.Ifhewishestoreducethepriceto$1.20agallon,howmanygallonsofwatermustheadd?
(A)10
(B)9
(C)8
(D)7
26.Sixisfourmorethan ofwhatnumber?
(A)1
(B)3
(C)4
(D)6
27.Thewinnerofaracereceived ofthetotalpurse.Thethird-placefinisherreceivedone
thirdofthewinner’sshare.Ifthewinner’ssharewas$2700,whatwasthetotalpurse?
(A)$8100
(B)$2700
(C)$1800
(D)$900
28.Twocarsstarttowardeachotheralongastraightroadbetweentwocitiesthatare450milesapart.Thespeedofthefirstcaris35mph,andthatofthesecondis48mph.Howmuchtimewillelapsebeforetheymeet?
(A)6.01hours
(B)5.42hours
(C)5.25hours
(D)4.98hours
29.Astockclerkhad600padsonhand.Hethenissued ofhissupplyofpadstoDivision
X, toDivisionY,and toDivisionZ.Thenumberofpadsremaininginstockis
(A)48
(B)125
(C)240
(D)475
30.Onemancanloadatruckin25minutes,asecondcanloaditin50minutes,andathirdcanloaditin10minutes.Howlongwouldittakethethreetogethertoloadthetruck?
(A) minutes
(B) minutes
(C) minutes
(D)10minutes
31.If4x–y=20,and2x+y=28,thenx=
(A)24
(B)16
(C)8
(D)6
32.If6+x+y=20,andx+y=k,then20–k=
(A)0
(B)6
(C)14
(D)20
33.
Inthefigureabove,m AOB=60°.IfOisthecenterofthecircle,thenminorarcABiswhatpartofthecircumferenceofthecircle?
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
34.IfallPareSandnoSareQ,itnecessarilyfollowsthat
(A)allQareS.
(B)allQareP.
(C)noPareQ.
(D)noSareP.
35.AisolderthanB.Withthepassageoftimethe
(A)ratiooftheagesofAandBremainsunchanged.
(B)ratiooftheagesofAandBincreases.
(C)ratiooftheagesofAandBdecreases.
(D)differenceintheiragesvaries.
36.Fromatemperatureof15°,adropof21°wouldresultinatemperatureof
(A)36°
(B)–6°
(C)–30°
(D)–36°
37.
Inthefigureabove,thesidesof ABCarerespectivelyparalleltothesidesof DEFIfthecomplementofAis40°,whatisthecomplementofD?
(A)20°
(B)40°
(C)50°
(D)60°
38.Alineofprintinamagazinearticlecontainsanaverageof6words.Thereare5linestotheinch.If8inchesareavailableforanarticlethatcontains270words,howmustthearticlebechanged?
(A)Add30words.
(B)Delete30words.
(C)Delete40words.
(D)Add60words.
39.
TheareaoftriangleRis3timestriangleS.TheareaoftriangleSis3timestriangleT.IftheareaoftriangleS=1,whatisthesumoftheareasofthethreetriangles?
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)6
40.If5pintsofwaterareneededtowatereachsquarefootoflawn,theminimumgallonsofwaterneededforalawn8'by12'is
(A)5
(B)20
(C)40
(D)60
41.Intheformulal=p+prt,whatdoeslequalwhenp=500,r=20%,t=2?
(A)700
(B)8000
(C)10,000
(D)12,000
42.Acarownerfindsheneeds12gallonsofgasforeach120mileshedrives.Ifhehashiscarburetoradjusted,hewillneedonly80%asmuchgas.Howmanymileswill12gallonsofgasthenlasthim?
(A)90
(B)96
(C)150
(D)160
43.Whatisthemaximumnumberofbooks,each -inchthick,thatcanbeplacedstandingon
ashelfthatis4feetlong?
(A)16
(B)48
(C)96
(D)192
44.Inabagtherearered,green,black,andwhitemarbles.Ifthereare6red,8green,4black,and12white,andonemarbleistobeselectedatrandom,whatistheprobabilityitwillbewhite?
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
45.
Inthediagramabove, .IfCE=7andED=6,whatistheshortestdistancefromCtoD?
(A)6
(B)7
(C)
(D)
46.Ifa=3,thenaa•a=
(A)9
(B)18
(C)51
(D)81
47.(3+2)(6–2)(7+1)=(4+4)(x).Whatisthevalueofx?
(A)13+2
(B)14+4
(C)4+15
(D)8+12
SECTION5:ESSAY30Minutes
Directions:Writealegible,coherent,andcorrectessayonthefollowingtopic.
Topic:Tellaboutoneextracurricularactivityinwhichyouhopetoparticipateinhighschool.Givereasonswhyyouhavechosenthisactivity.
ANSWERSANDEXPLANATIONSSection1:VerbalReasoning
1.Thecorrectansweris(D).ToIMPLYistoindicateindirectly,tosuggest,ortohint.Byherstrangesmile,theMonaLisaimpliesthatsheknowsasecret.
2.Thecorrectansweris(D).ThatwhichisFISCALhastodowithmoney.Afiscalyearisthetwelve-monthperiodbetweensettlementofaccounts.
3.Thecorrectansweris(A).STRINGENTmeansrigidlycontrolled,strict,orsevere.Prospectivefirefightersmustpassastringentphysicalexamtoprovethattheycanmeetthedemandsofthejob.
4.Thecorrectansweris(A).ThatwhichisPERMEABLEcanbepenetrated,especiallybyfluids.Thewordmeaning“allowable”is“permissible”;thatmeaning“durable”or“unending”is“permanent.”Therainbarrelwascoveredwithapermeablecloththatstrainedoutsolidparticles.
5.Thecorrectansweris(A).SCRUPULOUSmeanscarefultodotheright,proper,orcorrectthingineverydetail.Thelegislatortookscrupulouscaretofillouttheethicsformaccurately.
6.Thecorrectansweris(B).ASTALEMATEisadeadlockorimpasse.Neithertheunionnormanagementwouldconcedeapoint,sothenegotiationswereatastalemate.
7.Thecorrectansweris(C).REDUNDANTmeansmorethannecessaryorsuperfluous.Theword“join”indicatesthatunitsareputtogether;therefore,intheexpression“jointogether”theword“together”isredundant.
8.Thecorrectansweris(D).ToSUPPLANTistosupersedeortoreplace.TheConstitutionsupplantedtheArticlesofConfederation.
9.Thecorrectansweris(C).COMMENSURATEmeansproportionate.The2-year-old’svocabularywascommensuratewithherage.
10.Thecorrectansweris(C).TheZENITHisthepointdirectlyoverheadorthehighestpoint.Thesunreachesitszenithatnoon.
11.Thecorrectansweris(A).SUCCORisaid,help,orrelief.Itistreasontogivesuccortotheenemybydistributingfalsepropaganda.
12.Thecorrectansweris(B).ToDISPATCHistosendoutquickly.Donotrelyonthemailservice;dispatchamessengertodeliverthepackage.
13.Thecorrectansweris(D).PORTABLEmeanseasilymovedorcarried.Thewordmeaning“drinkable”is“potable.”Atelevisionsetwithathree-inchscreenisaportableset.
14.Thecorrectansweris(C).VERBOSEmeanscontainingtoomanywordsorlong-winded.Thespeakerwassoverbosethatwethoughttheeveningwouldneverend.
15.Thecorrectansweris(D).SUBVERSIVEmeansseekingtooverthrowortodestroysomethingestablished.Subversiveelementsinthegovernmentareextremelydangeroustostability.
16.Thecorrectansweris(A).ThatwhichisMALLEABLEtendstobechangeable.Beforeitcools,hotmetalisquitemalleableandcanbetwistedintodifferentshapes.
17.Thecorrectansweris(C).PETTYmeanstrivial,narrow,orsmall.Thecrotchetyoldmanwasfullofpettycomplaints.
18.Thecorrectansweris(D).INTREPIDmeansbold,brave,andfearless.Theintrepidastronautswentontheirmissionasiftherehadneverbeenanaccident.
19.Thecorrectansweris(D).ToNEGOTIATEistomakearrangementsortobargain.Thebuyerandsellerofapropertymustnegotiatetoreachafairprice.
20.Thecorrectansweris(B).STERILEmeansextremelyclean,barren,orgerm-free.Forthesafetyofthepatient,thesurgeonmustworkinasterileenvironment.
21.Thecorrectansweris(D).SinceJoshuawasundaunted(notdiscouraged)byhisfailures,apositivewordisnecessary.PERSEVEREDistheonlypositiveword.
22.Thecorrectansweris(C).Inordertoattractstudents,INNOVATIVE(new,novel)methodsarenecessary.
23.Thecorrectansweris(D).Sincethereislessmoneyavailableandfewerbusiness
transactionsarebeingconducted,BUYERShavetheupperhandinhowtheyspendtheirmoney.
24.Thecorrectansweris(D).Multipleoffenseswouldrequireanincreasedpenalty;therefore,ESCALATEistheonlycorrectchoice.
25.Thecorrectansweris(A).Alltheadjectivesdescribingthehotelarepositive;therefore,apositivedescriptionisnecessary.
26.Thecorrectansweris(B).TheoppositeofforcingstudentstotakecoursesisENTICINGthemtodoso.
27.Thecorrectansweris(C).Aninnovativemethodofdealingwithcriminalsisbeingsuggestedincontrasttotheusualmethod,whichisIMPRISONMENT.
28.Thecorrectansweris(C).Thesentencementions“knowledgegainedwithoutexperience”andthenasksfortheoppositecondition,whichmustbeEXPERIENCEwithoutSCHOLARSHIP.
29.Thecorrectansweris(A).Byhavinganinsuranceexpertdiscussthechanges,theschoolsystemwasattemptingtoreduce,orQUELL,ANXIETYoverthoseincreasedfees.
30.Thecorrectansweris(D).Thefirsthalfofthesentencerequiresawordthatcontrastswithpoverty(COMFORTABLE).ThesecondwordmustshowthatpovertyiswidespreadamongolderAmericans.
31.Thecorrectansweris(A).Alittlecommonsenseshouldgiveyouthisanswerimmediately.Choice(C)makesnosenseatall.Apoliceofficer’sjobistopreventcrime,butthatisnottheofficer’sonlyjob,justthePRIMARYjob.
32.Thecorrectansweris(C).AninabilitytoappealtoacertainvotinggroupwouldbeaSHORTCOMINGforacandidate.
33.Thecorrectansweris(B).ThefactthatthefamilyrespectedoneanothermeansthattheyAVERTEDclashes.
34.Thecorrectansweris(C).Health-consciousconsumerswillENCOURAGEchange.
35.Thecorrectansweris(B).Althoughthepoliticianlosttheelection,heMAINTAINEDhispopularitywithsomefollowers.
36.Thecorrectansweris(B).AnarrestordomesticdisputeisconsideredaseriousCRISIS.
37.Thecorrectansweris(D).Anegativeword(FAIL)mustbefollowedbyapositiveword(PAYOFF).
38.Thecorrectansweris(C).Afloodthatdestroyspeople’sbelongingscausesdevastation.
Livingconditionsintheareacanbesaidtohavedeteriorated(worsened).
39.Thecorrectansweris(D).Theword“help”indicatestheneedforapositivewordtocompletethissentence.Therefore,youneedconsideronlychoices(A)and(D).Ofthesetwo,IMPLEMENT(meaningputintoaction)isabetterchoicethanmagnify(meaningtomakelarger).
40.Thecorrectansweris(C).Thewordsrequiredtocompletethethoughtmustbeopposites.ALUXURYissomethingwecaneasilydowithout,butoncewehavehadthatluxuryforawhilewecannolongerdowithoutitanditbecomesanecessity(anESSENTIAL).
Section2:QuantitativeReasoning
1.Thecorrectansweris(B).Itisusefultoknowthatyoumultiplyanddivideby10,100,1000,andsoon,bymovingthedecimalpoint.
2.Thecorrectansweris(C).Thesumoftheanglesofatriangleis180°.AngleBis90°.AnglesAandC,therefore,musttotal180°–90°,or90°.
3.Thecorrectansweris(B).Tofindthevalueofr,subtractsfrombothsidesoftheequation.Thisgivesusr=3s–s,orr=2s.
4.Thecorrectansweris(B).(3×102)+(2×10)+9.Choice(A)=929;choice(C)=300+200+9=509;andchoice(D)=3029.
5.Thecorrectansweris(B).Circumference=π•diameter;diameter=2•radius;π=
C=π•21•2
C=42•π=42• =132'
Youcanalsoestimatethisproblemandchoosetheclosestanswer.
6.Thecorrectansweris(D).Theset{x,y}includesallthosenumberslargerthan–4andsmallerthan2.Consideringonlywholenumbers,thissetincludes–3,–2,–1,0,1.
7.Thecorrectansweris(C).Theorderinwhichnumbersareaddeddoesnotaffectthesum.
8.Thecorrectansweris(A).Wewanttheamountintheparenthesestobeequalto3.Thevalueofxthatwillmaketheamountinparenthesesequalto3is4.
9.Thecorrectansweris(D).RefertotheGeometryReviewsectionifnecessary.
10.Thecorrectansweris(C).Usingtheorderofoperations(PEMDAS),performthe
calculationsinparenthesesfirst.
Next,performtheoperationswithexponents:
Next,performmultiplication,followedbyaddition:
11.Thecorrectansweris(B).Notethat isslightlylargerthan ,or .Choices(A),
(C),and(D)arecloserinvalueto1thanto .
12.Thecorrectansweris(B).100centimeters=1meter.Eachcentimeteris ofameter.
13.Thecorrectansweris(C).FindtheLCM(leastcommonmultiple)of4,9,6,and12,andthisbecomestheleastcommondenominator.
14.Thecorrectansweris(A).Thesetoffactorsof36is:{1,2,3,4,6,9,12,18,36}.Thesetoffactorsof64is:{1,2,4,8,16,32,64}.
Thesetofcommonfactorsis:
{1,2,4}.
15.Thecorrectansweris(D).Thesumoftheanglesofatriangleis180°.180°–115°=65°
16.Thecorrectansweris(D).Theunionofthetwoadjacentlinesegmentscreatesonecontinuouslinesegment.
17.Thecorrectansweris(C).The52playingcardsinadeckconsistof4suitsof13cards
each.Thereisone6ineachofthefoursuits,makingtheprobabilityofdrawinga6 ,or
.
18.Thecorrectansweris(A).Every8milesisrepresentedonthemapby inch.28÷8=
3 ,so3 half-inchunitsareneededtorepresent28miles.3 × = = =1 .
Youmaysolvetheproblemanotherway:If =8miles,1"=16miles.28÷16= ,
so arerequiredtorepresent28miles.
19.Thecorrectansweris(B).Thenumberofaccidentsisirrelevanttothequestion,soAhasnoplaceintheequation.
B(totaldeaths)÷10years= averagedeathsperyear.
20.Thecorrectansweris(A).
ColumnA>ColumnB
21.Thecorrectansweris(D).TherelationshipbetweenColumnAandColumnBcannotbedeterminedfromtheinformationgiven.
22.Thecorrectansweris(A).
ColumnA>ColumnB
23.Thecorrectansweris(B).
OriginalCost+Profit=SellingPrice
Letx=originalcostthenx+0.05(x)=$47.251.05x=$47.25x=$45
$45>$44.89
ColumnB>ColumnA
24.Thecorrectansweris(A).
ColumnA>ColumnB
25.Thecorrectansweris(C).0.25(300)=75(girlswithblondehair)
300–75=225(girlswithoutblondehair)
=
ColumnA=ColumnB
26.Thecorrectansweris(C).Thesumoftheanglesofatriangleequals180°.a+b+c=180andd+e+f=180a+b+c+d+e+f=360alsoe+c=90Therefore,a+b+d+f=270(subtraction)
ColumnA=ColumnB
27.Thecorrectansweris(C).Aparallelograminscribedinacircleisarectangle.Therefore,allanglesequal90°.
Hence,a+c=b+d
ColumnA=ColumnB
28.Thecorrectansweris(A).
0.525>0.5
ColumnA>ColumnB
29.Thecorrectansweris(B).Letx=thenumberofdaysAandBtakeworkingtogether.
Acandothejobin4days;thus,A’srateis .
Bcandothejobin3days;thus,B’srateis .
2days>1 days
ColumnB>ColumnA
30.Thecorrectansweris(A).Theratiobetweenseniorsandthetotalofseniorsandfreshmenis1:4.Theratiobetweenseniorsandthetotalenrollment(includingsophomoresandjuniors)wouldactuallydecrease.
ColumnA>ColumnB
31.Thecorrectansweris(C).Thesumofthethreeanglesofatriangleequals180°.Thus,x+x+60°=180°
2x=120°
x=60°
Therefore,thetriangleisequilateral.Hence,sidem=siden.
ColumnA=ColumnB
32.Thecorrectansweris(D).Therelationshipcannotbedeterminedfromtheinformationgiven.
33.Thecorrectansweris(B).Thesumoftheanglesofatriangleequals180°.Thus,x+2x+90°=180°3x=90°x=30°
Therefore ABCisa30°-60°-90°righttriangle.Ina30°-60°-90°righttrianglethehypotenuseisequaltotwicethesideoppositethe30°angle.
AB=8
8>5
ColumnB>ColumnA
34.Thecorrectansweris(C).
=5and
ColumnA=ColumnB
35.Thecorrectansweris(A).x>0,xispositivey<0,yisnegativeSubstitutesomearbitraryfiguresofyourchoosing,forexample:x=10;y=–2
x–y=10–(–2)=12 x+y=10+(–2)=8ColumnA>ColumnB
36.Thecorrectansweris(A).15%=0.15
0.15(43.50)=6.525
$43.50–6.53=36.97
$36.97>$36
ColumnA>ColumnB
37.Thecorrectansweris(C).
75%= 50%=
ColumnA=ColumnB
Section3:ReadingComprehension
1.Thecorrectansweris(B).Seethefirstsentence.
2.Thecorrectansweris(A).Thisdefinitionisgivenintheexplanatorystatementattheendofthefirstsentence.
3.Thecorrectansweris(B).TheentireselectionextolsthededicationofthePonyExpressridersinthefaceofthehazardstheymet.
4.Thecorrectansweris(A).Thefourthparagraphtellsusthattherewasaten-daylimitinwhichtheroutemustbecovered.
5.Thecorrectansweris(D).Seeparagraph3.BuffaloBillmadethelongestcontinuousrunof384miles;JimMooremadethefastestrun,280milesin22hours.
6.Thecorrectansweris(A).ThelastsentenceofthepassagestatesthatthePonyExpresslostonlyasingledeliveryofmailduringtheentireperiodofitsoperation.Thus,wecaninferthatmailsentbyPonyExpressgotthroughtoitsdestinationreliably.
7.Thecorrectansweris(C).Cluesmaybefoundinthefirstsentence,whichstatesthathistoriansaretryingtolearnmoreabouttheMayflower,andinthefirstsentenceofthethirdparagraph,whichdescribestheboatashistoric.
8.Thecorrectansweris(A).Ifyougotthiswrong,rereadthesecondsentenceofthefirstparagraph.
9.Thecorrectansweris(B).Seethefirstsentenceofthesecondparagraph.
10.Thecorrectansweris(D).TheoriginalMayflowerwas22feetwide;theduplicateis26feetwide.Thelengthsareboth90feet.
11.Thecorrectansweris(D).Tounderstandthemeaningofthisword,wemustlooktothecontextofthepassageforclues.Thesentenceitselftellsusthat“theMayflowerwentbacktolesscolorfuljobs”beforeitwasscrapped.ItsearliertaskhadbeentodeliverthePilgrimstoAmerica,whichwasajobofhistoricalsignificance.So,wearelookingfora
wordthatmeanssomethinglike“significant.”Thewordinterestingistheclosestfithere.Theotherchoicesdonotmakesensewhensubstitutedintothesentence.
12.Thecorrectansweris(B).YoucaninferthismeaningfromthefactthattheauthordescribestwobuildingsinEnglandthatmaycontainpartsoftheMayflower.
13.Thecorrectansweris(B).Theselectiondescribesthevaryinghare.
14.Thecorrectansweris(C).Asthenamesimply,therabbitsvarytheirappearancewiththeseasons.
15.Thecorrectansweris(C).Thesentencestatesthatwhiletheharesarechangingcolor,theircoatsareamottledbrownandwhite.Intherestoftheparagraph,welearnthathareschangefromallbrowntoallwhiteinthefall,andbacktoallbrowninthespring.Itmakessensetoexpectthatthehares’coatswouldbebothbrownandwhiteastheygothroughthecolorchange.Thewordspeckledconveysthatthecoatshaveflecksofbothcolors,sochoice(C)iscorrect.
16.Thecorrectansweris(B).Therabbitsaremottledbrownandwhitewhileinthemiddleofthemoltingprocessduringspringandfall.
17.Thecorrectansweris(B).Seethefirstsentenceofthelastparagraph.
18.Thecorrectansweris(D).Aparentheticalstatementinthesecondparagraphstatesthatthehareshavenovoluntarycontroloverthechangesintheirappearance.
19.Thecorrectansweris(B).TheentireselectionisaboutcourtpracticesinancientAthens.
20.Thecorrectansweris(C).Theanswerisinthesecondsentence.
21.Thecorrectansweris(A).Seethelastsentence.
22.Thecorrectansweris(B).Seelines9–11.Theaccusedwasallowedacertaintimetospeak;thejuryvotedbydepositingblackorwhitestonesinabox.
23.Thecorrectansweris(A).Inparagraphfour,welearnthattrialdecisionsweremadewithoutdeliberationbyjury,so(B)isincorrect.Thepassagestatesthatjurymemberscasttheirvotesindividually,whichconfirmsanswerchoice(A).
24.Thecorrectansweris(B).Thelastparagraphdescribesarulethatwasdesignedtopreventcitizensfrombeingtoocarelessinaccusingeachother.Therulestatedthatifthepersonaccuseddidnotreceiveacertainnumberofnegativevotes,theaccuserwouldbecondemnedinstead.Inotherwords,thepersonaccusedmustreceiveatleastaminimumnumberofvotescastagainsthim,toshowthatthecasewasvalid.
25.Thecorrectansweris(D).Thesecondsentencetellsusthatthetemperatureoftheearth’supperatmospherevarieswithtime,location(altitude),andsolaractivity(thesun).
Nomentionismadeoftheweather.
26.Thecorrectansweris(D).Thefirstparagraphmakesclearthatthetemperature(theheatofthesun)directlyaffectsmanyothermeasuresanddimensionsintheupperatmosphere.
27.Thecorrectansweris(B).Accordingtothepassage,heavygases,suchasargonandcarbondioxide,aremoretightlyboundbytheearth’sgravitationalfield.Lightgases,suchashydrogenandhelium,arelesstightlybound.
28.Thecorrectansweris(C).Thesecondparagraphofthepassageliststhemeanmolecularweightoftheatmosphereatsealevelas29atomicmassunits(amu).
29.Thecorrectansweris(C).Seethelastsentence.
30.Thecorrectansweris(D).Seethefirstsentence.
31.Thecorrectansweris(C).Seethefirstsentence.
32.Thecorrectansweris(D).ThelastsentencetellsusthatthephotographsremainedinMississippi.TherecordingsthemselvesweresenttotheLibraryofCongress.
33.Thecorrectansweris(C).ThesecondparagraphtellsoflocalWPAworkersandtheassistancetheygave.
34.Thecorrectansweris(B).Inparagraphfour,FerrissisdescribedasaMississippinative.ThismeansthathewasoriginallyfromMississippi,sochoice(B)iscorrect.
35.Thecorrectansweris(A).ThepassagementionsinparagraphfourthatFerrisswasemployedbytheFederalWriters’ProjectduringthetimethatheassistedHalpertin1939.
36.Thecorrectansweris(D).ThelastparagraphstatesthattherecordingswenttotheLibraryofCongress,andthephotographsandmanuscriptmaterialswereretainedinMississippi.Fromthecontext,wecaninferthateventhoughtherecordingswentelsewhere,thephotographsandmanuscriptmaterialsstayedinMississippi.Choice(D),kept,bestreflectsthismeaning.Nothinginthepassagesuggeststhatthephotographsandmanuscriptmaterialwerelost,sochoice(A)isincorrect.
Section4:MathematicsAchievement
1.Thecorrectansweris(C).Firstfindouthowmuchsugarisneededforonequartofpunch:
cup÷6=
For9quartsofpunchyouneed:
2.Thecorrectansweris(A).45badges×4incheseach=180inchesneeded.Thereare36inchesinoneyard:180inches÷36=5yardsofribbonneeded.
3.Thecorrectansweris(D).$60×0.10=$6(employeediscount)$60–$6=$54
$54×0.20=$10.80(salediscount)
$54–$10.80=$43.20
4.Thecorrectansweris(B).Areaequalslengthtimeswidth.A=l×wA=10ft.×8ft.
A=80sq.ft.
5.Thecorrectansweris(D).Thedecimalnumber0.375isequivalenttothefraction .
Thelineoverthedecimalnumberindicatesarepeatingnumberthatgoesonforever,so(A)and(B)areincorrect.
6.Thecorrectansweris(D).Foreachofthe19,000fatalaccidentstherewere130nonfatalinjuries.Tofindthetotalnumberofnonfatalaccidents,wemultiply19,000×130=2,470,000.Therewereapproximately2,500,000nonfatalaccidentsin1972.
7.Thecorrectansweris(D).Anynumbermultipliedby0equals0.Sinceonemultiplierononesideofthe=signis0,theproductonthatsideofthesignmustbe0.Thevalueontheothersideofthe=signmustalsobe0.
5x=5×4×2×05x=40×05x=0x=0
8.Thecorrectansweris(D).Anitemmarkedup100%hasaretailpricetwicethewholesaleprice.Thedressnowcosts$130,whichistwice$65.
9.Thecorrectansweris(B).Thewidthoftheroomwillbe17× ,or2 .Thelength
oftheroomwillbe22× ,or .
10.Thecorrectansweris(A).Theroomhasanareaof28'×20'=560sq.ft.Eachrollof
carpetcancover90sq.ft.Thenumberofrollsrequiredis560÷90=6 rolls.
11.Thecorrectansweris(A).Tosquareanumber,multiplyitbyitself.
100–x=52
100–x=5×5100–x=25100–25=xx=75
12.Thecorrectansweris(B).Ify=2,then72x=6(2)72x=12
x=
13.Thecorrectansweris(A).Borrow60minutesandrewriteas:
14.Thecorrectansweris(D).
15.Thecorrectansweris(D).Tenmoregallonsofwaterwouldbringthevolumeofthemixtureto30gallonsofwater+5gallonsofacid=35gallons.Thepartthatiswateris
,or .
16.Thecorrectansweris(D). ofamonthisaboutoneday.
17.Thecorrectansweris(C).Acirclegraphcontains360°,whilearightanglecontains
90°.Arightangle,therefore,contains ,or25%,ofthecircle.
18.Thecorrectansweris(A).Tofindthevalueofthisexpression,multiplythebinomialsusingtheFOILmethod.Multiplythefirst,outer,inner,andlastterms:
The–7zand+7zinthemiddlecanceleachotherout,andweareleftwithz2–49.
19.Thecorrectansweris(B).Theperimeteristhesumofthelengthsofthefoursides.Arectanglehastwopairsofsidesofequallength.Theperimeterthenis(2×115)+(2×63)=356feet.
