marketing proposal for a new business

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this is a marketing proposal for a new small/ medium business which includes SWOT analysis, Marketing mix, etc.

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    ASIA PACIFIC INSTITUTE OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGYIN COLLABORATION WITH

    STAFFORDSHIRE UNIVERSITY UK

    BA (Hons) in Business Management/BA (Hons) in International Business Management

    Individual Assignment

    BLB10151-2 Marketing in Practice

    Prepared By

    Nithya Lakpriya CB004822

    IF13A1IBM

    Date of Submission

    30thMay 2014

    Instructor

    Ms. Nilusha Gallage

    Submitted in partial fulfillment for the degree of

    Bachelor of Arts (Hons) in International Business Management

    Word Count: 2107

    MARKING CRITERIA MARKS % OBTAINED

    Situational Analysis / 25

    Marketing Objectives / 05

    Marketing Strategy / 15

    Marketing Mix / 35

    Implementation & Control / 10

    Creativity, Report Writing, Research & Referencing / 10

    TOTAL (100%)

    http://apiit.edu.my/http://apiit.edu.my/
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    Acknowledgements

    I take this opportunity to express my gratitude to the people who have been helping me to

    make this assignment a success. Mostly Im grateful to Ms. Nilusha Gallage for her support

    and guidance to complete this assignment. I cant say thank you enough for your tremendous

    support and help.

    I thank Mr. Kaluarachchi for his guidance given in how to use MS Project which helped in

    creating the Gantt chart.

    I also thank my friends and family who helped me throughout this assignment.

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    Table of contents

    Acknowledgements ................................................................................................................................. 2

    1.0 Situational Analysis ........................................................................................................................... 6

    1.1 Business Opportunity .................................................................................................................... 6

    1.1.1 Current market ....................................................................................................................... 6

    1.1.2 Business idea .......................................................................................................................... 6

    1.1.3 Mapping ................................................................................................................................. 6

    1.2 SWOT ............................................................................................................................................. 7

    1.2.1 Strengths ................................................................................................................................ 7

    1.2.2 Weaknesses ............................................................................................................................ 7

    1.2.3 Opportunities ......................................................................................................................... 8

    1.2.4 Threats ................................................................................................................................... 8

    1.3 Feasibility of business opportunity ............................................................................................... 9

    2.0 Marketing Objectives ...................................................................................................................... 10

    2.1 Business Objectives ..................................................................................................................... 10

    2.2 Marketing Objectives 11

    3.0 Marketing strategy .......................................................................................................................... 11

    3.1 STP ............................................................................................................................................... 11

    3.1.1 Segmentation ....................................................................................................................... 11

    3.1.2 Targeting .............................................................................................................................. 12

    3.1.3 Positioning ............................................................................................................................ 12

    3.1.4 Perceptual mapping ............................................................................................................. 13

    3.2 Growth strategy .......................................................................................................................... 14

    3.3 Competitive stance ..................................................................................................................... 15

    4.0 Marketing Mix ................................................................................................................................. 16

    4.1 Product ........................................................................................................................................ 16

    4.1.1 Offering ................................................................................................................................ 16

    4.1.2 Brand .................................................................................................................................... 16

    4.1.3 Product levels ....................................................................................................................... 17

    4.1.4 Type of new product ............................................................................................................ 18

    4.1.5 Product classification ........................................................................................................... 18

    4.1.6 Differentiation ...................................................................................................................... 18

    4.2 Price ............................................................................................................................................. 19

    4.2.1 Pricing Process...................................................................................................................... 19

    4.2.2 Promotional price tactics ..................................................................................................... 21

    4.3 Place ............................................................................................................................................ 22

    4.4 Promotion ................................................................................................................................... 23

    4.4.1 Marketing communication process...................................................................................... 23

    4.4.2 Examples for pre-launch communication tools ................................................................... 26

    4.5 Process ........................................................................................................................................ 29

    4.6 People.......................................................................................................................................... 29

    4.7 Physical evidence ........................................................................................................................ 30

    5.0 (I) Implementation .......................................................................................................................... 31

    5.0 (I).1 Implementation process ...................................................................................................... 31

    5.0 (I).2 Financial Budget for the launch plan ................................................................................... 33

    5.0 (II) Control mechanisms .................................................................................................................. 34

    Conclusion ............................................................................................................................................. 35

