markup language for books (xml and semantic web approach)
DESCRIPTION
Markup Language for Books (XML and Semantic Web Approach). Markup Languages By: Rakhi Gupta August 03, 2009. Develop a markup language for books Develop document structure or information model DTD/Schema for markup language Use XSLT and XQuery XForms Semantic Web (RDF, RDFS, OWL, FOAF) - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Markup Language for Books(XML and Semantic Web Approach)
Markup Languages
By: Rakhi Gupta
August 03, 2009
INTRODUCTION
Develop a markup language for books
Develop document structure or information model DTD/Schema for markup language
Use XSLT and XQuery
XForms
Semantic Web (RDF, RDFS, OWL, FOAF)
Applications and Conclusions
INTRODUCTION (cont’d)
XML
XML Schema
RDF
RDF Schema
Ontology
Logic and Proof
Trust
Markup Language for books
XML Schema
XSLT
Transformation problems Querying Uses XPath for navigation through the
hierarchical nodes in the XML tree Can result output in XML, HTML or text
format.
Example1
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><xsl:stylesheet xmlns:xsl="http://www.w3.org/1999/XSL/Transform" version="1.0">
<xsl:template match="bookcatalog"> <xsl:copy> <xsl:for-each select="//book[author]"> <xsl:copy> <xsl:copy-of select="title"/>
<xsl:copy-of select="author[position() <= 2]"/>
<xsl:if test="author[3]"> <et-al/> </xsl:if> </xsl:copy> </xsl:for-each> </xsl:copy> </xsl:template></xsl:stylesheet>
Example2<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><xsl:stylesheet xmlns:xsl="http://www.w3.org/1999/XSL/Transform" version="1.0"><xsl:output method="html"/><xsl:template match="bookcatalog/book"> <html> <head/> <body> <h3> <ul><li> <xsl:text>Publish Date from</xsl:text> <xsl:value-of select="child::*[1]/publish_date"/> <xsl:text>until</xsl:text> <xsl:value-of select="child::*[last()]/publish_date"/> <xsl:text></xsl:text> </li></ul> </h3> <xsl:apply-templates select="price"/> <!-- Price Information --> <h3> <xsl:text>Prices from</xsl:text> <xsl:value-of select="child::*[1]/publish_date"/> <xsl:text>until</xsl:text> <xsl:value-of select="child::*[last()]/publish_date"/> <xsl:text>highest to lowest</xsl:text> </h3> <xsl:apply-templates select="book"> <xsl:sort data-type="number" order="descending" select="price"/> </xsl:apply-templates> </body> </html> </xsl:template></xsl:stylesheet>
XQuery
Query language Handles transformation, query and merge
problems Extends the capability of XPath Handles complex queries very well
Query multiple documents
<results>{
let $bookdoc := doc("catalog.xml")//booklet $pubdoc := doc("addresses.xml")/publishers/publisherfor $somebook in $bookdoc, $somepublisher in $pubdocwhere $somebook/bookcatalog/publisher = $somepublisher/@idreturn <result>{<book>{$somebook/title}</book>,
$somepublisher/address[@type = "shipping"]}</result>}
</results>
FLWOR
General structure :FOR variable declarationsLET variable := expression, variable := expression, …WHERE conditionORDER BY variableRETURN document
Example - FLWOR
<bookcatalog>{
for $book at $index in doc("catalog.xml")/bookcatalog/section/booklet $price := $book/pricelet $genre := $book/genrewhere $genre = “ScFiction"order by $price descendingreturn
<book index = "{$index}">{$book/@*}$book/*}</book>
}</bookcatalog>
XQuery versus XSLT and SQL Why XQuery? XSLT – better oriented towards transformation
problems XQuery – great at expressing joins and sorts;
manipulate values and nodes SQL – focus on unordered sets of “flat” rows
while XQuery focusses on ordered sequences
XForms
Instance data
used inuser
interaction
XForms model
XForms user interface
Serialized data sent to server
user
XML Events
Examples<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<xhtml xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xmlns:ev="http://www.w3.org/2001/xml-events" xmlns:xf="http://www.w3.org/2002/xforms"> <head> <style type="text/css"> h1 {font-size: 12pt } xf|input.itemClass { width:100px } xf|input.custNumClass { width:100px } xf|input.dateClass { width:80px } </style> <title>Enter Review(s)</title> <xf:model id="model1"> <xf:instance> <books xmlns=""> <review> <title/> <author/> <custreview/> </review> </books> </xf:instance> <xf:submission id="s01" method="put" action="ex2order.xml" /> </xf:model> </head>
<body> <h1>Give Reviews here!</h1> <p>Enter details.</p> <xf:repeat id="i1" nodeset="/books/review"> <xf:input ref="title"> <xf:label>Title </xf:label> </xf:input> <xf:input ref="author"> <xf:label>Author</xf:label> </xf:input> <xf:input ref="custreview"> <xf:label>Reviews</xf:label> </xf:input> <br /> </xf:repeat> <xf:trigger id="addAnotherBookReview"> <xf:label>Add Reviews</xf:label> <xf:action ev:event="DOMActivate"> <xf:insert nodeset="review" at="last()" position="after" ev:event="xforms-activate"/> </xf:action> </xf:trigger> <xf:submit submission="s01"> <xf:label>Save</xf:label> <xf:hint>Click here to save.</xf:hint> </xf:submit> <p>Click "Save" to store entered reviews.</p> </body></xhtml>
Why XForms?
