1. Think Marketing ! PREPARED BY DR.MALIK SHOAIB AWAN CONTACT NO. +8613231409015 GOVT.CHENGDE MEDICAL UNIVERSITY BEIJING ,CHINA

2. You can download this brilliant presentation at: www.studymarketing.org Visit www.studymarketing.org for more presentations on marketing management branding and business strategy. 3. Contents 1= Marketing Mix and Key Marketing Activities 2=Developing Market Segmentation 3=Product Planning and Development 4=Promotion Mix : Advertising, Publicity, Personal Selling and Sales Promotion 5=Distribution Planning and Pricing Strategy 4. Marketing Mix and Market Segmentation 5. Marketing Credo There is only one valid definition of business purpose : to create a customer Peter Drucker 6. Marketing Mix Product Price Place Promotion Target Market 7. Key Marketing Activities Consumer Analysis Product Planning Distribution Planning Price Planning Promotion Planning 8. Key Marketing Activities Consumer Analysis Examination and evaluation of consumer characteristics, needs, and purchase processes Product Planning Development and maintenance of products, product assortments, product positions, brands, packaging, options, and deletion of old products Price Planning Outlines price ranges and levels, pricing techniques purchase terms, price adjustments, and the use of price as an active or passive factor 9. Key Marketing Activities Distribution Planning Establishment of channel relations, physical distribution, inventory management, warehousing, transportation, allocation of goods, and wholesaling Promotion Planning Combination of advertising, publicity, personal selling, and sales promotion to drive sales revenue 10. Product/Market Matrix Existing Products New Products Existing Markets New Markets Market Penetration Market Development Product Development Diversification 11. Product/Market Matrix Market Penetration The firm seeks to achieve growth with existing products in their current market segments, aiming to increase its market Share Effective when the market is growing or not yet saturated Market Development The firm seeks growth by targeting its existing products to new market segments Effective when a local or regional business looks to wider its market, new market segments are emerging due to changes in consumer life-style/demographics, and innovative uses are discovered for a mature Product. 12. Product/Market Matrix Product Development The firms develops new products targeted to its existing market segments Effective when the firm has a core of strong brands Diversification . The firm seeks growth by targeting its existing products to new market segments. Diversification is utilized so that the firm does not become overly dependent on one product line 13. Market Segmentation Market Segment The division of a market into different homogeneous groups of consumers Should be: measurable accessible by communication and distribution channels different in its response to a marketing mix durable (not changing too quickly) substantial enough to be profitable 14. Types of Market Segmentation Geographic Demographic Based on regional variables such as region, climate, population density, and population growth rate. Based on variables such as age, gender, ethnicity, education, occupation, income, and family status. 15. Types of Market Segmentation Psychographic Behavioral Based on variables such as values, attitudes, and lifestyle Based on variables such as usage rate and patterns, price sensitivity, brand loyalty, and benefits sought 16. Step in Planning A Segmentation Strategy Determining characteristics and needs of consumers for the product category of the company Analyzing consumer similarities and differences Developing consumer group profiles Selecting consumer segment (s) Positioning companys offering in relation to competition. Establishing An Appropriate Marketing plan 17. Product Planning and Development 18. Products : Types of Goods Types of Goods Convenience Goods Shopping Goods Specialty Goods 19. Convenience Goods Convenience Goods Those purchased with a minimum of effort, because the buyer has knowledge of product characteristics prior to shopping The consumer does not want to search for additional information (because the item has been bought before) and will accept a substitute rather than have to frequent more than one store 20. Convenience Goods Convenience Goods Staples are low-priced items that are routinely purchased on a regular basis, such as detergent, milk, and cereal Impulse goods are items that the consumer does not plan to buy on a specific trip to a store, such as candy, a magazine , and ice cream Emergency goods are items purchased out of urgent need, such as an umbrella during a rainstorm, a tire to replace a flat or aspirin for a headache 21. Shopping Goods Shopping Goods Those for which consumers lack sufficient information about product alternatives and their attributes, and therefore must acquire further knowledge in order to make a purchase decision 22. Shopping Goods Shopping Goods For attribute-based shopping goods consumers get information about and then evaluate product features, warranty, performance, options, and other factors. The goods with the best combination of attributes is purchased. Sony electronics and Calvin Klein clothes are marketed as attribute-based shopping goods For price-based shopping goods consumers judge product attributes to be similar and look around for the least expensive item/store 23. Specialty Goods Specialty Goods Those to which consumers are brand loyal. They are fully aware of these product sand their attributes prior to making a purchase decision. They are willing to make a significant purchase effort to acquire the brand desired and will pay a higher price than competitive products, if necessary. For specialty goods, consumers will not make purchases if their brand is not available. Substitutes are not acceptable. 