    References ............................................................................................................................................. 36

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    List of tables and figures

    Tables

    Table 1.1Feasibility study. .9, 10

    Table 3.1Segmentation ...11Table 3.2Targeting .12

    Table 4.1Offering ..16Table 4.2Estimating cost20Table 4.3Selecting the pricing strategy ..20Table 4.4Setting the final price ..21Table 4.5Promotional price tactics. ....21

    Table 4.6Design the message .24Table 4.7Select communication channels..24Table 4.8Establish marketing budget .25Table 4.9Decide on the promotional mix. ..26Table 4.10People ....29

    Table 5.1Final budget........33Table 5.2Control mechanisms....34

    Figures

    Figure 1.1Current market.6 Figure 3.1Perpetual mapping.13 Figure 3.2Ansoffs Growth Matrix14Figure 3.3Porters Generic Strategies15Figure 4.1Product levels17

    Figure 4.2Pricing Process..19 Figure 4.3Marketing communication Process...23Figure 4.3Facebook advertisement ...27Figure 4.5Web banner28 Figure 4.6Flyer...28 Figure 4.7Process...29 Figure 4.8Physical evidence (Food truck).30 Figure 4.9Physical evidence (facebook page)30 Figure 5.1Implementation Process.31 Figure 5.2Gantt chart.32

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    Marketing proposal forWrap it up

    Prepared by:

    Nithya Lakpriya

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    Low Quality

    On-the-go diningIn-house dining

    1.0 Situational Analysis

    1.1 Business Opportunity

    Wrap it up is a street food truck which only specializes in sandwich wraps which is

    basically a type of sandwich made with a soft Arabic flatbread rolled along a filling.

    1.1.1 Current market

    The working population; which is 45.9% of the total population in Colombo (Department of

    Census and statistics, 2013) and university students in Colombo prefer on-the-go dining

    rather than in-house dining since they have busy lifestyles. These categories of people seek

    food on the way home which is fast and tasty.

    1.1.2 Business idea

    Wrap it up is a street food truck which serves food wraps which contains vegetarian and

    non-vegetarian fillings of Arabic, American, Mexican and Chinese cuisines.

    Food truck is a new concept to Sri Lanka, where dining experience is taken to the customer

    which satisfies customers busy work schedules. The author hopes to start up the business

    with two food trucks which will be expanded later.

    The target market of the business is the working population and university students who seek

    food on-the-go after work hours, after lecture hours and during the lunch hour. So the trucks

    will be travelling from place to place within Colombo where the demand is high at different

    times of the day. Mostly the trucks will be parked near the race course and near Majestic city

    where the concentration of the target market is high.

    1.1.3 Mapping

    OpenOccupied

    Occupied Open

    Figure 1.1Current marketSource: Authors work, 2014

    High Quality

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    1.2 SWOT

    1.2.1 Strengths

    Window of opportunity- Wrap it up sells vegetarian and non vegetarian food wraps

    in a food truck which is a new concept to Sri Lanka which delivers the customers, on-the-go food experience.

    Proximity to customers- Food truck will be serving quality food which customers can

    easily buy for a reasonable price and can be easily handled on-the-go which is

    convenient customers who have busy lifestyles.

    Strategic locating- The two food trucks will be traveling around Colombo and will be

    mostly parked near the race course and near Majestic city where the concentration of

    the target market is high.

    Specialist knowledge- The entrepreneur has the knowledge in the field of business

    management which was gained through completing a business degree which helps in

    managing the business.

    Professional help- The entrepreneur has contacts through her family with professional

    chefs who have agreed to help with manufacturing of products.

    Reliable business partners- The raw materials suppliers for the food truck will be

    entrepreneurs relations which will make them reliable business partners.

    1.2.2 Weaknesses

    High investment cost- To purchase two food trucks the cost will be high.

    Lack of expertise- The entrepreneur has only general knowledge about cooking so she

    should entirely depend on the professional assist when preparing food in the truck.

    Limited product range- Initially the food truck serves only seven different types of

    food wraps and customers may seek for more customized food wraps.

    Limited stock- Since Wrap it up is a food truck, there will be an issue of storing rawmaterials in large scale, inside the food truck which might affect the supply for

    unexpected rise of demands.

    Novelty is less- Similar products are available in the market in small scale in some

    restaurants and cafes. So the novelty of is comparatively less.