Multiple Environments Internationalization Input ValidationAvoid round trips
XML SemanticsExample1:
<item><subitem1 property1=”Terry Pratchett” property2=”Feet of Clay”
property3=”12345”/><subitem2 property1=”Neil Gaiman” property2=”Nancy Drew”
property3=”Feet of Clay” property4=”www.terrypratchett.com”/></item>
Example2:
<bibliography><book author=”Terry Pratchett” title=”Feet of Clay” ISBN=”12345”/><webpage author=”Neil Gaiman” author=”Terry Pratchett” title=”Feet of Clay” URL=”www.terrypratchett.com”/></bibliography>
Semantic Web
Extension of current Web Provides common framework
Agrees on common terms and relationship
Web information in machine readable fashion Metadata
Dublin Core metadata
Ontologies OWL, FOAF
WWW : WebPages :: Semantic Web : Data
Simplified Book Store (based on Markup Language for books )
Books
Authors
Publishers
ID Author Title Publisher Year
0-002659X a_xyz Semantic Web p_abc 2009
ID Name Homepage
a_xyz Neil Gaiman http://neilgaiman.com
ID Publisher Name City
p_abc Wrox Chicago
Represent data as a set of relations
Semantic Web
2009
Wrox
Chicago
http://bml.net/isbn0002659X
http://neilgaiman.comNeil Gaiman
a:title
a:year
a: publisher
a:city
a:author
a:name a: homepage
Another book store’s data
A B C D
1 ID Titre Traducteur Original
2 ISBN0-203040 Semantic Web A7 ISBN- 0-002659X
3 ID Auteur
4 ISBN- 0-002659X A6
5 Nom
6 Neil Gaiman
7 Terry Pratchett
Represent data from book store
http://bml.net/isbn0002659X
http://bml.net/isbn0203040
Web Sémantique
Terry Pratchett
Neil Gaiman
f:auteur
f:nomf:nom
f:original f:titre
f:traducteur
Merge internal resources
http://bml.net/isbn00026539X
Semantic Web
2009
Wrox
Chicago
Neil Gaiman
http://neilgaiman.com
Web Sémantique
Terry Pratchett
http://bml.net/isbn0203040
Neil Gaiman
a:title
a:yeara: publisher
a:city
a:name
a:pubname
a:homepage
a:author
f:auteurf:titre
f:traducteur
f:nomf:nom
Same URI’s = Same resources
foaf:personr:type
r:type
foaf:name foaf:name
f:original
foaf:homepage
foaf:name
Semantic Web Approach
Data Integration map various data onto an abstract data
representation merge resulting representations makes queries on whole
Resource Description Language(RDF)
Framework to describe resources.
Coding, exchanging and reusing structured metadata.
RDF is openly extensible i.e. it is machine-understandable.