24. Services Type of Services Rented-Goods Service Owned-goods service Non-goods 25. Services Rented-goods Service Owned-goods service Non-goods Involves the leasing of a good for a specified period of time. Examples include car, hotel room, apartment, and tuxedo rentals Involves an alteration or repair of a good owned by the consumer. Examples include repair services (such as automobile, watch, and plumbing), lawn care, car wash, haircut, and dry cleaning Provides personal service on the pan of the seller; it does not involve a goods. Examples include accounting, legal, and consulting services 26. Characteristics of Services The intangible nature of many services makes the consumer's choice more difficult than with goods The producer and his or her services are often inseparable The perish ability of services prevents storage and increases risks Service quality may be variable 27. Product Life Cycle Introduction Growth Maturity Decline 28. Characteristics Product Life Cycle Introduction Growth Marketing objective Attract innovators and opinion leader to new product Expand distribution and Product line Industry sales Competition Industry profiles Customers Product mix Distribution Pricing Promotion Increasing None or small Negative Innovators One or two basic models Depends on product Depends on product Informative Rapidly increasing Some Increasing Affluent mass market Expanding line Rising number of outlets Greater range of prices Persuasive 29. Characteristics Maturity Decline Marketing Objective Maintain differential advantage as long as possible a)Cut back; b)Revive c)Terminate Industry sales Stable Decreasing Competitions Substantial Limited Industry profits Decreasing Decreasing Customers Mass market Laggards Product mix Full product line Best-sellers Distribution Greatest number of outlets Decreasing number of outlets Pricing Full line of prices Selected prices Promotion Competitive Informative Product Life Cycle 30. New Product Planning Idea Generation Product Screening Concept Testing Business Analysis Commercial- ization Test MarketingProduct Development 31. New Product Planning Idea Generation Product Screening A continuous, systematic search for new product opportunities It involves delineating sources of new ideas and methods for generating them After the firm identifies potential products, it must screen them Many companies use a new-product screening checklist for preliminary evaluation 32. GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF NEW PRODUCTS Profit potential Existing competition Potential competition Size of market Level of investment Patentability Level of risk MARKETING CHARACTERISTICS OF NEW PRODUCTS Fit with marketing capabilities Effecting on existing products(brands) Appeal to current consumer markets Potential length of product life cycle Existence of differential advantage Impact on image Resistance to seasonal factors PRODUCTION CHARACTERISTICS OF NEW PRODUCTS Fit with production capabilities Length of time to commercialization Ease of product manufacture Availability of labor and material resources Ability to produce at competitive price Screening Checklist 33. New Product Planning Concept Testing Business Analysis Concept testing presents the consumer with a proposed product and measures attitude sand intentions at this early stage of development Concept testing is a quick and inexpensive way of measuring consumer enthusiasm Business analysis for the remaining product concepts is much more detailed than product Screening Because the next step is expensive and time -consuming product development, critical use of business analysis is essential to eliminate marginal items 34. Factors Considerations Short-run and long-run market shares of company and competitors ; strengths and weaknesses of competitors ; potential competitors ; likely competitive strategies in response to new product by firm Product planning(engineering , patent search , product development , testing);promotion ; production ; distribution. Time to re-coupe initial costs ; short and long-run total and Business Analysis Variables Demand projections Cost projections Competition Required investment Price/sales relationship ; short and long-run potential; speed of sales growth rate ; of re-purchases ; channel intensity. Total and per unit cost ; use o existing facilities and resources ; Startup vs. continuing costs ; estimate of further raw materials and other costs ; economies of scale ; channel needs ;break even Point. 