115+63+115+63=356
Thisisagoodproblemtosolvebyestimation.Youcanreadilydiscardthreeofthepossibleanswerswithoutdoinganycalculation.
20.Thecorrectansweris(B).Don’tbothertocalculatehere!Noticethatyouranswerwillbeverycloseto6×1.Thereisonlyoneansweranywherenearthatestimate.
21.Thecorrectansweris(A).Thesquareofanumberdividedby2.5equals10.Thesquareofthenumber,then,equals10multipliedby2.5.
x2=10×2.5
x2=25x=±5
22.Thecorrectansweris(D).Eachyear,12%ischargedasinterest.On$2000,12%interestis$2000×0.12=$240.Fortwoyears,theamountis$240×2=$480.
23.Thecorrectansweris(B).Findthevolumebyfindingtheareaofthetriangularendand
multiplyingbythelength.A= bh.TheareaofthetriangularendisA= (3)(2)=3sq.
ft.Multiply3sq.ft.bythelengthtofindthevolume:3sq.ft.×6ft.=18cu.ft.
24.Thecorrectansweris(D).Notethatthesecondpieceistheshortest.Wedon’tknowitsexactlength,socallitxfeetlong.Thefirstpieceisthreetimesaslongasthesecond,or3xfeetlong.Thethirdistwiceaslongasthefirst,or6xfeetlong.Allthepiecestotalx+3x+6x=10xfeet.Theboardis30feetlong,andthepiecesare10xfeetlong.10x=30,sox=3,whichisthelengthoftheshortestpiece.Thelargestpieceissixtimestheshortest,or18feetlong.
25.Thecorrectansweris(C).Weassumethatthemerchantwantstohavethesametotalvalueofwineafterreducingtheprice.Henowhas(32•$1.50),or$48worthofwine.At$1.20pergallon,hewouldneed40gallonstohave$48worth.Therefore,hemustadd8gallonsofwater.
26.Thecorrectansweris(B).Ifsixisfourmorethan ofanumber,then6–4equals of
thenumber.Since6–4=2,weknowthat2is ofthenumber,sothenumberis3.
Anotherwaytosolvethisproblemistowriteanequation,andsolveforx:
x+4=6
x=2
x=3
27.Thecorrectansweris(A).Youhavetoreadonlythefirstandthirdsentencesoftheproblem.Theinformationinthesecondsentencecontainsinformationnotrelevanttothe
problem.Thewinnerreceived ofthetotal,or$2700.Thus,thetotalpursewas$2700×
3=$8100.
28.Thecorrectansweris(B).Thedistancebetweenthecarsisbeingreducedatarateequaltothesumoftheirspeeds.Theyarecomingclosertogetherat35+48=83milesperhour.Sincethedistancebetweenthemwas450miles,thetimerequiredfortravelingis450÷83=5.42hours.Rememberthatdistanceistheproductofrateandtime,ord=rt.
29.Thecorrectansweris(B).Ofhistotal,heissued ,sohehad pads
remaining.Histotalinstockwas600.600• =125padsremaining.
30.Thecorrectansweris(B).Thefirstmancanload ofthetruckin1minute.The
secondmancanload ofthetruckin1minute.Thethirdmancanload ofthetruck
in1minute.Togethertheycanload + + ofthetruckeachminute.
ofthetruckloadedperminute.Thewholejobthenrequires minutes,or6 minutes.
31.Thecorrectansweris(C).Thisisadifficultquestionunlessyouhavehadsomealgebra.Theequationsare“added.”They-termiseliminated,leavingxonly.
32.Thecorrectansweris(B).6+x+y=20x+y=14=k;nowsubstitute20–14=6
33.Thecorrectansweris(C).Acircleis360°;60°is of360°.
34.Thecorrectansweris(C).Diagramthisproblem:
35.Thecorrectansweris(C).Pickapairofagesandtryforyourself.Ais4;Bis2;theratiooftheiragesis4to2,or2to1.Intwoyears,Ais6andBis4.Theratiooftheiragesis6to4,or3to2.
36.Thecorrectansweris(B).15°–21°=–6°
37.Thecorrectansweris(B).Ifthesidesareparallel,theanglesarecongruent.
38.Thecorrectansweris(B).6wordsperline×5linesperinch=30wordsperinch.30wordsperinch×8inches=240words.
Ifthearticlehas270wordsandthereisspaceforonly240words,then30wordsmustbedeleted.
39.Thecorrectansweris(C).S=1;R=3×1;T=
1+(3×1)+ =4
40.Thecorrectansweris(D).Thelawnis8'×12'=96sq.ft.96×5=480pintsofwaterneeded
8pts.in1gal.;480÷8=60gallonsneeded
41.Thecorrectansweris(A).l=500+(500×0.20×2)l=500+200l=700
42.Thecorrectansweris(C).Rightnow,hegets120mi.÷12gal.=10mpg.With80%moreefficiency,hewillneed80%of12,or9.6gal.togo120miles.Hewillthenget120mi.÷9.6gal.=12.5mpg.
12gal.×12.5mpg=150mileson12gal.
43.Thecorrectansweris(D).4feet=48inches;48÷ =48×4=192books.
44.Thecorrectansweris(B).Thereare6+8+4+12=30marbles.12÷30=0.40=
45.Thecorrectansweris(C). isahypotenuse,sousethePythagoreanTheorem:
46.Thecorrectansweris(D).33×3=27×3=81
47.Thecorrectansweris(D).(3+2)(6–2)(7+1)=(4+4)(x)(5)(4)(8)=8x8x=160x=20=8+12
Section5:Essay
Exampleofawell-writtenessay.
WhenIenterhighschool,Iplantobecomeanactivememberofthedramaclub.Thedramacluboffersavarietyofactivitieswithinoneorganization.Inthecourseofasingleyear,amemberofthedramaclubcangetinvolvedinacting,setbuilding,lightingdesign,publicity,ticketsales,andmuchmore.Andbecauseofthevarietyofactivities,Iexpecttomakefriendswithclassmateswithvariedinterestsandabilities.
Peopleinvolvedwiththeaterappeartobehavingalotoffun.Whiletheremaybesomecompetitionamongstars,aproductionisgenerallyacooperativeeffort.Teamworkiskeytomakinganamateurproductionappeartobeprofessional.EveninkindergartenIgothighmarksfrommyteachersin“worksandplayswellwithothers,”andIwouldliketocarrythisaspectofmypersonalityintojoiningacastandcrewthatcreatestheater.
Anotherreasonforjoiningthedramaclubisthatitwillgivemeachancetoperform.Ihavealwaysbeenabitofashow-off.Beingonstagewillallowmetostrutaboutwithoutbeingcriticized.Ihopethatmyactingwillcontributetosuccessfulproductionsalongwithmyworkaspartofthebehind-the-scenescrew.
Finally,anycooperativeeffortmustbeasocialactivity.Thereshouldbelotsofgiveandtakeandconversationduringpreparationsandrehearsals.AndIdolookforwardtocastpartieswhentheshowcloses.Dramaclubseemsliketheperfectextracurricularactivity;Iwillhaveagoodtimewhiledoingsomethingworthwhile.
SCOREYOURSELFScoresontheISEEaredeterminedbycomparingeachstudent’sresultsagainstallotherstudentsinhisorhergradelevelwhotookthatparticulartest.Ascaledscoreisthencalculated.Youcanusethefollowingcalculationstodeterminehowwellyoudidonthispracticetest,butkeepinmindthatwhenyoutaketheactualtest,yourscoremightvary.
Test RawScore ÷No.questions ×100= _____ %
Synonyms _____ ÷20 ×100= _____ %
SentenceCompletions _____ ÷20 ×100= _____ %
TotalVerbalAbility _____ ÷40 ×100= _____ %
Multiple-ChoiceQuantitative _____ ÷19 ×100= _____ %
QuantitativeComparisons _____ ÷18 ×100= _____ %
TotalQuantitativeAbility _____ ÷37 ×100= _____ %
ReadingComprehension _____ ÷36 ×100= _____ %
MathematicsAchievement _____ ÷47 ×100= _____ %
Highpercentagescoresshouldmakeyoufeelverygoodaboutyourself,butlowpercentagesdonotmeanthatyouareafailure.
Remember:•Scoresarenotreportedaspercentages.Alowpercentagemaytranslatetoarespectablescaledscore.
•Thesametestisgiventostudentsingrades8through12.Unlessyouhavefinishedhighschool,youhavenotbeentaughteverythingonthetest.Youarenotexpectedtoknowwhatyouhavenotbeentaught.
•Youwillbecomparedonlytostudentsinyourowngrade.
Useyourscorestoplanfurtherstudyifyouhavetime.
APPENDIXES
AppendixA:ListofSynonyms
AppendixB:Parents’GuidetoPrivateSchools
AppendixC:PrivateSchoolsAt-a-Glance
AppendixA:ListofSynonyms
Aabbreviate—shorten,makeconciseabrasive—harsh,rough,irritatingabstain—refrain,giveup,holdbackacclaim—praise,approve,applaudaccumulate—acquire,gain,hoardaccuse—challenge,blame,incriminate(toattributeresponsibility)adaptable—flexible,changeableadept—skillful,proficient,competentadhere—attach,stick,follow,upholdadversary—enemy,opponent,foe,nemesis(anarchenemy)adverse—bad,negativeaggressive—combative,belligerent(hostile)agitate—irritate,anger,upset,stiragreeable—pleasant,likeable,delightfulambiguous—unclear,vagueambitious—determined,driven,motivatedambivalent—indecisive,wishy-washy,unsureamplify—expand,heighten,enlargeanimated—energetic,lively,spiritedanimosity—hostility,resentment,hatredanomalous—odd,inconsistent,irregular,unusualanonymous—nameless,unknown,unidentifiedantagonize—irritate,bother,annoyapathy—indifference,unconcern,disregard(lackofinterest)arbitrary—random,chance,inconsistentarid—dry,barren,parched(lackingwater)attentive—interested,observant,awareastute—quick-witted,intelligent,smartatypical—notnormal,uncommon,unnaturalaudacious—outrageous,bold,daring
audible—perceptible,discernible,distinct(abletobeheard)authentic—original,trustworthy,credibleautonomous—independent,self-governing
Bbaffle—confuse,stump,puzzlebanal—usual,common,ordinarybarren—lifeless,empty,unfruitful(notabletosupportlife)belated—late,overduebenevolent—kind,good-heartedbenign—mild,peaceable,harmlessberate—scold,criticize,reprimand(toscoldorblame)bleak—grim,hopeless,desolate(desertedandempty)boisterous—noisy,loud,rambunctious(uncontrolled)bombastic—boastful,ostentatious(showy),pompous(fullofoneself)buttress—bolster,reinforce,support
Ccajole—coax,persuade,wheedle(toconvincebyaskingnicely)camaraderie—friendship,companionship,togethernesscandid—truthful,straightforward,unrehearsedcandor—honesty,directness,veracity(truthfulness)capricious—willful,arbitrary,impulsive(actingwithoutthought)captivate—dazzle,enchant,fascinatecaustic—burning,hurtful,sarcastic(cuttingormocking)chaos—disorder,confusion,pandemonium(anuproarorhubbub)circumvent—goaround,avoid,elude(togetawayfrom)clandestine—secret,undercover,covert,surreptitious(hidden)cloying—sticky,sentimental,clingycoerce—force,bully,pressurecogent—powerful,logical,persuasivecognizant—aware,informed,sentient(conscious)coherent—understandable,clearcohesive—close-knit,unified,interconnectedcollaborate—worktogether,cooperate,joinforcescommend—praise,applaud,honorcompatible—harmonious,well-suited,congenial(friendly)
compel—force,require,pressurecompetent—skilled,qualified,proficient(goodat)complacent—self-satisfied,comfortable,smug(self-satisfied)comply—obey,conform,followcomprehensive—thorough,inclusive,completeconcise—short,tothepoint,succinct(brief)condescending—rude,snobbishconfident—sure,convinced,positiveconform—comply,submit,followconformity—compliance,submissioncongested—packed,jammed,blockedcongruent—alike,matching,harmonious(goeswelltogether)consensus—agreement,compromise,harmonyconsequential—important,major,meaningfulconservative—traditional,old-fashioned,conventionalconstant—steady,persistent,incessant(unceasing)constrain—holdback,restrict,inhibit(toslowdownorprevent)consummate—ideal,perfect,superlative(thebest)contaminate—pollute,spoil,taint(tospoilordamage)contemporary—modern,uptodate,newcontradict—disagree,oppose,challengeconventional—usual,established,typicalconverge—meet,cometogether,joinconvey—tell,express,communicateconvoluted—complex,difficultcorroborate—confirm,support,substantiate(tobackupwithevidence)corrupt—dishonest,shady,crookedcovert—secret,hidden,undergroundcriticize—disparage(tocutdown),denigrate(toputdown)culpable—responsible,guilty,atfaultcurtail—cutback,limit,shorten,restrict
Ddebased—corrupted,depraved(wicked)decisive—determined,conclusive,suredecorous—polite,proper,suitabledecry—devalue,disparage(tocriticize),demean(toputdown)
deficient—lacking,insufficient,notenoughdeficit—deficiency,loss,shortagedefinite—certain,explicit,indubitable(notquestionable)defy—disregard,flout(togoagainst)delete—remove,takeaway,expunge(togetridof)deleterious—damaging,hurtful,injurious(harmful)denigrate—malign,impugn,slander(toputdown)deplete—diminish,reduce,useupdeplore—despise,hate,undervaluedeprecate—ridicule,disparage(tocriticize),denigrate(toputdown)deprive—takeaway,rob,removedesire—want,longing,cravingdesolate—barren,lifeless,devoid(empty)destitute—poor,indigent(withoutmoney)destroy—eliminate,obliterate(towipeout),raze(tocompletelydestroy)detach—remove,segregate,separatedeter—stop,halt,hinderdetractor—critic,enemydetrimental—bad,harmful,unfavorabledevastate—destroy,wreck,annihilate(todemolish)devious—dishonest,evil,duplicitous(scheming)diffuse—spreadout,expanded,propagated(spreadout)digress—stray,ramble,deviate(togooffinanotherdirection)diligent—hard-working,earnest,persistentdiminish—decrease,dwindle,reducediminutive—petite,small,shortdire—critical,veryimportant,desperate,grave(serious)disagree—conflict,goagainst,dissent(todifferinopinion)discern—recognize,distinguish,perceivedisclose—tell,expose,reveal,makeknowndiscomfort—unpleasantness,irritation,pain,anguish(greatpain)disconcerting—disturbing,unbalancing,upsettingdiscord—disharmony,conflictdiscrepancy—variation,difference,incongruity(difference)dismal—bleak,sad,horribledismay—disappointment,discouragement,trepidation(anxietyorfear)
dismiss—sendaway,discard,pushasidedisparage—mock,criticize,belittle(toputdown)disparate—atvariance,contrasting,differentdisparity—imbalance,gap,inequitydispute—bicker,argue,contenddisruptive—disorderly,disturbingdisseminate—publicize,scatter,radiate,dispersedissipate—deplete,useup,squander(towaste)distinct—separate,clearlydefined,explicit(obvious)distorted—warped,bentoutofshape,perverteddiverge—separate,deviate(togooffcourse)diverse—dissimilar,different,varieddivide—splitup,disjoin,partition(tocutup)divulge—bringtolight,confess,telldominant—superior,controlling,maindominate—ruleover,influence,overshadowdubious—suspicious,doubtful,disputableduplicitous—two-faced,shady,dishonestdurable—rugged,tough,tenacious(persistent)duress—hardship,suffering,threat
Eendure—bear,withstand,suffer,tolerate,copewitheffusive—expressive,gushing,unrestrainedegotism—narcissism,self-absorption(focusingonlyonone’sselfandone’sowndesires)elaborate—ornate,refined,complicatedelated—thrilled,joyful,euphoric(extremelyhappy)elusive—mysterious,puzzling,baffling(difficulttounderstand)eminent—prestigious,well-known,illustrious(well-knowninapositivemanner)emulate—copy,mimic,actlikeencompass—include,circumscribe,encircleenervate—weaken,incapacitate,drainengage—dealwith,undertake,employengender—incite,provoke,rouse(tomovetoaction)enhance—heighten,improve,increaseenrich—improve,enhance,aggrandize(tomakebigger)enthrall—charm,captivate,mesmerize(tocapturetheattentionof)
eradicate—eliminate,destroy,getridoferratic—irregular,unpredictable,volatile(explosive)espouse—advocate,defend,supportessential—necessary,requisite(required),indispensible(verymuchneeded)euphoric—excited,thrilled,veryhappyexacerbate—embitter,intensify,irritateexasperate—provoke,rileup,infuriate(tomakeangry)exclude—keepout,omit,ostracize(tobansomeonefromagroup)exculpate—forgive,excuse,acquit(tofreefromguilt)exempt—notrequiredto,immuneexonerate—holdblameless,vindicate(tofreefromguilt),exculpate(tofreefromguilt)expand—enlarge,increase,swellexpansive—all-inclusive,broad,widespreadexpedite—quicken,hurry,hastenexpert—skilled,knowledgeable,experiencedextenuate—diminish,lessenextol—praise,exalt,acclaim(toraveabout)extraneous—extra,notneeded,unnecessary,irrelevantextricate—liberate,freeextrinsic—foreign,alien,external(outside)exuberant—cheerful,buoyant(high-spirited),ebullient(fullofpositiveenergy)
Ffabricate—manufacture,makeup,formulatefallacy—falsehood,lie,deceptionfanatic—lunatic,zealot,radical(extremist)fecund—propagating,fertile,fruitful(abletoreproduce)felicitous—appropriate,suitable,apropos(appropriate)feral—wild,savage,untamedfervent—sincere,impassionedflagrant—shameless,undisguised,brazen(brash)flamboyant—glamorous,over-the-top,pretentious(showy)forbid—prohibit,disallow,banformal—official,established,conventionalforthright—sincere,honest,candid(openanddirect)fortitude—courage,endurance,tenacity(persistence)foster—champion,support,nurture
fragile—breakable,weak,frailfrenetic—obsessive,overwrought(veryupset),maniacal(frenzied,likeamadman)frivolity—whimsicality,silliness,childishness,playfulnessfrugal—economical,penny-pinching,thriftyfurtive—secretive,clandestine(hidden),stealthy(doneinasneakyway)futile—pointless,purposeless,trifling(havingnovalue)
Ggargantuan—huge,gigantic,enormousgenerate—make,create,producegenial—cordial,amiable,kindly(likeable)grandiose—exaggerating,pompous(fullofoneself),ostentatious(actinglikea“show-off”)gratuitous—excessive,uncalledfor,unnecessarygreedy—gluttonous,insatiable(strongdesireforselfishgain)gregarious—sociable,outgoing,good-naturedguileless—truthful,honest,straightforwardgullible—simple,credulous(easilyfooled)
Hhackneyed—stale,common,trite(somethingoverdoneorconstantlyrepeated)haughty—snotty,narcissistic(focusedontheself),arrogant(feelingsuperiortoothers)heinous—wicked,repugnant(verybad),atrocious(awful)heretic—pagan,unbeliever,iconoclast(onewhogoesagainstabeliefsystem)hesitate—pause,defer(toputoff),balk(torefusetomoveforward)honorable—well-regarded,law-abiding,esteemed(well-respected)hypocrisy—phoniness,fraudulence(fakeness),duplicity(lying)hypothetical—supposed,presumed,guessed
Iimitate—copy,mimic(copy),impersonate(toactlikesomeone),emulate(tostrivetobelike)immature—childish,infantile(likeaninfant)impede—block,hinder,stymie(thwart)impersonate—mimic,copy,imitate(toactlike)impetuous—hasty,rash(actingwithlittlethought)impulsive—unpredictable,erratic(irregular),hasty(actingquickly,withoutthought)inarticulate—stammering,incomprehensible,tongue-tied(notwell-spoken)incisive—clever,acute,sharp(quick-witted)incompatible—opposite,clashing(conflicting),disparate(different)
incongruent—unlike,conflicting,inconsistentincontrovertible—irrefutable,unquestionable,sureincorporate—include,join,merge,mixincriminate—accuse,involve,blameindecision—ambivalence,hesitancy,tentativenessindependent—self-determining,free,self-sufficient,liberatedindeterminate—inexact,inconclusive,imprecise(notaccurate)indict—accuse,condemn,blameindifference—disinterest,apathy(lackofinterest)indistinct—poorlydefined,murky(unclear),ambiguous(notclearlymarkedorunderstood)induce—motivate,cause,instigate(tosetinmotion)inept—unskillful,clumsy,incompetent(notcapable),bungling(pronetomakingmistakes)inevitable—unavoidable,impending(happeningsoon),destined(boundbydestinytohappen)infamous—disreputable(havingabadreputation),notorious(well-knowninanegativeway)informal—casual,unofficial,unfussyingenious—gifted,intelligent,resourceful(clever)inherent—built-in,natural,innate(foundnaturallywithin)inhibit—constrain,suppress,restrain,preventinhibited—shy,subdued,reserved(quietortimidinmanner)initiate—start,begin,inaugurate(toimplement)initiative—drive,motivation,gumptioninnocuous—inoffensive,mild,harmlessinsipid—dull,tedious,boringinsolence—crudeness,disrespect,impertinence(lackofrespect)instigate—start,initiate(tobegin),foment(tostimulatetoaction)integrate—puttogether,merge,harmonizeintimidating—coercive,threatening,compellingintrepid—fearless,courageous,undaunted(unafraid)inundate—overload,flood,overwhelminvariable—unchanging,consistent,constant,steadyinvigorate—energize,stimulate,enliveninvincible—strong,unbeatable,indomitable(unabletobeconquered)irate—angry,furious,enragedirrational—illogical,nonsensicalirregular—variable,unsteady,inconsistent,unusual,variegated(fullofvariety)irresolute—uncertain,undecided,indecisive
irritate—annoy,upset,aggravate
Jjeopardize—endanger,threatenjovial—happy,upbeat,good-naturedjudicious—thoughtful,cautious,prudent(wise)
Kkeen—sharp,quick,astute(smart)
Llaborious—difficult,hard,demandinglackluster—dull,boring,uninterestinglament—mourn,regret,grievelanguid—slow,sluggish,weaklanguish—droop,decline,sufferlatent—unexpressed,inactive,hidden,undevelopedlavish—extravagant,posh,opulent(abundant)lax—relaxed,loose,permissive,lenient(notstrict)lazy—unmotivated,unenergetic,indolent(avoidingwork)legitimate—actual,real,verified(showntobetrue)lenient—allowing,permissive,forgiving,lax(notstrict)lethargic—slow,lazy,sluggish,inactiveliability—obligation,debt,weakness,disadvantagelinger—stay,loiter,delaylivid—angry,irate,furiouslofty—high,ambitious,pretentious(showy)loquacious—talkative,chatty,wordy,garrulous(talkative)lucid—clear,understandable,rational
Mmalevolence—hatred,illwill,malice(intenttoharm)malingering—lazy,shirking(avoidingduties)malignant—harmful,dangerousmalleable—changeable,bendable,pliable(easytobend)mature—full-grown,developed,ripemediocre—unimpressive,ordinary,average,so-somercurial—ever-changing,unpredictable,fickle(notloyal),capricious(quicktochange)
meticulous—neat,careful,detailed,precise(accurate)misconception—misunderstanding,misperception,falsebeliefmitigate—reduce,lessen,relievemoderate—mild,medium,averagemodicum—bit,tidbit,morsel(atinyamount)mollify—soothe,calm,pacify(tocalm)moribund—dying,ending,declining,terminal(attheend)morose—negative,dark,sullen(gloomy)mundane—ordinary,commonplace,everydaymunificent—generous,lavish,liberal(givingfreely)mutable—changeable,flexible,malleable(abletobechanged)
Nnaive—innocent,trusting,newcomernarcissistic—self-absorbed,conceited,selfishnebulous—vague,unclearneglect—forget,abandon,overlooknemesis—archenemy,opponent,adversarynocturnal—nighttime,vampirishnonchalant—casual,relaxed,laid-backnotorious—disreputable(havingabadreputation),infamous(well-knownforabadreason)novel—new,unique,imaginativenovice—beginner,trainee,neophyte(newlearner)nurture—carefor,foster,protect
Oobjective—fair,unbiased,open-mindedobliterate—demolish,eliminate,eradicate(wipeout)oblivious—unresponsive,unaware,forgettingobscure—unknown,minor,unseenobsolete—outdated,irrelevant,archaic(old)obstinate—stubborn,headstrong,obdurate(stubborn),tenacious(determined)obtrusive—obvious,prominent,blatant(highlynoticeable)occlude—block,obstruct,impede(toholdback)omnipotent—supreme,invincible(unstoppable)onerous—burdensome,tedious(repetitiveandboring),arduous(difficultanddemanding)opinionated—inflexible,unbending,dogmatic(havingrigidopinions)
opponent—rival,foe,challengeropportune—well-timed,advantageous(helpful)optimistic—hopeful,positive,sanguine(confident)opulent—lavish,luxurious,sumptuous(expensive)ordinary—common,usual,regular,normalornate—lavish,bejeweled,adorned(decorated)orthodox—conventional,mainstream,usualostentatious—flashy,flamboyant,pretentious(showy)ostracize—banish,ignore,castoutovert—open,unconcealed,blatant(obvious)
Pparched—dry,dehydrated,waterlesspariah—outcast,untouchable,exilepassion—enthusiasm,zeal,delightpassive—sluggish,lifeless,inert(inactive)pathetic—pitiful,wretched,lamepenitent—sorry,apologetic,contrite(sorry)perceptive—insightful,observantperish—die,passaway,expireperplexing—puzzling,bewildering,mystifyingpersevere—persist,continue,keeponperturb—annoy,disturb,botherpervasive—omnipresent,all-encompassing(foundeverywhere)pessimistic—gloomy,negativepious—religious,reverentplacate—soothe,pacify,appease(tocalmdown)placid—calm,peaceful,easygoingplausible—believable,possible,likelypopular—appealing,well-liked,admiredpotent—powerful,strong,effectivepractical—useful,sensible,no-nonsenseprecede—lead,gobeforepredatory—aggressive,rapacious(outtokill)predominant—major,principal,mostcommonpretentious—showy,conceited,self-importantprivilege—advantage,benefit
procrastinate—postpone,delayproficient—skilled,talented,capableproliferate—increase,flourish,spread,thrive(todowell)propagate—spread,transmit,publicizepropensity—tendency,inclination,penchant(tendency)proponent—supporter,advocate,fanpropriety—respectability,politenessprosaic—dull,ordinary,commonplaceprosperous—wealthy,affluent,abundantproximity—closeness,convenience,nearnessprudent—wise,cautious,practicalpunitive—penalizing,disciplinary,retaliatory(punishing)purify—cleanse,distill,filter,sanitize
Qquell—crush,defeat,conquer,suppressquerulous—difficult,irritable,argumentative,cantankerous(argumentative)quarrelsome—querulous,cranky,grouchy,bad-temperedquiescent—quiet,sluggish,passive(inactive),dormant(inactive)
Rrandom—accidental,haphazard,chance,casualrational—sane,normal,coherent(makessense)rebut—deny,disprove,invalidaterecede—ebb,diminish,drawbackreclusive—isolated,solitary,withdrawnreconcile—reunite,resolve,bringtogetherrecuperate—recover,getwell,improverefined—polished,developed,cultivatedremedy—cure,restore,fixremorse—guilt,sorrow,regret,shameremote—distant,isolated,farrenovate—renew,refresh,repairrenounce—reject,abandon,denyreplete—full,stuffed,plentifulreprehensible—criminal,wicked,disgracefulrepress—restrain,control,suppress,stifle(toholdback)
reputable—trustworthy,dependable,respectable,legitimateresilient—flexible,elastic,reboundingresplendent—dazzling,magnificent,glorious,stunningrestrain—control,confine,holdbackretain—keep,save,preserverevere—admire,respect,esteem(toregardhighly)robust—healthy,strong,vigorousroutine—usual,ordinary,normalrupture—break,burst,ripopen
Ssagacious—wise,shrewd,learned,perceptivesaturate—soak,flood,inundate(tooverwhelm)scrutinize—examine,inspect,analyzesecrete—conceal,hide,stashsedentary—inactive,immobile,lethargic(slow)sequential—inorder,chronological(sortedbytime)serene—calm,peaceful,tranquilskeptical—doubtful,unconvinced,disbelievingsolace—comfort,support,reliefsoporific—dull,sleep-inducing,monotonous(boring)sparse—limited,scarce,inadequate,scant(asmallamount)spontaneous—unplanned,spur-of-the-moment,impromptu(unplanned)squander—waste,spend,misusestagnant—still,inactive,inert(notactive)sterile—antiseptic,disinfected,sanitarystimulate—encourage,motivate,inspirestrenuous—taxing,straining,demanding,arduous(difficult)strict—firm,exacting,rigoroussubmissive—obedient,passive(inactive),compliant(willingtoobey)substantial—considerable,extensive,sizeable,significantsubstantiate—verify,prove,corroborate(toprove)subtle—slight,understated,delicatesullen—brooding,grim,gloomysummon—call,beckon,gathersuperficial—shallow,surfacesuperfluous—extra,surplus(morethanisneeded)
supply—provide,give,contributesupport—maintain,encourage,sustain(tokeepgoing)suppress—prevent,repress(toholddown),stifle(toholdback),constrain(tolimit)surge—rush,flow,pour,gushsurplus—extra,spare,leftoversurreptitious—secret,sneaky,stealthy(sneaky),covert(hidden)surrogate—substitute,replacement,stand-insustain—support,maintain,keepgoing
Ttame—domestic,friendly,docile(obedient)tardy—late,slow,delayedtedious—boring,dull,dreary,monotonous(boring)temperate—moderate,pleasant,mildtemperamental—unpredictable,moody,volatile(explosive)tenacious—stubborn,persistent,determinedtentative—cautious,hesitant,uncertaintenuous—weak,flimsy,fragiletense—worried,anxious,stressed,uptightterminate—end,finish,conclude,ceaseterse—abrupt,brief,concise(tothepoint),brusque(abrupt)therapeutic—healing,beneficial,helpfultolerant—broadminded,understanding,forbearing(patient)toxic—poisonous,deadly,lethal(deadly)tranquil—peaceful,calm,relaxing,serene(peaceful)transgression—wrongdoing,disobedience,offensetransient—temporary,brief,fleeting,short-livedtranslucent—clear,transparent,see-throughtreacherous—unsafe,dangerous,hazardous,perilous(dangerous)trepidation—fear,anxiety,apprehension(fear)trivial—minor,insignificant,petty,negligible(notimportant)truncate—shorten,abbreviate,trimturbulent—chaotic,confused,tumultuous(inturmoil)
Uunheralded—unannounced,unpredicted,unexpecteduniform—unchanging,unvarying,standardized,homogeneous(thesame)
unpalatable—unpleasant,distasteful,disagreeableunparalleled—matchless,unequaled,incomparable,supremeunstinting—generous,givinguntenable—indefensible,unreasonableutilitarian—useful,practical,functionalutopian—perfect,ideal
Vvague—unclear,hazy,indistinct(notclear)valid—legitimate,reasonable,sensiblevalidate—confirm,approve,certify,authorizevalid—authentic,legal,legitimate,officialverdant—green,lush,luxuriantversatile—adaptable,resourceful,multitalentedvex—annoy,pester,irritate,exasperate(frustrate)virtuoso—expert,master,ace,whizviscous—thick,sticky,glueyvitality—energy,liveliness,durabilityvital—essential,fundamental,crucialvivacious—lively,cheerful,spiritedvivid—bright,vibrant,colorfulvolatile—explosive,unpredictable,unstablevoluntary—unpaid,honorary,probono(donewithoutpay)vulnerable—unprotected,indanger,atrisk
Wwane—diminish,decline,fadewaver—hesitate,fluctuate,vacillate(tobeindecisive)whimsical—fanciful,quirky,eccentric(unusual)wordy—rambling,long-winded,verbose(fullofwords)
Yyouthful—young,vigorous,vital
Zzealous—eager,passionate,fervent(fullofpassion)zeal—enthusiasm,passion,eagerness
AppendixB:Parents’GuidetoPrivateSchools
Onthefollowingpagesyouwillfindarticlesonchoosingprivateschools,understandingadmissionapplicationforms,andpayingforprivateschools.Thearticlesarewrittenbyteachers,administrators,deans,andothereducationalprofessionals.
