FUNDAMENTAL OF MARITIME OPERATIONS

CODE: LOB 10103

ASSIGNMENT 2(GROUP)

TOPIC 8 : SAFETY & EMERGENCY Subtopic;

1) Regulations 2) Compulsory documents carried onboard 3) Fire protection, detection & extinction 4) Lifesaving & live saving appliances 5) GMDSS 6) Onboard accidents 7) Job related problems for seafarers 8) Action by vessel in distress 9) Obligations of rescuing craft 10) Searching the sea 11) Aircraft in distress 12) Communication between surface craft & aircraft 13) Salvage & towage

FONTS STYLE Times New Roman / Arial Narrow

FONT SIZETitle : 14Others : 12Spacing : 1.5

NUMBER OF PAGES Min 20-25 pagesSUBMISSION DATE 27th March 2015 (Friday before 5.00pm)

SUBMISSION METHOD1) Send Full Report in soft copy (in word)2) Send soft copy of slide presentation3) Head/Assistant Head of class will submit via a Pendrive

REMINDER

1) All must follow the actual format (APA Format) e.g. Table of content, introduction, page numbers, conclusions & references

2) Please mention your class e.g L01 or L02

SESSION: JANUARY 2015

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Introduction

As the maritime industry is concerned, there are very emphasizing on the safety onboard

of the vessel. The safety during onboard of the vessel must be taken into account to avoid any

accident that can lead to injury and fatal. Commonly, accident that occurred onboard of the ship

is the result from the human error itself.

On a vessel, there should have a good ship with sufficient stability, water and weather

tight and properly equipped. These are as the preparation for facing the accident and as the

precaution during the accident.

A communication system also is vital to attract attention during in distress. This system

of communication also is equipped at the craft so that it will insure the craft in case of

emergency.

Based on the safety and precaution aspect above, it gives the ideal in self-sufficiency

towards the vessel or aircraft to allow it capable of the transport of cargo, livestock, troops,

passengers, gas fluid, minerals and others. The fact that the vessel provides a source of power

which can be coped with varying degrees of emergency and still be able to sustain itself says a

lot for the developed marine industry.

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11) Aircraft in distress

During the aircraft distress, there will be the signal issued by the aircraft itself to attract attention,

make known its position and get some help. This is vital to tell that the aircraft is having the

crucial moment for help or salvage.

The following signals used either together or separately, mean that grave and imminent danger

threatens, and immediate assistance is requested:

a) A signal made by radio/telegraphy or by any other signaling method consisting of the

group in the Morse Code

b) A signal sent by radio/telephony consisting of the spoken word Mayday,

c) Rockets or shells throwing red lights, fired one at a time at short intervals,

d) A parachute flare showing a red light,

e) The two-flag signal corresponding to the letters ‘NC’ of the International Code of Signals

f) A signal consisting of a square flag having above it or below it a ball or anything

resembling a ball,

g) A gun or other explosive signal fired at intervals of about a minute,

h) A smoke signal giving off a volume of orange-colored smoke.

The following signals are used mean that an aircraft is wishing to give notice of difficulties

which constrain it to land without requiring immediate assistance:

a) The repeated switching on and off of the landing lights,

b) The repeated switching on and off of the navigation lights,

c) A succession of white pyrotechnical lights.

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The International Code of Signals

The International Morse Code

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12) Communication between surface craft & aircraft

A communication device is a hardware device capable of transmitting an analog or digital

signal over the telephone, other communication wire, or wirelessly. Communication between

surface craft and aircraft must be taken into account. This is may be one way or two way

communication between the air and earth surface which includes the transmitter and responder.

The wave of communication then will be translated in term of signal to establish the

communication.

In maritime industry, merchant vessels engaged in SAR operations with military aircraft

should maintain a VHF watch on channel 16. In order to communicate with an aircraft, the

surface vessel should use their normal call sign.

In real situation, the call sign of the aircraft must be unknown. However, the term ‘Hawk’

may be used in place of the aircraft call sign. When the an aircraft is undergoing the process of

establishing communication with the surface craft without knowing the actual call sign of the

vessel, the aircraft will use the inquiry call ‘CQ’ in place of the vessel’s normal call sign.

Emergency Position-Indicating Radio Beacon (EPIRBs)

Every ship must be equipped with a satellite EPIRBs which can be activated from a site, close to

that position from which the ship is normally navigated, namely the ship’s bridge. Otherwise, an

alternative location so that it can be operated remotely from this position.

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In order to EPIRBs fully functional, it must be capable of transmitting a distress alert

through the polar orbiting satellite service operating in the 406 MHz band.

The EPIRBs will be placed into a survival craft. Besides, it must be stowed in an easily

accessible position, capable being manually released. The EPIRBs also must have a float free

capability with an automatic activation facility.

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13) Salvage & towage

Salvage and towage is involved in emergency response, wreck removal operations and

environmental care services. Marine salvage is the process of recovering a ship, its cargo, or

other property after a shipwreck or other maritime casualty. Salvage may encompass towing, re-

floating a sunken or grounded vessel, or patching or repairing a ship. Protecting the environment

from cargoes such as oil or other contaminants is often being taken into account.

"Salvors" are seamen and engineers who carry out salvage to vessels that they do not own, and

also who are not members of the vessel's crew.

When salving large ships, they may use cranes, floating dry docks and divers to lift and repair

submerged or grounded ships, preparing them to be towed by a tugboat. The goal of the salvage

may be to repair the vessel at a harbour or dry dock, or to clear a channel for navigation. Salvage

operations may also aim to prevent pollution or damage to the marine environment. Additionally,

the vessel or valuable parts of the vessel or its cargo may be recovered for resale, or for scrap.

Classification of Salvage

Types ExplanationOffshore salvage The refloating of ships stranded or sunk in exposed waters.

Vessels are exposed to waves, currents and weather and are the most vulnerable and difficult to work on besides, easy to deteriorate

Conducted from pre-outfitted salvage tugs and other tugboats Portable diving facilities may be transported by helicopter or small

boat to the work areaHarbour salvage Refers to the salvage of vessels stranded or sunk in sheltered waters

Not normally subject to the same deterioration caused by marine and weather conditions

No need to work as immediately as in offshore salvage Gain access to local labour resources and heavy equipment

Cargo and

equipment salvage

Higher priority than saving the vessel itself The cargo may pose an environmental hazard or may include

expensive materials Main focus is on the immediate removal of goods and may include

deliberate dissection, disassembly or destruction of the hullWreck removal Focuses on the removal of hazardous or unsightly wrecks that have

little or no salvage value Not to save the vessel

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Wrecks are refloated or removed by the cheapest and most practical method possible

Hazardous materials must be removed before disposing of the wreck

Includes the process of cutting the hull into easily handled sections or refloating the vessel and sinking it in deeper waters

Float salvage The salvage of a vessel that is damaged but still afloat Involves primarily damage control work such as hull welding,

stabilization (rebalancing ballast tanks and shifting cargo) and structural bracing

Clearance salvage Clearance salvage is the coordinated removal or salvage of numerous vessels in a harbor or waterway

It typically follows a catastrophic event such as a tsunami, hurricane or an act of war

The clearance salvage due to the multiple vessel obstructions with varying degrees of damage due to collision, fire or explosions

Tools used in marine salvage

Floatation airbag

Diving helmet

Underwater cutting equipment

Hydraulic salvage pump

Air compressor

Hydraulic winch

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Reference

House, D. (2004). Seamanship techniques for shipboard & maritime operations (3rd ed.). Oxford: Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann.

What is an EPIRB? (n.d.). Retrieved March 26, 2015, from http://www.epirb.com/

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