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    1.2.3 Opportunities

    Changing lifestyle- According to Economic and social statistics of Sri Lanka, 2012,

    the workforce of urban areas is 44% which proves that people have busy lifestyles and

    they prefer on-the-go dining rather than in-house dining.

    Stable economy- Since 2009, there has been a stable inflation rate of 6.0% (CBSL,

    2013) which proves the capability of buying in potential customers.

    Only supplier power- Since, food truck is a new concept in Sri Lanka, the

    entrepreneur will have the opportunity to attract customers.

    Easier expansion- Since the business will be carried out using food trucks; expansion

    of the business can be easily done by purchasing more trucks.

    Social media- Currently, there are more than 1.5 million facebook monthly active

    users (Student Sri Lanka, 2014) which shows people are fairly active on social media

    which will help to create awareness among potential customers through social media.

    1.2.4 Threats

    Existing competition- Food wraps are available in food outlets such as Mango,

    KFC and Dine morewhich is a major threat for the business.

    Me-too competition- A food truck named Kottuville was opened recently which

    was the first food truck to be opened in Sri Lanka. (Daily FT, 2013). These new me-

    too competition is a threat for Wrap it up.

    Laws and Regulations of the country- According to ministry of Defense and urban

    development, 2014 there are rules and regulations such as Regulation 13 which states

    rules for parking, which will limit the areas the food truck can cover.

    Fluctuations in the food industry- In Sri Lanka the inflation in the food industry is

    4.7% for January 2014 which will affect the prices of food wraps with varying costs

    (Trading economics, 2014).

    Health concerns- As a new trend in Sri Lanka people are being more health conscious

    and seek for healthy food rather than street food. This is a major concern for Wrap it

    up which serves food wrapswhich categorize under fast food.

    The above SWOT analysis proves strengths and opportunities are much stronger than the

    weaknesses and threats of the business. Weaknesses can be overcome in the long run by

    using strengths of the business. Thus above discussed opportunities and strengths show that

    this business is capable of surviving in the current market and also capable of expandingeasily in the future.

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    Product items On the go food wraps

    Demand Growing

    Market Working population and university students

    Value Affordability

    Quality fresh food

    Special Attributes Convenience

    Strategic locating

    Key buyers Working population and university students in

    Colombo

    Market size 1,338,211 (Working population of urban

    areas)

    Purchasing power Moderate

    Buying behavior Purchased as lunch or evening snack

    Type of customers People who have busy lifestyles

    Customer reaction Favorable

    Industry size LargeGrowth rate Moderate

    Life cycle stage Maturity

    Competition High (restaurants)

    Low (Kottuville food truck)

    Number of new entrants Low

    Barriers to entry Low

    1.3 Feasibility of business opportunity

    High product feasibility

    High market feasibility

    High Industry Feasibility

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    Business and Managerial experience Moderate

    Required skills Moderate

    Energy and motivation High

    Source of advice and support High

    Resources to launch Sufficiently available

    Risk appetite High

    Funding for first two years Available to some extent

    High organizational feasibility

    After reviewing the feasibility study of the business, it proves that Wrap it up is feasible to

    launch because of the rising market demand for the on-the-go food industry and also proves

    that the business is worth investing.

    2.0 Marketing Objectives

    2.1 Business Objectives

    To launch Wrap it up food truck by 25thJuly 2014.

    To cover up the initial investmentRs.8, 000,000 by December 2016.

    2.2 Marketing objectives

    To commence promotional activities to create awareness about Wrap it up by May2014.

    To sell 300 food wraps per day (150 food wraps per each truck) during first 3 months.

    To increase up to five food trucks by December 2016.

    Table 1.1Feasibility studySource: Authors work, 2014

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    Bases 1

    School children

    2

    Youth/University

    students

    3

    Working population

    Demographic

    Age

    Income(Rs)

    14-18

    16,000 - 57,500

    19-25

    16,000 - 57,500

    25-60

    16,000 - 57,500

    Geographic

    Cities

    Density

    Climate

    Colombo

    3438Dry climate (without

    rain)

    Colombo

    3438Dry climate (without

    rain)

    Colombo

    3438Dry climate (without

    rain)

    Psychographic

    Lifestyle

    Social class

    Personality

    Passive lifestyle

    Middle class

    Not concerned

    Fitness lifestyle

    Middle class

    Averagely concerned

    Healthy lifestyle

    Middle class

    Highly concerned

    Behavioral

    Attitude

    Occasion

    Not concerned

    Regular

    Positive

    Regular

    Enthusiastic

    Regular

    3.0 Marketing strategy

    3.1 STP

    3.1.1 Segmentation

    The market segments for Wrap it up food truck are identified by considering the high

    possibilities of achieving set objectives. The food truck will be targeting consumers by

    considering them individually. School children, youth and adult population are the main

    segments considered by the business.