WhyChooseanIndependentSchool?
Dr.JohnE.ChubbPresidentoftheNationalAssociationofIndependentSchools(NAIS)
Morethanhalfamillionfamilieseachyearchooseindependentprivateschools.Eachindependentschoolhasauniquemissionthatguidesitsofferings.Atanindependentschool,youcanchooseaschoolwherethephilosophy,values,andteachingapproacharerightforyourchild.
Independentschoolsnurturenotjuststudents’intellectualabilityandcuriositybutalsotheirpersonalandsocialgrowthandcivicconscience.Opportunitiesextendwellbeyondtheclassroomtoathleticcompetitions,artisticpursuits,andschoolleadershipexperiences.
Ifyou’reinterestedinpersonalattentionforyourchild,independentprivateschoolshavelowstudent-teacherratios,whichhelpteacherstogettoknowstudentswell.MorethantwiceasmanystudentsattheschoolsbelongingtotheNationalAssociationofIndependentSchools(NAIS)reportedthattheyreceivedhelpfulfeedbackfromteachersonassignmentscomparedtostudentsatallothertypesofschools,accordingtoTheHighSchoolSurveyofStudentEngagement(http://ceep.indiana.edu/hssse/index.html).Inaddition,studentswhoattendedNAISschoolsweremorethantwiceaslikelyasstudentsatotherschoolstosaythattheschoolcontributed“verymuch”totheirgrowthincriticalthinking.
TheFreshmanSurveyTrendsReport,anannualstudyconductedbytheHigherEducationResearchInstitute,foundthatgraduatesofNAISschoolsfeltmorepreparedfortheacademicdemandsofcollegethantheirpublicschoolcounterparts.Ascollegefreshmen,NAISgraduatesreportedthattheyweremorelikelytoaskquestionsinclassandexploretopicsontheirown,eventhoughitwasnotrequiredforaclass.
Independentschoolsofferdynamiccommunitiesinwhichparentsareinvestedintheirchildren’seducationandparticipateactivelyinthelifeoftheschool.Theseschoolspromoteregularcommunicationamongstudents,parents,andteacherstoensureeveryoneisworkingtowardthesamegoalsforthestudent.
Visitthehttp://parents.nais.orgtodaytolearnmoreaboutindependentprivateschools.
AnotherOption:IndependentDaySchools
LilaLohr
Forthoseofuswhoarefortunateenoughtobeabletosendourchildrentoanindependentdayschool,itseemstoofferthebestofbothworlds.Ourchildrenareabletoreaptheenormousbenefitsofanindependentschooleducationandwe,asparents,areabletocontinuetoplayavital,dailyroleintheeducationofourchildren.Parentsenjoybeingseenaspartnerswithdayschoolsineducatingtheirchildren.
Asmoreandmoreindependentdayschoolshavesprungupincommunitiesacrossthecountry,moreandmoreparentsarechoosingtosendtheirchildrentothem,evenwhenitmightinvolvealengthydailycommute.Contrarytosomeoldstereotypes,parentsofindependentschoolstudentsarenotallcutfromthesamemold,livinginthesameneighborhoodwithidenticaldreamsandaspirationsfortheirchildren.Independentschoolparentsrepresentawiderangeofinterests,attitudes,andparentingstyles.
Theyalsohaveseveralthingsincommon.Mostparentssendtheirchildrentoindependentdayschoolsbecausetheythinktheirchildrenwillgetabettereducationinasafe,value-ladenenvironment.Manyparentsarewillingtopaysubstantialannualtuitionbecausetheybelievetheirchildrenwillbeheldtocertainstandards,challengedacademically,andthoroughlypreparedforcollege.
Thiswillingnesstomakewhatare,formany,substantialfinancialsacrificesreflectstherecognitionthatmuchofone’scharacterisformedinschool.Concernedparentswanttheirchildrentogotoschoolswherevaluesarediscussedandreinforced.Theyseekschoolsthathaveclearexpectationsandlimits.Thenonpublicstatusallowsindependentschoolstoestablishspecificstandardsofbehaviorandperformanceandtosuspendorexpelstudentswhodon’tconformtothoseexpectations.
Understandingthepowerofadolescentpeerpressure,parentsareeagertohavetheirchildrengotoschoolwithotherteenswhoareacademicallyambitiousandrequiredtobehave.Theyseekanenvironmentwhereitis“cool”tobesmart,toworkhard,andtobeinvolvedintheschoolcommunity.Inindependentdayschools,studentsspendtheireveningsdoinghomework,expecttobecalledoninclass,andparticipateinsportsorclubs.
Successfulindependentschools,whetherelementaryorhighschool,largeorsmall,single-sexorcoed,recognizetheimportanceofaschool-parentpartnershipineducatingeachchild.Experiencedfacultymembersandadministratorsreadilyacknowledgethat,whiletheyareexpertsoneducation,parentsaretheexpertsontheirownchildren.Gonearethedayswhen
parentssimplydroppedtheirchildrenoffinthemorning,pickedthemupattheendoftheday,andassumedtheschoolwoulddotheeducating.Clearly,childrenbenefitenormouslywhentheirparentsandteachersworktogether,sharingtheirobservationsandconcernsopenlyandfrequently.
Independentschoolsencouragethistwo-waygive-and-takeandarecommittedtotakingitwellbeyondthepublicschoolmodel.Annualback-to-schoolnightsareattendedbymorethan90percentofparents.Teacher-parentandstudent-teacher-parentconferences,extensivewrittencommentsaspartofthereportcards,andadvisersystemsthatencourageclosefaculty-studentrelationshipsareallstructuresthatfacilitatethisparent-schoolpartnership.Althoughmoreandmoreindependentschoolparentsworkfull-time,theymaketimeforthesecriticalopportunitiestositdownanddiscusstheirchildren’sprogress.
Mostindependentschoolswelcomeandencourageparentalinvolvementandsupport.Althoughtheindividualstructuresvaryfromschooltoschool,mostincludeopportunitiesbeyondmakingcookiesandchaperoningdances.Manyparentsenjoybeinginvolvedincommunityserviceprojects,workingonschoolfundraisers,participatinginadmissionactivities,sharingtheirexpertiseinappropriateacademicclasses,andevenofferingstudentinternships.Mostschoolshavemadeaconcertedefforttostructurespecificopportunitiesforworkingparentstoparticipateinthelifeoftheschool.
Independentdayschoolsrecognizethebenefitsofparentvolunteersandofextendingthemselvessothatparentsfeelthattheyareanimportantpartoftheschoolfamily.Buddysystemsthatpairnewparentswithfamilieswhohavebeenattheschoolforseveralyearshelpeasethetransitionforfamilieswhoarenewtotheindependentschoolsector.
Independentschoolshavealsorespondedtoincreasedparentalinterestinprogramsfocusingonparentingskills.Recognizingtheinherentdifficultiesofraisingchildren,independentdayschoolshaveprovidedforumsfordiscussingandlearningaboutdrugs,depression,stressmanagement,peerpressure,andthelike.Bookgroups,paneldiscussions,andworkshopsprovideimportantopportunitiesforparentstosharetheirconcernsandtogettoknowtheparentsoftheirchildren’sclassmates.Schoolsrecognizethatthisparent-to-parentcommunicationandnetworkingstrengthenstheentireschoolcommunity.
Manycurrentdayschoolparentswouldcontendthatwhenyouchooseanindependentdayschoolforyourchildyouarereallychoosingaschoolfortheentirefamily.Thestudentsbecomesoinvolvedintheiracademicandextracurricularactivitiesandtheparentsspendsomuchtimeatschoolsupportingthoseactivitiesthatitdoesbecometheentirefamily’sschool.
LilaLohrisaformerHeadofSchoolatPrincetonDaySchoolinPrinceton,NewJersey,andtheFriendsSchoolofBaltimoreinBaltimore,Maryland.Shehasbeenateacherandanadministratorinindependentdayschoolsformorethanthirtyyearsandisthemotherof3independentdayschoolgraduates.
WhyBoardingSchool:ReasonsIChoseThisPathandWhyYouMight,Too
JustinMuchnick
Myseventh-gradeliteratureclasschangedmylife.Tobemoreexact,Mr.Rogers,myseventh-gradeliteratureteacher,changedmylife.Onlyatemporarysubstituteteacher(theregularfacultymembertooktheyearoffformaternityleave),Mr.Rogersenteredtheclassroomonthefirstdayofschoolanddidsomethingremarkable:heaskedhisstudentstohaveaconversationaboutabookwehadreadoverthesummer.Myschool’straditional“raiseyourhandandwaittobecalledon”styleoflearninghadleftmecompletelyunpreparedforateacherwhowantedmetotalk.Nevertheless,Irelishedtheopportunitytolearninthisinterestinganddynamicclassroomenvironment,andIcertainlyjumpedatachancetovoicemyopinionswithoutfearofbeingchastisedforspeakingoutofturn.
Withinafewweeks,activeparticipationhadfullycementeditsreputationastheprimarywayoflearninginMr.Rogers’class.Insteadofemployingastandardrow-and-columnclassroomseatingpattern,Mr.Rogerspositionedourseatsinalargecircle.This“Harkness”methodencouragedfree-flowingconversationsinwhichMr.Rogerswouldserveonlyasamediatorandparticipant.Ratherthanwritingblandresponsestoevenblanderstudyquestions,myclasshoneditspublicspeakingskillsbyparticipatinginspur-of-the-momentdebatesaboutthesetopics.Mr.Rogers’classroom,reminiscentofasceneoutofDeadPoetsSociety,allowedtheactoflearningtointellectuallystretchandstimulateme.
AsMr.Rogersbecamemyfriendandmentoraswellasmyteacher,IlearnedthathehadpreviouslyworkedastheWriterinResidenceatPhillipsExeterAcademy,aboardingschoolinNewEngland.Atthattime,Ithoughtthatboardingschoolmeantaplacewheredisobedientchildrenweresenttoresolvetheirbehavioralissues.Mr.Rogers,though,spokeglowinglyoftheEastCoastboardingschoolsystemandtoldmethatschoolslikeExeterutilizeanactive,discussion-based,Mr.Rogers-esquestyleofteaching.Soon,IstarteddreamingofaschoolfullofteacherslikeMr.Rogers,fullofintellectuallycuriousstudents,andfullofeagerlearners.IdidsomeresearchaboutExeterandotherNewEnglandschools,andinthespringofmyseventh-gradeyear,Ipresentedtheboardingschoolideatomymomanddad.
Atfirst,myparentscommendedmeontheexcellentjokeIhadpulledonthem;however,theyquicklyrealizedthatIwasserious.TheybegantothinkthatIwantedtogetawayfromthemorthatIdislikedmyfamily.Butafterextensivenegotiations,Iwasabletoconvincethemthatthiswasnotthecase,andbymidwaythroughthesummerafterseventhgrade,theyfullybackedmydecision.OncemyfamilyagreedthatIwasinfactgoingtopursuetheboardingschoolidea,we
madeitourmissiontoselecttheschoolstowhichIwouldapply.IdevisedalistofqualitiesIwaslookingforinaboardingschool.Atthispointintheapplicationprocess,you,too,shouldcreatealistofcriteria—youcansaveyourselfthewastedtimeandeffortofapplyingtothe“wrong”schoolsbyknowingwhatkindsofschoolsbestsuityou.Thoughyourpersonallistmaybeverydifferent,minewasasfollows:
Size:Itriedtofindarelativelybigschool.Atmyprimaryschool,theaveragegradesizewasabout50students,and,astimeworeon,mydesiretoexpandbeyondmysmallgroupofclassmatesgrewstronger.Byapplyingtolargerschools,IfeltthatIcouldbothbroadenmysocialexperienceandavoidanother“smallschoolburnout.”
UniformPolicy:Myformerschoolenforcedastrictdresscode.SincecollaredshirtsandIneverreallyhitifoff,Ihaddefinitelywornauniformforlongenough.Thus,Ididnotwanttospendmyhighschoolyearswearingablazerandslacks.
Single-SexorCoed:Ididn’treallywanttospendmyhighschoolyearsatanall-boysschool.
Location:Forme,theEastCoastseemedlikethebestplacetofindaboardingschool.Afterall,that’swhatMr.Rogershadrecommended.
Academics:Ihaveanunquenchablethirstforknowledge.Ididnotwishto“dehydrate”myselfataschoolwithaless-than-excellentacademicreputation.
ProximitytoanAirport:Mymomthoughtofthisone.ShesuggestedthatIshouldapplytoschoolslocatednearamajorairportthatofferednonstopflightsfromLosAngeles.Cross-countryflightsaretoughenough;complicatingmatterswithaconnectingflightseemedunnecessary.
Herearesomeotherthingsthatyoumightwanttoconsider:
ReligiousAffiliation:Doyouwantreligiontoplayalargepartinyourhighschoolexperience,orwouldyourathergotoanondenominationalschool?
SpecialtySchools:Doyouwanttoapplytoschoolsthatfocusonaspecificaspectormethodoflearning?Areyouparticularlytalentedinacertainfield?Ifso,lookintoarts,mathandsciences,ormilitaryschools.
Athletics:Ifyouplayasport,youmighttrytolookforschoolswithstrongteamsandexceptionalathleticfacilities.Onegoodwaytodothisistocontactaschool’scoachorathleticdirector.Asbothasoccerplayerandawrestler,Italkedtomanycoachesfromanumberofdifferentboardingschoolstogetasenseofeachschool’sathleticprogram.
Cost/FinancialAidPolicy:Obviously,someschoolsaremoreexpensivethanothers.Inadditiontolookingatthetuition,youmaywanttofindoutwhichschoolsofferneed-basedfinancialaidoranymerit-basedscholarships.
Bycomparingvariousschoolstomypersonallistofattributes,Iwasabletofindfourschools
thatreallymatchedmyrequirements.IsentapplicationstoChoateRosemaryHall,TheLawrencevilleSchool,PhillipsExeterAcademy,andPhillipsAcademyAndover,andIwasfortunateenoughtohavebeenacceptedbyallfourschools.AftertakingtheSSAT®,writingapplications,andinterviewingwithadmissionofficers,littledidIrealizethatIwouldstillhaveonelast,equallysignificanthurdletojump.ThechoicethatIwasabouttomakewoulddirectlyimpactthenextfouryearsofmylife,somyparentsandIdideverythinginourpowertoensurethatmydecisionwasthecorrectone.Byobtainingcontactinformationfromadmissionofficesaswellasschoolcounselorsandfriendsoffriends,wesoughtoutcurrentstudentswholivedlocallyandattendedeachoftheschools.Wescheduledface-to-facemeetingswithasmanyofthemaswecould,duringwhichwe“grilled”themontheprosandconsoftheirschools.Wespenthoursreadingwebsites,blogs,andFacebookpagesinhopesofgettingstudents’unsolicitedperspectivesoftheirschools.Mostimportantly,however,weattendedtherevisitdaysforeachoftheschools.Forthoseatthisstageoftheboardingschoolprocess,Iwouldhighlyrecommendgoingtotheadmittedstudentseventsifyouhavethefinancialmeansandyourschedulepermits.Atanygivenrevisitday,IwastrulyabletogetafeelforthecampusandenvironmentandseeifIcouldenvisionmyselfasastudentatthatschoolnextyear—sometimesmygutinstinctwouldtellme“yes,”andothertimesitwouldtellme“no.”Whileoncampus,Ialsohadtheopportunitytoaskcountlesscurrentstudentsabouttheirhighschoolexperiences.Don’tbeafraidtoasktoughquestions.Bydoingso,youcanbetterunderstandthegeneralcampusvibe.Aftertherevisitdays,Iwasabletomakemydecisionwithconfidence.IwasgoingtoAndover!
YoumightchoosetoapplytoboardingschoolsfordifferentreasonsthanIdid.Notwocasesareexactlyalike,butmanyapplicantsfallintothesecategories.
ReadytoLeaveHome:Whetherit’sadesireforindependence,frictionwithinthehousehold,oranyotherreason,waitinguntilcollegetoliveonyourownisn’tthebestoptionforyou.
FamilyTradition:Asababy,youworeaboardingschoolbibaroundyourneck.Yourfavoriteshirtisoneemblazonedwithaparticularschool’semblem.Afewolderfamilymembershavepavedtheway,or,perhaps,generationsofrelativeshaveattended.Boardingschoolisinyourblood.
SearchingforDiversity:Youhavegrownupinahomogenouscommunity,oryouyearnfordifferenceinbothtraditionandmindset.Today’sboardingschoolsaffordyouinteractionwithpeersofallracial,financial,geographical,andreligiousbackgrounds—conducivetoamulticulturaleducationalexperience.
LoveofLearning:Isyournoseperpetuallystuckinabook?Doyoustayafterclasstodelvedeeperintoaconversationwithyourteacher?Isyourideaofafunweekendactivityreadinguponpoliticalaffairsorthelatestscientificbreakthrough?Doyoulovelearningforlearning’ssake?Ifso,boardingschoolisundoubtedlyworthexploring.
Forme,theprocessofapplyingtoandselectingboardingschoolswasfueledbymyinnatepassionforlearning:Isimplywantedtofindaplacewhereitwas“cooltobesmart.”WhenI
lookbackatthisinitialnotion,Irealizethatitwascertainlyidealisticandabitnaïve,butAndoverhascomeaboutascloseaspossible.Thoughbusyworkanduninterestingconversationsbogmedownfromtimetotime,theyaremorethanmadeupforbyengagingwritingprompts,stimulatingdiscussions,andinspirationalteachersthatwouldmakeevenMr.Rogersproud.
Tolearnmoreaboutboardingschools,lookforPeterson’sTheBoardingSchoolSurvivalGuide,byJustinMuchnick,availableinstores,online,andasanebook.
JustinMuchnickisastudentatPhillipsAcademyAndoverinMassachusetts.Heiscaptainofthevarsitywrestlingteam,playssoccer,participatesinthechessclub,andworksasacampustourguide.Apassionatelearner,Justinenjoysreading,writing,Latin,andmodernAmericanhistory.Heco-authoredStraight-AStudySkills(AdamsMedia,January2013).HeistheyoungestjournalistforTheBootleg®(http://stanford.scout.com),StanfordUniversity’ssportsnewswebsite,wherehewritesarticlesaboutcollegefootball.Whenheisnotatboardingschool,JustinresidesinNewportBeach,California,withhisparentsandthreeyoungersiblings.
WhyaTherapeuticorSpecialNeedsSchool?
DiederikvanRenesse
Familiescontactmewhenasonordaughterisexperiencingincreaseddifficultiesinschoolorhasshownarealchangeinattitudeathome.Uponfurtherdiscussion,parentsoftensharethefactthattheyhavespokenwiththeirchild’steachersandhaveheldmeetingstoestablishsupportsystemsintheschoolandathome.Evaluations,medications,therapists,andmotivationalcounselingarebutafewofthemultipleapproachesthatparentsandeducatorstake—yetinsomecases,thedownwardspiralcontinues.Anxietybuildsinthestudentandfamilymembers;schoolavoidanceandincreasedfamilyturmoilreachapointwherethesituationisintolerable,andalternativesmustbeexplored—beitaspecialneedsschool,atherapeuticschool,oracombinationofboth.
Butshouldthatschoolbeadayorresidentialschool,andhowdoparentsdecidewhichwillbestmeettheirchild’sneeds?ResourcessuchasPeterson’sPrivateSecondarySchoolsguide,theInternet,guidance/schoolcounselors,andtherapistsarevaluable;however,thesubtlenuancesinvolvedindeterminingtheenvironmentthatwillbestservethechildaredifficulttoascertain.Somefamiliesseekthehelpofanindependenteducationconsultanttoidentifythemostappropriatesetting.Manyindependenteducationconsultantsspecializeinworkingwithchildrenwhohavespecialneedssuchaslearningdifferences,anxietydisorders,emotionalissues,ADHD,opposition,defiance,schoolphobia,drugoralcoholabuse,AspergerSyndrome,autism,andmore.Consultantshavefrequentcontactwiththeschools,andtheyworkcloselywithparentsduringtheenrollmentprocess.
Giventhebroadspectrumofneedspresentedbyindividualstudents,manyparentsquestionwhetherthereisindeedadayschoolthatcanmeettheneedsoftheirchild.Theansweroftendependsonlocation,spaceavailability,willingnesstorelocate,andappropriatenessoftheoptions.WhiletherearemanydayschooloptionsthroughouttheUnitedStates,thereareevenmoreresidentialorboardingoptions.Clearlythedecisiontohaveyourchildattendaresidentialschoolisnotmadeeasily.Asafamilyyoumayfeelasthoughyoudonothaveachoice—butyoushouldundertakeathoroughassessmentofallthedayoptionsandhowtheymightmeetthemajorityofyourchild’sneeds.
Whentheprimaryconcernsarelearningdifferences,manylocaloptions(thoughoftensmallandissue-specific)areavailabletofamilies.LocalcounselorsareoftenvaluableresourcesasarelocalchaptersofnationalLDorganizations.Ifyoucomeupwithavarietyofoptions,carefullycomparethembyvisitingtheschoolsandmeetingwiththespecialistsateachschool—thoseindividualswhowillworkdirectlywithyourchild.
Withthedayoptions,itisimportanttokeepthefollowingfactorsinmind:programandstaff
credentials,transportationtimetoandfromtheschool,availabilityofadditionalresources(supportservices)inoroutsidetheschoolsetting,sportsandextracurricularofferings,facilitiesandaccessibility,andyourchild’spotentialpeergroup.Youwillalsoneedtoassessmanyofthesefactorswhenconsideringresidentialschools,althoughmostresidentialschoolsaremoreself-containedthandayschools.Alsosignificantiswhethertheschoolhasbeenapprovedbyandacceptsfundingfromitsstateand/orschooldistrict.
Forfamilieswhocannotavailthemselvesoflocaldayoptionsorwhosechildisbestservedinaresidentialsetting,anevengreaterspectrumofoptionsisavailable.Theserangefromtraditionalboardingschoolswithbuilt-inacademicsupportservicestotherapeuticboardingschools,wildernessoroutdoortherapeuticprograms,emotionalgrowthorbehaviormodificationschools,transitionalorindependentlivingprograms,andevenresidentialtreatmentcenters,hospitals,orotherhealthfacilities.