35. New Product Planning Product Development Test Marketing Product development converts a product idea into a physical form and identifies a basic marketing strategy It involves product construction, packaging branding, product positioning, and attitude and usage testing. Test marketing involves placing a product for sale in one or more selected areas and observing its actual performance under the proposed marketing plan. The purpose is to evaluate the product and pretest marketing efforts in a real setting prior to a full-scale introduction 36. New Product Planning Commercial- ionization After testing is completed, the firm is ready to introduce the product to its full target market. This is commercialization and corresponds to the introductory stage of the product life cycle Commercialization involves implementing a total marketing plan and full production 37. Promotion Mix : Advertising, Publicity, Personal Selling and Sales Promotion 38. Promotion Mix Advertising Personal Selling Publicity Sales Promotion Target Market 39. Factor Advertising Publicity Personal selling Sales production Audience Mass Mass Small(one to one) Varies Message Uniform Uniform Specific Varies Cost Low per viewer or reader None for media space and time ; can be moderate cost for press releases and publicity materials High per customer Moderate per customer Sponsor Company No formal sponsor in that media are not paid Company Company Flexibility Low Low High Moderate Control over content and placement High None High High Credibility Moderate High Moderate Moderate Promotion Mix 40. Four Key Steps to Advertise Determine message content and devise an ad Specify the location of an ad (media placement) Outline a promotion schedule Choose how many variations of a basic message to utilize 41. Things to Consider in Advertising Waste Reach Waste is the portion of an audience that is not in a firm's target market. Because media appeal to mass audiences, waste is a significant factor in advertising. Reach refers to the number of viewers or readers in the audience 42. Things to Consider in Advertising Frequency Message permanence Frequency is how often a medium can be used. It is greatest for newspapers, radio, and television, where ads may appear daily and advertising strategy may be easily changed Message permanence refers to the number of exposures one advertisement generates and how long it remains with the audience 43. Things to Consider in Advertising Persuasive impact Clutter Persuasive impact is the ability of a medium to stimulate consumers. Television often has the highest persuasive impact because it is able to combine audio, video, color animation, and other appeals. Clutter involves the number of ads that are contained in a single program, issue, etc. of a medium. Clutter is low when a limited number of ads is presented and high when many ads are presented. 44. Situation Poor-response Good-response Fire breaks out in a company plant Requests for information by media are ignored Company spokesperson explains the cause of the fire and company precautions to avoid it and answers questions. New product introduced Advertising is used without publicity Pre-introduction news releases, product samples, and testimonials are used. News story about product defects Requests for information by media are ignored, blanket denials are issued, hostility is exhibited toward reporter of story. Company spokesperson states that tests are being conducted on products, describes procedure for handling defects, and answers questions. Competitor introduces new product The advertising campaign is stepped up Extensive news releases, statistics, and spokespeople are made available to media to present company's competitive features. High profits reported Profits are rationalized and positive effects on the economy are cited Profitability is explained, data (historical and current) are provided, uses of profits are detailed: research, community Publicity : Poor and Good Response 45. Developing a Publicity Plan Setting objectives Outlining types of publicity Selecting media Creating Publicity messages Timing publicity messages 46. Publicity Type Example News publicity Macy's describes its decision to sell its stores in the Midwest Business feature article Toyota explains its goals and objectives for the 2020. Service feature article A trade association offers 10 tips on how to reduce home heating costs. Finance release General Electric distributes quarterly financial data about the company. Product release Intel announces its new, fast-speed microprocessor Pictorial release Apple distributes photos showing all of its personal computer products and related software Background editorial release Mc Kinsey presents a biography of its president and his rise throughthe company. Emergency publicity The Red Cross makes a request for aid to tornado victims Publicity Type 47. Type of Objective Illustrations Demand-Oriented Information To fully explain all good and service attributes To answer any questions To probe for any further questions Persuasion To clearly distinguish good or service attributes from those of competitors To maximize the number of sales as a per cent of presentations To convert undecided consumers into buyers To sell complementary items, e.g., film with a camera To placate dissatisfied customers Reminding To ensure delivery, installation, etc. To follow up after a good or service has been purchased To follow up