    Table 3.1SegmentationSource: Authors work based on Kotler and Keller, (2006)

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    3.1.2 Targeting

    Wrap it up food truck will be using a differentiated market strategywhen selecting the

    target market after evaluating all the factors. The selected segments after evaluating are the

    working population (segment 3) and the youth/University students (segment 2) in Colombo.

    These segments are selected because the expected profitability is relatively high and also the

    low competition which is advantageous considering company objectives.

    3.1.3 PositioningPositioning statement- Wrap it up- Grab on the go

    The positioning statement clearly gives the idea of on-the-go food experience for customers

    delivered by the business.

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    3.1.4 Perceptual mapping

    The above perpetual map indicates existing competitors in the market for the business and it

    gives an idea about their quality and the price of the product served from the consumers

    perspective. Wrap it up is positioned as high quality moderate priced relative to its

    competitors.

    Dine More

    The Mango tree

    The Sandwich Factory

    La Fiesta

    Elite

    Wrap it Up

    Panino

    Arabian Knights

    HIGH PRICE

    HIGH QUALILOW QUALITY

    LOW PRICE

    Figure 3.1Perpetual mappingSource: Authors work, 2014

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    3.2 Growth strategy

    Wrap it up will be conducting promotional campaigns to attract potential customers and to

    stabilize the brand in the market during first six months.

    After initial six months, the business will be selecting the market penetration strategy where

    the product range or the market will not change. The growth of Wrap it up will be through

    increasing number of food trucks to five trucks which will be initially started with two. These

    new trucks will target on the same market segments, covering the same area (Colombo) more

    widely and serving the same products.

    Figure 3.2Ansoffs Growth MatrixSource: Authors workbased on, Fahy and Jobber, (2012)

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    3.3 Competitive stance

    Wrap it up will follow differentiated focus strategy where the business will only focus on

    unique food wraps which are sold in food trucks around Colombo. Since the food truck only

    focuses and specializes on food wraps with unique fillings which are made out of Arabian flat

    bread, it possesses a competitive advantage over other indirect competitors. Also food wraps

    are sold in food trucks from which busy professionals and university students can buy on-the-

    go very conveniently which gives a very high competitive advantage.

    Figure 3.3Porters Generic Strategies

    Source: Authors work based on, Capon (2008)

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    4.0 Marketing Mix

    4.1 Product

    4.1.1 Offering

    Wrap it up food truck offers food wraps of unique flavors. These food wraps are

    sandwiches freshly made with white/brown soft Arabic flatbread, rolled along seven different

    fillings of Arabic, American, Chinese and Mexican cuisines.

    4.1.2 Brand

    The brand name Wrap it up followed by the positioning statement, Grab, on the go clearly

    conveys what type of products are being sold in the food truck and it creates curiosity in

    customers mind. The food truck will be painted in red and white and the logo will be in

    orange which will create a permanent image of the truck in customersmind because of the

    distinctive colors.

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    4.1.3 Product levels

    Core product

    Satisfy instant hunger

    On the go food experience

    Basic product

    Food wrap which is made out of Arabic flat

    bread with a filling of vegetarian or non

    vegetarian of Arabic, American, Mexican or

    Chinese cuisines.

    Expected product

    Hygienic

    Tasty

    Value for money

    Quality

    Easy to handle/eat

    Augmented product

    Unique flavors of the food wrap filling

    which includes secret spice mix with a

    homemade flatbread (white/brown) which

    the food truck specializes in

    Potential product

    Addition of Indian and Italian cuisines

    Addition of wraps with sweet fillings with

    sweet flatbread

    Figure 4.1Product levels

    Source: Authors work based on Kotler and Keller, (2006)

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    4.1.4 Type of new product

    Food wraps already exist in the market in small scale. However, food wraps delivered by

    Wrap it up will be distinctive to me-too products already existing in the current market by

    its unique flavors and the service provided (food truck). Hence, the product delivers from

    Wrap it up classifies under imitative product.