Giventhebreadthoftheresidentialschoolsorprograms,mostfamiliesarebestservedbyateamthatincludesnotonlytheparents(andattimesthestudent),butalsotheprofessionalswhohavetaught,counseled,andworkedcloselywiththechild.Together,theteamcanidentifythespecificneeds,deficits,orbehavioralissuesthatmustbeaddressed,andtheycanworktogethertomatchthosewiththeappropriateschools.Aswithdayschools,youshouldarrangetovisitthefacilitiessothatyouarewell-informedabouteachoptionandwillbecomfortablewithyourfinaldecision.Thesevisitsarenotonlyopportunitiesforyoutomeetthestaffandstudents,butalsoforyouandyourchildtobeginarelationshipthatwillcontinuewhenyourchildisenrolled.
Thereisnoquestionthatseekingalternativeoptions,whethertheyarespecialneedsortherapeutic,isadauntingtask.However,withthehelpofexpertresourcesandreliableprofessionals,therightschoolcanmakeasignificantandlastingimpactonyourchild’shealthandwell-being.
DiederikvanRenesseisaSeniorPartneratSteinbrecher&PartnersEducationalConsultingServicesinWestport,Connecticut.Aformerteacher,admissiondirector,andprivateschoolcounselor,henowspecializesinhelpingfamiliesthroughouttheUnitedStatesandabroadwithyoungsterswhorequirespecialneedsoralternativeschoolsorwhoneedinterventionsandtherapeuticsettings.
FindingthePerfectMatch
HeleneReynolds
Oneoftherealbenefitsofindependenteducationisthatitallowsyoutodeliberatelyseekoutandchooseaschoolcommunityforyourchild.Ifyouarelikemostparents,youwantyourchild’sschoolyearstoreflectanappropriatebalanceofacademicchallenge,socialdevelopment,andexplorationintoathleticsandthearts.Youhopethatthroughexposuretonewideasandsoundmentoringyourchildwilldevelopanawarenessofindividualsocialresponsibility,aswellasthestudyskillsandworkethictomakeacontributiontohisorherworld.Itiseveryparent’sfondestwishtohavetheschoolexperiencesparkthoseareasofcompetencethatcanbepursuedtowardexcellenceanddistinction.
Anincreasingnumberofparentsrealizethatthisidealeducationisfoundoutsidetheirpublicschoolsystem,thatshrinkingbudgets,divisiveschoolboards,andovercrowdedclassroomshaveresultedinschoolswhereotheragendasviewitheducationforattentionandmoney.Inthisenvironmentthereislesstimeandenergyforteacherstofocusonindividualneeds.
Thedecisiontochooseaprivateschoolcanbemadeforasmanydifferentreasonsastherearefamiliesmakingthechoice.Perhapsyourchildwouldbenefitfromsmallerclassesoracceleratedinstruction.Perhapsyourchildhasneedsorabilitiesthatcanbemoreappropriatelyaddressedinaspecializedenvironment.Perhapsyouareconcernedabouttheacademicqualityofyourlocalpublicschoolandtheimpactitmayhaveonyourchild’sacademicfuture.Orperhapsyoufeelthataprivateschooleducationisagiftyoucangiveyourchildtoguidehimorhertowardamoresuccessfulfuture.
Everychildisanindividual,andthismakesschoolchoiceaprocessuniquetoeachfamily.Thefactthatyourfatherattendedatop-flightEasternboardingschooltopreparefortheIvyLeaguedoesnotnecessarilymakethiseducationalcoursesuitableforallofhisgrandchildren.Inadditiontodeterminingtheschool’soverallquality,youmustexploretheappropriatenessofphilosophy,curriculum,levelofacademicdifficulty,andstylebeforemakingyourselection.Therightschoolistheschoolwhereyourchildwillthrive,andafamousnameandahallowedreputationarenotnecessarilythefactorsthatdefinetherightenvironment.Thechallengeisindiscoveringwhatthefactorsarethatmakethematchbetweenyourchildandhisorherschooltherightone.
Nomatterhowgooditsqualityandreputation,asingleschoolisunlikelytobeabletomeettheneedsofallchildren.Thequestionremains:Howdofamiliesbegintheirsearchwithconfidencesotheywillfindwhattheyarelookingfor?Howdotheymaketherightconnection?
Asaparent,thereareanumberofstepsyoucanfollowtoestablishareasonedandobjectivecourseofinformationgatheringthatwillleadtoasubjectivediscussionofthisinformationand
thewayitappliestothestudentinquestion.Thiscanonlyoccurifthefirststepisdonethoroughlyandinanorderlymanner.Ultimately,targetingasmallgroupofschools,anyofwhichcouldbeanexcellentchoice,isonlypossibleafterinformationgatheringanddiscussionhavetakenplace.Withworkandalittleluck,theresultofthisprocessisaschoolwithanacademicallysoundandchallengingprogrambasedonaneducationalphilosophythatisanextensionofthefamily’sviewsandwhichwillprovideanemotionallyandsociallysupportivemilieuforthechild.
STEP1:IDENTIFYSTUDENTNEEDSOftenthedecisiontochangeschoolsseemstocomeoutoftheblue,but,inretrospect,itcanbeseenasadecisionthefamilyhasbeenleadinguptoforsometime.Iwouldurgeparentstodecideontheirowngoalsforthesearchfirstandtomakesure,ifpossible,thattheycanworkinconcerttowardmeetingthesegoalsbeforeintroducingtheideatotheirchild.Thesegoalsareasdifferentastheparentswhoholdthem.Foroneparent,findingaschoolwithastate-of-the-artcomputerprogramisahighpriority.Foranother,findingaschoolwithafulldanceandmusicprogramisimportant.OtherswillbemostconcernedaboutfindingaschoolthathasthebestrecordofcollegeacceptancesandhighestSATorACTscores.
Onceyouhavedecidedyourowngoalsforthesearch,bringthechildintothediscussion.Ioftensaytoparentsthatthedecisiontoexploreisnotthedecisiontochangeschoolsbutonlythedecisiontogatherinformationandconsideroptions.Itisimportanttobeawarethateveryonehasanindividualstyleofdecisionmakingandthatthedecisiontomakeachangeisloadedwithconcerns,manyofwhichwillnotbediscovereduntiltheprocesshasbegun.
Ifyouhavealreadymadethedecisiontochangeyourchild’sschool,itisimportanttoletyourchildknowthatthisaspectofthedecisionisopentodiscussionbutnottonegotiation.Itisequallyimportantthatyouletyourchildknowthatheorshewillhaveresponsibilityinchoosingthespecificschool.Withoutthatknowledge,yoursonordaughtermayfeelthatheorshehasnocontroloverthecourseofhisorherownlife.
Somestudentsareresponsibleenoughtotaketheleadintheexploration;somearetooyoungtodoso.Butinallcases,childrenneedreassuranceabouttheirfutureandclarityaboutthereasonsforconsideringotherschoolsettings.Sometimesthesituationisfraughtwithdisparateopinionsthatcanturnschoolchoiceintoafamilybattleground,oneinwhichthechildistheultimatecasualty.Itisalwaysimportanttokeepinmindthatthewelfareofthechildistheprimarygoal.
Theknowledgethateachindividualhashisorherownagendaandwayofmakingdecisionsshouldbewarningenoughtopursuesomepreliminarydiscussionsothatyou,asparents,canavoidthepitfallofconflictinggoalsandmaintainaunitedfrontandareasonablydirectedcourseofaction.Thefamilydiscussionshouldbeenergetic,anddifferencesofopinionshouldbeencouragedashealthyandnecessaryandexpressedinaclimateoftrustandrespect.
Therearemanyreasonswhyyoumay,atthispoint,decidetoinvolveaprofessionaleducational
consultant.Oftenthischoiceismadetoprovideaneutralgroundwhereyouandyourchildcanbothspeakandbeheard.Anotherreasonistomakesurethatyouhaveestablishedasoundcourseofexplorationthattakesbothyourownandyourchild’sneedsintoconsideration.Consultantswhoareup-to-dateonschoolinformation,whohavevisitedeachcampus,andwhoarefamiliarwiththesituationsoftheirclientscanaddimmeasurablytotheprocess.Theycanprovidearealitycheck,reinforcementofpersonalimpressions,andexperience-basedinformationsupportforpeoplewhoaredoingasearchofthistypeforthefirsttime.Alltheresearchintheworldcannotreplacetheexperienceandindustryknowledgeofaseasonedprofessional.Inaddition,ifthespecificcircumstancesoftheplacementaredelicate,theeducationalconsultantisinapositiontoadvocateforyourchildduringtheplacementprocess.Therearealsosituationsinwhichafamilyincrisisdoesn’thavethetimeortheabilitytoapproachschoolchoiceinadeliberateandobjectivemanner.
Thesearesomeofthemanyreasonstoengagetheservicesofaconsultant,butitisthefamilyguidanceaspectthatmostfamiliesoverlookatthestartoftheprocessandvaluemosthighlyaftertheyhavecompletedit.Agoodconsultantprovidesneutralgroundandinformationbackupthatareinvaluable.
STEP2:EVALUATEYOURCHILD’SACADEMICPROFILEIfyourchild’sacademicprofileraisesquestionsabouthisorherability,learningstyle,oremotionalprofile,getaprofessionalevaluationtomakesurethatyourexpectationsforyourchildarecongruentwiththechild’sactualabilitiesandneeds.
Startgatheringinformationaboutyourchildfromthecurrentschool.Askguidancecounselorsandteachersfortheirobservations,andrequestaformalmeetingtoreviewthestandardizedtestingthatvirtuallyeveryschooladministers.Questiontheirviewsofyourchild’sbehavior,attentiveness,andareasofstrengthandweakness.Makesureyoufullyunderstandthereasonsbehindtheirrecommendations.Donotfeelshyaboutcallingbacktoaskquestionsatalaterdate,afteryouhavehadtimetothinkandconsiderthisimportantinformation.Yourchild’sfuturemaydependonthedecisionsyouaremaking;don’thesitatetokeepaskinguntilyouhavetheinformationyouneed.
Ifapictureofconcernemerges,asktheguidancecounselor,otherparents,oryourpediatricianforsuggestionsregardinglearningspecialistsorpsychologistsinthecommunitywhoworkwithchildrenandcanprovideanevaluationoftheiracademicability,academicachievement,andlearningstyle.Theevaluationshouldbereviewedin-depthwiththespecialist,whoshouldbeaskedaboutspecificrecommendationsforchangesintheyoungster’sschooling.
Remember,astheparent,itisultimatelyyourresponsibilitytoweightheideasofothersandtodecideifthedifficultylieswithyourchildortheenvironment,eitherofwhichcouldindicateaneedforachangeofschool.
STEP3:REVIEWTHEGOALSOFPLACEMENTDiscussyourdifferencesofopinionaboutmakingachange.Identifyalistofschoolsthatcreatesaballparkofeducationalpossibilities.(Aneducationalconsultantcanalsobehelpfulatthisstage.)
Itisimportantthatbothyouandyourchildtakethetimetoconsiderwhatcharacteristics,largeandsmall,youwouldlikeinthenewschoolandwhichyouwouldliketoavoid.Asyoueachmakelistsofprioritiesanddiscussthem,theprocessofschoolchoiceentersthesubjectivearena.Theimpersonaldescriptionsofschoolenvironmentstransformintoverypersonalvisualizationsofthewaysyouandyourchildviewthechildinanewsetting.
Achancetoplayicehockey,aseriesofcoursesinMandarinChinese,theopportunitytotakeprivateflutelessons,oradesiretomeetothersfromallovertheworldmaysoundlikeabizarremixofcriteria,butthedesiretoexploreandfindalloftheseoptionsinasingleenvironmentexpressestheexpansivenessofthestudent’smindandtheareasheorshewantstoperfect,tryout,orexplore.Don’texpectperfectlylogicalthinkingfromyourchildasheorsheconsidersoptions;don’ttakeeverythingheorshesaysliterallyortooseriously.Openandrespectfuldiscussionwillallowachildtoembraceanewpossibilityonedayandrejectitthenext—thisispartoftheprocessofdecisionmakingandaffirmationandpartofthefunofexploration.
STEP4:SETANITINERARYSetanitineraryforvisitsandinterviewssothatyouandyourchildcancomparecampusesandtestyourpreconceivedideasoftheschoolsyouhaveresearchedagainsttherealityofthecampuscommunity;forwardstandardizedtestingscoresandtranscriptstotheschoolspriortovisitssothattheadmissionofficehaspertinentinformationinadvanceofyourmeeting.
Inordertoallowyourchildthefreedomtoformopinionsabouttheschoolsyouvisit,youmaywanttokeepthesepointersinmind:
•Parentsshouldallowtheirchildtobefrontandcenterduringthevisitsandinterviews—allowyourchildtoanswerquestions,eveniftheyleaveoutdetailsyouthinkareimportant.
•Parentsshouldstayinthebackgroundandhaveconfidencethattheadmissionofficersknowhowtoengagekidsinconversation.
•Thismaybethefirsttimeyourchildhasbeentreatedbyaschoolasanindividualandresponsibleperson—enjoywatchinghimorheradjusttothisasanobserver,notasaprotectororparticipant.
•Don’tletyourownanxietyruinyourchild’sexperience.•Discussdressinadvancesoitdoesn’tbecometheissueandfocusofthetrip.
Keepyourideasandimpressionstoyourselfandallowyourchildfirstshotatverbalizing
opinions.Rememberthatimmediatereactionsarenotfinaldecisions;oftenthefirstresponseisonlyanattempttoprocesstheexperience.
STEP5:USETHEAPPLICATIONPROCESSFORPERSONALGUIDANCEMakesureyourchildusestheapplicationprocessnotonlytosatisfytheschool’sneedforinformationbutalsotocontinuethepersonalguidanceprocessofworkingthroughandtrulyunderstandinghisorhergoalsandexpectations.
Applicationquestionsdemandyourchild’spersonalinsightandexploration.Addressingquestionsaboutsignificantexperiences,peoplewhohaveinfluencedhisorherlife,orselectingfourwordsthatbestdescribehimorherarewaysofcomingtogripswithwhoyourchildisandwhatheorshewantstoaccomplishbothatthenewschoolandinlife.Althoughparentswanttheirchildrentocompleteseamlessandperfectapplications,itisimportanttorememberthattheapplicationmustbetheworkofthechildandthattheparenthasanexcellentopportunitytodiscussthequestionsandanswerstohelpguidethestudentinapositiveandobjectiveself-review.
Itismoreimportantthattheapplicationessaysaccuratelyreflectthepersonalityandvaluesofthestudentthanthattheybetechnicallyflawless.Sincetheschoolisbasingpartofitsacceptancedecisiononthecontentsoftheapplication,theschoolneedstomeettherealstudentintheapplication.Thechild’sowndeterminationofwhatitisimportantfortheschooltoknowaboutthemiscrucialtothisprocess.Thatbeingsaid,parentscanplayanimportantroleinhelpingthechildunderstandthedifferencebetweenunnecessarilybrutalhonestyandputtinghisorherbestfootforward.
STEP6:TRUSTYOUROBSERVATIONSAlthoughtheprocessofschoolexplorationdependsonobjectivity,itisrarethatafamilywillembraceaschoolsolelybecauseofitscomputerlabs,endowment,library,SATorACTscores,orfootballteam.Theseobjectivecriteriaframethesearch,butittendstobetheintangiblesthatdeterminethedecision.Itisthesubjective—instinctiveresponsestoeventsoncampus,peoplemet,qualityofinterview,unfathomablevibes—thatmakesthematch.
Itisimportanttoreviewwhataspectsoftheschoolenvironmentmadeyoufeelathome.Thesequestionsapplyequallytoparentandchild.Didyoulikethepeopleyoumetoncampus?Wasthetourinformationalbutinformal,withstudentsstoppingtogreetyouorthetourguide?Wasthetoneofthecampus(austereorhomey,modernortraditional)consistentwiththekindofeducationalatmosphereyouarelookingfor?Arethesportsfacilitiesbeyondyourwildestexpectation?Doesthecollege-sendingrecordgiveyouconfidencethatyourchildwillfindanintellectuallycomfortablepeergroup?Howlongdotheteacherstendtostaywiththeschool,
anddotheysendtheirownchildrenthere?Ifitisaboardingschool,doteachersliveoncampus?Howhomeyisthedormsetup?
Themostfundamentalquestionsare:Dopeopleintheschoolcommunitylikewheretheyare,trusteachother,haverespectforeachother,andfeelcomfortablethere?Isitafamilyyouwouldcaretojoin?Thesesubjectiveresponseswillhelpyourecognizewhichschoolswillmakeyourchildfeelheorsheispartofthecommunity,whereheorshewillfitinandberespectedforwhoheorsheisandwantstobecome.
HeleneReynoldsisaformereducationalconsultantfromPrinceton,NewJersey.
PlanaSuccessfulSchoolSearch
Applicationdeadlines,entranceexams,interviews,andacceptanceorrejectionletters—thesearesomeofthechallengesyoucanexpecttoencounterwhenapplyingtoprivateschools.Theschoolsearchmayseemdaunting,butitdoesn’thavetobe.Herearesometipstohelpgetyouonyourway.
Thefirststepistogatherinformation,preferablyinthespringbeforeyouplanonapplying.Peterson’sPrivateSecondarySchools,withvitalstatisticsonmorethan1,000leadingprivateschoolsintheUnitedStatesandabroad,canhelpyouevaluateschools,clarifyyourchoices,andhoneyoursearch.
Ifyou’reconsideringboardingschools,youmayalsowanttoobtainafreecopyoftheBoardingSchoolsDirectoryfromTheAssociationofBoardingSchools(TABS)bycalling828-258-5354orbygoingonlinetowww.tabs.org/Directory_Request.pdf.
VISITINGSCHOOLSThenextstepistostartalistofschoolsthatpiqueyouroryourchild’sinterest.You’llwanttocall,fax,e-mail,orwritetoadmissionofficesforcatalogsandapplications.Atthisstage,don’tletcostruleoutchoices.You’lllearnmoreabouttheschoollater—thefinancingresourcesitmakesavailabletostudentsanditspoliciesofawardingaid.
Withschoolbrochuresandcatalogsinhand,startplanningfallvisitsandinterviews.Reviewyourschoolcalendar,notingSaturdays,holidays,andvacations.Trytoplaninterviewsforthesedaysoff.Eachinterviewcouldlastabout3hours,ascampustoursandotheractivitiesareoftenincluded.
Onceyouhavedeterminedwhichschoolsyouwanttosee,wheretheyare,andinwhatorderyouwanttoseethem,calleachschooltosettheinterviewdateandtime.
Keepinmindthatthereisno‘‘magicnumber’’ofschoolstosee.Somestudentsinterviewatandapplytoonlyoneschool,feelingthatiftheyarenotaccepted,theywillstayattheircurrentschool.Somestudentsinterviewatmany,thinkingthatconsideringalargenumberandavarietyofschoolswillhelpthemfocusonrealneedsanddesires.
Afteryou’vemadeanappointmenttovisittheschool,rereadtheschool’scatalogand,ifpossible,itsdescriptioninthisguide,andcheckoutitswebsitesothatfactsabouttheschoolarefreshinyourmindwhenyouvisit.
THEAPPLICATIONPROCESS
Oncethefact-findingiscompleted,yourchildwillneedtoworkonapplications.MostschoolshaveJanuaryorFebruarydeadlines,soitpaystobeginfillingoutformsinNovember.
Applicationsmayaskforallorsomeofthefollowing:schoolrecords,referencesfromteachers,astudentstatement,awritingsampleoressay,anapplicationfee,andmedicalhistoryform.
Ifyouareworkingwithahard-copyform,makephotocopiesofallapplicationpagesbeforeyourchildbeginstocompletethem.Thatway,heorshewillhaveatleastonecopyforuseasaroughdraft.Alsomakecopiesofeachcompletedapplicationforyourrecords.
Referencesareusuallywrittenonspecificschoolformsandareconsideredconfidential.Toensureconfidentiality,peopleprovidingreferencesmailtheircommentsdirectlytotheschool.Aschoolmayrequirefourorfivereferences—threeacademicreferences,usuallyfromanEnglishteacher,amathteacher,andoneotherteacher,andoneortworeferencesfromotherevaluatorswhoknowyourchild’sstrengthsinareasotherthanacademics.Askthesepeopleinadvanceiftheywillwriteonyourchild’sbehalf.Givereference-writersappropriateformswithanyspecialinstructionsandstampedenvelopesaddressedtotheschool;besuretoprovideasmuchleadtimebeforethedeadlineaspossible.
Thestudentapplicationiscompletedonaspecialformandconsistsoffactualfamilyinformation,aswellassomelongorshortessayquestions.Astemptingasitmaybetohelp,letyourchilddothewriting.Theschoolsneedtoseethestudent’sstyle,mechanicalskills,andthewayheorshelooksatlifeandeducation.SomeschoolsrequireacorrectedwritingsamplefromanEnglishassignment.Inthiscase,haveyourchildaskhisorherEnglishteachertohelpchoosehisorherbestwork.
Foradditionalinformationonapplications,includingthecommonapplicationforms,checkoutthenextarticle,“UnderstandingtheAdmissionApplicationForm.”
Oncetheapplicationsaremailedorsubmittedonline,thehardpartisdone.Askadmissionofficerswhenyoucanexpecttoheartheirdecisions.MostschoolswillletyouknowinearlyMarch.Whileyouwait,youmaywanttoremindyoursonordaughterthatbeingturneddownbyaschoolisnotastatementabouthisorherworth.Schoolshavemanydifferentobjectivesinputtingaclasstogether.Andthat’salessonthatwillcomeinhandywhenyoufacethecollegeapplicationprocess.
UnderstandingtheAdmissionApplicationForm
GreggW.M.MalobertiFormerDeanofAdmissionTheLawrencevilleSchoolLawrenceville,NewJersey
Studentsapplyingtoindependentschoolsarepresentedwithamyriadofoptionswhenitcomestimetochoosethemethodofcompletingtheapplicationprocess.Whereonceeachschoolissuedandrequireditsownpaperapplication,manyschoolsnowacceptcommonapplicationssuchastheSecondarySchoolsApplicationfromSSAT(SecondarySchoolAdmissionTest),theAdmissionApplicationFormfromTABS(TheAssociationofBoardingSchools),orvariousotheronlineapplicationformssponsoredbyindividualschoolsandplacementprograms.Withsomanyoptions,manyapplicantsandparentsareperplexedastowhichmethodtoemploy,andothersworrythatthechoiceofonemethodoveranothermayhaveanegativeeffectontheirchancesofadmission.Understandingmoreaboutwhythesechangescameaboutandhowtheysaveapplicantsandschoolstimeandmoneymayhelpapplicantsandtheirparentsmakeaninformedchoiceaboutwhichmethodtouse.
Therecentdevelopmentsandinnovationsinindependentschoolapplicationsmirrorthechangesthathaveoccurredatthecollegelevel.TheCollegeBoard’sCommonApplicationisacceptedatover300collegesandisavailableonline.TheInternethasacceleratedtheinterestinonlineapplications.Atthesametime,studentsaremuchmoreaccustomedtowritingonacomputerthantheyoncewerewithpenandpaper.Concernsaboutthefinancialandenvironmentalcostsofapaper-basedapplicationthattravelsfromtheprintertotheschool,tothecandidate,tothecandidate’sschool,andbacktotheadmissionofficebymailorcouriercontributetotheideathatthetimeofanonlinecommonlyacceptedapplicationhascome.
TheStandardApplicationOnline(SAO)isavailableontheSSATwebsiteathttp://www.ssat.org/admission/the-sao.TheBoardingSchoolsAdmissionApplicationFormisavailableintheTABSBoardingSchoolsDirectoryandinelectronicformfromtheTABSwebsite:http://www.boardingschools.com/how-to-apply/application.aspx.
ThereareafewschoolsthatacceptonlytherecommendationformsfromtheAdmissionApplicationForm.It’sbesttocheckwitheachschooltofindoutwhichformsarepreferred.ThelistofschoolsacceptingtheSecondarySchoolsApplicationfromSSATisavailableatthisSSATwebsite:http://www.ssat.org/member-search.
COMMONAPPLICATIONSMAKESENSE
Anxiousparents’lingeringdoubtsabouttheuseofoneofthecommonapplicationformsarehardtoignore:Willthesubstitutionofthecommonapplicationfortheindividualschool’sapplicationcausetheadmissioncommitteetobeoffendedandcompromisemychild’schancesforadmission?Parentsshouldrestassuredthatschoolsagreeingtoacceptthecommonapplicationformsbelievethatafairandeffectiveadmissiondecisioncanbemadeonthebasisofthecommonformandthatitsuseinnowayerodesthequalityoftheirselectionprocess.
HOWDOESTHECOMMONAPPLICATIONDIFFER?Allapplicationsbeginwithabiographicalsketchofthecandidate:name,address,birthdate,mailingaddress,parents’names,andschoolsattended.Informationregardingsiblingorlegacyrelationships,interestinfinancialaid,citizenship,languagespoken,andevenracialandethnicdiversityiscollectedaswell.Exceptfortheorderinwhichthesequestionsappear,thereislittlevariationinthesequestiontypesfromoneschool’sapplicationtoanother.Thecommonapplicationformscertainlyrelievecandidatesoftheburdenofprovidingtheverysamebiographicalinformationoverandoveragain.
Thesecondsectionofanapplicationgenerallyrevealsacandidate’saccomplishmentsandambitions.Often,theapplicantsareaskedtocatalogtheirinterestsandactivitiesinlistornarrativeform.Schoolswanttoknowwhatthecandidatehasdone,forhowlong,withwhom,andtowhatdistinction,ifany.Inafewcases,someschoolsaskforaseriesofshortanswerstoacombinationofquestionsorlookfortheapplicanttocompleteasentence.Therearegenerallyno“right”answerstothesequestions—buthonestanswerscanhelptheschoolbegintocharacterizetheapplicant’scuriosity,maturity,ambition,andself-esteem.Hereagain,greatsimilarityexistsinthemannerandstylewithwhichthisinformationisgathered.Whilethecommonapplicationformsaskthesequestiontypesinamoredirectmanner,theyarenolesseffectivethantheindividualschool’sapplication,andtheiruseaffordsacandidateagenuinemeasureofefficiencywithoutcompromisingindividuality.
Schoolsthatadvocatetheuseoftheirownapplicationsoverthatofthecommonapplicationformsoftenbitterlydefendthethirdandfinalportionoftheirapplicationssinceitgenerallyincludesessayquestions.Withfewexceptions,thesequestions,whileoccasionallyposedinauniqueororiginalmanner,seektoprobemuchthesameterritorycoveredbythethreechoiceslistedintheessaysectionofthecommonapplicationforms:
Describeapersonyouadmireorwhohasinfluencedyouagreatdeal.Whatmakesyoutheinterestingpersonthatyouare?Explaintheimpactofaneventoractivitythathascreatedachangeinyourlifeorinyourwayofthinking.
Manyschoolsthatusethecommonapplicationsrequireasupplementthataffordsanopportunityforcandidatestoprovideinformationthatisnotrequestedbythecommonapplications.