RDF works in decentralized fashion
RDF Characteristics
Independence Interchange Scalability Properties are resources Values can be resources Statements can be resources
Resource Property Statement RDF-Triples
Subject
Basic elements of RDF
ObjectPredicate
RDF Example<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><!DOCTYPE rdf:RDF [<!ENTITY xsd "http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#">]>
<rdf:RDF xmlns:rdf="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#" xmlns="http://wwww.bml.net/books/Catalog#" xmlns:uom="http://www.standards.org/measurements#" xmlns:newp="http://www.myfriend.net/books/Catalog#" xmlns:dc="http://www.purl.org/metadata/dublin-core#"> <rdf:Description rdf:about="http://wwww.bml.net/books/rdf/SemanticWeb.rdf #Semantic-Web"> <rdf:type rdf:resource="http://www.bml.net/books/Books#Catalog"/> <title>Let's Learn Semantic Web in Summers</title> <price> <rdf:Description> <rdf:value rdf:datatype="&xsd;decimal">25.25</rdf:value> <uom:units rdf:resource="http://www.something.org/units#dollars"/> </rdf:Description> </price> <newp:retailPrice rdf:datatype="&xsd;integer">23</newp:retailPrice> <newp:salePrice rdf:datatype="&xsd;integer">15</newp:salePrice> <dc:creator>Rakhi Gupta</dc:creator> <dc:date>2009-07-25</dc:date> </rdf:Description></rdf:RDF>
Validation Result
RDF Schema
RDF Vocabulary description language Defines classes and the relationships between them Defines properties and associate them with classes Adds semantics to RDF predicates and resources Core classes: rdfs:Resource, rdfs:Property,rdfs:Class, rdfs:datatype
Core properties: rdfs:subClassOf, rdfs:subPropertyOf
Core constraints: rdfs:range,rdfs:domain
RDF Schema Example<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><rdf:RDF xmlns:rdf="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#" xmlns:base="http://www.bml.net/books/Computers.rdf"xmlns:rdfs=“http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#”xmlns:uom="http://www.standards.org/measurements#">
<rdfs:Class rdf:ID="Catalog"> </rdfs:Class> <rdfs:Class rdf:ID="Publisher"></rdfs:Class>
<rdfs:Class rdf:ID="Books"> <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="#Catalog"/> </rdfs:Class> <rdfs:Class rdf:ID="Magazines"> <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="#Catalog"/> </rdfs:Class> <rdfs:Class rdf:ID="Beginner"> <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="#Books"/> </rdfs:Class> <rdfs:Class rdf:ID="Advanced"> <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="#Books"/> </rdfs:Class>
<rdfs:Class rdf:ID="Wrox"> <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="#Publisher"/> </rdfs:Class> <rdfs:Class rdf:ID="Specifications"></rdfs:Class> <rdf:Property rdf:ID="has_spec"> <rdfs:domain rdf:resource="#Books"/> <rdfs:range rdf:resource="#Specifications"/> </rdf:Property> <rdf:Property rdf:ID="owned_by"> <rdfs:domain rdf:resource="#Books"/> <rdfs:range rdf:resource="#Publisher"/> <rdfs:range rdf:resource="#Author"/> </rdf:Property></rdf:RDF>
Ontologies
What are ontologies? Can DTD be described as an Ontology?
DTD – restricted to “parent-of”, “child-of” and “attribute-of” Complete ontology –”is-akind-of”, “if-then” or “is-afraid-of”,
“published-by”
Described using RDF
OWL Ontology
Web Ontology Language OWL=RDF Schema + new constructs for
expressiveness Defines group of terms and relationships Provides a way to reuse domain
knowledge
Example <?xml version="1.0"?>
<rdf:RDF
xmlns:rdf="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#"
xmlns:xsd="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#"
xmlns:rdfs="http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#"
xmlns:owl="http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#"
xmlns:base="http://www.bml.net/Books.owl">
<owl:Ontology rdf:about="http://www.bml.net/books/Books.owl"/>
<owl:Class rdf:ID="Books"/><owl:Class rdf:ID="Person"/>
<owl:Class rdf:ID="SemanticWeb">
<rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="#Books"/>
<owl:equivalentClass
rdf:resource="http://www.yetAnother.com#SemanticWeb">
</owl:Class>
<owl:Class rdf:ID="Author">
<rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="#Person"/> </owl:Class>
<owl:Class rdf:ID="Specifications"></owl:Class>
<owl:Class rdf:ID="Advanced">
<rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="#SemanticWeb"/>