    4.1.5 Product classification

    Food wraps are classified under fast food which is immediately and frequently purchased by

    customers. Hence, food wrap is a convenience product.

    4.1.6 Differentiation

    Wrap it up only delivers and specializes in food wrap which are unique in flavor. These

    wraps are also delivered through food trucks which gives a differentiation for the business

    and the product from its competition.

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    4.2 Price

    4.2.1 Pricing Process

    Selecting the pricing objectives

    To prevent a loss making situation

    To acquire a break-even level within one and half years of launching the business

    by selling a target of three hundred food wraps per day for the first six months

    To maximize profits in the long run

    To match the activity of the competitors by concentrating on high product quality

    Determining demand

    The demand for this product can be identified as elastic since its sensitive for price

    fluctuations in the market. A food wrap has relatively high number of substitutes available

    in the market which affects the rice extensivel which leads to an elastic demand.

    Estimating cost

    Vegetarian food wrap Rs. 106

    Non vegetarian food wrapRs. 136

    (Refer table 4.2)

    Analyzing competitors costs, prices and offers

    Competitor Price of the product

    Dine-more Rs. 150Rs. 250

    Arabian Knights Rs. 200Rs. 300

    The Sandwich Factory Rs. 300Rs. 400

    The Mango tree Rs. 400Rs. 550

    Panino Rs. 550Rs. 700

    Selecting the pricing strategy

    Initially Wrap it up will follow penetration pricing strategy to retain customers. A

    medium price will be set and retained for the first six months to stabilize in the market and

    speed up the growth phase. Since the focus strategy of the business is differentiation andthe growth strategy will be market penetration, the most ideal approach would be medium

    value strategywith moderate price and medium quality. (Refer table 4.3)

    Setting the final price

    Vegetarian food wraps will be Rs. 149 and non vegetarian food wraps will be Rs. 199.

    (Refer table 4.4) These prices will be used for the first six months until the business is

    stabilized in the market. The prices will undergo alterations based on competition and

    economy after the initial six months.

    Figure 4.2Pricing ProcessSource: Authors work, 2014

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    Estimating cost

    Selecting the pricing strategy

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    Setting the final price

    4.2.2 Promotional price tactics

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    4.3 Place

    Distribution Channel

    0 level

    Distribution Strategy Selective strategy is the most suitable

    distribution strategy for Wrap it up since

    there are two food trucks selling food wraps;

    travelling from place to place covering few

    areas in Colombo.

    Points of sale Truck no 1- In front of Race course where

    the density of university students is high.

    Truck no 2- In front of Majestic city where

    the density of working population is high

    during lunch hours.

    ConsumerManufacturer

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    4.4 Promotion

    4.4.1 Marketing communication process

    1. Identify target audience

    The target audience for the business, Wrap it up is mainly working population and theouth/universit students in Colombo area.

    2. Determine communication objectives

    Pre-launch communication objectives

    To create brand awareness - The business should make the target market aware ofthe brand in order to create an interest towards the business.

    Post-launch communication objectives

    To attract customers - The business should attract customers by creating curiosity

    about products and services offered by the food truck. To retain customers - Wrap it up intends to retain customers by offering them sales

    discounts and by offering loyalty cards.

    3. Design the message

    A message that is persuasive and appropriate including differentiation and benefits given

    b the business. Refer table 4.6

    4. Select communication channels

    The business will select suitable and effective communication channels in order achievecommunication ob ectives. Refer Table 4.7

    5. Establish marketing budget

    For promotional activities Wrap it up will follow objective and task method. The

    promotional budget will be based on based on communication objectives according the

    above mentioned method. (Refer table 4.8)

    6. Decide on the promotional mix

    Wrap it up will select communication tools which will be effective to build awareness ofthe brand and which will create desire to urchase food wra s. Refer table 4.9

    7. Measure promotional results

    Promotional results of Wrap it up will be collected by;

    Inquiring customers (face to face)

    Number of like in the facebook page

    Number re-tweets in twitter

    Collecting and counting number of coupons distributed with flyers

    Number of replies for direct e-mails

    Figure 4.3Marketing communication Process

    Source: Authors work, 2014

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    3. Design the message

    4. Select communication channels

    Table 4.6Design the message

    Source: Authors work, 2014

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    5. Establish marketing budget