Whilethecandidate’sabilitytowritewelliscertainlyunderreviewintheessayquestion,theexerciseinvestigatesacandidate’svaluesandexplorestheindividualexperiencesthathaveshapedhisorhercharacter.Thesequestionsgivecandidatesachancetorevealsuchqualitiesasindependence,self-reliance,creativity,originality,humility,generosity,curiosity,andgenius.Viewedinthislight,answeringthesequestionsbecomesatallorder.Thebestadvicemaybetojustanswerthem.Inaddition,candidatesshouldrecognizethatalthoughthecontentoftheiressaysisalwaysofinterest,grammar,spelling,punctuation,organization,andtheinclusionofevidenceorexamplesareofequalimportance.
Candidateswhocomefromdisadvantagedbackgroundsoftenfindthissectionoftheapplicationthemostchallengingandoccasionallyexclusionary.Someschoolsassumethatallapplicantshaveaccesstoopportunitiessuchassummercamps,musicinstruction,andperiodicalsandnewspapers.Whateverthecase,thecommonapplicationformsattempttobemoreinclusiveofabroadersetofexperiences.Infact,manyoutreachagencieswhoseektoidentifyandplacedisadvantagedstudentsinindependentschoolshaveeitherusedoneoftheexistingcommonapplicationformsorhavedevelopedtheirownapplicationsinlieuofindividualschoolapplicationforms.
Ifastudentfearsthatusingoneofthecommonapplicationswillsomehowfailtoconveyauniqueaspectofhisorherindividualityorthattheessayquestionanswerswillnotspeaktotheuniquequalitiesofwhyaparticularschoolmightbeagoodmatch,heorshemaywanttothinkaboutincludinganextraessay.Justbecauseacandidateusesacommonapplicationdoesnotmeanthatheorshemustuseacommonapproachtocompletingit.Imaginehowwelcomeasplashofcreativitymightbetoanindividualreaderorcommitteeofadmissionofficerswhomayreadhundredsoreventhousandsofapplicationseachadmissionseason.Anapplicationthatparrotsthelistofschoolcourses,sports,andactivitiesofferslittleinsightintothecandidate.Awell-writtenapplicationwillbeasuniqueastheindividualwhowroteit.
Applicantsandtheirparentsarenottheonlywinnerswhenacommonapplicationformisused.Theteacherswhodutifullycompletecountlessrecommendationformsenjoytheconvenienceofhavingtocompleteonlyoneformforeachoftheirstudentsapplyingtoindependentschools.Practicallyspeaking,ifthereiseveratimethatastudentwantstobeingoodfavorwithhisorherteacher,itisthemomentatwhichareferenceisbeinggiven.Usingacommonapplicationmakestheprocessofapplyingtomultipleschoolsamuchmoremanageableendeavor.Whenthereisonlyoneformtocomplete,mostteacherswillprovidelongerandmoreinformativeanswersthatarefarmorehelpfultoadmissionofficers.Commonapplicationsareagreatremedyforthefatigueandfrustrationenduredbyteacherswhohavebeenoverwhelmedbyabarrageofrecommendationforms.Currently,thereareevenmoreschoolsacceptingcommonrecommendationformsthanthereareschoolsacceptingtheentireSecondarySchoolApplicationortheAdmissionApplicationForm.Beforediscountingthebenefitsofacommonapplication,besuretoconsideratleasttheuseoftherecommendationforms.
COUNSELORSANDCONSULTANTSSPEAKOUT
LeeCarey,DirectorofAdmissionsandSecondarySchoolCounselingatShoreCountryDaySchoolinBeverly,Massachusetts,hasbeenadvisingeighth-gradersformanyyearsandfindstheworkloadassociatedwiththeapplicationprocessunreasonableformostofherstudents.“Itisinconceivabletoexpecta14-year-oldstudenttowriteupwardsofeightindividualessays,alloftopquality.Fromtakingtimeforschoolvisits,makingupmissedschoolwork,organizingforms,completingpaperwork,andpolishingwriting,theactofapplyingtosecondaryschoolsbecomesawholesecondjobforeighth-andninth-gradestudents.”Consideringthattheaverageapplicationincludesuptotendocuments,someofwhichmustpassbetweentheapplicant,thesendingschool,andbacktotheapplicantorthereceivingschool,aneighthgraderandhisorherparentsarenowlookingatcompletingmorethaneightydocuments!Ontopofthetestingprocessandapplyingforfinancialaid,thisamountstoanenormousadministrativechallenge.
KarlKoenigsbauer,DirectorofSecondarySchoolPlacement,EaglebrookSchoolinDeerfield,Massachusetts,agreesthatthecommonapplicationformsmaketheprocessmoreefficient,butheworriesabouthowtheymighterodetheprocessaswell.“Mygoalistohelpstudentsfindtheschoolthatwillbethebestmatchfortheirabilitiesandinterests.Theessayquestionsfromsomeschoolsreallyhelpthecandidatetounderstandmoreaboutwhatqualitiesofmindandspiritaschoolvalues.Whenacandidatecomestomeandsaysaparticularquestionistoodifficult,toosimplistic,orjustplainconfusing,itgivesmeanopportunitytohelphimorherseehowthatquestionrepresentstheidentityofthatparticularschoolandwhyitmayormaynotbeagoodmatch.IworrythatthecommonapplicationformswillhomogenizetheapplicationprocesstothepointwhereIlosethisopportunitytofine-tunetheplacementprocess.”
FaithHowland,anindependenteducationalconsultantinBoston,Massachusetts,andamemberoftheIndependentEducationalConsultantsAssociation(IECA),workswithfamiliestofindtherightschoolandisalsooftencontactedforhelpwhenastudent’sfirstroundofapplicationshasnotbeensuccessful.“Theapplicationprocesscanbenearoverwhelmingfor13-and14-year-olds.Towriteasmanyaseightdifferentapplications,eachwithdifferentessays,justwhenyouareexpectedtogetgreatgradesandcontinueyoursportscommitmentsandotherextracur-ricularactivities—nottomentionworkingtoprepareforentrancetests.Thisishighstress!Useofacommonapplicationformwouldbesupportivetostudentsandwouldbeextremelyhelpfulinstreamliningtheteacherrecommendations.Forthosekidswhoneedtosubmitasecondroundofapplications,thecommonapplicationformscouldbeinvaluable.Theseyoungstersarecopingwithdisappointmentwhileneedingtoresearchnewpossibilities.Ifschoolswerewillingtosharethecommonapplicationforms,it’sconceivablethatmanymorestudentswhomightsimplygiveupifnotsuccessfulontheirfirstapplicationscouldbeplaced.”
MANYSCHOOLS,ONEAPPLICATIONIncreasedacceptanceoftheSecondarySchoolsApplicationandtheAdmissionApplicationFormcouldleadtoamarkedincreaseinapplications.Commonapplicationsareespecially
helpfultothecandidatewhofailstoearnanyacceptancelettersattheendoftheapplicationprocess.Traditionally,ifacandidatewantstoapplytoanewlistofschools,heorshemuststartfromscratchandcompleteanewsetofforms.Commonapplicationscertainlyspeedupthisprocess,andinthecaseoftheSecondarySchoolApplicationfromSSAT,sendinganapplicationtoanadditionalschoolisaseasyassendingthetestscores.Candidatessimplysignintotheiraccountsandselectanotherschool.
Morethanhalfofthecandidateswhoapplytoindependentschoolscomefrompublicschoolsandmaynotenjoythebenefitofplacementcounselorsattheirschoolsnordotheyseektheadviceofindependentcounselors.Regardless,mostcandidatesarewellservedinusingoneofthecommonapplicationformswhenapplyingtomultipleschools.Onestrategymaybetocompleteafewindividualapplicationsandthensubmitoneofthecommonapplicationformstoafewotherschools—identifyingsomeadditionaloptionsandincreasingthelikelihoodofhavingmeaningfulchoicesafterthedecisionlettersaremailed.Manycandidatesfinditmucheasiertofigureoutwhichschooltheywantoncetheyknowwhichschoolwantsthem.
Fewschoolsrealizehowdifficulttheapplicationprocesscanbeforfamilieswhoareapplyingtomorethanoneschool.Commonapplicationformsmaketheprocessofapplyingtomultipleschoolsamuchmoremanageableendeavor.Theuseofacommonapplicationformaffordsfamiliesmuchmoretimeandenergytodevotetootheraspectsoftheapplicationandinterviewprocess.Byreducingtheduplicatedpaperworkofrecommendationsandtheneedtocompletesomanyessays,applicantsandtheirparentsaregrantedagreateropportunitytodiscusstherealissuessurroundingschoolselection,suchasthecompatibilityofcurriculum,styleofteaching,andprogramofferings.Ratherthancreatingfoldersforeachschoolandchasingdownmultiplelettersofrecommendation,applicantsandtheirparentscanfocusonjustafewessaysandremovethestressassociatedwithsortingandtrackingmultipledocuments.
Candidatesandtheirfamiliescanbeassuredoftheprofessionalismofadmissionofficersandfeelfreetouseoneofthecommonapplications.TheSecondarySchoolApplicationandtheAdmissionApplicationFormrepresenttheeffortsoftheverybestadmissionofficerswhohaveputtheinterestsoftheapplicantatthefore—shiftingthefocusawayfromtheschoolandbacktothecandidate.Candidatescanbeconfidentthatthecommonapplicationformwillmorethanadequatelyallowthemtomakeastrongcasefortheirownadmissionatanyschoolacceptingtheform.
AboutAdmissionTestsandtheSSAT
HeatherHoerle
ExecutiveDirectorSecondarySchoolAdmissionTestBoard(SSATB)
Mentiontheword“testing”toeventhemostcapablestudent,andheorsheislikelytobecomeanxious.It’snowonder,then,thattestingintheindependentschooladmissionprocesscausesnail-bitingamongstudentsandparentsalike.
Itisimportanttoremember,though,thatresultsofadmissiontesting,whileintegraltoanapplication,arejustoneofmanyfactorsconsideredbyadmissionofficerswhendeterminingifyourchildandtheirschoolsmakeagreatmatch.Thedegreeofemphasisplacedonscoresdependsontheschoolandonotherinformation,suchasthetranscriptandteacherrecommendations.Forthevastmajorityofschools,studentswithawiderangeofSSATscoresareadmitted.
Themostimportantthingtorememberaboutadmissiontestsisthattheyaredifferentfromotherkindsoftests.Admissiontests,while“standardized,”aredifferentfromaptitudeandachievementtests.Aclassroommathtest,forexample,isanachievementtest:Theteacherspecificallydesignedittoevaluatehowmuchyouknowaboutwhathasbeencoveredinclass.TheSSAT,ontheotherhand,isdesignedtomeasuretheverbal,quantitative,andreadingskillsyouhaveacquiredovertime,insteadoffocusingonyourmasteryofparticularcoursematerials.TheSSATprovidesindependentschooladmissionprofessionalswithmeaningfulinformationaboutthepossibleacademicsuccessofpotentialstudentslikeyouattheirinstitutions,regardlessofstudents’backgroundorexperience.
Admissiontestsarealsodifferentfromclassroomandachievementtests,becausetheyare“norm-referenced.”Thismeansthatyourchild’sscoreisinterpretedrelativetothegroupofstudentstakingthetest(thenormgroup).Forexample,ifyouareaboyinthesixthgrade,andyourpercentilerankontheSSATverbalsectionis70percent,itmeansthat70percentofalltheothersixthgradeboys’(whohavetakenthetestforthefirsttimeononeoftheStandardSaturdayorSundaySSATadministrationsintheUSAandCanadabetween2008and2011)scoresfallbelowyourscalescore.Therefore,thesamescalescoreontheSSATmayhaveadifferentpercentilerankfromyeartoyear.Incontrast,yourpercentcorrectfromaclassroommathtestis90percentbecauseyouanswered90percentofthequestionscorrectly.Yourscoreisnotreferencedtotheperformanceofanyoneelseinyourclass.
Finally,admissiontestsareconstructedsothatonly50percentoftheexamineeswillgettheaveragetestquestioncorrect.Thisissothatthetestwilleffectivelydifferentiateamongtest-
takers,whovaryintheirlevelofskills.Therefore,“average”ontheSSAT(50percent)isdifferentthan“average”onyourchild’smathtest(whichmaybesomethingmorelike80percent).Manyparentsexpressconcernthattheirchild’sSSATPercentileislowerthantheytypicallyscoreonothertestssuchasstandardizedachievementtestsandschoolexams.ItisimportanttorememberthatSSATtest-takersaremembersofasmallandhighlycompetitivegroupofstudentswhoplantoattendsomeoftheworld’sbestprivate/independentschools.Beinginthemiddleofthisgroupisstillimpressive!
TAKINGTHESSATTherearethreelevelsoftheSSATadministered.TheUpperLevelisadministeredtostudentsingrades8–11.TheMiddleLevelisadministeredingrades5–7,andtheElementaryLevelisadministeredingrades3and4.TheMiddleandUpperLevelexamsarebothapproximately3hoursinlength,whiletheElementarytestisjustshortof2hours.Eachtesthasverbal,reading,andquantitativesectionsthatareconstructedinamultiple-choiceformat,alongwithanunscoredwritingsample.
ThetwomathematicssectionsoftheMiddleandUpperLevelSSATmeasuresastudent’sknowledgeofalgebra,geometry,andotherquantitativeconceptsandconsistsoftwo25-questionsections.TheElementaryLevelSSATtestsmeasuresknowledgeofelementaryarithmetic,algebra,andgeometryinone30-minute,30-questionsection.
Thereadingcomprehensionsectionofthetestmeasuresastudent’sabilitytounderstandwhatheorshehasread.Afterreadingapassage,thestudentwillbeaskedquestionsaboutitscontentorabouttheauthor’sstyle,intent,orpointofview.Thegoalsaretodiscernthemainideaofthepiece,identifytheimportantdetailsthatmovethenarrativealongorcreateamoodortone,ortoidentifythedetailsthatsupportthewriter’sopinion.TheUpperandMiddleleveltestscontain40questions,whiletheElementarytestconsistsof28readingcomprehensionquestions.
Theverbalsectionasksstudentstoidentifysynonymsandinterpretanalogies.Thesynonymquestionstestthestrengthofthestudent’svocabulary,whiletheanalogyquestionsmeasureastudent’sabilitytorelateideastoeachotherlogically.TheUpperandMiddleLevelSSATsconsistof60verbalquestions,whiletheElementarytesthasjust30verbalsectionquestions.
Inaddition,theexamcontainsanunscoredwritingsamplethatisnotscoredbutisprovidedtoschoolstoofferasenseofthestudent’swritingskills.Thewritingsamplesectionvariesbasedontheleveloftest.TheUpperandMiddleLevelSSATsofferachoiceoftwowritingprompts.IntheUpperLevelSSAT,onepromptisacreativepromptandtheotheranessayprompt.OntheMiddleLevelexam,botharecreativepromptchoices.TheElementaryLevelexamoffersapicture,andthestudentmustwriteastoryaboutwhatishappeninginthepicture.
TherearetwotypesofSSATtestadministrations:StandardandFlex.TheStandardadministrationsaregiveneightSaturdaysduringtheacademicyear(October,November,December,January,February,March,April,andJune)atvarioustestlocationsthroughoutthe
UnitedStates,Canada,andotherlocationsaroundtheworld.Studentsalsohavetheoptionof“ondemand”Flextestingthroughselecteducationalconsultantsorplacementdirectorsatsomeindependentschools.StudentscantakeuptoalleightoftheStandardTests,buttheycanonlytaketheFlextestonce.
Test-takerscanarrangetohaveSSATscoressenttodifferentschoolsandhavetheoptiontoselectschoolscorerecipientseitherduringtestregistrationorafterreceivingtheirscores.Studentscanresearchschools,registerforthetest,findatestcenter,orderscoreservices,andfeesonlineatssat.orgorbycalling609-683-4440.Inaddition,studentscanordertheOfficialGuidetotheSSATfortheMiddleandUpperLeveltests.TheOfficialGuidetotheSSATistheonlystudyguidewrittenbytheSSATtestdevelopmentteam.TheOfficialGuidetotheElementaryLevelSSATisavailableforfreedownloadonssat.org.
SSAT.orgalsooffersavarietyofsourcesontheindependentschoolapplicationprocess;italsooffersfamilywebinarsonthetest,understandingscorereports,andmore.
HOWISTHESSATSCORED?TheSSATisaformula-scoredtest,meaningstudentsearnonepointforeverycorrectanswer,zeropointsforomittedquestions,andtheylose¼pointforeachincorrectanswer.Eachstudent’sscorereportincludesthenumberofcorrectandincorrectanswers,aswellasthenumberofquestionsomitted.
Understandingformulascoringiscriticaltoastudent’stest-takingstrategy.WhentakingtheSSAT,ifastudentcannoteliminateoneormoreoftheanswerchoicesaswrong,itisbesttoskipthequestiontomaintainahigherscore.
HOWIMPORTANTARETHETESTS?TheSSATnormgroupisahighlycompetitivegroup.Yourchildisbeingcomparedtoalltheotherstudents(samegrade/gender)whoaretakingthistestforadmissionintoindependentschools—someofwhichcanbethemostselectiveschoolsinthecountry.Icanassureyou,though,thatin100percentofindependentschools,thetestisjustonepartoftheselectionprocess.Thisisvitalforstudentsandfamiliestorememberasitrelievesthe“test-takingpressure”we’vereadsomuchaboutinthemediaandheardfromfamilies,teachers,andtheeducationalcommunity.Admissionofficersaretaskedwithfindingtherightstudentsthatnotonlyfittheacademicpieceoftheirschool,butthecultureandcommunityfounduniquetoeachindependentschoolenvironment.TheSSATisnotdesignedtomeasureothercharacteristicssuchasmotivation,persistence,orcreativitythatastudentmaycontributetoinaparticularschoolcommunityenvironment.
Thatsaid,parentsshouldbepartnersinthetest-preparationprocess,bothasatutorandreassuringvoiceforthestudent.Thissamerelationshipshouldextendtopartneringwithyour
studenttosubmitanapplicationthathighlightsastudent’sschoolworkportfoliosandotheracademicachievements,recommendations,andotherelementsthatarejustascriticaltotheselectionprocess.Remember,admissionofficersmustfindapplicantsthataretherightacademicANDsocial/culturalfitfortheirschool.TheSSATcanonlyassistindeterminingoneelementofthisprocess.
HeatherHoerle’scareerinindependentschoolsbeganasanadministrator,studentadvisor,andteacheratGeorgeSchool(PA)andWesttownSchool(PA).Shethenembarkedonasuccessful23-yeartenureinleadershiproleswithtwooftheworld’slargestnonprofitindependentschoolorganizations:firstasAssociateDirectorofTheAssociationofBoardingSchools(TABS),thenasDirectorofAdmissionandMarketingServicesforTheNationalAssociationofIndependentSchools(NAIS),leadingtohermostrecentpositionasNAIS’VicePresidentofMemberRelations.Heatheremphasizes,“Ibelievepassionatelyinthepowerofeducation(andespeciallyindependentprivateschools)toopenmindsandcreatebetterhumanbeings.Ihaveseenthroughmyownexperiencesasastudent,admissionofficer,teacher,trustee,andparentinindependentschools,thatourcommunityregularlytransformschildrenhelpingthemtobecomethoughtfulcontributorsinthisinterconnected,globalsociety.”HeatherholdsaB.A.inArtHistoryfromMountHolyokeCollegeandaM.Ed.fromHarvardUniversity.SheisaBoardMemberoftheWesttownSchoolandtheFriendsCouncilonEducation.HeathercurrentlyresidesinHopewell,NewJersey,withherhusbandanddaughter,andisanavidfanofthetheater.
PayingforaPrivateEducation
MarkJ.MitchellVicePresident,SchoolInformationServicesNationalAssociationofIndependentSchools(NAIS)
Imaginebeingabletobuya$23,000carfor$12,000becausethatisallyoucanafford.Whenyoubuyacar,youknowthatyouwillbepayingmorethanitcosttodesign,build,ship,andsellthecar.Thesalesstaffwillnotofferyouapricebasedonyourincome.Atbest,youmayreceivediscounts,rebates,orotherincentivesthatallowyoutopaythelowestpricethedealeriswillingtoaccept.Nomatterhowyoulookatit,youpaymorethanthecarcosttomake.
Tuitionatmanyprivateschoolscanapproachthecostofanewcar,butpayingforaprivateschooleducationisnotthesameasbuyingacar.OnedifferenceistheavailabilityoffinancialaidatthousandsofschoolsintheUnitedStatesandabroad.Financialaidhelpsoffsetthecostoftuition.Learningaboutthefinancingoptionsandproceduresavailablecanmakeprivateschoolarealityformanyfamilies.
NEED-BASEDFINANCIALAIDManyprivateschoolsofferassistancetofamilieswhodemonstratefinancialneed.Infact,forarecentacademicyear,schoolsthatbelongedtotheNationalAssociationofIndependentSchools(NAIS)providedmorethan$1.5trillioninneed-basedfinancialaidtonearly23percentoftheirstudents.For2012–13,themediangrantforboardingschoolstudentswas$22,053andthemediangrantfordayschoolstudentswas$10,574.Theseneed-basedgrantsdonotneedtoberepaidandareusedtooffsettheschool’stuition.Schoolsmakethissubstantialcommitmentasonewayofensuringasocioeconomicallydiversestudentbodyandtohelpensurethateverystudentqualifiedforadmissionhasthebestchancetoenroll,regardlessofhisorherfinancialcircumstances.
HOWFINANCIALNEEDISDETERMINEDManyschoolsuseaprocessofdeterminingfinancialneedthatrequiresthecompletionofapplicationsandthesubmissionoftaxformsandotherdocumentationtohelpthemdecidehowmuchhelpeachfamilyneeds.Currently,morethan2,100schoolsnationwideaskfamiliestocompleteTheSchoolandStudentServices(SSSbyNAIS)Parents’FinancialStatement(PFS)onlineathttp://SSSbyNAIS.orgtodetermineeligibilityforaid.TheParents’FinancialStatementgathersinformationaboutfamilysize,incomeandexpenses,parents’assetsandindebtedness,andthechild’sassets.Fromthisandotherinformation,schoolsareprovidedwithanestimateof
theamountofdiscretionaryincome(afterseveralallowancesaremadeforbasicnecessities)availableforeducationcosts.Schoolsrevieweachcaseindividuallyandusethisestimate,alongwithsuchsupportingdocumentationasmostrecentincometaxforms,tomakeafinaldecisiononafamily’sneedforafinancialaidgrant.Formoreinformation,pleasevisithttp://sssbynais.org.
Theamountofaneed-basedfinancialaidawardvariesfrompersontopersonandschooltoschool.Justasindividualshavedifferentfinancialresourcesandobligationsthatdictatetheirneedforassistance,schoolshavedifferentresourcesandpoliciesthatdictatetheirabilitytomeetyourfinancialneed.Tuitioncosts,endowmentincomes,andtheschool’sphilosophyaboutfinancialaidareafewofthethingsthatcanaffecthowmuchaidaschoolcanoffer.Ifyourdecisiontosendyourchildtoaprivateschooldependsheavilyongettingfinancialhelp,youwouldbenefitfromapplyingforaidatmorethanoneschool.
MERIT-BASEDAWARDSWhilethemajorityofaidofferedisbasedonafamily’sfinancialsituation,noteveryonewhoreceivesfinancialassistancemustdemonstratefinancialneed.Privateschoolsoffermillionsofdollarsinmerit-basedscholarshipstothousandsofstudents.Inthe2012–13academicyear,313NAIS-memberschoolsgrantedanaverageannualmeritawardworth$6,180tostudents,totalingmorethan$55.4million.Evenwiththislevelofcommitment,suchawardsarerare(just5.6percentofallenrolledstudentsreceivethistypeofaid)and,therefore,highlycompetitive.Theymayservetorewarddemonstratedtalentsorachievementsinareasrangingfromacademicstoathleticstothearts.
Someadditionalresourcesmaybeavailablefromorganizationsandagenciesinyourcommunity.Civicandreligiousgroups,foundations,andevenyouremployermaysponsorscholarshipsforstudentsatprivateschools.Unfortunately,theseoptionstendtobefewandfarbetween,andlimitedinnumberandsizeofaward.Besuretoaskafinancialaidofficerattheschool(s)inwhichyouareinterestedifheorsheisawareofsuchorganizationsandopportunities.Whetheritisofferedbytheschooloralocalorganization,understandingtherequirementsorconditionsonwhichamerit-basedscholarshipisbasediscritical.Askiftheawardisrenewableand,ifso,underwhatconditions.Often,certaincriteriamustbemet(suchasminimumGPA,communityservice,orparticipationinactivities)toensurerenewaloftheawardinsubsequentyears,andsomemeritawardsareavailableforjustoneyear.
TUITIONFINANCINGOPTIONSWhetherornotyouqualifyforgrantsorscholarships,anotherwaytogetfinancialhelpinvolvesfindingwaystomaketuitionpaymentseasieronyourfamily’smonthlybudget.Onecommonoptionisthetuitionpaymentplan.Theseplansallowyoutospreadtuitionpayments(lessanyformsoffinancialaidyoureceive)overaperiodofeighttotenmonths.Inmostcases,paymentsstartbeforetheschoolyearbegins,butthismethodcanbemorefeasiblethancomingupwithone
ortwolumpsumpaymentsbeforethebeginningoftheschoolyear.Paymentplansmaybeadministeredbytheschoolsthemselvesorbyaprivatecompanyapprovedbytheschool.Theydonotnormallyrequirecreditchecksorchargeinterest;however,theytypicallychargeanapplicationorservicefee,whichmayincludetuitioninsurance.AdditionalinformationabouttuitionpaymentplansisavailableontheNAISwebsiteathttp://sssbynais.org.
Sinceahigh-qualityeducationisoneofthebestinvestmentstheycanmakeintheirchild’sfuture,manyparentsfinancethecostjustastheywouldanyotherimportantexpense.Anumberofschools,banks,andotheragenciesoffertuitionloanprogramsspecificallyforelementaryandsecondaryschoolexpenses.Whilesuchloansaresubjecttocreditchecksandmustberepaidwithinterest,theytendtoofferratesandtermsthataremorefavorablethanthoseofotherconsumerloans.Itpaystocomparethedetailsofmorethanonetypeofloanprogramtofindthebestoneforyourneeds.Althoughtheyshouldalwaysberegardedasanoptionoflastresort,tuitionloanprogramscanbehelpful.Ofcourse,everyfamilymustconsiderboththeshort-andlong-termcostsofborrowingandmakeitsdecisionpartofalargerplanforeducationfinancing.
AFINALWORDAlthoughtheprimaryresponsibilitytopayforschoolcostsrestswiththefamily,thereareoptionsavailableifyouneedhelp.Asyoucansee,financingaprivateschooleducationcanresultinapartnershipbetweenthefamily,theschool,andsometimesoutsideagenciesorcompanies,witheachmakinganefforttoprovidewaystomeetthecosts.Thefinancialaidofficerattheschoolisthebestsourceofinformationaboutyouroptionsandiswillingtohelpyouineverywayheorshecan.Alwaysgotothefinancialaidofficerataschoolinwhichyouareinterestedwheneveryouhaveanyquestionsorconcernsaboutprogramsortheapplicationprocess.Understandingyourresponsibilities,meetingdeadlines,andlearningaboutthefullrangeofoptionsareyourbeststrategiesforobtainingassistance.Althoughtherearenoguarantees,withproperplanningandbyaskingtherightquestions,yourfamilyjustmightgetthehigh-qualityprivateeducationforless.