<owl:disjointWith rdf:resource="#Beginner"/></owl:Class>
<owl:Class rdf:ID="Advanced">
<rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="#Books"/><rdfs:subClassOf> <owl:Restriction> <owl:onProperty rdf:resource="#owned_by"/> <owl:allValuesFrom rdf:resource="#GraduateStudents"/> </owl:Restriction> </rdfs:subClassOf> </owl:Class>
<owl:DatatypeProperty rdf:ID="expensiveOrNot"><rdfs:domain rdf:resource="#Advanced"/><rdfs:range rdf:resource="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string"/></owl:DatatypeProperty> <rdfs:datatype rdf:about="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string"/><owl:DatatypeProperty rdf:ID="hasISBN"> <rdfs:domain rdf:resource="#Books" /> <rdfs:range rdf:resource="&xsd;string" /><rdfs:label xml:lang="en">has ISBN</rdfs:label><rdfs:comment xml:lang="en">The International Standard Book Number.</rdfs:comment></owl:DatatypeProperty> <owl:Class rdf:ID="Wrox"> <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="#Publisher"/></owl:Class><owl:Class rdf:ID="Specifications"></owl:Class> <owl:ObjectProperty rdf:ID="has_spec"> <rdfs:domain rdf:resource="#Books"/> <rdfs:range rdf:resource="#Specifications"/> </owl:ObjectProperty></rdf:RDF>
<rdfs:subClassOf> <owl:Restriction><owl:onProperty rdf:resource="#hasAuthor" /><owl:minCardinality rdf:datatype="&xsd;nonNegativeInteger">1</owl:minCardinality></owl:Restriction> </rdfs:subClassOf>
<owl:Restriction> <owl:onProperty rdf:resource="#owned_by"/> <owl:minCardinality rdf:datatype=“http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#nonNegativeInteger">1</owl:minCardinality></owl:Restriction>
Advantages of using Semantic Web
In large-scale systems architectures there are often many component systems.
A huge amount of effort is spent in making systems 'talk to one another'.
We can use meta-data ontologies to help use 'glue' diverse systems' data models together.
Applications
SWOOGLE Knowledge management Ontologies and P2P Web Services
Use the Internet to access remote applications Compose complex applications from simple one as around
the world Standards should exist for:
Message exchange for accessing a service: SOAP Description of services: could be WSDL Directory of available services: could be UDDI
Google Services
Google Marketplace Search Google Personal Agent Google Verification Manager Google MarketPlace Manager
Microsoft and XML
"XML-documents will be around for hundreds of years", Bill Gates
Browser support for XML and XSL Development support: Parsers, XSL processor Developments for e-commere, web services .NET: everything is .NET as along as it is not
Java
IBM Developments
Basic technology: Parsers, XSL processors, XML editor, XSL Editor and more
Technoly included in e-commerce software like Websphere
Fits in new IBM Grid services and e-everything approach
SUN and XML
Java is much used for XML processing Java Servlets for Web servers Interfaces, h for DOM, SAX, JDOM, Trax,
etc Web services in Java and XML
Web Trends
Web is evolving from a provider of documents and images (information retrieval)
To a provider of services Web service discovery -
Find me a book service that offers books on discounts Web service execution -
Buy me “Harry Potter and the Sorcerer’s Stone” at www.amazon.com Web service selection, composition and interoperation -
Make my travel arrangements for my Internet World conference trip
Both retrieval and services lend themselves to agent technologies
Conclusions
RDF, and the 'ontologies' family has the potential to be an extremely powerful technology.
Markup languages will revolutionize the web applications. Software modules can be human proxies enabling new
applications and modes of interaction. Given more time, I would extend the markup langauge using
Semantic Web and Web services into a web application. I would like to publish the semantics and its ontology on the
server so that anyone could access and reuse it.
References
http://www.w3.org/XML/ - XML resources at W3C http://www.w3.org/TR/xquery/ - XQuery http://www.w3.org/TR/xslt - XSLT http://www.w3.org/2001/sw/ - Semantic Web http://semanticweb.org/wiki/Main_Page http://www.w3.org/RDF/ - RDF resources at W3C http://dbpedia.org/sparql
http://www.slideshare.net/LeeFeigenbaum/semantic-web-landscape-2009?type=powerpoint
http://www.ibm.com/developerworks/library/x-xformswhy.html
Questions??
Thank You!!