    Table 4.8Establish marketing budgetSource: Authors work, 2014

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    6. Decide on the promotional mix

    4.4.2 Examples for pre-launch communication tools

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    4.4.2 Examples for pre-launch communication tools

    1. Facebook advertisement

    Figure 4.3Facebook advertisementSource: Authors work, 2014

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    2. Web banner

    3. Flyer

    Figure 4.4Web bannerSource: Authors work, 2014

    Figure 4.5FlyerSource: Authors work, 2014

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    4.5 Process

    4.6 People

    The business initially starts with two food trucks with a staff of three members in each truck.

    Arrival of customer

    Placing the order

    Delivering the order within ten minutes

    Payment (Cash/ Credit card)

    Inquiring for feedback from customers

    Figure 4.6ProcessSource: Authors work, 2014

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    4.7 Physical evidence

    Food trucks which are the physical evidence of the business are basically, designed

    campervans. These food trucks are designed with an opening in the back for communication

    and transaction processes with customers. Inside the food truck is designed as a mini kitchen.

    These food trucks will be parked in shady places where customers can spend time enjoying

    their snack. Also the business has a facebook page as well as a website (www.wrapitup.lk).

    Figure 4.7Physical evidence (Food truck)Source: Authors work, 2014

    Figure 4.8Physical evidence (facebook page)Source: Authors work, 2014

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    5.0 (I) Implementation

    5.0 (I).1 Implementation process

    Stay Committed to the Plan

    The employees being committed to the business is a key factor for a successful business. Inorder to keep the employees committed they should be kept rewarded and happy. The

    entrepreneur is hoping to celebrate their first month achievements considering thebusinesss profits. Also an annual trip will be organized. Furthermore, employees will be given

    seasonal bonuses (financial motivation) as well as health insurance.

    Communicate the Plan for Execution

    After reviewing all the elements of the business plan, the plan should becommunicated to the employees working for the business. Respective tasks should be

    also informed for them to coordinate, control, contribute and commit to thebusiness.

    Develop Activity Lists for the 1stSix Months

    The time frame of all the key activities carried out in order to generate and toimplement the business idea is given in the below table. (Refer figure 5.2)

    Review & Understand all Elements of the Plan

    The entrepreneur will review the entire marketing plan in order to understandindividual elements. Resources will be compared with the plan to understand the

    gaps to take necessary actions in order to implement the business.

    Figure 5.1Implementation ProcessSource: Authors work based on Kotler and Keller (2006)

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    Gantt chart for the launch plan

    Figure 5.2Gantt chartSource: Authors work, 2014

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    5.0 (I).2 Financial Budget for the launch plan

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    5.0 (II) Control mechanisms

    Table 5.2Control mechanismsSource: Authors work based on Kotler and Keller, (2008)

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    Conclusion

    The entrepreneur has researched about lifestyles of people in Colombo and has realized that

    they have busy lifestyles so they prefer on-the-go dining than in-house dining. To cater to this

    need, the entrepreneur has drafted a business plan to introduce food trucks to Sri Lanka which

    deliver on-the-go dining experience to customers. Wrap it up has drafted a business plan in

    the most effective, systematic and practical manner which facilitates the business to thrive in

    the current market. Resources, business expertise, reliable business partners and financial

    stability which the business possesses, demonstrate the potential of the business to operate for

    a foreseeable future. By updating the business plan with the variations of the current market,

    the business can meet customer expectations which will benefit the business to stabilize in the

    market.

    The well planned marketing proposal with realistic marketing objectives, suitable marketing

    strategies and well organized marketing mix prove that this business is feasible to launch and

    has the potential to thrive in the current market.

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    CBSL (2013).Annual Report 2013. Colombo: CBSL.

    DailyFT (2013). Kottuville on wheels: Sri Lankas first food truck [online]. Available at:

    http://www.ft.lk/[Accessed 22ndApril 2014].

    Department of Census and Statistics ministryof Finance and Planning (2013). Quarterly

    report of the Sri Lanka labour force survey [online]. Available at:

    http://www.statistics.gov.lk/[Accessed 30thMarch 2014].

    Fahy, J & Jobber, D. (2012)Foundations of Marketing. 4th Edition. New Delhi: TataMcGraw Hill Education Private Limited.

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