when a repurchase is near To reassure previous customers when making a new purchase Image-Oriented Industry and company To maintain a good appearance by all personnel in contact with consumers To follow acceptable sales practices Specific Personal Selling Objectives 48. Prospecting (blind, lead) Approach Sales Presentation Answering Questions (questions and objections) Follow up (satisfaction, referrals , repurchase) Customer Wants Close Personal Selling Process 49. Type Characteristics Illustration Coupons Manufacturers or retailers advertise special discounts for customers who redeem coupons. P&G mails consumers a 25- cents-off coupon for Sure deodorant, which can be redeemed at any super market. Refund or rebate A consumer submits proof-of- purchase(usually to the manufacturer) and receives an extra discount. First Alert home fire alarms provides$5 rebates to consumers submitting proof of purchase. Samples Free merchandise or services are given consumers, generally for new items When Sunlight dishwashing liquid was introduced, free samples were mailed to consumers. Contests or sweepstakes Consumers compete for prizes by answering questions (contests) or filling out forms for random drawings of prices (sweepstakes) Publishers Clearinghouse sponsors annual sweepstakes and awards auto mobiles, houses, and other prices. Types of Sales Promotion 50. Types Characteristics Illustrations Bonus or multipacks Consumers receive discounts for purchasing in quantity Some stores run I-cent sales whereby the consumer buys one item and gets a second one for a penny. Point-of- purchase displays In-store displays remind customers and generate impulse purchases Chewing gum sales in supermarkets are high because displays arc placed at checkout counters. Special events Manufacturers or retailers sponsor celebrity appearances fashion shows, and other activities. Virtually every major league baseball team has an annual "Old Timers 'Day," which attracts large crowds. Gifts Consumers are given gifts for making a purchase or opening a new account. Savings banks offer a range of gifts for consumers opening new accounts or expanding existing ones Types of Sales Promotion 51. It helps attract customer traffic and maintain brand or store loyalty Quick results can be achieved Some forms of sales promotion (calendars, t-shirts , Pens etc) provide value to the consumer and are retained by them; and these forms can provide a reminder function Impulse purchases can be increased through in-store displays Sales Promotion Advantages 52. The image of the firm may be lessened if it continuously runs promotions. Consumers may view discounts as representing a decline in product quality and believe the firm could not sell its offerings without them. When coupons, rebates, or other special deals are used frequently, consumers may not make purchases if the items are sold at regular prices. Instead, they will stock up each time there is a promotion Sales Promotion Disadvantages 53. Sometimes sales promotions shift the focus away from the product onto secondary factors. Consumers may be attracted by calendars, coupons, or sweepstakes instead of by product quality, functions, and durability. In the short run this generates consumer enthusiasm. In the long run this may have adverse effects on a brand's image and on sales, because a product- related differential advantage has not been developed. Sales Promotion Disadvantages 54. Distribution Planning and Pricing Strategy 55. Distribution planning is systematic decision making regarding the physical movement and transfer of ownership of a product from producer to consumer. It includes transportation, storage, and customer transactions. Distribution functions are carried out through channel of distribution , which is comprised of all the organizations or people involved in the process. These organizations or people are known as channel members or middlemen. Distribution Planning 56. Characteristics Exclusive Distribution Selective Distribution Intensive Distribution Objectives Prestige image channel control and loyalty, price stability and high profit margins Moderate market coverage, solid image some channel control and loyalty, good sales and profits Widespread market coverage, channel acceptance, sales volume and profits Channel members Few in number, well-established reputable stores Moderate in number well-established better stores Many in number, all types of outlets Customers Few in number, trendsetters, willing to travel to store, brand loyal Moderate in number brand conscious somewhat willing to travel to store Many in number convenience- oriented Intensity of Channel Coverage 57. Characteristics Exclusive Distribution Selective Distribution Intensive Distribution Marketing Emphasis Personal selling pleasant shopping conditions good service Promotional mix pleasant shopping conditions, good service Mass advertising nearby location items in stock Major Disadvantages Limited sales potential May be difficult to carve out a niche Limited channel control Examples Automobiles designer clothes caviar Furniture clothing watches Groceries household products magazines Intensity of Channel Coverage 58. Factor Manufacturer Action Channel Member Action New-product introduction Thorough testing adequate