AppendixC:PrivateSchoolsAt-a-Glance
InthefollowingpagesyouwillfindvaluabledataonprivatesecondaryschoolsfromPeterson’sPrivateSecondarySchools2014–15.ThedatawerecollectedthroughPeterson’sAnnualSurveyofPrivateSecondarySchoolsduringsummerandfall2013.Alsoincludedwereschoolsthatsubmittedinformationforthe2012–13datacollectioneffortbutdidnotsubmitupdatesinthesummer/fall2013.Withminorexceptions,dataforthoseschoolsthatrespondedtotheonlinequestionnaireweresubmittedbyofficialsattheschoolsthemselves.Allusableinformationreceivedintimeforpublicationhasbeenincluded.
Thechartonthefollowingpageswillguideyoursearch,whetherit’sfocusedonaspecificgeographicregionoftheUnitedStatesoraroundtheworld.We’veprovidedquickanswerstokeyquestionsabouteachschool,suchas:
•Areitsstudentsboarding,day,orboth?•Isitcoeducational?•Whatgradesareofferedattheschool?•Howmanystudentsareenrolled?•Whatisthestudent/facultyratio?
ThechartalsoprovidesinformationaboutAdvancedPlacementsubjectareasandsports.
Onceyou’veusedthefollowingcharttohelpyouidentifyprospectiveschools,besuretocheckoutPeterson’sPrivateSecondarySchools,theonlycomprehensiveprivateschoolguideavailable.You’llfinddetailedprofilesonmorethan1,000accreditedprivateschoolsworldwide,aswellasvaluableadviceonplanningyoursearchandfinancingaprivateschooleducation.
STUDENTSACCEPTED
PRIVATESCHOOLSAT-A-GLANCE Boarding Day GRADES STUDENT/FACULTY STUDENTOFFERINGS
Boys Girls Boys Girls Lower Middle Upper Total Upper
Student/FacultyRatio
AdvancedPlacementPreparation Sports
UNITEDSTATESAlabama
BriarwoodChristianHighSchool,Birmingham X X K-6 7-8 9-12 1,971 591 23:1 X 18
TheDonohoSchool,Anniston X X PS-6 7-8 9-12 344 120 12:1 X 11
EdgewoodAcademy,Elmore X X PK-5 6-8 9-12 314 100 11:1 X 12
TheEllisAcademy,Toney X X X K-5 6-10 11-PG 9 2 5:1 X 18
JohnT.MorganAcademy,Selma X X PK-6 7-9 10-12 500 122 22:1 28
MadisonAcademy,Madison X PS-6 7-12 900 15:1
X - 450 9
MarsHillBibleSchool,Florence X X K4-4 5-8 9-12 540 198 14:1 X 11
McGill-ToolenCatholicHighSchool,Mobile X X - - 9-12 1,170 1,170 14:1 X 14
TheWestminsterSchoolatOakMountain,Birmingham K-6 - 7-12 508 178 6
Alaska
GraceChristianSchool,Anchorage X X K-6 7-8 9-12 617 205 15:1 X 8
Arizona
BlueprintEducation,Glendale - -
BourgadeCatholicHighSchool,Phoenix X X - - 9-12 401 401 20:1 X 16
BrophyCollegePreparatory,Phoenix X - 6-8 9-12 1,362 1,284 14:1 X 44
TheOrmeSchool,Mayer X X X X - - 8-PG 110 110 6:1 X 40
PhoenixChristianUnifiedSchools,Phoenix X X PS-5 6-8 9-12 424 231 20:1 X 16
PuschRidgeChristianAcademy,Tucson X X - 6-8 9-12 962 481 16:1 X 12
SaintMary’sHighSchool,Phoenix X X - - 9-12 503 503 15:1 X 17
SalpointeCatholicHighSchool,Tucson X X - - 9-12 1,041 1,041 15:1 X 23
ScottsdaleChristianAcademy,Phoenix X X PK-5 6-8 9-12 851 295 15:1 X 15
SetonCatholicHighSchool,Chandler X X - - 9-12 580 580 12:1 X 22
SouthwesternAcademy,Rimrock X X X X - - 9-PG 17 17 3:1 53
Tri-CityChristianAcademy,Chandler X X K4-6 7-8 9-12 304 92 16:1 4
XavierCollegePreparatory,Phoenix X - - 9-12 1,173 1,173 22:1 X 30
Arkansas
EpiscopalCollegiateSchool,LittleRock X X PK-5 6-8 9-12 780 224 10:1 X 16
SubiacoAcademy,Subiaco X X - 7-8 9-12 182 154 9:1 X 46
California
AcademyofOurLadyofPeace,SanDiego X - - 9-12 725 725 14:1 X 11
AlmaHeightsChristianHighSchool,Pacifica X X K-4 5-8 9-12 303 147 10:1 X 9
ArchbishopMittyHighSchool,SanJose X X - - 9-12 1,725 1,725 17:1 X 27
ArmyandNavyAcademy,Carlsbad X X 7-9 - 10-12 302 224 15:1 X 28
TheAthenianSchool,Danville X X X X - 6-8 9-12 476 311 10:1 X 15
TheBaySchoolofSanFrancisco,SanFrancisco X X - - 9-12 324 324 8:1 18
BesantHillSchool,Ojai X X X X - - 9-12 100 100 4:1 X 44
BishopMontgomeryHighSchool,Torrance X X - - 9-12 938 938 22:1 X 17
BishopO’DowdHighSchool,Oakland X X - - 9-12 1,151 1,151 15:1 X 35
BrentwoodSchool,LosAngeles X X K-6 7-8 9-12 996 467 7:1 X 41
BridgesAcademy,StudioCity X X - 5-8 9-12 138 74 8:1 3
CampbellHall(Episcopal),NorthHollywood X X K-6 7-8 9-12 1,117 547 8:1 X 20
CapistranoValleyChristianSchools,SanJuanCapistrano X X JK-6 7-8 9-12 396 162 13:1 X 16
CarondeletHighSchool,Concord X - - 9-12 800 800 15:1 X 22
CastillejaSchool,PaloAlto X - 6-8 9-12 445 258 6:1 X 14
CentralCatholicHighSchool,Modesto X X - - 9-12 385 385 14:1 X 15
ChadwickSchool,PalosVerdesPeninsula X X K-6 7-8 9-12 831 352 5:1 X 20
ChaminadeCollegePreparatory,WestHills X X - 6-8 9-12 2,011 1,328 16:1 X 25
Children’sCreativeandPerformingArtsAcademyofSanDiego,SanDiego X X X X K-5 6-8 9-12 262 100 18:1 X 31
ChineseChristianSchools,Alameda X X X X - - 9-12 220 220 8:1 X 17
CrossroadsSchoolforArts&Sciences,SantaMonica X X K-5 6-8 9-12 1,159 510 11:1 21
CrystalSpringsUplandsSchool,Hillsborough X X - 6-8 9-12 350 250 9:1 24
DamienHighSchool,LaVerne X - - 9-12 923 923 18:1 X 27
DeLaSalleHighSchool,Concord X - - 9-12 1,042 1,042 28:1 X 19
DelphiAcademyofLosAngeles,LakeViewTerrace X X K-3 4-8 9-12 144 35 15:1 20
EldoradoEmersonPrivateSchool,Orange X X K-6 - 7-12 150 80 18:1 X 7
FaithChristianHighSchool,YubaCity X X - - 9-12 100 100 12:1 X 8
FlintridgePreparatorySchool,LaCanadaFlintridge X X - 7-8 9-12 500 400 8:1 X 17
FresnoChristianSchools,Fresno X X K-6 7-8 9-12 465 188 11:1 X 16
TheFrostigSchool,Pasadena X X 1-5 6-8 9-12 90 52 6:1 4
GraceBrethrenSchool,SimiValley X X K-6 7-8 9-12 830 300 11:1 X 17
TheGrauerSchool,Encinitas X X - 6-8 9-12 161 100 6:1 X 54
Harvard-WestlakeSchool,StudioCity X X - 7-8 9-12 1,597 1,157 8:1 X 21
Head-RoyceSchool,Oakland X X K-5 6-8 9-12 876 370 9:1 X 20
HebrewAcademy,HuntingtonBeach X X X N-5 6-8 9-12 247 36 4:1 X 14
HeritageChristianSchool,NorthHills X X - 7-8 9-12 794 643 22:1 X 11
HighlandHallWaldorfSchool,Northridge X X N-6 7-8 9-12 241 86 6:1 6
ImmaculateHeartHighSchoolandMiddleSchool,LosAngeles X 6-8 9-12 520 520 15:1 X
InternationalHighSchool,SanFrancisco X X PK-5 6-8 9-12 1,046 339 10:1 24
JuniperoSerraHighSchool,SanMateo X - - 9-12 860 860 27:1 X 29
KingsChristianSchool,Lemoore X X PK-6 7-8 9-12 294 88 11:1 X 17
LaJollaCountryDaySchool,LaJolla X X N-4 5-8 9-12 1,131 472 16:1 X 31
Lick-WilmerdingHighSchool,SanFrancisco X X - - 9-12 460 460 9:1 X 18
LinfieldChristianSchool,Temecula X X JK-5 6-8 9-12 757 320 12:1 X 13
LodiAcademy,Lodi X X - - 9-12 90 90 9:1 X 6
LouisvilleHighSchool,WoodlandHills X - - 9-12 430 430 25:1 X 15
LyceeInternationaldeLosAngeles,Burbank X X PK-5 6-8 9-12 1,004 115 9:1 X 13
MaranathaHighSchool,Pasadena X X - - 9-12 670 670 14:1 X 20
MarinAcademy,SanRafael X X - - 9-12 406 406 9:1 X 35
MarymountHighSchool,LosAngeles X - - 9-12 374 374 7:1 X 20
MercyHighSchoolCollegePreparatory,SanFrancisco X - - 9-12 391 391 14:1 X 11
MesaGrandeSeventh-DayAcademy,Calimesa X X K-6 7-8 9-12 265 119 10:1 9
MidlandSchool,LosOlivos X X - - 9-12 77 77 5:1 X 13
Mid-PeninsulaHighSchool,MenloPark X X - - 9-12 117 117 8:1 7
ModestoChristianSchool,Modesto X X K-5 6-8 9-12 580 280 10:1 X 13
NotreDameAcademy,LosAngeles X - - 9-12 380 380 12:1 X 10
NotreDameHighSchool,SanJose X - - 9-12 628 628 16:1 X 12
OakGroveSchool,Ojai X X X X PK-6 7-8 9-12 209 53 7:1 X 15
OrindaAcademy,Orinda X X - 7-8 9-12 90 81 9:1 X 4
PalmaSchool,Salinas X - 7-8 9-12 534 402 15:1 X 22
PaloAltoPreparatorySchool,MountainView X X - - 8-12 65 65 8:1 X
ParadiseAdventistAcademy,Paradise X X K-4 5-8 9-12 180 76 8:1 5
ProvidenceHighSchool,Burbank X X - - 9-12 419 419 9:1 X 17
RedwoodChristianSchools,CastroValley X X K-5 6-8 9-12 692 299 10:1 X 8
RollingHillsPreparatorySchool,SanPedro X X - 6-8 9-12 225 130 9:1 X 21
SacramentoCountryDaySchool,Sacramento X X PK-5 6-8 9-12 481 115 9:1 X 15
SageHillSchool,NewportCoast X X - - 9-12 479 479 10:1 X 13
St.AugustineHighSchool,SanDiego X - - 9-12 700 700 25:1 X 44
St.Catherine’sAcademy,Anaheim X X K-6 7-8 157 14:1 24
SaintElizabethHighSchool,Oakland X X - - 9-12 143 143 15:1 X 7
SaintFrancisGirlsHighSchool,Sacramento X - - 9-12 1,078 1,078 15:1 X 15
SaintFrancisHighSchool,LaCanadaFlintridge X - - 9-12 678 678 15:1 X 10
SaintFrancisHighSchool,MountainView X X - - 9-12 1,753 1,753 29:1 X 29
St.Michael’sPreparatorySchooloftheNorbertineFathers,Silverado X 9-12 67 67 3:1 X 11
SanDiegoJewishAcademy,SanDiego X X K-5 6-8 9-12 485 181 18:1 X 26
SanDomenicoSchool,SanAnselmo X X X PK-5 6-8 9-12 598 163 5:1 X 12
SantaCatalinaSchool,Monterey X X - - 9-12 259 259 8:1 X 31
SonomaAcademy,SantaRosa X X - - 9-12 268 268 12:1 X 28
SouthwesternAcademy,SanMarino X X X X - - 124 6:1 X 34
SquawValleyAcademy,OlympicValley X X X X - - 9-12 100 100 8:1 X 68
StevensonSchool,PebbleBeach X X X X PK-5 6-8 9-12 747 520 10:1 X 34
SummerfieldWaldorfSchool,SantaRosa X X K-6 7-8 9-12 409 106 7:1 4
TheThacherSchool,Ojai X X X X - - 9-12 252 252 6:1 X 46
ValleyChristianHighSchool,SanJose X X K-5 6-8 9-12 2,475 1,415 17:1 X 20
VictorValleyChristianSchool,Victorville X X K-6 7-8 9-12 300 120 15:1 X 10
ViewpointSchool,Calabasas X X K-5 6-8 9-12 1,212 505 10:1 X 33
TheWebbSchools,Claremont X X X X - - 9-12 405 405 8:1 X 19
WestridgeSchool,Pasadena X 4-6 7-8 9-12 482 264 6:1 X 19
WestviewSchool,LosAngeles X X - 5-8 9-12 134 101 8:1 4
Colorado
DenverAcademy,Denver X X 1-6 7-8 9-12 331 175 8:1 28
DenverChristianHighSchool,Denver X X - - 9-12 142 142 19:1 12
FountainValleySchoolofColorado,ColoradoSprings X X X X - - 9-12 244 244 6:1 X 42
FrontRangeChristianHighSchool,Littleton X X PK-6 7-8 9-12 435 167 8:1 X 25
HumanexAcademy,Englewood X X - 6-8 9-12 30 18 8:1 21
KentDenverSchool,Englewood X X - 6-8 9-12 692 471 7:1 X 28
TheLowellWhitemanSchool,SteamboatSprings X X X X - - 9-12 5,360 53 7:1 X 70
TellurideMountainSchool,Telluride X X PK-4 5-8 9-12 88 14 5:1 27
TempleGrandinSchool,Boulder X X - 6-8 8-12 24 14 3:1
STUDENTSACCEPTED
PRIVATESCHOOLSAT-A-GLANCE Boarding Day GRADES STUDENT/FACULTY STUDENTOFFERINGS
Boys Girls Boys Girls Lower Middle Upper Total Upper
Student/FacultyRatio
AdvancedPlacementPreparation Sports
Connecticut
BrunswickSchool,Greenwich X PK-4 5-8 9-12 939 357 5:1 X 20
ChaseCollegiateSchool,Waterbury X X PK-5 6-8 9-12 402 185 7:1 X 32
ConventoftheSacredHeart,Greenwich X X PS-4 5-8 9-12 737 295 7:1 X 22
EagleHillSchool,Greenwich X X X X 1-6 - 6-9 255 120 4:1 33
FairfieldCollegePreparatorySchool,Fairfield X - - 9-12 901 901 18:1 X 31
TheGlenholmeSchool,DevereuxConnecticut,Washington X X X X 5-6 7-8 9-PG 95 79 10:1 44
TheGunnery,Washington X X X X - - 9-PG 298 298 6:1 X 22
HolyCrossHighSchool,Waterbury X X - - 9-12 630 630 15:1 X 24
HopkinsSchool,NewHaven X X - 7-8 9-12 711 560 6:1 X 37
KingLowHeywoodThomas,Stamford X X PK-5 6-8 9-12 692 326 8:1 X 21
Kingswood-OxfordSchool,WestHartford X X - 6-8 9-12 511 366 8:1 X 19
LauraltonHall,Milford X - - 9-12 477 477 12:1 18
MissPorter’sSchool,Farmington X X - - 9-12 311 311 7:1 X 45
NorthwestCatholicHighSchool,WestHartford X X - - 9-12 601 601 12:1 X 36
TheNorwichFreeAcademy,Norwich X X - - 9-12 2,300 22:1 X 36
TheRectorySchool,Pomfret X X X X 1-4 5-9 251 4:1 38
RumseyHallSchool,WashingtonDepot X X X X K-5 6-9 333 221 8:1 48
St.JosephHighSchool,Trumbull X X - - 9-12 830 830 20:1 X 17
TheTaftSchool,Watertown X X X X - - 9-PG 579 579 5:1 X 46
WatkinsonSchool,Hartford X X - 6-8 9-PG 266 192 6:1 30
WellspringFoundation,Bethlehem X X X X 1-6 - 7-12 51
WestminsterSchool,Simsbury X X X X - - 9-PG 390 390 6:1 X 34
WestoverSchool,Middlebury X X - - 9-12 204 204 7:1 X 48
TheWoodhallSchool,Bethlehem X X - - 9-PG 43 43 4:1 X 26
Delaware
TowerHillSchool,Wilmington X X PS-4 5-8 9-12 747 252 6:1 X 23
WilmingtonChristianSchool,Hockessin X X PK-5 6-8 9-12 517 231 15:1 X 12
WilmingtonFriendsSchool,Wilmington X X PS-5 6-8 9-12 765 270 10:1 X 15
DistrictofColumbia
GeorgetownDaySchool,Washington X X PK-5 6-8 9-12 1,075 500 7:1 X 9
GeorgetownVisitationPreparatorySchool,Washington X - - 9-12 490 490 11:1 X 20
GonzagaCollegeHighSchool,Washington X - - 9-12 958 958 15:1 X 33
TheLabSchoolofWashington,Washington X X 1-6 7-8 9-12 356 125 8:1 10
MaretSchool,Washington X X K-4 5-8 9-12 635 305 6:1 X 23
NationalCathedralSchool,Washington X 4-6 7-8 9-12 581 315 7:1 X 43
St.AlbansSchool,Washington X X 4-8 - 9-12 593 323 7:1 X 35
WashingtonInternationalSchool,Washington X X PK-5 6-8 9-12 899 270 7:1 10
Florida
AcademyattheLakes,LandO’Lakes X X PK-4 5-8 9-12 428 141 5:1 X 17
AmericanHeritageSchool,DelrayBeach X X PK-5 6-8 9-12 1,130 609 10:1 X 26
AmericanHeritageSchool,Plantation X X PK-6 - 7-12 2,395 1,686 15:1 X 22
BelenJesuitPreparatorySchool,Miami X - 6-8 9-12 1,488 890 13:1 X 19
TheBenjaminSchool,NorthPalmBeach X X PK-5 6-8 9-12 1,081 420 8:1 X 22
BerkeleyPreparatorySchool,Tampa X X PK-5 6-8 9-12 1,290 565 9:1 X 28
BishopJohnJ.SnyderHighSchool,Jacksonville X X - - 9-12 472 472 15:1 X 17
TheBollesSchool,Jacksonville X X X X PK-5 6-8 9-12 1,670 787 11:1 X 18
CanterburySchool,FortMyers X X PK-6 7-8 9-12 580 199 10:1 X 13
TheCanterburySchoolofFlorida,St.Petersburg X X PK-4 5-8 9-12 450 175 7:1 X 35
CardinalMooneyCatholicHighSchool,Sarasota X X - - 9-12 474 474 13:1 X 20
CardinalNewmanHighSchool,WestPalmBeach X X - - 9-12 540 540 25:1 X 18
Chaminade-MadonnaCollegePreparatory,Hollywood X X - - 9-12 552 552 19:1 X 16
ClearwaterCentralCatholicHighSchool,Clearwater X X - - 13:1 X 19
TheCommunitySchoolofNaples,Naples X X PK-5 6-8 9-12 706 286 8:1 X 17
TheCrenshawSchool,Gotha X X PK-5 6-8 9-12 102 50 10:1
FatherLopezHighSchool,DaytonaBeach X X - - 9-12 438 438 13:1 X 18
TheFirstAcademy,Orlando X X K4-6 7-8 9-12 990 410 17:1 X 22
ForestLakeAcademy,Apopka X X X X - - 9-12 357 357 12:1 13
FoundationAcademy,WinterGarden X X K-5 6-8 9-12 585 175 5:1 X 14
GladesDaySchool,BelleGlade X X PK-6 7-8 9-12 307 123 15:1 X 10
GulliverPreparatorySchool,Miami X X PK-4 5-8 9-12 1,834 754 8:1 X 38
Immaculata-LaSalleHighSchool,Miami X X - - 9-12 804 804 15:1 X 17
JesuitHighSchoolofTampa,Tampa X - - 9-12 758 758 13:1 X 19
LakeMaryPreparatorySchool,LakeMary X X X X PK-5 6-8 9-12 640 275 22:1 X 21
MontverdeAcademy,Montverde X X X X PK-5 6-8 9-PG 1,010 558 12:1 X 37
TheNorthBrowardPreparatoryUpperSchool,CoconutCreek X X X X PK-5 6-8 9-12 1,375 696 18:1 X 28
Out-Of-Door-Academy,Sarasota X X PK-5 6-8 9-12 680 247 7:1 X 20
PensacolaCatholicHighSchool,Pensacola X X - - 9-12 611 611 18:1 X 9
RansomEvergladesSchool,Miami X X - 6-8 9-12 1,064 608 10:1 X 22
SaddlebrookPreparatorySchool,WesleyChapel X X X X 3-5 6-8 9-12 80 63 8:1 1
SaintEdward’sSchool,VeroBeach X X PK-5 6-8 9-12 500 225 8:1 X 20
St.JosephAcademy,St.Augustine X X - - 9-12 260 260 11:1 X 17
St.ThomasAquinasHighSchool,FortLauderdale X X - - 9-12 2,194 2,194 18:1 X 30
TampaPreparatorySchool,Tampa X X - 6-8 9-12 576 403 10:1 X 32
TrinityPreparatorySchool,WinterPark X X - 6-8 9-12 865 520 10:1 X 21
UniversitySchoolofNovaSoutheasternUniversity,FortLauderdale X X PK-5 6-8 9-12 1,845 720 18:1 X 19
TheVanguardSchool,LakeWales X X X X - 5-8 9-PG 109 99 7:1 26
WestminsterChristianSchool,PalmettoBay X X PK-5 6-8 9-12 1,068 473 15:1 X 13
WindermerePreparatorySchool,Windermere X X X PK-5 6-8 9-12 1,193 432 11:1 X 22
Georgia
AthensAcademy,Athens X X N-4 5-8 9-12 949 287 8:1 X 11
AugustaChristianSchool,Martinez X X K-5 6-8 9-12 634 275 10:1 X 13
AugustaPreparatoryDaySchool,Martinez X X PS-4 5-8 9-12 552 212 9:1 15
BlessedTrinityHighSchool,Roswell X X - - 9-12 965 965 14:1 X 17
EatonAcademy,Roswell X X K-5 6-8 9-12 80 40 5:1 34
FirstPresbyterianDaySchool,Macon X X PK-5 6-8 9-12 1,008 355 12:1 X 17
TheGallowaySchool,Atlanta X X P3-4 5-8 9-12 769 270 11:1 X 11
TheHeritageSchool,Newnan X X PK-4 5-8 9-12 428 170 8:1 X 28
TheHowardSchool,Atlanta X X K-5 6-8 9-12 256 80 8:1 6
LandmarkChristianSchool,Fairburn X X K4-5 6-8 9-12 862 274 8:1 X 16
TheLovettSchool,Atlanta X X K-5 6-8 9-12 1,649 629 8:1 X 45
MaristSchool,Atlanta X X - - 7-12 1,085 1,085 12:1 X 17
Mt.DeSalesAcademy,Macon X X - 6-8 9-12 641 422 9:1 19
MountParanChristianSchool,Kennesaw X X K-5 6-8 9-12 1,105 406 X 19
MountVernonPresbyterianSchool,Atlanta X X K-4 5-8 9-12 891 242 10:1 19
ThePaideiaSchool,Atlanta X X PK-6 7-8 9-12 987 420 10:1 X 23
PiedmontAcademy,Monticello X X 1-5 6-8 9-12 277 109 13:1 10
PinecrestAcademy,Cumming X X PK-5 6-8 9-12 790 275 9:1 X 15
RabunGap-NacoocheeSchool,RabunGap X X X X - 5-8 9-12 404 306 10:1 X 37
St.PiusXCatholicHighSchool,Atlanta X X - - 9-12 1,100 1,100 12:1 X 23
WoodwardAcademy,CollegePark X X PK-6 7-8 9-12 2,738 1,101 X 20
Guam
AcademyofOurLadyofGuam,Agana X - - 9-12 413 413 25:1 X 10
Hawaii
HanalaniSchools,Mililani X X PK-6 - 7-12 700 337 16:1 X 25
HawaiiBaptistAcademy,Honolulu X X K-6 7-8 9-12 1,106 472 17:1 X 22
Hawai’iPreparatoryAcademy,Kamuela X X X X K-5 6-8 9-12 620 397 13:1 X 24
Ho’AlaSchool,Wahiawa K-6 7-8 9-12 73 15 5:1 X 4
LutheranHighSchoolofHawaii,Honolulu X X - 7-8 9-12 55 51 7:1 X 23
Mid-PacificInstitute,Honolulu X X K-5 6-8 9-12 1,550 840 20:1 X 31
PunahouSchool,Honolulu X X K-5 6-8 9-12 3,771 1,738 10:1 X 21
Idaho
BishopKellyHighSchool,Boise X X - - 9-12 723 723 15:1 X 22
ColeValleyChristianHighSchool,Meridian X X PK-6 7-8 9-12 813 260 10:1 X 10
RiverstoneInternationalSchool,Boise X X PS-5 6-8 9-12 314 107 6:1 29
Illinois
AcaciaAcademy,LagrangeHighlands X X 1-6 7-8 9-12 100 60 3:1 4
AllemanHighSchool,RockIsland - - 9-12 465 465
BenetAcademy,Lisle X X - - 9-12 1,357 1,357 18:1 X 23
BoylanCentralCatholicHighSchool,Rockford X X - - 9-12 1,025 1,025 12:1 X 27
BrehmPreparatorySchool,Carbondale X X X X - 6-8 9-PG 85 75 4:1 19
CarmelHighSchool,Mundelein X X - - 9-12 1,350 1,350 16:1 X 19
TheChicagoAcademyfortheArts,Chicago X X - - 9-12 143 143 10:1 X
ElginAcademy,Elgin X X PS-4 5-8 9-12 387 140 7:1 X 9
TheGovernorFrenchAcademy,Belleville X X X X K-8 - 9-12 157 51 7:1 X 6
ICCatholicPrep,Elmhurst X X - - 9-12 308 308 9:1 X 21
JosephinumAcademy,Chicago X - - 9-12 199 199 10:1 X 7
