MARRIAGE & KINSHIPMARRIAGE & KINSHIP

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KINSHIP INTERACTIVE TUTORIAL

• http://www.umanitoba.ca/faculties/arts/

anthropology/tutor/kinmenu.html

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I. DEFINITION OF MARRIAGE

A. Sex? Love? Legitimize children?

B. Making Sense of Diversity

C. CROSS-CULTURAL EXAMPLES

1. HIJRAS (INDIA) ♂ = ♂

2. NUER WOMAN MARRIAGE ♀ = ♀

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FUNCTIONS OF MARRIAGE

1. Regulate sexual access

2. Legitimize children

3. Provide care for children

4. Division of labor

5. Most: NOT for love

a. Economic & Political Functions

6. Exchange between groups

a. Dowry

b. Bride Wealth

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INCEST TABOO = Universal

1. INBREEDING AVOIDANCE

2. ENDOGAMY VS. EXOGAMY

3. ALLIANCE THEORY

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II. DIVERSITY OF MARRIAGE PRACTICES

A. MONOGAMY (20%) ♀ = ♂ B. POLYGAMY

1. POLYGYNY (75%); ♀ = ♂ = ♀ SORORAL POLYGYNY

2. POLYANDRY (1%); ♂ = ♀ = ♂ FRATERNAL POLYANDRY

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C. LEVIRATE

1. NUER GHOST MARRIAGE

a. Woman marries deceased husband’s brother

D. SORORATE

a. Man marries deceased wife’s sister

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III. POST-MARITAL RESIDENCE RULES

A. NEOLOCAL RESIDENCE (5%)

B. MATRILOCAL RESIDENCE (13%)

C. AVUNCULOCAL RESIDENCE (4%)

D. PATRILOCAL RESIDENCE (70%)

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IV.FAMILY TYPES

A. NUCLEAR FAMILY (25%)1. NEOLOCAL2. AFFINAL TIES

B. EXTENDED FAMILY (75%)1. PATRILOCAL2. MATRILOCAL3. CONSANGUINEAL TIES

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Patrilocal Extended Family

A. India

B. Taiwan

(Uterine Families and the Women’s Community)

C. Matrilocal Extended Family

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CURVILINEAR HYPOTHESIS EXTENDED

HOUSEHOLDS

LOW

HIGH

FORAGERS HORTICULTURE

AGRICULTURE

PASTORALISM

INDUSTRIALLOW

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V. KINSHIP & DESCENT

KINSHIP: • THE TOTALITY OF

RELATIONSHIPS BASED ON BLOOD & MARRIAGE THAT LINK INDIVIDUALS & GROUPS IN A WEB OF RIGHTS & OBLIGATIONS

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KINSHIP CHARTS

MALE

FEMALE

= MARRIAGE

DESCENT

SIBLINGS

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KINSHIP RELATIONS & DESCENT GROUPS

• AFFINAL KIN (marriage)

• CONSANGUINAL KIN (blood)

A. NON-LINEAL DESCENT GROUPS

1. BILATERAL KINDRED (30%)

2. AMBILINEAL DESCENT (5%)

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ESKIMO – BILATERAL DESCENT

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CORPORATE DESCENT GROUPS

B. LINEAGES (known ancestor)

1. PATRILINEAGES (46%)

2. MATRILINEAGES (14%)

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PATRILINEAL DESCENT

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PATRILINEAL KIN TERMS

• YANOMAMO

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MATRILINEAL DESCENT

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MATRILINEAL KIN TERMS

• IROQUOIS

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C. DOUBLE DESCENT (5%)

a. ASHANTI

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D. CLANSMYTHICAL ANCESTOR

CLANS

VILLAGES

LINEAGES

HOUSEHOLDS

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E. TLINGET MOIETIES(MATRILINEAL)

RAVEN

WOLF

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F. SEGMENTARY LINEAGES

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Functions of Descent Groups

1. Regulate marriage

2. Economic

3. Political

4. Religious

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EXAMPLE: PATRILINEAGESA. HORTICULTURAL, AGRICULTURAL,

PASTORAL

B. WARFARE

C. PATRILOCAL RESIDENCE

1. KERNAL RELATIONSHIP =

FATHER-SON

D. PATRILINEAL PUZZLE

1. MARRIAGE TO CROSS COUSINS

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CROSS COUSIN ANDPARALLEL COUSIN

MARRIAGE

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BEDOUIN (VEILED SENTIMENTS)

IDEOLOGY OF KINSHIP

• PATRILINEAL DESCENT• AGNATES – CONSANGUINEAL TIES

• IN-MARRYING WOMEN THREATEN LINEAGE SOLIDARITY

• PATRILATERAL PARALLEL COUSIN MARRIAGE

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PATRILATERAL PARALLEL COUSIN MARRIAGE

D & E ARE

PARALLEL COUSINS

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IMPORTANT CONCEPTS FROM VEILED SENTIMENTS

• CODE OF HONOR– AGL (SELF-CONTROL)– IDEALS OF AUTONOMY & EQUALITY– MORAL VIRTUE– HASHAM (SHAME & VOLUNTARY DEFERENCE)

• VEILING – SEXUAL MODESTY, DEFERENCE

• GHINNAWAS “DISCOURSES OF SENTIMENT”

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EXAMPLE: MATRILINEAGES

A. MATRILINEAGE IS NOT THE MIRROR IMAGE OF PATRILINEAGE

B. PATRILINEAL KERNAL RELATIONSHIP = FATHER—SON

C. MATRILINEAL KERNAL RELATIONSHIP = SISTER—BROTHER

D. MATRILINEAL PUZZLE1. AVUNCULOCAL RESIDENCE

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MATRILINEAGES:AVUNCULOCAL RESIDENCE

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BILATERAL KINDRED

LINEAGES

(CORPORATE DESCENT GROUPS)

1. BILATERAL (COGNATIC)

DESCENT

INHERIT FROM BOTH

PARENTS

1. UNILINEAL DESCENT

INHERIT THROUGH

MALE OR

FEMALE LINE

2. EXTEND KIN

OUTWARD, INCLUDES

AFFINAL KIN (AUNTS,

UNCLES, IN-LAWS)

2. BOUNDED, DEFINES

A SPECIFIC GROUP,

EXCLUDES NON-

RELATIVES

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BILATERAL KINDRED

LINEAGES

(CORPORATE DESCENT GROUPS)

3. EGO BELONGS TO

OVERLAPPING

GROUPS;

EACH EGO HAS OWN

KINDRED

3. EGO BELONGS TO A

SINGLE GROUP WITH

ONE ANCESTOR

4. LACK OF CONTINUITY,

ENDS WITH EGO’S

DEATH

4. CONTINUITY THROUGH

TIME, CONTINUES

AFTER EGO’S DEATH

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BILATERAL KINDRED

LINEAGES

(CORPORATE DESCENT GROUPS)

5. EGO-ORIENTED 5. ANCESTOR-ORIENTED

6. MEMBERS DO NOT ACT AS A CORPORATE

GROUP

6. CORPORATE CONTROL

OF PROPERTY;

ONE MEMBER CAN

SUBSTITUTE FOR ANY

OTHER; THEY ARE

EQUAL IN LAW, CAN

AVENGE ANY MEMBER

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BILATERAL KINDRED

LINEAGES

(CORPORATE DESCENT GROUPS)

7. SEPARATE LOCAL FAMILIES,

SCATTERED RESIDENCES

7. RESIDENTIAL GROUP,

LIVE TOGETHER