promotional support Good shelf location and space, enthusiasm for product, assistance in test marketing Delivery Prompt filling of orders, adherence to scheduled dates Proper time allowed for delivery, shipments immediately checked for accuracy Promotion Sales force training, sales force incentives, development of national advertising campaign, cooperative programs Attractive in-store displays knowledgeable salespeople participation in cooperative programs Product quality Product guarantees Proper installation and servicing of products Methods of Channel Cooperation 59. Manufacturer Channel members Consumers Pushing and Pulling Strategy Pushing Strategy Pulling Strategy Manufacturer Channel members Consumers 60. Price Planning A Price Price Planning Represents the value of a good or service for both the seller and the buyer Systematic decision making by an organization regarding all aspects of pricing 61. Factors Affecting Pricing Decisions Consumers Competitors Cost Channel Members Government Total Effects on Price Decisions 62. Consumers and Price Decisions Consumers The relationship between price and consumer purchases and perceptions is explained by two economic principles the law of demand and price elasticity of demand The law of demand states that consumers usually purchase more units at a low price than at a high price The price elasticity of demand defines the sensitivity of buyers to price changes in terms of the quantities they will purchase 63. Consumers and Price Decisions Elastic Demand In-elastic Demand Elastic demand occurs if relatively small changes in price result in large changes in quantity demanded Numerically, price elasticity is greater than 1 With elastic demand, total revenue goes up when prices are decreased and goes down when prices rise Inelastic demand takes place if price changes have little impact on quantity demanded Price elasticity is less than 1 With inelastic demand, total revenue goes up when prices are raised and goes down when prices decline 64. Consumers and Price Decisions Unitary Demand . Unitary demand exists if changes in price are exactly offset by changes in quantity demanded, so that total sales revenue remains constant. . Price elasticity is 1 65. Competitors and Price Decisions Competitors Another element contributing to the degree of control a firm has over prices is the competitive environment within which it operates 66. Competitors and Price Decisions Market- Controlled Price environment Company- Controlled Priced environment Characterized by a high level of com-petition, similar goods and services, and little control over price by individual companies Characterized by moderate competition, well-differentiated goods and services, and strong control over price by individual firms 67. Competitors and Price Decisions Government- Controlled Price environment Characterized by prices set by the government. Examples are public utilities , buses, taxis, and state universities 68. Channel Members and Price Decisions Channel Members A wholesaler or retailer can gain stronger control over price by stressing its importance as a customer to the manufacturer, refusing to carry unprofitable product, stocking competitive items, and developing strong dealer brands so that consumers are loyal to the seller and not the manufacturer. Sometimes retailers engage in selling against the brand , whereby they stock merchandise ,place high prices on it, and then sell other brands for lower prices. This is often done to increase the sales of their own brands. 69. Channel Members and Price Decisions Channel Members To ensure channel member cooperation with price decisions, the manufacturer needs to consider four factors : channel member profit margins, price guarantees, special deals, and the impact of price increases 70. Government and Price Decisions Government Price fixing regulations Prohibitions against price discrimination among channel members Unfair sales acts : predatory pricing 71. Cost and Price Decisions Cost Cost of raw materials and supplies Labor cost Advertising Cost Distribution Cost Pricing Decisions 72. Price Strategy Price Strategy Cost-based Price Strategy Demand-based Price Strategy Competition-based Price Strategy 73. Price Strategy Cost-based Price Strategy Demand-based Price Strategy The marketer sets prices after researching consumer desires and ascertaining the range of prices acceptable to the target market With a cost-based price strategy , the marketer sets prices by computing merchandise, service, and overhead costs, and then adding the desired profit to these figures 74. The marketer sets prices in accordance with competitors Prices may be below the market, at the market, or above the market, depending on customer loyalty, services provided, image, real or perceived differences between brands or stores, and the competitive environment Competition- based Price Strategy Price Strategy 75. Reference/Recommended Further Reading Joel Evans and Barry Berman , Marketing in The 21st Century , Prentice Hall . You can obtain this excellent book at this link http://www.amazon.com/Marketing-21st-Century-Ninth/dp/159260143X/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1219802238&sr=1-1 76. 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