TheLatinSchoolofChicago,Chicago X X JK-4 5-8 9-12 1,124 444 8:1 X 25
MarianCentralCatholicHighSchool,Woodstock X X - - 9-12 716 716 17:1 X 16
MotherMcAuleyHighSchool,Chicago X - - 9-12 1,215 1,215 17:1 X 21
NazarethAcademy,LaGrangePark X X - - 9-12 802 802 18:1 X 16
NorthShoreCountryDaySchool,Winnetka X X PK-5 6-8 9-12 510 210 8:1 X 15
NotreDameCollegePrep,Niles X - - 9-12 834 834 17:1 X 27
SaintAnthonyHighSchool,Effingham X X - - 9-12 190 190 10:1 X 13
SaintJosephHighSchool,Westchester X X - - 9-12 476 476 16:1 X 20
SaintViatorHighSchool,ArlingtonHeights X X - - 9-12 990 990 13:1 18
TimothyChristianHighSchool,Elmhurst X X K-6 7-8 9-12 1,030 375 13:1 X 12
UniversityofChicagoLaboratorySchools,Chicago X X N-5 6-8 9-12 1,888 515 10:1 X 15
WaltherChristianAcademy,MelrosePark - - 12:1 X 13
WheatonAcademy,WestChicago X X - - 9-12 640 640 15:1 X 35
YeshivaHighSchool,Skokie X X - - 9-12 145 145 13:1 X 9
Indiana
ConcordiaLutheranHighSchool,FortWayne X X - - 9-12 708 708 16:1 X 21
TheCulverAcademies,Culver X X X X - - 9-PG 802 802 9:1 X 95
InternationalSchoolofIndiana,Indianapolis X X -5 6-8 9-12 64
OldenburgAcademy,Oldenburg X X - - 9-12 198 198 12:1 X 15
ShaweMemorialJunior/SeniorHighSchool,Madison X X K-6 7-8 9-12 342 111 8.5:1 X 12
STUDENTSACCEPTED
PRIVATESCHOOLSAT-A-GLANCE Boarding Day GRADES STUDENT/FACULTY STUDENTOFFERINGS
Boys Girls Boys Girls Lower Middle Upper Total Upper
Student/FacultyRatio
AdvancedPlacementPreparation Sports
Iowa
AlphaOmegaAcademy,RockRapids X X K-5 6-8 9-12 2,350 1,600
DowlingCatholicHighSchool,WestDesMoines X X - - 9-12 1,400 1,400 18:1 X 20
MaharishiSchooloftheAgeofEnlightenment,Fairfield X X X X PS-6 7-8 9-12 213 91 12:1 33
ReginaJunior-SeniorHighSchool,IowaCity PK-6 - 7-12 902 383 X 13
SaintAlbertJunior-SeniorHighSchool,CouncilBluffs PK-6 7-8 9-12 740 207 10:1 X 16
ScattergoodFriendsSchool,WestBranch X X X X - - 9-PG 40 40 2:1 22
Kansas
HymanBrandHebrewAcademyofGreaterKansasCity,OverlandPark X X K-5 6-8 9-12 224 39 5:1 X 4
IndependentSchool,Wichita X X PK-5 6-8 9-12 520 220 9:1 X 16
MaurHill-MountAcademy,Atchison X X X X - - 9-12 195 195 9:1 X 35
SaintThomasAquinasHighSchool,OverlandPark X X - - 9-12 937 937 15:1 X 20
Kentucky
BethHavenChristianSchool,Louisville X X K4-5 6-8 9-12 211 60 9:1 7
LandmarkChristianAcademy,Louisville X X K4-6 7-8 9-12 140 24 6:1 4
LexingtonCatholicHighSchool,Lexington X X - - 9-12 810 810 13:1 X 21
OneidaBaptistInstitute,Oneida X X X X - 6-8 9-12 275 210 11:1 X 10
St.FrancisHighSchool,Louisville X X - - 9-12 150 150 9:1 X 26
TrinityHighSchool,Louisville X - - 9-12 1,320 1,320 12:1 X 51
VillaMadonnaAcademy,Covington X X K-6 7-8 9-12 426 136 8:1 10
WhitefieldAcademy,Louisville X X PS-5 6-8 9-12 778 187 20:1 X 17
Louisiana
AcademyoftheSacredHeart,NewOrleans X 1-4 5-8 9-12 618 213 16:1 X 26
ArchbishopShawHighSchool,Marrero X - 8-9 10-12 655 415 24:1 X 14
HolyCrossSchool,NewOrleans X - 5-7 8-12 1,020 729 13:1 X 28
HolySaviorMenardCatholicHighSchool,Alexandria X X - 7-8 9-12 494 329 12:1 X 15
St.Joseph’sAcademy,BatonRouge X - - 9-12 1,048 1,048 15:1 X 25
St.Martin’sEpiscopalSchool,Metairie X X PK-5 6-8 9-12 483 205 6:1 X 16
SaintThomasMoreCatholicHighSchool,Lafayette X X - - 9-12 1,085 1,085 25:1 X 27
TeurlingsCatholicHighSchool,Lafayette X X - - 9-12 681 681 21:1 22
VandebiltCatholicHighSchool,Houma X X - - 8-12 921 921 25:1 18
WestminsterChristianAcademy,Opelousas X X PK-6 7-8 9-12 1,143 248 13:1 X 13
BangorChristianSchool,Bangor X X K4-5 6-8 9-12 310 80 10:1 10
FryeburgAcademy,Fryeburg X X X X - - 9-PG 599 599 10:1 X 63
GouldAcademy,Bethel X X X X - - 9-PG 232 232 6:1 X 12
LeeAcademy,Lee X X X X - - 9-PG 260 260 15:1 X 51
MaineCentralInstitute,Pittsfield X X X X - - 9-PG 455 455 14:1 X 29
SaintDominicAcademy,Auburn X X PK-6 7-8 9-12 571 203 12:1 X 15
ThorntonAcademy,Saco X X X X - 6-8 9-12 1,503 1,338 14:1 X 29
WaynfleteSchool,Portland X X PK-5 6-8 9-12 575 261 12:1 23
Maryland
AcademyoftheHolyCross,Kensington X - - 9-12 520 520 X 21
ArchbishopCurleyHighSchool,Baltimore X - - 9-12 526 526 14:1 X 20
TheBrynMawrSchoolforGirls,Baltimore X X K-5 6-8 9-12 685 289 7:1 X 41
CalvertHallCollegeHighSchool,Baltimore X - - 9-12 1,196 1,196 12:1 X 35
TheCatholicHighSchoolofBaltimore,Baltimore X - - 9-12 320 320 17:1 X 17
ChelseaSchool,Hyattsville X X - 5-8 9-12 61 44 8:1 X 4
DeMathaCatholicHighSchool,Hyattsville X - - 9-12 795 795 13:1 X 24
ElizabethSetonHighSchool,Bladensburg X - - 9-12 565 565 11:1 X 29
GarrisonForestSchool,OwingsMills X X X N-5 6-8 9-12 628 291 8:1 X 28
GeorgetownPreparatorySchool,NorthBethesda X X - - 9-12 490 490 8:1 X 51
GilmanSchool,Baltimore X K-5 6-8 9-12 1,033 461 8:1 X 26
TheHeightsSchool,PotomacX 3-5
6-89-12 460
2407:1
X 17
IndianCreekSchool,Crownsville - - X 15
InstituteofNotreDame,Baltimore X - - 9-12 367 367 11:1 X 32
TheKeySchool,Annapolis X X PK-4 5-8 9-12 652 209 7:1 X 27
LandonSchool,Bethesda X 3-5 6-8 9-12 675 330 6:1 X 25
Loyola-Blakefield,Baltimore X - 6-8 9-12 983 744 10:1 X 24
McDonoghSchool,OwingsMills X X X X K-4 5-8 9-12 1,299 585 9:1 X 28
TheNoraSchool,SilverSpring X X - - 9-12 60 60 5:1 27
OurLadyofMountCarmelHighSchool,Baltimore X X PK-5 6-8 9-12 16:1 X 12
TheParkSchoolofBaltimore,Baltimore X X PK-5 6-8 9-12 833 331 7:1 X 17
RolandParkCountrySchool,Baltimore X X PS-5 6-8 9-12 676 316 7:1 X 25
St.Andrew’sEpiscopalSchool,Potomac X X PS-3 4-8 9-12 506 248 7:1 X 17
SaintMary’sHighSchool,Annapolis X X - - 9-12 500 500 15:1 X 20
St.Timothy’sSchool,Stevenson X X - - 9-12 165 165 6:1 23
SandySpringFriendsSchool,SandySpring X X X X PK-5 6-8 9-12 572 263 8:1 X 43
WorcesterPreparatorySchool,Berlin X X PK-5 6-8 9-12 525 201 9:1 X 13
STUDENTSACCEPTED
PRIVATESCHOOLSAT-A-GLANCE Boarding Day GRADES STUDENT/FACULTY STUDENTOFFERINGS
Boys Girls Boys Girls Lower Middle Upper Total Upper
Student/FacultyRatio
AdvancedPlacementPreparation Sports
Massachusetts
TheAcademyatCharlemont,Charlemont X X - 7-8 9-PG 97 64 9:1 20
BerkshireSchool,Sheffield X X X X - - 9-PG 386 5:1 X 36
BishopConnollyHighSchool,FallRiver X X - - 9-12 280 280 16:1 X 17
BishopStangHighSchool,NorthDartmouth X X - - 9-12 644 644 13:1 X 30
BostonUniversityAcademy,Boston X X - - 9-12 163 163 8:1 13
BrimmerandMaySchool,ChestnutHill X X PK-5 6-8 9-12 400 135 6:1 X 20
TheBritishSchoolofBoston,Boston X X PK-5 6-8 9-12 417 59 3:1 20
BrooksSchool,NorthAndover X X X X - - 9-12 376 376 5:1 X 19
BuxtonSchool,Williamstown X X X X - - 9-12 89 89 4:1 25
CapeCodAcademy,Osterville X X PK-5 6-8 9-12 317 155 4:1 X 18
CentralCatholicHighSchool,Lawrence X X - - 9-12 1,327 1,327 24:1 X 32
CommonwealthSchool,Boston X X - - 9-12 145 145 4:1 X 16
ConcordAcademy,Concord X X X X - - 9-12 378 378 6:1 35
DeerfieldAcademy,Deerfield X X X X - - 9-PG 630 630 6:1 X 46
DexterSouthfield,Brookline X PK-5 6-8 9-12 424 136 7:1 X 16
DexterSouthfield,Brookline X PK-5 6-8 9-12 330 74 7:1 X 18
FalmouthAcademy,Falmouth X X - 7-8 9-12 195 116 4:1 X 3
FaySchool,Southborough X X X X PK-2 3-6 7-9 473 223 8:1 21
GannAcademy(TheNewJewishHighSchoolofGreaterBoston),Waltham X X 9-12 309 309 5:1 X 16
HillsideSchool,Marlborough X X - 5-9 135 7:1 48
TheJudgeRotenbergEducationalCenter,Canton X X - - 130 3
LandmarkSchool,PridesCrossing X X X X 1-5 6-8 9-12 449 301 3:1 19
LawrenceAcademy,Groton X X X X - - 9-12 399 399 5:1 X 30
MatignonHighSchool,Cambridge X X - - 9-12 458 458 18:1 X 25
MiddlesexSchool,Concord X X X X - - 9-12 378 378 6:1 X 23
MissHall’sSchool,Pittsfield X X - - 9-PG 206 206 6:1 X 33
NobleandGreenoughSchool,Dedham X X X X - 7-8 9-12 613 490 7:1 X 8
NorthfieldMountHermonSchool,MountHermon X X X X - - 9-PG 650 650 6:1 X 51
NotreDameAcademy,Hingham X - - 7-12 568 568 11:1 X 24
ThePingreeSchool,SouthHamilton X X - - 9-12 330 330 7:1 X 32
PioneerValleyChristianSchool,Springfield X X PS-5 6-8 9-12 270 71 4:1 X 10
TheRiversSchool,Weston X X - 6-8 9-12 479 359 6:1 X 18
TheRoxburyLatinSchool,WestRoxbury X - - 7-12 299 299 7:1 X 10
St.John’sPreparatorySchool,Danvers X - - 9-12 1,200 1,200 11:1 X 47
TheSudburyValleySchool,Framingham X X - - 160 16:1
ValleyViewSchool,NorthBrookfield X - 5-8 9-12 56 26 6:1 50
WaldorfHighSchoolofMassachusettsBay,Belmont X X - - 9-12 55 55 7:1 3
WhitinsvilleChristianSchool,Whitinsville X X K-5 6-8 9-12 499 180 8:1 X 10
Wilbraham&MonsonAcademy,Wilbraham X X X X - 6-8 9-PG 431 357 6:1 X 44
TheWillistonNorthamptonSchool,Easthampton X X X X - 7-8 9-PG 544 469 6:1 X 39
TheWoodwardSchool,Quincy X - 6-8 9-12 125 81 8:1 X 4
WorcesterAcademy,Worcester X X X X - 6-8 9-PG 625 510 8:1 X 20
Michigan
DetroitCountryDaySchool,BeverlyHills X X PK-5 6-8 9-12 1,600 698 8:1 X 32
GabrielRichardCatholicHighSchool,Riverview X X - - 9-12 289 289 17:1 X 17
GreenhillsSchool,AnnArbor X X - 6-8 9-12 569 330 8:1 X 15
JeanandSamuelFrankelJewishAcademyofMetropolitanDetroit,WestBloomfield X X - - 9-12 230 230 X
KalamazooChristianHighSchool,Kalamazoo X X K-4 5-8 9-12 773 149 12:1 X 17
TheLeelanauSchool,GlenArbor X X X X - - 9-12 50 50 5:1 X 49
LutheranHighSchoolNorthwest,RochesterHills X X - - 9-12 289 289 15:1 X 20
PowersCatholicHighSchool,Flint X X - - 9-12 545 545 18:1 X 29
SouthfieldChristianHighSchool,Southfield X X PK-5 6-8 9-12 577 209 20:1 X 12
UniversityLiggettSchool,GrossePointeWoods X X PK-5 6-8 9-12 616 282 8:1 16
TheValleySchool,SwartzCreek X X PK-4 5-8 9-12 58 14 8:1 8
Minnesota
CotterSchools,Winona X X X X - 7-8 9-12 343 259 11:1 X 30
Cretin-DerhamHall,SaintPaul X X - - 9-12 1,317 1,317 17:1 X 34
DeLaSalleHighSchool,Minneapolis X X - - 9-12 731 731 14:1 X 22
MarshallSchool,Duluth X X - 4-8 9-12 451 253 11:1 X 18
ProvidenceAcademy,Plymouth X X PK-5 6-8 9-12 867 335 11:1 X 16
St.CroixSchools,WestSt.Paul X X X X - 6-8 9-12 500 440 15:1 X 38
SaintJohn’sPreparatorySchool,Collegeville X X X X 6-6 7-8 9-PG 295 220 10:1 X 50
St.PaulAcademyandSummitSchool,St.Paul X X K-5 6-8 9-12 901 390 7:1 25
St.PaulPreparatorySchool,SaintPaul X X - - 9-12 203 203 12:1 X 2
Shattuck-St.Mary’sSchool,Faribault X X X X - 6-9 9-PG 443 338 9:1 X 27
BrookhavenAcademy,Brookhaven X X -6 - 7-12 506 209 13:1 13
St.StanislausCollege,BaySt.Louis X X - 7-8 9-12 352 250 12:1 X 34
VicksburgCatholicSchool,Vicksburg X X PK-6 - 7-12 577 270 11:1 X 13
Missouri
JohnBurroughsSchool,St.Louis X X - 7-8 9-12 600 409 7:1 X 27
KansasCityAcademy,KansasCity X X - 6-8 9-12 45 32 6:1
LutheranHighSchoolNorth,St.Louis X X - - 9-12 310 310 10:1 X 13
MaryInstituteandSt.LouisCountryDaySchool(MICDS),St.Louis X X JK-4 5-8 9-12 1,247 628 8:1 X 27
MissouriMilitaryAcademy,Mexico X X - 6-8 9-PG 210 178 11:1 X 42
MUHighSchool,Columbia X X - - X
NerinxHall,WebsterGroves X - - 9-12 593 593 10:1 X 13
NewCovenantAcademy,Springfield X X JK-6 7-8 9-12 397 82 6
RockhurstHighSchool,KansasCity X - - 9-12 1,100 12:1 X 23
SaintTeresa’sAcademy,KansasCity X - - 9-12 607 607 12:1 X 25
ThomasJeffersonSchool,St.Louis X X X X - 7-8 9-PG 91 68 6:1 X 9
ValleCatholicHighSchool,Ste.Genevieve X X - - 9-12 152 152 9:1 14
VisitationAcademy,St.Louis X X PK-6 - 7-12 642 478 9:1 X 15
WhitfieldSchool,St.Louis X X - - 6-12 379 379 8:1 X 14
STUDENTSACCEPTED
PRIVATESCHOOLSAT-A-GLANCE Boarding Day GRADES STUDENT/FACULTYSTUDENTOFFERINGS
Boys Girls Boys Girls Lower Middle Upper Total Upper
Student/FacultyRatio
AdvancedPlacementPreparation Sports
Montana
ButteCentralCatholicHighSchool,Butte X X X - - 9-12 141 141 10:1 X 11
LustreChristianHighSchool,Lustre X X X X - - 9-12 40 40 4:1 4
ManhattanChristianHighSchool,Manhattan X X PK-5 6-8 9-12 266 65 8:1 X 12
SummitPreparatorySchool,Kalispell X X - - 9-12 46 46 5:1 X 61
Nebraska
MountMichaelBenedictineSchool,Elkhorn X X - - 9-12 221 221 8:1 X 22
NebraskaChristianSchools,CentralCity X X X X K-6 7-8 9-12 204 121 10:1 6
ScotusCentralCatholicHighSchool,Columbus X X - 7-8 9-12 396 257 14:1 X 13
NevadaTheDr.MiriamandSheldonG.AdelsonEducationalCampus,TheAdelsonUpperSchool,LasVegas X X PS-4 5-8 9-12 618 132 10:1 X 15
FaithLutheranHighSchool,LasVegas X X - 6-8 9-12 1,390 749 17:1 X 22
TheMeadowsSchool,LasVegas X X PK-5 6-8 9-12 895 273 11:1 X 14
NewHampshire
BishopBradyHighSchool,Concord X X - - 9-12 344 344 16:1 X 30
BishopGuertinHighSchool,Nashua X X - - 9-12 900 900 X 35
CardiganMountainSchool,Canaan X X - 6-9 215 192 4:1 41
TheDerryfieldSchool,Manchester X X - 6-8 9-12 387 271 8:1 X 26
HampshireCountrySchool,Rindge X 3-6 - 7-12 21 16 2:1 23
HighMowingSchool,Wilton X X X X - - 9-12 109 109 5:1 X 41
KimballUnionAcademy,Meriden X X X X - - 9-PG 338 338 6:1 X 38
PortsmouthChristianAcademy,Dover X X PK-5 6-8 9-12 617 181 13:1 X 16
ProctorAcademy,Andover X X X X - - 9-12 360 360 5:1 X 58
St.ThomasAquinasHighSchool,Dover X X - - 9-12 585 585 14:1 X 18
TiltonSchool,Tilton X X X X - - 9-PG 222 222 5:1 X 28
TrinityHighSchool,Manchester X X - - 9-12 442 442 12:1 X 22
TheWhiteMountainSchool,Bethlehem X X X X - - 9-PG 112 112 5:1 X 45
NewJersey
TheAmericanBoychoirSchool,Princeton X X 4-5 6-8 51 5:1 2
BarnstableAcademy,Oakland X X - 5-8 9-12 120 90 8:1 X 16
ChristianBrothersAcademy,Lincroft X - - 9-12 1,007 1,007 14:1 X 16
DelbartonSchool,Morristown X - 7-8 9-12 558 491 13:1 X 28
DePaulCatholicHighSchool,Wayne X X - - 650 19:1 X 38
HawthorneChristianAcademy,Hawthorne X X PS-5 6-8 9-12 496 147 7:1 X 9
TheHudsonSchool,Hoboken X X - 5-8 9-12 185 85 4:1 X 15
TheHunSchoolofPrinceton,Princeton X X X X - 6-8 9-PG 630 535 8:1 X 35
KentPlaceSchool,Summit X X N-5 6-8 9-12 636 277 7:1 X 17
TheLawrencevilleSchool,Lawrenceville X X X X - - 9-PG 819 819 8:1 51
MoorestownFriendsSchool,Moorestown X X PS-4 5-8 9-12 722 303 7:1 X 18
NewarkAcademy,Livingston X X - 6-8 9-12 582 406 12:1 X 32
OurLadyofMercyAcademy,Newfield X - - 9-12 150 150 11:1 17
ThePenningtonSchool,Pennington X X X X - 6-8 9-12 487 406 8:1 X 24
ThePingrySchool,BaskingRidge X X K-5 6-8 9-12 1,084 558 8:1 X 25
PopeJohnXXIIIRegionalHighSchool,Sparta X X - - 8-12 943 943 13:1 X 19
RanneySchool,TintonFalls X X N-5 6-8 9-12 820 303 9:1 X 25
SaintAugustinePreparatorySchool,Richland X - - 9-12 680 680 12:1 X 25
VillaVictoriaAcademy,Ewing X PK-6 7-8 9-12 168 55 8:1 X 10
VillaWalshAcademy,Morristown X - 7-8 9-12 252 222 8:1 X 11
NewMexico
AlbuquerqueAcademy,Albuquerque X X - 6-7 8-12 1,110 813 9:1 X 28
SandiaPreparatorySchool,Albuquerque X X - 6-8 9-12 612 348 7:1 33
NewYork
AllendaleColumbiaSchool,Rochester X X N-5 6-8 9-12 375 141 X 11
AllHallowsHighSchool,Bronx X - - 9-12 640 640 15:1 14
BayRidgePreparatorySchool,Brooklyn X X K-5 6-8 9-12 7:1 X 13
TheBeekmanSchool,NewYork X X - - 9-PG 80 80 8:1 X
BerkeleyCarrollSchool,Brooklyn X X N-4 5-8 9-12 900 270 8:1 15
TheBirchWathenLenoxSchool,NewYork X X K-5 6-8 9-12 570 170 15:1 X 26
CascadillaSchool,Ithaca X X X X - - 9-PG 50 6:1 X 51
CathedralHighSchool,NewYork X - - 9-12 550 550 17:1 X 6
CatholicCentralHighSchool,Troy X X - 7-8 9-12 520 415 15:1 X 17
ChristianBrothersAcademy,Syracuse X X - - 7-12 750 750 X 18
ChristianCentralAcademy,Williamsville X X K-5 6-8 9-12 355 110 10:1 X 12
CollegiateSchool,NewYork X K-4 5-8 9-12 650 227 4:1 X 13
ConventoftheSacredHeart,NewYork X PK-4 5-8 9-12 700 210 10:1 X 23
DarrowSchool,NewLebanon X X X X - - 9-12 120 120 4:1 X 27
DominicanAcademy,NewYork X - - 9-12 208 208 8:1 X 9
FordhamPreparatorySchool,Bronx X - - 9-12 936 936 11:1 X 23
French-AmericanSchoolofNewYork,Mamaroneck X X N-5 6-8 9-12 842 208 6:1 X 8
FriendsAcademy,LocustValley X X N-5 6-8 9-12 780 376 8:1 X 18
TheHarleySchool,Rochester X X N-4 5-8 9-12 537 186 8:1 X 15
HebrewAcademyoftheFiveTowns&Rockaway,Cedarhurst X X 9-12 388 388 X 7
HoughtonAcademy,Houghton X X X X - 6-8 9-PG 130 107 8:1 X 15
TheKew-ForestSchool,ForestHills X X N-6 7-8 9-12 238 100 8:1 X 17
KildonanSchool,Amenia X X X X 2-6 7-8 9-PG 91 50 2:1 39
LaScuolaD’ItaliaGuglielmoMarconi,NewYork X X PK-5 6-8 9-12 261 44 X 4
LittleRedSchoolHouseandElisabethIrwinHighSchool,NewYork X X N-4 5-8 9-12 650 240 7:1 28
LongIslandLutheranMiddleandHighSchool,Brookville X X - 6-8 9-12 590 413 9:1 X 23
LoyolaSchool,NewYork X X - - 9-12 202 202 9:1 15
MaplebrookSchool,Amenia X X X X - - 75 62 8:1 41
TheMaryLouisAcademy,JamaicaEstates X - - 9-12 855 855 13:1 X 27
MillbrookSchool,Millbrook X X X X - - 9-12 283 283 5:1 X 30
NormanHowardSchool,Rochester X X 4-4 5-8 9-12 123 82 3:1 7
TheParkSchoolofBuffalo,Snyder X X X X PK-4 5-8 9-12 290 133 8:1 X 31
PoughkeepsieDaySchool,Poughkeepsie X X PK-5 6-8 9-12 280 115 7:1 X 27
PrestonHighSchool,Bronx X - - 9-12 600 600 25:1 X 7
ProfessionalChildren’sSchool,NewYork X X - 6-8 9-12 195 160 8:1
RegisHighSchool,NewYork X - - 9-12 530 530 15:1 X 8
RiverdaleCountrySchool,Bronx X X PK-5 6-8 9-12 1,125 500 8:1 23
RossSchool,EastHampton X X X X N-6 - 7-12 521 370 7:1 X 21
SmithSchool,NewYork X X - 7-8 9-12 57 42 4:1 7
SoundviewPreparatorySchool,YorktownHeights X X - 6-8 9-12 68 56 5:1 X 4
TheSpenceSchool,NewYork X K-4 5-8 9-12 725 234 7:1 X 13
TheStormKingSchool,Cornwall-on-Hudson X X X X - 8-8 9-12 139 132 6:1 X 65
TrevorDaySchool,NewYork X X N-5 6-8 9-12 800 248 6:1 X 14
Trinity-PawlingSchool,Pawling X X - 7-8 9-PG 283 260 8:1 X 40
TheWaldorfSchoolofGardenCity,GardenCity X X N-5 6-8 9-12 350 105 5:1 14
TheWaldorfSchoolofSaratogaSprings,SaratogaSprings X X PK-8 - 9-12 241 45 13:1 15
TheWindsorSchool,Flushing X X - 6-8 9-13 180 170 14:1 X 11
WinstonPreparatorySchool,NewYork X X - 4-8 9-12 180 124 3:1 14
YorkPreparatorySchool,NewYork X X - 6-8 9-12 358 262 6:1 X 26
NorthCarolina
ArthurMorganSchool,Burnsville X X X X - 7-9 27 2:1 26
CapeFearAcademy,Wilmington X X PK-5 6-8 9-12 573 222 7:1 X 13
CardinalGibbonsHighSchool,Raleigh X X - - 9-12 1,294 1,294 14:1 X 34
CharlotteCountryDaySchool,Charlotte X X PK-4 5-8 9-12 1,631 506 12:1 21
CharlotteLatinSchool,Charlotte X X K-5 6-8 9-12 1,401 500 8:1 X 20
DurhamAcademy,Durham X X PK-4 5-8 9-12 1,165 411 8:1 X 25
FayettevilleAcademy,Fayetteville X X PK-5 6-8 9-12 370 140 14:1 X 13
GastonDaySchool,Gastonia X X PS-4 5-8 9-12 512 158 7:1 X 11
HarrellsChristianAcademy,Harrells X X K-5 6-8 9-12 412 163 11:1 X 9
TheO’NealSchool,SouthernPines X X PK-5 6-8 9-12 415 158 12:1 X 10
ProvidenceDaySchool,Charlotte X X PK-5 6-8 9-12 1,580 570 9:1 X 24
SalemAcademy,Winston-Salem X X - - 9-12 160 160 7:1 X 22
WestchesterCountryDaySchool,HighPoint X X PK-5 6-8 9-12 355 126 6:1 X 15
NorthDakota
ShanleyHighSchool,Fargo X X - - 9-12 313 313 18:1 X 11
Ohio
ArchbishopAlterHighSchool,Kettering X X - - 9-12 673 673 12:1 X 20
ArchbishopHobanHighSchool,Akron X X - - 9-12 861 861 15:1 X 22
TheColumbusAcademy,Gahanna X X PK-4 5-8 9-12 1,085 372 8:1 X 15
ColumbusSchoolforGirls,Columbus X PK-5 6-8 9-12 561 195 9:1 X 16
TheGrandRiverAcademy,Austinburg X - - 9-12 111 111 6:1 X 62
LawrenceSchool,SagamoreHills X X K-6 7-8 9-12 280 136 11:1 11
PaduaFranciscanHighSchool,Parma X X - - 9-12 755 755 19:1 X 43
St.FrancisdeSalesHighSchool,Toledo X - - 9-12 612 612 14:1 X 17
SaintUrsulaAcademy,Toledo X - 7-8 9-12 549 522 12:1 X 31
TheSevenHillsSchool,Cincinnati X X PK-5 6-8 9-12 1,028 315 9:1 X 13
TheSummitCountryDaySchool,Cincinnati X X PK-4 5-8 9-12 1,020 369 9:1 X 19
TrinityHighSchool,GarfieldHeights X X - - 9-12 352 352 12:1 X 15
VillaAngela-St.JosephHighSchool,Cleveland X X - - 9-12 375 375 12:1 X 21
BishopMcGuinnessCatholicHighSchool,OklahomaCity X X 9-10 - 11-12 701 341 13:1 X 18
Oregon
BlanchetSchool,Salem X X - 6-8 9-12 357 231 17:1 X 15
TheCatlinGabelSchool,Portland X X PS-5 6-8 9-12 753 309 8:1 50
DeLaSalleNorthCatholicHighSchool,Portland X X - - 9-12 322 322 17:1 X 7
NorthwestAcademy,Portland X X - 6-8 9-12 182 80 4:1 10
OregonEpiscopalSchool,Portland X X X X PK-5 6-8 9-12 858 316 7:1 X 21
PacificCrestCommunitySchool,Portland X X - 6-8 9-12 85 55 9:1 12
St.Mary’sSchool,Medford X X X X - 6-8 9-12 461 312 11:1 X 30
SalemAcademy,Salem X X K-5 6-8 9-12 631 258 9:1 X 12
WellspringsFriendsSchool,Eugene X X - - 9-12 45 45 8:1 7
STUDENTSACCEPTED
PRIVATESCHOOLSAT-A-GLANCE Boarding Day GRADES STUDENT/FACULTYSTUDENTOFFERINGS
Boys Girls Boys Girls Lower Middle Upper Total Upper
Student/FacultyRatio
AdvancedPlacementPreparation Sports
Pennsylvania
AcademyoftheNewChurchBoys’School,BrynAthyn X X - - 9-12 124 124 8:1 X 6
AcademyoftheNewChurchGirls’School,BrynAthyn X X - - 9-12 101 101 8:1 X 9
TheAgnesIrwinSchool,Rosemont X PK-4 5-8 9-12 703 289 5:1 X 23
BishopShanahanHighSchool,Downingtown X X - - 9-12 1,125 1,125 X 16
CamphillSpecialSchool,Glenmoore X X X X K-5 6-8 9-13 118 59 5:1
CardinalO’HaraHighSchool,Springfield X X - - 9-12 1,289 21:1 X 21
ChristopherDockMennoniteHighSchool,Lansdale X X X X - - 9-12 351 351 11:1 X 12
TheConceptSchool,Westtown X X - 5-8 9-12 24 16 5:1 13
CountryDaySchooloftheSacredHeart,BrynMawr X PK-4 5-8 9-12 314 165 8:1 X 11
DevonPreparatorySchool,Devon X - 6-8 9-12 253 199 10:1 X 10
TheEpiscopalAcademy,NewtownSquare X X PK-5 6-8 9-12 1,216 528 7:1 X 37
FatherJudgeHighSchool,Philadelphia X - - 9-12 986 986 28:1 X 24
Friends’CentralSchool,Wynnewood X X N-5 5-8 9-12 812 377 8:1 25
GeorgeSchool,Newtown X X X X - - 9-12 545 545 7:1 X 25
GermantownFriendsSchool,Philadelphia X X K-5 6-8 9-12 861 353 9:1 17
GirardCollege,Philadelphia X X 1-6 - 7-12 331 201 16:1 X 32
GrierSchool,Tyrone X X - 7-8 9-PG 306 262 7:1 X 46
TheHillTopPreparatorySchool,Rosemont X X - 5-9 10-12 73 34 6:1 27
LancasterCountryDaySchool,Lancaster X X PS-5 6-8 9-12 615 213 6:1 X 20
LancasterMennoniteHighSchool,Lancaster X X X X PK-5 6-8 9-12 1,412 638 15:1 X 14
LansdaleCatholicHighSchool,Lansdale X X - - 9-12 763 763 21:1 X 25
LehighValleyChristianHighSchool,Catasauqua X X - - 9-12 122 122 9:1 X 8
MarianCatholicHighSchool,Tamaqua X X - - 9-12 378 378 11:1 X 8
MercersburgAcademy,Mercersburg X X X X - - 9-PG 430 430 5:1 X 58
MMIPreparatorySchool,Freeland X X - 6-8 9-12 247 157 11:1 X 11
MoravianAcademy,Bethlehem X X PK-5 6-8 9-12 750 300 7:1 X 14
NazarethAcademyHighSchoolforGirls,Philadelphia X - - 9-12 378 378 9:1 X 14
NotreDameJunior/SeniorHighSchool,EastStroudsburg X X - - 7-12 270 270 15:1 X 14
TheOaklandSchool,Pittsburgh X X - - 8-12 40 40 6:1 32
ThePathwaySchool,Norristown X X - - 120 46 6:1 5
ThePhelpsSchool,Malvern X X - - 7-PG 110 110 4:1 X 24
Philadelphia-MontgomeryChristianAcademy,Erdenheim X X K-5 6-8 9-12 309 140 10:1 X 8
St.Joseph’sPreparatorySchool,Philadelphia X - - 9-12 968 968 16:1 X 32
SewickleyAcademy,Sewickley X X PK-5 6-8 9-12 708 289 7:1 X 15
ShadySideAcademy,Pittsburgh X X X X PK-5 6-8 9-12 935 492 8:1 X 25
TheShipleySchool,BrynMawr X X PK-5 6-8 9-12 823 352 7:1 X 25
SpringsideChestnutHillAcademy,Philadelphia X X PK-4 5-8 9-12 1,102 472 7:1 X 18
VillaJosephMarieHighSchool,Holland X - - 9-12 363 363 9:1 X 15
WesttownSchool,WestChester X X X X PK-5 6-8 9-12 632 381 8:1 X 36
WilliamPennCharterSchool,Philadelphia X X PK-5 6-8 9-12 966 458 9:1 X 19
WoodlyndeSchool,Strafford X X K-5 6-8 9-12 262 100 5:1 X 11
BaldwinSchoolofPuertoRico,Bayamon X X PK-5 6-8 9-12 812 216 8:1 X 14
ColegioSanJose,SanJuan X - 7-8 9-12 515 351 X 13
FowlersAcademy,Guaynabo X X - 7-8 9-12 64 44 15:1 8
GuamaniPrivateSchool,Guayama X X 1-6 7-8 9-12 606 164 13:1 X 6
WesleyanAcademy,Guaynabo X X PK-6 7-8 9-12 959 161 23:1 X 8
RhodeIsland
BishopHendrickenHighSchool,Warwick X - - 9-12 948 948 14:1 X 34
MountSaintCharlesAcademy,Woonsocket X X - - 7-12 699 699 14:1 X 27
ProvidenceCountryDaySchool,EastProvidence X X - 6-8 9-12 200 160 7:1 X 19
St.Andrew’sSchool,Barrington X X X X - 6-8 9-PG 205 175 5:1 X 32
St.George’sSchool,Middletown X X X X - - 9-12 365 365 6:1 X 22
TheWheelerSchool,Providence X X N-5 6-8 9-12 817 350 7:1 X 15
SouthCarolina
AshleyHall,Charleston X X PS-4 5-6 7-12 677 299 8:1 X 41
ChristChurchEpiscopalSchool,Greenville X X K-4 5-8 9-12 1,151 409 10:1 16
HankHaneyInternationalJuniorGolfAcademy,HiltonHeadIsland X X X X 5-PG 140 140 10:1 X 1
Porter-GaudSchool,Charleston X X 1-5 6-8 9-12 886 359 12:1 X 26
St.Joseph’sCatholicSchool,Greenville X X - 6-8 9-12 669 405 13:1 X 18
WilsonHall,Sumter X X PS-5 6-8 9-12 778 242 13:1 X 34
SouthDakota
FreemanAcademy,Freeman X X X X 1-4 5-8 9-12 68 34 5:1 7
SunshineBibleAcademy,Miller X X X X K-5 6-8 9-12 94 65 9:1 12
Tennessee
BachmanAcademy,McDonald X X X X - 6-8 9-PG 39 28 3:1 40
BattleGroundAcademy,Franklin X X K-4 5-8 9-12 809 324 8:1 X 30
BriarcrestChristianHighSchool,Eads X X PK-5 6-8 9-12 1,640 535 12:1 X 20
ChattanoogaChristianSchool,Chattanooga X X K-5 6-8 9-12 1,179 449 17:1 X 18
ClarksvilleAcademy,Clarksville X X PK-5 6-8 9-12 576 183 12:1 X 12
ColumbiaAcademy,Columbia X X K-6 - 7-12 765 326 10:1 X 15
CurreyIngramAcademy,Brentwood X X K-4 5-8 9-12 301 77 4:1 8
DavidsonAcademy,Nashville X X PK-6 7-8 9-12 750 17:1 X 16
DonelsonChristianAcademy,Nashville X X K4-5 6-8 9-12 701 219 16:1 X 19
Ezell-HardingChristianSchool,Antioch X X PK-4 5-8 9-12 543 198 14:1 X 14
FatherRyanHighSchool,Nashville X X - - 9-12 948 948 12:1 X 30
FranklinRoadAcademy,Nashville X X PK-4 5-8 9-12 720 264 8:1 X 23
GirlsPreparatorySchool,Chattanooga X - 6-8 9-12 584 347 8:1 X 45
GraceBaptistAcademy,Chattanooga X X K4-5 6-8 9-12 572 161 12:1 X 16
TheHarpethHallSchool,Nashville X - 5-8 9-12 671 400 8:1 X 38
LipscombAcademy,Nashville X X PK-4 5-8 9-12 1,318 523 15:1 X 14
MiddleTennesseeChristianSchool,Murfreesboro X X PK-6 7-8 9-12 665 200 18:1 X 13
MontgomeryBellAcademy,Nashville X - 7-8 9-12 718 495 7:1 X 38
St.BenedictatAuburndale,Cordova X X - - 9-12 945 945 16:1 X 24
St.George’sIndependentSchool,Collierville X X PK-5 6-8 9-12 1,213 394 7:1 X 16
St.Mary’sEpiscopalSchool,Memphis X PK-4 5-8 9-12 849 246 13:1 X 12
TrinityChristianAcademy,Jackson X X PS-5 6-8 9-12 772 241 7:1 13
UniversitySchoolofJackson,Jackson X X PK-5 6-8 9-12 1,150 315 13:1 X 16
WebbSchoolofKnoxville,Knoxville X X K-5 6-8 9-12 1,034 471 10:1 X 19
Texas
TheBrookHillSchool,Bullard X X X X PK-5 6-8 9-12 519 191 9:1 X 24
CarrolltonChristianAcademy,Carrollton X X PK-6 7-8 9-12 252 14
CistercianPreparatorySchool,Irving X - 5-8 9-12 352 178 5:1 X 14
DuchesneAcademyoftheSacredHeart,Houston X PK-4 5-8 9-12 680 236 7:1 X 14
TheEmery/WeinerSchool,Houston X X - 6-8 9-12 7:1 X 15
EpiscopalHighSchool,Bellaire X X - - 9-12 676 676 9:1 X 23
FirstBaptistAcademy,Dallas X X PK-5 6-8 9-12 207 89 8:1 X 14
FortWorthChristianSchool,NorthRichlandHills X X PK-5 6-8 9-12 850 356 14:1 X 16
GatewaySchool,Arlington X X - 5-8 9-12 5:1 6
GreenhillSchool,Addison X X PK-4 5-8 9-12 1,276 476 7:1 X 29
TheHockadaySchool,Dallas X X PK-4 5-8 9-12 1,086 478 15:1 X 42
Huntington-SurreySchool,Austin X X - - 9-12 48 48 4:1 1
HydeParkBaptistSchool,Austin X X PK-5 6-8 9-12 599 286 12:1 X 14
JesuitCollegePreparatorySchool,Dallas X - - 9-12 1,095 1,095 11:1 X 28
KeystoneSchool,SanAntonio X X K-4 5-8 9-12 431 128 10:1 X 8
LakehillPreparatorySchool,Dallas X X K-4 5-8 9-12 400 115 10:1 X 17
MarineMilitaryAcademy,Harlingen X - - 8-12 250 250 13:1 X 40
NorthCentralTexasAcademy,Granbury X X X X K-5 6-8 9-12 194 70 7:1 17
ParishEpiscopalSchool,Dallas X X PK-4 5-8 9-12 1,100 22
PresbyterianPanAmericanSchool,Kingsville X X X X - - 9-12 160 160 10:1 19
ProvidenceCatholicSchool,TheCollegePreparatorySchoolforGirlsGrades6-12,SanAntonio X 6-8 9-12 315 193 11:1 X 20
St.AgnesAcademy,Houston X - - 9-12 899 899 12:1 X 20
St.Mark’sSchoolofTexas,Dallas X 1-4 5-8 9-12 851 364 8:1 X 41
SaintMary’sHall,SanAntonio X X PK-5 6-8 9-PG 1,008 397 6:1 X 21
St.PiusXHighSchool,Houston X X - - 9-12 670 670 12:1 X 17
St.Stephen’sEpiscopalSchool,Austin X X X X - 6-8 9-12 689 487 8:1 X 39
SanMarcosBaptistAcademy,SanMarcos X X X X - 7-8 9-12 286 237 7:1 X 24
SheltonSchoolandEvaluationCenter,Dallas X X PS-4 5-8 9-12 827 262 8:1 12
TheTenneySchool,Houston X X - 6-8 9-12 57 37 2:1 X
TMI-TheEpiscopalSchoolofTexas,SanAntonio X X X X - 6-8 9-12 470 340 10:1 X 23
TrinitySchoolofTexas,Longview X X PK-5 6-8 9-12 275 60 8:1 X 12
TrinityValleySchool,FortWorth X X K-4 5-8 9-12 970 348 5:1 X 12
TylerStreetChristianAcademy,Dallas X X P3-6 7-8 9-12 198 47 13:1 X 16
TheUrsulineAcademyofDallas,Dallas X - - 9-12 800 800 10:1 X 14
WestburyChristianSchool,Houston X X PK-4 5-8 9-12 480 225 10:1 X 13
TheWinstonSchool,Dallas X X 1-6 7-8 9-12 166 80 5:1 21
TheWinstonSchoolSanAntonio,SanAntonio X X K-6 7-8 9-12 206 95 8:1 14
STUDENTSACCEPTED
PRIVATESCHOOLSAT-A-GLANCE Boarding Day GRADES STUDENT/FACULTY STUDENTOFFERINGS
Boys Girls Boys Girls Lower Middle Upper Total Upper
Student/FacultyRatio
AdvancedPlacementPreparation Sports
Utah
IntermountainChristianSchool,SaltLakeCity X X PK-5 6-8 9-12 285 59 9:1 X 5
RealmsofInquiry,Murray X X - 6-8 9-12 14 10 7:1 62
RowlandHall,SaltLakeCity X X PK-5 6-8 9-12 927 300 7:1 X 30
WasatchAcademy,Mt.Pleasant X X X X - 7-8 9-PG 304 290 10:1 X 65
TheWaterfordSchool,Sandy X X PK-5 6-8 9-12 875 251 4:1 X 33
Vermont
BurrandBurtonAcademy,Manchester X X X X - - 9-12 667 667 12:1 X 26
LongTrailSchool,Dorset X X - 6-8 9-12 155 93 8:1 26
TheSharonAcademy,Sharon X X - 7-8 9-12 165 129 16:1
VirginIslands
GoodHopeCountryDaySchool,Kingshill X X N-6 7-8 9-12 440 150 12:1 X 12
Virginia
BishopDenisJ.O’ConnellHighSchool,Arlington X X - - 1,221 1,221 12:1 X 24
BishopIretonHighSchool,Alexandria X X - - 9-12 785 785 14:1 X 25
CarlisleSchool,Axton X X X X PK-5 6-8 9-12 453 138 8:1 X 17
EasternMennoniteHighSchool,Harrisonburg X X K-5 6-8 9-12 385 194 12:1 X 11
EpiscopalHighSchool,Alexandria X X - - 9-12 439 439 6:1 X 44
FishburneMilitarySchool,Waynesboro X X - 7-8 9-12 170 155 9:1 X 12
FoxcroftSchool,Middleburg X X - - 9-12 165 165 7:1 X 34
FredericksburgAcademy,Fredericksburg X X PK-5 6-8 9-12 552 135 6:1 X 11
FuquaSchool,Farmville X X PK-5 6-8 9-12 382 143 7:1 X 13
HamptonRoadsAcademy,NewportNews X X PK-4 5-8 9-12 588 248 10:1 X 32
HargraveMilitaryAcademy,Chatham X X - 7-9 10-PG 310 260 12:1 X 49
LittleKeswickSchool,Keswick X - - 34 3:1 13
TheMadeiraSchool,McLean X X - - 9-12 310 310 10:1 X 18
NorfolkAcademy,Norfolk X X 1-6 7-9 10-12 1,248 379 10:1 X 22
OaklandSchool,Keswick X X X X - - 5:1 43
ThePotomacSchool,McLean X X K-3 4-8 9-12 1,024 423 6:1 X 29
Randolph-MaconAcademy,FrontRoyal X X X X - 6-8 9-PG 330 264 14:1 X 27
SaintGertrudeHighSchool,Richmond X - - 9-12 266 266 9:1 X 12
St.Stephen’s&St.AgnesSchool,Alexandria X X JK-5 6-8 9-12 1,144 456 9:1 X 28
WakefieldSchool,ThePlains X X PS-5 6-8 9-12 397 152 11:1 X 17
Washington
AnnieWrightSchool,Tacoma X X X PS-5 6-8 9-12 467 180 5:1 8
ArchbishopThomasJ.MurphyHighSchool,Everett X X - - 14:1 X 14
ChrysalisSchool,Woodinville X X K-6 7-8 9-12 165 108 3:1
ExplorationsAcademy,Bellingham X X - - 41 41 7:1 X
HolyNamesAcademy,Seattle X - - 9-12 690 690
TheOverlakeSchool,Redmond X X - 5-8 9-12 534 304 9:1 X 36
SeattleAcademyofArtsandSciences,Seattle X X - 6-8 9-12 720 458 9:1 26
ShorelineChristian,Shoreline X X PS-6 7-8 9-12 212 76 7:1 5
WestSoundAcademy,Poulsbo X X X X - 6-8 9-12 95 61 7:1 X 15
WestVirginia
TheLinslySchool,Wheeling X X X X 5-8 - 9-12 443 298 10:1 X 47
Wisconsin
CatholicCentralHighSchool,Burlington X X - - 9-12 180 180 9:1 X 23
MadisonCountryDaySchool,Waunakee X X PK-4 5-8 9-12 366 62 6:1 5
St.LawrenceSeminaryHighSchool,MountCalvary X - - 9-12 195 195 9:1 26
UniversitySchoolofMilwaukee,Milwaukee X X PK-4 5-8 9-12 1,120 376 9:1 X 16
CANADATheAcademyforGiftedChildren(PACE),RichmondHill,ON X X 1-3 4-7 8-12 306 113 15:1 X 43
BalmoralHallSchool,Winnipeg,MB X X N-5 6-8 9-12 474 154 7:1 X 67
BranksomeHall,Toronto,ON X X JK-6 7-8 9-12 885 445 9:1 42
CentralAlbertaChristianHighSchool,Lacombe,AB X X - - 10-12 103 103 13:1 22
ColumbiaInternationalCollegeofCanada,Hamilton,ON X X X X - 7-9 10-12 1,804 1,600 20:1 X 50
CommunityHebrewAcademy,Toronto,ON X X - - 9-12 1,300 1,300 8:1 17
TheCountryDaySchool,KingCity,ON X X JK-6 7-8 9-12 700 300 9:1 X 32
CovenantCanadianReformedSchool,Neerlandia,AB X X K-6 7-9 10-12 221 28 10:1 17
CrawfordAdventistAcademy,Willowdale,ON X X JK-6 7-8 9-12 354 151 16:1 X 13
DeLaSalleCollege,Toronto,ON X X 5-6 7-8 9-12 627 434 15:1 X 21
GlenlyonNorfolkSchool,Victoria,BC X X JK-5 6-8 9-12 685 280 8:1 27
GreatLakesChristianHighSchool,Beamsville,ON X X X X - - 9-12 94 94 19
HeritageChristianSchool,Jordan,ON X X K-8 - 9-12 630 181 15:1 5
HighroadAcademy,Chilliwack,BC X X K-6 7-8 9-12 390 114 10:1
HolyTrinitySchool,RichmondHill,ON X X JK-6 7-8 9-12 750 400 17:1 X 15
King’s-EdgehillSchool,Windsor,NS X X X X - 6-9 10-12 290 200 10:1 33
KingswayCollege,Oshawa,ON X X X X - - 9-12 187 187 12:1 17
LakefieldCollegeSchool,Lakefield,ON X X X X - - 9-12 366 366 7:1 X 43
TheLaureateAcademy,Winnipeg,MB X X 1-5 6-8 9-12 80 30 6:1 36
LutherCollegeHighSchool,Regina,SK X X X X - - 9-12 430 430 17:1 21
MeadowridgeSchool,MapleRidge,BC X X JK-5 - 6-12 540 290 12:1 12
MennoniteCollegiateInstitute,Gretna,MB X X X X - 7-8 9-12 140 122 13:1 X 14
MissEdgar’sandMissCramp’sSchool,Montreal,QC X K-5 6-8 9-11 335 115 9:1 X 26
Newton’sGroveSchool,Toronto,ON X X JK-6 7-8 9-12 255 120 18:1 27
NiagaraChristianCommunityofSchools,FortErie,ON X X X X - 6-8 9-12 178 165 16:1 18
NorthTorontoChristianSchool,Toronto,ON X X JK-6 7-8 9-12 438 182 15:1 27
QueenMargaret’sSchool,Duncan,BC X X X PS-3 4-8 9-12 317 128 8:1 X 63
RedeemerChristianHighSchool,Ottawa,ON X X - - 9-12 167 167 9:1
RidleyCollege,St.Catharines,ON X X X X JK-8 - 9-PG 651 470 7:1 78
RosseauLakeCollege,Rosseau,ON X X X X - 7-8 9-12 84 74 6:1 82
RoyalCanadianCollege,Vancouver,BC X X - 9-10 11-12 110 91 20:1 7
SacredHeartSchoolofHalifax,Halifax,NS X X K-6 - 7-12 461 258 10:1 X 17
St.Andrew’sCollege,Aurora,ON X X - 5-8 9-12 613 446 8:1 X 62
St.Andrew’sRegionalHighSchool,Victoria,BC X X - 8-9 10-12 14:1 8
St.George’sSchool,Vancouver,BC X X 1-7 - 8-12 1,157 778 8:1 X 33
St.George’sSchoolofMontreal,Montreal,QC X X K-6 - 7-11 426 236 15:1 X 41
St.Michael’sCollegeSchool,Toronto,ON X - 7-8 9-12 1,067 870 16:1 X 32
St.Patrick’sRegionalSecondary,Vancouver,BC X X - - 8-12 500 500 X 6
St.Paul’sHighSchool,Winnipeg,MB X - - 9-12 596 596 14:1 X 22
ShawniganLakeSchool,ShawniganLake,BC X X X X - - 8-12 457 457 8:1 X 52
SignetChristianSchool,NorthYork,ON X X JK-8 - 9-12 37 16 5:1 9
TheStudy,Westmount,QC X K-3 4-6 7-11 316 125 8:1 X 30
TrafalgarCastleSchool,Whitby,ON X X - 5-8 9-12 191 134 9:1 X 29
TrinityCollegeSchool,PortHope,ON X X X X - 5-8 9-12 554 450 8:1 X 37
UnitedMennoniteEducationalInstitute,Leamington,ON X X - - 9-12 48 48 15:1 18
UpperCanadaCollege,Toronto,ON X X K-7 8-9 9-12 1,190 650 8:1 59
VentaPreparatorySchool,Ottawa,ON X X X X JK-7 - 8-10 74 20 6:1 14
TheYorkSchool,Toronto,ON X X JK-5 6-8 9-12 600 235 16:1 26
INTERNATIONALColombia
ColegioBolivar,Cali X X PK-5 6-8 9-12 1,258 365 9:1 X 13
Greece
AmericanCommunitySchoolsofAthens,Athens X X JK-5 6-8 9-12 859 342 20:1 X 11
Italy
St.Stephen’sSchool,Rome,Rome X X X X - - 9-PG 278 278 7:1 X 7
Japan
SaintMaurInternationalSchool,Yokohama X X PK-5 6-8 9-12 436 128 4:1 X 6
SeisenInternationalSchool,Tokyo X X K-6 7-8 9-12 634 198 6:1 12
Malaysia
Mont’KiaraInternationalSchool,KualaLumpur X X 1-5 6-8 9-12 1,005 250 10:1 18
Mexico
TheAmericanSchoolFoundation,MexicoCity,D.F. X X 1-5 6-8 9-12 2,571 743 11:1 X 7
InternationalSchoolManila,1634TaguigCity X X PK-4 5-8 9-12 2,200 780 9:1 X 18
Spain
TheAmericanSchoolofMadrid,Madrid X X PK-5 6-8 9-12 868 284 8:1 8
Switzerland
InstitutMonteRosa,Montreux X X X X - - 5:1 X 39
Thailand
InternationalSchoolBangkok,Pakkret X X PK-5 6-8 9-12 1,896 709 10:1 X 15
Turkey
IstanbulInternationalCommunitySchool,Istanbul X X 1-6 - 7-12 578 269 9:1 12
UnitedKingdom
MerchistonCastleSchool,Edinburgh X X - - 174 9:1 46